Osydan on jyl búryn Qazaqstannyng batys ónirinde múnayshylar ereuilge shyqty. Ereuil alty aidan astam uaqytqa sozylyp, 2011 jylghy jaz kezinde shyrqau shegine jetip, myndaghan júmysshy alangha jinaldy. Qozghalystyng epiysentri 150 mynnan astam halqy bar Janaózen qalasy boldy.

2011-de jyl boyyna qaladaghy múnayshylar kompaniyasynda enbek qatynasy nasharlay týsti, saldarynan múnay-gaz óndirisi qúldyrap, ol kompaniyanyng balansyna keri әserin tiygizdi. 16 jeltoqsanda Qazaqstan Tәuelsizdigining 20 jyldyghy qarsanynda biylik pen ereuilshi júmysshylar arasynda qaqtyghys bastaldy. Polisiya oq jaudyryp, saldarynan kem degende 16 beybit túrghyn qaza tauyp, jýzdegen adam jaralandy. Sonymen qosa, zorlyq-zombylyq ýshin 40-qa juyq júmysshy, kәsipodaq jetekshileri men narazylyq bildirushilerge ýkim shyqty. Al Qazaqstan biyligi búl oqighany tәuelsiz zertteushilerge zertteu jýrgizuge tyiym saldy. Keyinnen Úlybritaniyanyng eks premier-ministri Tony Bler Janaózen oqighasyn halyqaralyq dengeyde kórsetu jәne kóteru jóninde kenes berdi.

Qazaq jazushysy Yrysbek Dәbey Janaózendegi osy oqighalardy «Qonyz» romanynda sipattaghan. Qytaydyng Altay aimaghynda dýniyege kelgen Yrysbek Qazaqstangha 2001 jyly qonys audarghan. Ózining jurnalistik qyzmetimen ainalysa jýrip, óleng jәne ocherkter jinaghyn jaryqqa shygharady. Ol ekinshi romany «Qonyz» kitabynda Janaózendegi múnayshylardyng ómiri, 2011 jylghy oqigha kezindegi zorlyq-zombylyq, aitugha tyiym salynghan әm  jasyrylghan ozbyr jayttardy shygharmasyna arqau etedi.

Britandyq Open Democracy saytynda jariyalanghan súhbatta avtor Janaózen oqighasy turaly jazugha týrtki bolghan alghyshart dýniyeler jәne roman atauynyng astaryn tarqatyp aityp berdi.

- Janaózen oqighasyn jazu turaly sheshimge qalay keldiniz?

- Janaózen oqighasy – búl otyz jyl búryn Qazaqstan Tәuelsizdik alghannan bergi basynan ótkergen eng dramalyq oqigha. Filolog әri jazushy retinde men sheteldik әdebiyetti kóp oqimyn, onda avtorlar óz qoghamynda kezdesetin tragediyaly oqighalardy jii suretteydi. Alayda, qazaq әdebiyetinde búl taqyryptardy jazugha baulityn mektep te, dәstýr de joq. Mәselen, men Qytay jazushylaryn oqyghanda, olar senzuragha qaramastan, ýlken-ýlken tragediyaly oqighalardy kórkem shygharmalargha arqau etedi. Múnday senzura Qazaqstanda da bar. Mine, osynday oilar maghan Janaózen tragediyasy turaly oilanyp, izdenuge bastama boldy, osy oqigha turaly roman jazugha iytermeledi.

- Siz shetel әdebiyetinen shabyt alghanynyz turaly aittynyz. Kimderdi oqisyz?

- Ózim qatarly kóptegen jazushy siyaqty men de Gabrieli Garsiya Markes pen Ernest Heminguey tәrizdi klassik jazushylardy oqydym. Songhy oqyghan jazushylar qatarynda Nobeli syilyghynyng laureaty Mo Yan, Orhan Pamuk, Halid Hosseyn men tiybettik jazushy Alaydyng kitaptary bar. Óitkeni olardyng shygharmalary maghan shabyt syilaydy. Ásirese, songhysy, yaghny Tiybet jazushysynyng shygharmalary janyma jaqyn. Ol Tiybetti otarlau sayasaty turaly jәne tiybettikterge qarsy jasalghan qatygezdik pen zorlyq-zombylyq turaly jazady.

Alayda «Qonyz» derekti janrynda jazylghan roman emes. Ony әdettegi әleumettik prozadan ereksheleytin basty elementting biri – Batys Qazaqstannyng jyr stiyli. Men 1930 jyldardyng basyndaghy kenes ýkimeti kezindegi maldy tәrkileu men 1937 jylghy qughyn-sýrgin arasyndaghy kezendi bayan etetin «Kókmoynaqtyng ýiiri» degen jergilikti jyrdy basshylyqqa aldym. Sonymen qatar, ol «Adaydyng taghdyry» dep te atalady.

