18 qazanda әl-Faraby atyndaghy Qazaq últtyq uniyversiytetinde «Qazaqstan men Reseyding jalpy tarihy jәne «otarsyzdandyru» diskursy» atty dóngelek ýstel ótti. Jobany úiymdastyrushy Aleksandr Knyazev qazaq qoghamynda batystyq qorlardyng qoldauymen Qazaqstannyng Resey imperiyasy men Kenes Odaghynyng qúramynda bolghan tarihy turaly arandatushylyq jәne ghylymy emes iydeyalar nasihattalyp jatqanyn aitady.

Uniyversiytet atynan dóngelek ýstel ótkizu turaly habarlandyru kelesi taqyryptardy qamtidy:

• Birlesken tarihtaghy dauly mәselelerge qysqasha sholu.
• Aqparattyq kenistikte sayasilandyrylghan baghalaulardyng basymdyghy jәne akademiyalyq tәsildi tanymal etu mәseleleri.
• Qazaqstan men Reseyding strategiyalyq jәne odaqtastyq ózara is-qimyly: biriktirushi iydeologiya mәseleleri.
• Ózara qolayly tәsilder men baghalaulardy izdeu qajettiligi.
• «Otarsyzdandyru diskursy» bólu qúraly retinde: odan kim payda kóredi jәne oghan ne qarsy túrugha bolady.

Qazaqstandaghy dóngelek ýsteldi ekiúshty qabyldady. Is-sharada Asharshylyq, jappay qughyn-sýrgin, Semey poligonyndaghy yadrolyq synaqtar jәne basqa da manyzdy tarihy oqighalar talqylandy ma degen saualmen Ghylym jәne joghary bilim ministrligine resmy saual jiberildi.

Olar ministrlikpen kelisilmegendikten shara baghdarlamasyna qatysty naqty jauap ala almady. Otarshyldyq qozghalystardy zertteushi, Leyden uniyversiytetining Tarih institutynyng PhD doktoranty Kamila Smaghúlova MGIMO-ny týsindirude eki elding tarihyn jalpylau Reseyding Ortalyq Aziyany otarshyldyq jaulap alu faktisin elemeu maqsatyn kózdeytinin aitty.

Onyng payymdauynsha, «dóngelek ýstel» baghdarlamasy otarshyldyq shekarasyn búldyratugha jәne Qazaqstannyng óz tarihyna ózindik bagha beru qúqyghyn joqqa shygharugha baghyttalghan.

Qazaqstandaghy qughyn-sýrgin jәne Asharshylyq - Golodomor

31 mamyrda Qazaqstanda Sayasy qughyn-sýrgin qúrbandaryn eske alu kýni atap ótiledi. Olar forumdar men kezdesuler ótkizedi, birneshe eskertkishterge gýl shoqtaryn qoyady, ataqty esimderdi eske alady, dәstýr boyynsha úrpaqtary milliondaghan qúrbandaryn qaldyrghan tarihtyng osy qorqynyshty betin eshqashan úmytpaugha ant beredi. Biraq nege ekeni belgisiz, qazaq halqynyng basynan ótkergen taghy bir qasiret – Golodomor turaly azyraq aitylady.

1937–1938 jyldardaghy stalindik qughyn-sýrginder KSRO-nyng basqa aimaqtaryndaghy siyaqty Qazaqstanda da halyqtyng әrtýrli sanattaryna, sonyng ishinde ziyaly qauymgha, partiyalyq kadrlargha, t.b. Kóptegen adamdar tútqyndaldy nemese elden quyldy, búl ýlken ómir men әleumettik joyylugha әkeldi.

Golodomor Kenes ýkimetining baylar tabyn mal men basqa da azyq-týlik ónimderin tәrkileu arqyly joygha baghyttalghan qasaqana sayasatynyng nәtiyjesi boldy. Qughyn-sýrgin men asharshylyq býkil Kenes Odaghyn, onyng ishinde milliondaghan qazaqtardy qamtydy jәne qazaq qoghamyna auyr zardaptar әkeldi, onyng ishinde mәdeniy-ruhany qúndylyqtardan aiyrylyp, dәstýrli ómir saltynan alshaqtau boldy.

