Qazaqstan Tәuelsizdigining 30 jyldyghyna oray...

Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng syrtqy sayasaty ózining egemendi damuynyng barlyq jyldarynda N. Á. Nazarbaev 1991 jyldyng 1 jeltoqsanynda el preziydenti bolyp saylanghannan keyin birden jariyalaghan kópvektorly tújyrymdamagha negizdelgen.

Kópvektorly degenimiz - «...әlemdik isterde manyzdy ról atqaratyn jәne bizding elimiz ýshin praktikalyq qyzyghushylyq tudyratyn barlyq memlekettermen dostyq jәne boljamdy qatynastardy damytu. Qazaqstan ózining geosayasy jaghdayy men ekonomikalyq әleuetine baylanysty tar aimaqtyq problemalarmen shekteluge qúqyly emes. Búl bizding kópúltty halqymyzgha ghana emes, býkil әlemdik qauymdastyqqa týsiniksiz bolar edi. Qazaqstannyng bolashaghy Aziyada, Europada jәne Shyghysta jәne Batysta. Osynday sayasatty jýrgize otyryp, biz Qazaqstannyng qauipsizdigine tónetin kez-kelgen kórinisterdi boldyrmaytyn bolamyz. Biz óz elimizdegi ekonomikalyq jәne sayasy qayta qúrularmen qolayly syrtqy ortany nyghayta alamyz».

Qazaqstannyng búl ústanymy edәuir dәrejede anyqtaldy jәne bizding elding geosayasy jaghdayymen, halyqtyng kóp últty jәne kópkonfessiyaly qúramymen, jalpy ekonomikanyng damu dengeyimen anyqtalady. Qazirgi halyqaralyq shyndyqty eskere otyryp, Qazaqstannyng syrtqy sayasy strategiyasynda basty nazar dәstýrli emes syn-qaterler men qauipterding (halyqaralyq terrorizm, diny ekstremizm, esirtki saudasy, zansyz kóshi-qon) aldyn-alugha baghyttalghan Ortalyq Aziyadaghy qauipsizdikting tiyimdi jýiesin qamtamasyz etuge baghyttalghan. Aughanstannan jәne basqa kórshiles elderden shyqqan, eldermen birge.

Biraq júrt qazaqtyng úly handary - Ábilqayyr (1693-1748) - Kishi jýzding hany jәne Abylay - Orta jýzding hany (1711-1781) - sol kezden bastap kópvektorly syrtqy sayasat jýrgize bastaghanyn biledi.

Sh. Sh. Uәlihanov HÝIII ghasyrdyng basyndaghy qazaq halqynyng jaghdayyn bylay sipattady: «HÝIII ghasyrdyng birinshi onjyldyghy qyrghyzdardyng (sol kezdegi qazaqtar dep atalghan - avtor) ómirindegi qorqynyshty kezeng boldy. Jongharlar, Edil qalmaqtary, Jayyq kazaktary men bashqúrttar әr taraptan qyrghyz úlystaryn syndyryp, maldy aidap, tútas otbasylarymen tútqyndady»(2).

HÝIII ghasyrdyng basynda Qazaq handyghy sayasy jaghynan bytyranqy el boldy. Ýsh jýz boldy, olar óz kezeginde birneshe úsaq handyqtardan túrdy. Eldi feodaldyq tartys bólip-jaryp jiberdi. Ár týrli súltan toptary bir-birimen kýresip, qazaq dalasynda jogharghy biylik ýshin jәne eng jaqsy jayylym ýshin kýresken.

Biylik ýshin kýres pen súltandardyng separatizmi 18 ghasyrdyng basynda Qazaq handyghynyng syrtqy shabuyldargha úshyrauyna әkeldi. Ókinishke oray, qazaq handary turaly tarihy aqparattyng mólsheri óte siyrek. XVII-XVIII ghasyrlar turaly belgili - shyghys avtorlarynyn, qazaqtardyng kórshilerining azdaghan bayandau kózderi. Kórshilerdi, әdette, syrtqy sayasat mәseleleri qyzyqtyrdy, sondyqtan Qazaq handyghyndaghy ishki jaghday az qamtyldy. Sondyqtan nazar XVIII ghasyrda jәne qazaqtyng eki hany - Ábilqayyr men Abylaygha handargha audaryldy. Olardyng әrqaysysy óz dәuirinde eng kóp qazaqtardy óz ainalasyna shoghyrlandyrdy.

Búl qayratkerler kenes zamanynda bizding elimizde qalyptasqan sayasy koniunkturanyng qúrbany boldy. Patsha tarihshylary Ábilqayyrdyng Resey bodandyghyn qabyldaudaghy basymdylyghyn moyynday otyryp, oghan qaramastan «qazaq dalasynda orys biyligin ornatu prosesin keyinge qaldyrghan ailaker intrigan» retinde sóiledi. Búl teris baghalaudyng basty sebebi - Ábilqayyrdyng Orynbor gubernatory Nepluevting Kishi jýz qazaqtarymen qarym-qatynasta Resey imperiyasynyng ózinde patshalyq samoderjavie ústanghan orys bodandyghynyng núsqasyn jýzege asyrugha degen talpynystaryna qarsy boluy boldy.