Mening oiymsha, sol zamandaghy qughyn-sýrgin men Janaózendegi qandy oqighany salystyrugha bolady.

- Romannyng basty keyipkerleri – múnayshylar jәne siz olardyng dene mýshelerine erekshe nazar audarasyz. Ózinizding keyipkerlerinizdi iship alghan jәne mýgedek kýiinde, sonday-aq aqyr sonynda atylghan kezin de aiqyn suretteysiz.

- IYә, múny shygharmanyng eng qiyn bólimi boldy desem, artyq aitqanym emes. Romandy jazu barysynda Manghystaugha birneshe ret bardym. Men jambas sýiegining 5 santiymetri mýjilip-jelingen múnayshyny, kózinen nemese auzynyng jogharghy jaq bóliginen aiyrylghan, bet sýiegi zaqymdanghan adamdardy kórdim. Men osy oqighadan eng kóp zardap shekken belsendilermen sóilestim. Manghystaugha barmas búryn, gazetter men internetke shyqqan materialdy qarap shyqtym. Alayda, Janaózen túrghyndarymen betpe-bet kezdeskende, jaghday mýldem basqa ekenin týsindim.

Mәselen, men Maqsat Dosmaghambetovpen kezdestim, ol eki jyl búryn qaytys boldy. Biraq qaytys bolghangha deyin, týrmege qamalyp kóp azap shekken. Biz Kaspiy tenizining jaghasynda sóilestik. Onyng әngimesin tyndaghanda kezde ózegim órtendi.

Búl kezdesu romandy jazugha qamshylap, barlyq kýmәnimdi seyiltti. Qandy oqigha saldarynan zardap shekken múnayshylardyng jaghdayyn kórgennen keyin, olardyng óz elindegi polisiyadan tartqan azabyn týsinu qiyn boldy.

Maqsat Dosmaghambetov Janaózendegi 2011 jylghy ereuil kezinde oiyn ashyq aitqan júmysshylardyng biri boldy. Sol jyly mausymda ol Janaózendegi oqigha turaly tolyghyraq habar beru ýshin Mәskeude ótken baspasóz mәjilisine de qatysty. 2012 jyly 37 júmysshy men olardyng jaqtastaryna qatysty ótken sot prosesi kezinde Dosmaghambetov tergeu izolyatorynda zorlyq-zombylyq kórgenin, azaptalghany turaly ashyp aitty. Alty aidan keyin onyng týrmedegi azaptaulardyng saldarynan qaterli isik auruyna shaldyqqany belgili boldy. Medisinalyq tekseruden ótu ýshin týrme әkimshiligine jasaghan ótinishteri eki jyl boyyna qarausyz qaldy, keyin oghan bettegi qaterli isik diagnozy qoyyldy. Kelesi tórt jylda oghan múnayshy әriptesterining qarjylay kómegining arqasynda Ontýstik Koreyada alty operasiya jasaldy. Dosmaghambetov 2018 jyly 29 qyrkýiekte 36 jasynda qaytys boldy.

- Osyghan qosa, sizding romanynyzda 2011 jylghy 16 jeltoqsandaghy oqighalarmen shektelmey, múnay ken oryndaryndaghy jәne qala ómirindegi kýndelikti zorlyq-zombylyq ta sipattalady.

- IYә, roman oqighanyng sharyqtau sheginen, yaghny ashtyq jariyalap, alangha kep shatyr qúryp jatqan júmysshylardan bastau alady. Kóp oqyrman roman sol jerden atys bastalghan sәtpen jalghasady dep kýtti. Biraq men eng aldymen qantógisting negizgi sebepterine nazar audarghym keldi. Búl búrynnan beri jolgha qoyylmaghan bilim beru, densaulyq saqtau salasyndaghy jәne qauipsizdik apparattaryna qatysty әleumettik problemalar.

Qytay jazushysy Mo Yannyng «Sarymsaq balladasy» (The Garlic Ballads) atty romany bar, ol shygharma da osylay damidy. Onda 1988 jyly qytaylyq sarymsaq ósiretin qytay sharualarynyng kóterilisi suretteledi. Avtor tolqudyng ózine tek on bet qana arnaghan. Al romannyng qalghan bóligin osy oqighanyng tuuyna sebep bolghan әleumettik jaghdaylardy zertteuge arnaydy. Sol siyaqty, men de óz romanymda Janaózendegi әleumettik jaghdaylardy zerttegim keldi: júmysshylar nege júmys ornynan múnay úrlaydy? Nelikten ayaghy auyr әielding bosanuyna mýmkindigi joq? Nelikten adamdar múnaydyng ýstinde otyrsa da, su men jaryqqa zәru? Búl jaghdaylar osy tragediyanyng oryn aluyna yqpal etti me?