Ártýrli mәlimetter boyynsha 1931–1933 jyldary 3,2 million adam qaytys boldy. Bir milliongha juyq qazaq kórshi respublikalargha jәne KSRO-dan tys jerlerge, atap aitqanda Qytay, Mongholiya, Iran, Aughanstangha qonys audarugha mәjbýr boldy.

1929–1933 jyldardaghy Qazaqstandaghy asharshylyq – Asharshylyq – «baylardy (qúlaqtardy) tap retinde joy» resmy sayasaty, újymdastyru, ortalyq organdardyng azyq-týlik satyp alu josparyn kóbeytu, sonday-aq jalpy maldy tәrkileu.

1929 jyly birinshi besjyldyqty jәne újymdastyrudy jariyalaghan Stalin Qazaqstandy býkil eldi azyqtandyratyn eginshilik pen mal sharuashylyghy bazasyna ainaldyrudy maqsat etti.

Újymdastyru bastalardan bir jyl búryn Kenes ýkimeti Qazaqstandaghy jergilikti baylardan maldy jappay rekvizisiyalaudy jýzege asyrdy, osylaysha әrtýrli ru basshylarynyng óz halqyna yqpalyn azaytugha tyrysty. Kenestik ghylymy qoghamdastyq kóshpeliler ýlgisining «mýldem tiyimsizdigi» turaly materialdardy maqsatty týrde jәne arnayy nasihattaldy.

Keybir qazaq tarihshylary aitarlyqtay joghary sandardy keltiredi. Professor Ábjanov: «Asharshylyq kem degende 4 million qazaqtyng ómirin qidy. Jergilikti halyqtyng altydan bir bóligi tarihy Otanyn mәngilikke tastap ketti. 1911 jyly oblys halqynyng 82 payyzyn qúraytyn 6,5 million qazaqtan 1939 jylgha qaray 2,3 milliony ghana qaldy, olardyng respublika halqynyng qúramyndaghy ýlesi 38 payyzgha deyin tómendedi».

2013 jyly M.V.Ptuha atyndaghy Ukrainanyng demografiya jәne әleumettik zertteuler instituty 1932–1933 jyldardaghy asharshylyqtyng salystyrmaly shyghyny turaly habarlady. Qazaqstanda – 22,42%, Ukrainada – 12,926%, Reseyde – 3,17% eng joghary boldy.

Jogharydaghy esepter boyynsha sol kezde Qazaqstan Asharshylyqtan KSRO-nyng basqa aimaqtarynan da kóp zardap shekti degen qorytyndy jasaugha mýmkindik beredi.

1937–1938 jyldardaghy stalindik qughyn-sýrginder KSRO-nyng basqa aimaqtaryndaghy siyaqty Qazaqstanda da halyqtyng әrtýrli sanattaryna, sonyng ishinde ziyaly qauymgha, partiyalyq kadrlargha, t.b.

Kóptegen adamdar tútqyndaldy nemese elden quyldy, búl ýlken ómir men әleumettik joyylugha әkeldi. Asharshylyq - Golodomor Kenes ýkimetining baylar tabyn mal men basqa da azyq-týlik ónimderin tәrkileu arqyly joygha baghyttalghan qasaqana sayasatynyng nәtiyjesi boldy.

Qughyn-sýrgin men Asharshylyq býkil Kenes Odaghyn, onyng ishinde milliondaghan qazaqtardy qamtydy jәne qazaq qoghamyna auyr zardaptar әkeldi, onyng ishinde mәdeniy-ruhany qúndylyqtardan aiyrylyp, dәstýrli ómir saltynan alshaqtau boldy.

Ayta keteyik, Resey Ukrainagha shabuyl jasamas búryn, songhysy tәuelsizdik alghannan beri Golodomordy genosid dep tanu mәselesin ýnemi kóterip keledi.

2023 jyldyng shildesindegi jaghday boyynsha 35 el búl shaqyrudy resmy týrde qoldady. Sonymen qatar, 1932–33 jyldardaghy Golodomordy Europa Kenesi Parlamenttik Assambleyasy men Europalyq Parlament ukrain halqynyng genosid aktisi dep tanydy.