Kenes ókimeti dәuirining basynda Ábilqayyr hangha bagha beru sózsiz jaghymsyz sipatqa ie boldy: taptyq yntymaqtastyqtyng arqasynda ol orys júmysshylarynyng basty qanaushysy bolghan patshalyq samoderjaviyemen kelisimge keldi. Sodan keyin olar qazaq memlekettiligine syrtqy qauipting óte naqty ekendigin moyyndady jәne han eki zúlymdyqtyng kishisin tandady. KSRO ómir sýrgen songhy ýsh onjyldyqta kenes iydeologtary Ábilqayyr handy internasionalizm iydeyasynyng jәne halyqtardyng kenestik bauyrlastyghynyng jolserigi retinde maqtay bastady. Revolusiyagha deyingi kezende olar Abylay han turaly az qyzyghushylyqpen jәne Ábilqayyr han turaly az jazdy. Kenes zamanynda Abylay han alghash ret orys-qazaq qanaushylar odaghyna qarsy kýresker bolyp jariyalanyp, KSRO-nyng sonyna jaqyndaghan kezde ol qazaq jәne orys júmysshylarynyng halyqaralyq birligine tosqauyl qoyghan separatistik sayasatker retinde baghalandy.

Biraq obektivti týrde búl eki figura óte úqsas. Ómirbayannan sayasy kózqarastargha deyin. Qazirgi kezde olar keyde bir-birine qarsy qoyylady jәne búl negizsiz. Abylaydyng ózi Orynbor gubernatory  Nepluevke «Bizding últtyq baqytymyzdyng hany Ábilqayyr bizding qamqorshymyz jәne әkemiz boldy» dep jazdy. Abylay handy Ábilqayyr sayasatynyng múrageri dep ataugha bolady. Sonymen qatar, olar bir-birimen tuystas boldy: Ábilqayyr han ózining jiyenin han Abylaygha ýilendirdi jәne onyng bәibishesi boldy.

Taghdyr Ábilqayyr handy әrtýrli ómirlik jәne sayasy jaghdaylargha úshyratty. Jas kezinde ol ata-anasyz qalyp, qalmaq hany Aykiyding tәueldiligine ainaldy. Qazaqstanda búl adam turaly az aitylady, biraq Aika HVIII ghasyrdyng basynda Reseymen, Sin imperiyasymen jәne Osman imperiyasymen birden diplomatiyalyq qarym-qatynasta bolghan naghyz Edil avtokraty boldy. Ol Borjiginder otbasymen tuys emes, biraq Dalay Lamadan tikeley han ataghyn alghan basqa dinastiyalyq shyqqan mongholiyalyq ýsh monarhtyng biri bolghan. I Petrding ózi Angkamen onyng parsy joryghy kezinde kezdesti. Angkiyding mysaly qazaq dalasynda Resey imperatorynyng subektisi bola alady, biraq sonymen birge әreket erkindigi men ózining ómir saltyn saqtaydy degen elesin tudyrdy.

Orystardyng Angkamen eshtene istey almaghany ras. Oirat (qalmaq jәne jonghar) atty әskerleri úrys qabilettiligi jaghynan óz zamanynyng eng jaqsy әskerlerinen kem bolghan joq. Sondyqtan Resey ózining shyghys shekaralarynda Angkiyding kýshimen ózining jaularyn tejeuge tyrysty. Orys kazaktary HÝIII ghasyrdyng ayaghynda ghana patshalyq samoderjaviyening tiregi boldy. Osy ghasyrdyng ortasyna deyin Oral kazaktarynyng 50 payyzgha juyghy týrki tektes bolghandyghy aitu kerek. Sodan keyin olar әli orys әskery synybyn bildirgen joq, biraq is jýzinde eshkimge baghynbaytyn qaraqshylar boldy.

Búdan әri Ábilqayyr han 1723-1730 jyldardaghy soghysta jongharlargha qarsy kýresting basty keyipkeri retinde kórindi. Aytpaqshy, «kópvektorly sayasattyn» avtory Abylay han emes, Ábilqayyr han boldy. 1740 jyldary ol ony Resey men Jonghariyagha qarsy qoldandy. Patshalyq Orynbor gubernatory Nepluevting sayasatyna qarsylyqqa tap bolghan ol, Kishi jýzdegi qazaq elshilikterin әrtýrli elderde azamattyq qabyldaugha jibere bastady. Sonymen, onyng Resey jәne Osman azamattyghyn qabyldaumen qatar, ózining qyzyn Jonghar hanyna ýilendiruge jәne sol arqyly onymen sayasy odaq qúrugha niyetti ekendigi belgili boldy.