- Oqighagha on jyl ótse de, ony kópshilik arasynda talqylau әli de onay emes. Qazaqstan halqy kitapty qalay qabyldady?

- Ásirese, jastar arasynda, sonday-aq әleumettik media platformalarda kóptegen reaksiya bolyp, talqygha týsti. Kópshiligi kitap shynymen de ómirde bolghan oqigha negizinde jazylghan ba, joq pa degen saualdar qoyyp jatty. Rasymen de osynday memlekette ómir sýrip jatyrmyz ba dep súraghandar da az emes. Kóbi kitaptyng jaryqqa shyqqanynan da beyhabar. Tipti resmy әdeby gazet-jurnaldardyng eshqaysysynda, teledidardaghy shoularda da kitapty talqylap, pikirtalas ótken joq. Eki baspa búl romandy basyp shygharugha kelisim bermedi. Tek jaqynda «Jalyn» jurnaly ghana seriya týrinde jariyalady.

- Juyrda sizding romanynyzdyng alghashqy taraulary orys tiline audarylyp, reseylik «Liyterraatura» jurnalynda jaryq kórdi. Roman atauy «Qonyzdyn» birneshe maghynasy bar. Mәselen, «qonyz terip ketu» sózbe-sóz «qonyz jinaugha baru» delinse, beyneli týrde «qayyr súrau» degen maghynany bildiredi. Taghy basqa qanday úghymgha negizdeledi?

- Qazaq últynda qonyz terip ketu degen nashar jaghday, әbden kýii tozghan ahual retinde kórinis tabady. Búl qayyrshynyng jaghdayyna úqsaydy.

Sonymen birge, qazaqta siyrdyng tezegin domalatatyn qonyz turaly anyz bar. Bir kýni siniri shyqqan kedey kisi tilegin oryndaytyn qasiyetti әulie adammen kezigip qalady. Qasiyetti adam odan tandau-yqylasy danalyq pen baylyqtyng qaysysyna týsetinin súraydy. Kedey ekinshisin tandaydy, sebebi ol ómir boyyna joqshylyqtyng tauqymetin tartqan edi.

Onyng tilegi oryndalady, biraq әulie kedey bay bolghan shaghynda qyzmetkerlerine jәbir kórsetip, olardy shekten tys paydalanar bolsa, qarghysqa úshyraytynyn eskertedi. Dese de ol dәuleti tasyghan boyda bergen uәdesin úmytyp ketedi. Ol qol astyndaghylaryn ses kórsetip-sabap, enbekaqysyn tólemey qoyady. Keyin әulie kelip, ony ózgertuge tyrysqanymen, baylyghyn bóliskisi kelmeydi. Ol osy sәtte aqyryndap shóge bastaydy, әitkenimen rayynan qayta qoymaydy. Aldymen ayaghy, artynsha beli jerge «batady». Kózin ashyp júmghansha, iyghyn qara jer tartyp, aqyrynda soqa basy soqsiyp topyraqqa tiyedi. Dey túrghanymen ol baylyqtan bas tarta almay, mýlkine eshkimdi juytpaytynyn aitady. Keyin tanauyna deyin shang qarpyp shókkende múrnynan qan saulaydy. Sóitip, onyng qatqan qany men qaldyghynan qonyz payda bolady. Búl qonyz qansha baqayshyqtay ýlken bolsa da siyrdyng tezegin jinap dóngeletip, sonyng manynda jýredi. Ony jeu ýshin azdap qazyp ta alady, biraq sodan keyin ony qayda qoyghanyn úmytyp ketedi. Búl sikl ómir boyyna jalghasady. Búl jaghdayda qonyz ózge jandardyng aqysyn jeytin, tarazydan «payda kóretin» ashkóz adamnyng metaforasy.

Janaózendegi jaghday osyghan úqsas. Onda monopolister men jekelegen auqatty otbasylar qarapayym adamdardy paydalanyp, olardyng manday ter, taban aqy enbegining esebinen baylyq jiyady. Búghan deyin de solay boldy, búdan keyin de osylay jalghasa bermek. Baylyq ýshin tipti adamdargha oq jaudyrdy. Olar osy qonyzgha úqsaydy. Baylyq-mýlki artsa da, kemise de óz boghyn ainaldyratyn qonyzdargha úqsaydy.

Súhbattasqan: Gent uniyversiytetining doktoranty, Mariya-Kury grantynyng iyegeri Maurisio Totaro. Aghylshyn tilinen audarghan: "The Qazaq Times"

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