2010 jyly Qazaqstan Birikken Últtar Úiymy Bas Assambleyasynyng «1932-1933 jyldardaghy Ukrainadaghy golodomor: asharshylyqty genosid aktisi retinde tanu» qararynyng avtorlary boldy.

Qazaqstan Respublikasy 1932-1933 jyldary Ukrainadaghy Golodomor qúrbandaryn eske alady. Qazaqstan Golodomordy genosid aktisi retinde alghashqylardyng biri bolyp moyyndady jәne ony halyqaralyq dengeyde tanudy dәiekti týrde jaqtap keledi», - delingen Qazaqstan Respublikasy Syrtqy ister ministrligining 2022 jylghy mәlimdemesinde.

Asharshylyq - Golodomor men stalindik qughyn-sýrginderdi stalindik sayasat ayasyndaghy shyghu tegi, auyr әleumettik-ekonomikalyq zardaptary men qazaq halqynyng ómirine tiygizgen yqpaly biriktiredi.

Qazaq KSR-degi qughyn-sýrgin – sayasy sebeptermen jan-jaqty qudalau. 1937 jyly Býkilodaqtyq kommunistik partiya bolishevikter partiyasy Ortalyq Komiytetinin, Stalinning jәne onyng tóniregindegilerding «halyq jaulary men qosarlanushylardyng kózin jong jәne jong» qajettigi turaly núsqauy barlyq jerde qolgha alyndy.

2020 jyldyng 24 qarashasynda Qazaqstan Preziydenti Qasym-Jomart Toqaev sayasy qughyn-sýrgin qúrbandaryn tolyq aqtau jónindegi memlekettik komissiya qúrdy. Resmy derekter boyynsha 1937–1938 jyldary Qazaqstanda 120 mynnan astam adam qughyn-sýrginge úshyrap, 25 myny atylghan.

Gumiylev atyndaghy EÚU professory, tarih ghylymdarynyng doktory Araylym Músaghaliyeva Azattyq radiosyna bergen súhbatynda jan týrshigerlik aqparatty aitty: «Reseyding ortalyq múraghatynda «Tragediya sovetskoy derevniy», «Sovetskaya derevnya glazamy VChK-OGPU-NKVD» qújattardyng jinaqtary bar. Búl qújattarda Qazaqstangha bir million adam qonystanuy kerek ekeni aitylghan eken.

Reseylik ghalymy Fedor Sinisyn «Kenes memleketi jәne kóshpendiler» degen kitabynda búl million halyqty qonystandyru ýshin kóshpendilerdi joi kerek bolghanyn aitady. Onyng aituynsha, Kenes ýkimeti kóshpeli sharuashylyqty mýlde qabyldamaghan.

Osylaysha, birinshiden, terror Stalinge nemese onyng jýiesine gipotetikalyq qauip tóndirui mýmkin jeke túlghalargha, azamattardyng jekelegen sanattary men toptaryna qarsy baghyttaldy. Ekinshiden, 1937–1938 jyldardaghy jappay sayasy qughyn-sýrgin KSRO-da qatygez totalitarlyq rejimning qalyptasuyn ayaqtady. Bolishevikter terrordyng kómegimen kýrdeli sayasi, ekonomikalyq, әleumettik, últtyq, mәdeny jәne basqa mәselelerdi sheshti.

Milliondaghan qazaqtar ashtyqtan qyryldy, búl Qazaqstandaghy júmys kýshining aitarlyqtay qysqaruyna әkeldi. Búl óz kezeginde ónerkәsipting damuyna keri әserin tiygizdi.

Sonday-aq asharshylyq mal sharuashylyghynyng jappay qyryluyna әkelip soqty, búl Qazaqstannyng auyl sharuashylyghy bazasyna núqsan keltirip, mal sharuashylyghynyng jәne teri, toqyma siyaqty onymen baylanysty salalardyng damuyna keri әserin tiygizdi.

Asharshylyq pen júmys kýshining tapshylyghy tau-ken ónerkәsibin, óndeu ónerkәsibin jәne qúrylysty qosa alghanda, barlyq salalarda óndiristi qysqartty. Ruhany damuda asharshylyq qazaq halqy ýshin milliondaghan adamnyng ómirin qiyp, dәstýrli ómir saltynyng joyyluyna әkelip soqtyrghan orasan zor jaraqatqa ainaldy.

