Tútas bir halyqtyng jer betinen joghalyp ketkenine 250 jyl tolypty...

Zymyran uaqyt qazaq tarihyna tikeley qatysy bar bir oqighany qalyng búqaranyng nazarynan tys qaldyrghanday. Osydan 250 jyl búryn Sini imperiyasynyng bizge jonghar, qalmaq nemese oirat degen atpen mәlim tútas bir halyqty jer betinen joyyp jibergen qyrghyny ayaqtaldy. Sóitip, bizding bayyrghy  baqtalasymyz Ortalyq hәm Shyghys Euraziyanyng sayasy kartasynan joq bolyp ketti.
«Jonghar» atty tútas bir halyqty qamshynyng sabynday qysqa uaqytta joyyp jiberu – úlan-ghayyr dalanyng tarihynda tosyn qúbylys. Ras, odan búrynyraq osy taqylettes jayttar ejelgi týrkterding jujandardy dýreleui, sonday-aq júrtqa jaqsy mәlim Shynghys hannyng tatar taypasyn qyryp saluy siyaqty tótenshe oqighalar bolghan. Biraq XVIII ghasyr ýshin múnday nәubet alabóten edi. Onyng ýstine, qadym dәuirde «dýreleu men joyyp jiberu» shartty úghym-túghyn. Búl kóbine ejelgi dúshpandy tize býktirudi aighaqtaytyn. Jenimpaz qatyn-qalash pen bala-shaghagha tiymeytin. Saghy synghandardyng bir bóligi jana qojayyngha qúldyq úryp, eski tirshiligin jalghastyra beredi. Alayda әiel, bala demey, josparly týrde tútas bir úlysty nayzanyng úshyna ilip, qylyshpen keskileu búryn eshkimning miyna kelmepti.

Tútas bir halyqtyng jer betinen joghalyp ketkenine 250 jyl tolypty...