Kýshti biyleushi ​​qaytys bolghannan keyin Jonghar huntayjy Galdan-Seren, 1745 jyly onyng on bes jasar úly Sevan Dordjy Adjy Namjil Urgada biylik basyna keldi. Ol han Ábilqayyrdyng qoldauyna zәru bolyp, qyzyna ýilengisi keldi. Reseyding aldynda qazaqtar men jongharlardyng birigu qaupi tudy. Sol kezdegi orys patsha sheneunikterining qújattarynda (olar Resey imperiyasynyng syrtqy sayasat múraghatynda saqtalghan) «tatar-monghol sindromy» bayqalady: olar elding shyghys shekaralarynda sansyz kóshpeli ordalardyng qayta payda bolu qaupi turaly aitady, eger búl eki halyq birikse. (3)

1993 jyly Qazaqstannyng últtyq valuta engizilgen kezde 50 tenge nominalyna Kishi jýz hany Ábilqayyrdyn, 100 tengelik nominalgha Orta jýz hany Abylaydyng portreti ornalastyryldy. Múnyng bәri kezdeysoq emes ekendigi dausyz. Qazaq handyghynyng 550 jyldyq tarihynda Kishi jýzding hany Ábilqayyr men Orta jýzding hany Abylay aitarlyqtay ýles qosty jәne olar HÝIII ghasyrda bastalghan Qazaqstan tarihynda birinshi boldy, kimder kópvektorly syrtqy sayasatty sәtti jýrgizudi bastady. Qazir bizding tәuelsiz elimiz osy sayasatty jalghastyryp jәne odan sayyn damytyp jatyr.

Birvektorly syrtqy sayasat memleketti tәueldi jәne osal etetindigi jasyryn emes. Bizding egemendi Qazaqstan 1991 jyldan beri jýrgizip kele jatqan kópvektorly syrtqy sayasat mýmkindik berdi: 1) ózining syrtqy sayasy әleuetin damytu; 2) óziniz baylanys jasay alasyz, 3) әlemning әrtýrli memleketterining mýddeleri arasyndaghy ontayly tepe-tendikti tabugha mýmkindikke ie bolasyz.

Qazaqstan halyqaralyq jәne aimaqtyq analitikagha barlyq qajettilikterdi sәtti qanaghattandyratyn ózining analitikalyq qúrylymdary men boljau qyzmetterin qúrghany sózsiz. Tәuelsiz Qazaqstanda memlekettik qazaq jәne orys tilderinin, sonday-aq kóp últty Qazaqstan halqynyng barlyq basqa tilderining ómir sýrui men damuy ýshin shyn mәninde tolyqqandy jәne teng jaghdaylar jasaldy, búl KSRO jaghdayynda bolmaghan! Yaghni, tәuelsiz Qazaqstanda «Halyqtar dostyghy» úghymy mantra nemese úran emes, is jýzinde jýzege asyrylyp, 30 jyl ishinde Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng ómir sýru tәjiriybesimen synalghan naqty praktika bolyp tabylady!

Tәuelsizdik alghannan bastap, kópúltty Qazaqstan halqynyng negizin eki negizgi - qazaqtar men orystar qúraytyndyghy turaly basty qaghidadan shygha otyryp, diny salada naqty jәne aiqyn sayasat jýrgizdi. Qazaqtar - sunnittik músylmandar, al orystar - pravoslavie hristiandary. Qazaqstannyng memlekettik organdary senushi bolghysy keletinderge esh kedergi jasamaydy. Múnyng bәri kez-kelgen qazaqstandyq ózining tarihi, etnikalyq, dini, mәdeny tamyrlaryn biluge ​​jәne olardy qayta tiriltuge qúqyly ekendigi turaly Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng Negizgi Zany men Din turaly zang shenberinde boluyn talap etetin bir ghana talap bar. ghibadathanalar, meshitter jәne olardyng qúrylysy, iri diny merekelerdi toylau jәne t.b.

Tәuelsizdik alghannan bastap Qazaqstan etnikalyq, diny jәne basqa da qaqtyghystargha qarsy qylmystyq jazalaugha deyin ayausyz kýresip keledi. Sonymen qatar, últaralyq kelisimge, diny tózimdilikke jәne kóp últty Qazaqstan halqynyng qarapayym adamgershilik dostyghyna ziyan keltiretin jәne býldirui mýmkin barlyq destruktivti sektalargha jәne basqa jalghan diny aghymdargha tyiym salyndy.

Qazaqstannyng Túnghysh Preziydentining bastamasymen bir kezderi Qazaqstan Reseydegi basty pravoslavie shirkeui - Qútqarushy Mәsihting soborynyng qayta tiriluine qatty qarjylyq qoldau kórsetti. Jasyratyny joq, Qazaqstannyng kez-kelgen qalasynda jәne onyng eldi mekeninde negizgi diny ghibadathanalar - músylman meshiti men pravoslavie shirkeui. Osylaysha, ózining kópvektorly sayasatynyng arqasynda Qazaqstan memleketimizdi tәuelsiz jәne egemendi etetin jәne әlemdik arenada onyng zandylyghyn qamtamasyz etetin ózining syrtqy sayasatyna ie boldy.

Kerimsal Júbatqanov,

tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty, Qazaq-Orys halyqaralyq uniyversiytetining dosenti

Abai.kz