Onymen birge kelgen asharshylyq pen qughyn-sýrgin qazaqtyng kóptegen mәdeny jәne ruhany qúndylyqtarynan, sonyng ishinde tilinen, salt-dәstýrinen, әdet-ghúrpynan aiyryldy.

Genetikalyq damuda, dúrys tamaqtanbaudyng jaghymsyz saldaryna baylanysty, búl әsirese jýktilik kezinde jәne bala ósiru kezinde ashtyqqa úshyraghan әielderde kórinis tapty.

Soghan qaramastan Golodomor men Qazaqstandaghy 1937–1938 jyldardaghy qughyn-sýrginning mynaday ortaq belgileri bar: - búl eki oqigha da Kenes ýkimetining qarama-qayshylyqtardy basyp, óz biyligin nyghaytu sayasatynyng bir bóligi boldy; - Asharshylyq - Golodomor da, qughyn-sýrgin de zorlyq-zombylyq pen terrormen qatar jýrdi.

Eki oqigha da Qazaqstannyng avtohtondy túrghyndarynyng fizikalyq, ruhany jәne psihikalyq kýiine tereng jәne auyr әser etti.

Qazaqstandaghy Golodomor jәne stalindik repressiyalar stalindik rejimning keng auqymdy sayasatynyng bir bóligi boldy jәne auyr әleumettik-ekonomikalyq jәne adamy zardaptargha әkeldi.

Búl oqighalar Qazaqstan halqy ýshin orasan zor adam shyghyny men qasiret әkeldi, olardyng saldary kóptegen otbasylar men jalpy qogham ýshin auyr zardaptargha әkeldi jәne aimaqtyng әleumettik qúrylymy men demografiyasyna aitarlyqtay әser etti.

Ókinishke oray, ol әli kýnge deyin ótkenning eski nyshandarymen ómir sýredi. Sәl ózgertilgen mәtini bar sol әnúran bar, Stalindi dәripteu bar jәne Qazaqstanda Golodomordy әli de moyyndamaydy. Múnyng birneshe sebepteri bar:

• Resey ýkimeti golodomordy qosa alghanda, kenestik rejim jasaghan qylmystardyng auqymy men auyrlyghyn joqqa shygharady nemese azaytady.

• Resey Federasiyasy men Qazaqstan Respublikasy arasynda tyghyz ekonomikalyq jәne sayasy baylanystar bar jәne Resey ýkimeti Golodomordy tanu arqyly búl qatynastardy búzghysy kelmeydi.

• Resey Federasiyasy Qazaqstandy ózining yqpal etu ayasynyng bir bóligi retinde qarastyrady jәne onyng zandylyghyna kýmәn tudyruy mýmkin oqighalardy moyyndaghysy kelmeydi.

• Búghan qosa, Resey ýkimetining resmy ústanymy Golodomor tek Qazaqstan men Ukrainany ghana emes, Kenes Odaghynyng barlyq respublikalaryn qamtyghan tragediya boldy.

• Resey sonday-aq Kenes ýkimeti golodomordy әdeyi tudyrghan joq, kerisinshe búl újymdastyru men industriyalandyru sayasatynyng sәtsiz nәtiyjesi boldy dep sanaydy.

Degenmen, kóptegen tarihshylar men sarapshylar Asharshylyq - Golodomordy Kenes ýkimetining qazaq bolmysyn basyp-janshugha baghyttalghan qasaqana sayasaty dep esepteydi. Qalay desek te, qazaq halqynyng genosid kýni dep atalatyn kýn tuar dep senemiz.

Bizding oiymyzsha, ol ózining oidan shygharylghan úlylyghyna baylanysty búl zandylyqtardy әli moyyndamaytyn memleketpen kóbirek tepe-tendik qarym-qatynas ornatugha mýmkindik beredi.

Kerimsal Júbatqanov, tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty, S. Seyfullin atyndaghy Qazaq agrotehnikalyq zertteu uniyversiytetining dosenti