Zymyran uaqyt qazaq tarihyna tikeley qatysy bar bir oqighany qalyng búqaranyng nazarynan tys qaldyrghanday. Osydan 250 jyl búryn Sini imperiyasynyng bizge jonghar, qalmaq nemese oirat degen atpen mәlim tútas bir halyqty jer betinen joyyp jibergen qyrghyny ayaqtaldy. Sóitip, bizding bayyrghy  baqtalasymyz Ortalyq hәm Shyghys Euraziyanyng sayasy kartasynan joq bolyp ketti.
«Jonghar» atty tútas bir halyqty qamshynyng sabynday qysqa uaqytta joyyp jiberu – úlan-ghayyr dalanyng tarihynda tosyn qúbylys. Ras, odan búrynyraq osy taqylettes jayttar ejelgi týrkterding jujandardy dýreleui, sonday-aq júrtqa jaqsy mәlim Shynghys hannyng tatar taypasyn qyryp saluy siyaqty tótenshe oqighalar bolghan. Biraq XVIII ghasyr ýshin múnday nәubet alabóten edi. Onyng ýstine, qadym dәuirde «dýreleu men joyyp jiberu» shartty úghym-túghyn. Búl kóbine ejelgi dúshpandy tize býktirudi aighaqtaytyn. Jenimpaz qatyn-qalash pen bala-shaghagha tiymeytin. Saghy synghandardyng bir bóligi jana qojayyngha qúldyq úryp, eski tirshiligin jalghastyra beredi. Alayda әiel, bala demey, josparly týrde tútas bir úlysty nayzanyng úshyna ilip, qylyshpen keskileu búryn eshkimning miyna kelmepti.
Sóz joq, múnday qyrghyn tek memlekettik dengeyde jýzege asyryluy mýmkin. Susha aqqan adam qany Sin imperiyasyna jýkteldi. Búl patshalyqty sodan bir ghasyr búryn Qytaydy jaulap alghan manchjurlar qúrdy. Túnghys til tobyna jatatyn osy halyqtyng Otany býgingi Reseyding Tayau Shyghys ólkesi eken. Mine, sol manchjurlar janalghysh jasaqty qúrap, oghan qazirgi Ishki Mongholiya men Halhadan múnghúldary (monghol) tartyldy.
Ejelgi dúshpan Shamamen XV ghasyrdyng alghashqy jartysy, tipti XVI ghasyrdyng basynda batystaghy oirattargha qarasty batys múnghúl taypalary sol tústaghy alyp daladaghy týrki júrty qyrym tatarlary, noghaylar, qazaqtar men kóshpendi ózbekter, Shyghys Týrkistandaghy moghol da, qyrghyz búryttar ýshin eng әkki әri bitispes jaugha ainaldy. Ózderimen tuystas Halha, Min jәne Sin imperiyasyn biylegen múnghúldar da oirattarmen keskilesken shayqas jýrgizdi.
Oyrattardyng tarih sahnasyna derbes kýsh retinde shyghuy XV ghasyrdyng sonynda Qytaydaghy Yuani múnghúl imperiyasynyng kýireuimen túspa-tús keldi. Qytay kóterilis¬shi¬lerining tegeurinine shydamay, Mongholiyagha shegingen Yuani imperatory men jasaq biraz uaqyt jalpymúnghúldyq tútastyghyn saqtap túrdy. Biraq sol kezding ózinde oirat taypalary múghúl qauymynan daralanyp túratyn. Bәlkim, olardyng múghúl iyeliginen jyraqta dala men orman shektesken mekende túruy da búghan әser etken shyghar. Shynghys han kýlli Mongholiyadaghy barlyq úlysty aralastyryp jibergende, oirattar «orman halqy» dep atalatyn. Olar birtútas múnghúl memleketin qúru isine, onyng jaugershilik joryqtaryna belsene qatysqan joq. Áytse de oirat jasaghy sol dәuirde týrli memleketterding sayasy ómirine aralasyp túrdy. Aytalyq, Horasan uәlayatyn biylegen Arghún shahtyng qolastyndaghy oirattar Irannyng songhy ilhany (elhan) Togha Temirdi taqqa otyrghyzdy. Ras, búl oirattar týrki tilinde sóilep, músylmandyqty ústandy. Olar Shynghys memleketi kýiregen tústa payda bolghan basqa úlystardan erekshelenbeytin. Asyly, búl – basqa hikaya.
Batys Mongholiyany mekendegen oirattar múnghúl tilin jәne buddizmning lamaizm baghytyn ústanghan. XIV ghasyrdyng bas sheninde oirattar Toghan men Esen handar  túsynda Mongholiyany jaulap alyp, Qytaydyng Min imperiyasyna salyq tóleuge mәjbýr etti. Sol kezderi oirattar Ortalyq Aziyagha alghashqy joryghyn jasap, 1452 jyly Tashkentte kóshpendi ózbek memleketin, yaghny Ábilhayr handyghyn, qúlatty. Monghol handyghynyn  kýireuining tarihta manyzy zor. Dәl osy oqighadan keyin Kerey men Jәnibek Jetisuda mekendegen birqatar rulardy Ábilhayyrdan bólip, alghashqy qazaq handyghyn qúrady. Búl atyrap Mogholstan memleketine qarasty bolghandyqtan, qazaqtar múnghúldardyng oirattargha qarsy kýresine atsalysugha tiyis edi.
Shyghystaghy múnghúl handyghynyng XVI ghasyrda oirattargha qarsy jýrgizgen kýresi jenispen ayaqtaldy. Oirattar batysqa qaray shegindi. Olar óz kezeginde mogholdar men qazaqtardy batysqa qaray tyqsyra berdi. XVII ghasyrdyng basynda oirattar Ertis boyyn jaghalap, Shyghys Týrkistandaghy múghúl memleketterine vassaldyq salyq tólettirdi. 1634 jyly  Ho Órlik bastaghan oirattardyng torghauyt pen derbet taypalary Edil men Jayyq ózenderi aralyghyna ótip, noghaylargha shabuyl jasady. Noghaylardyng alghashqy legi Soltýstik Kavkazgha qaray bettese, ekinshi jartysy Ho Órlik úlysynyng qúramyna endi. Al ýshinshi jartysy qazaqtargha qosyldy. Edil jaghalauyndaghy oirattar «qalmaq» degen ataumen tanyldy. Jýz jyl kóleminde qayta qúrylghan qalmaq handyghy Edilding eki jaghalauynda da óz ýstemdigin ornatty. Dәl osy uaqytta shyghysta oirattardyng choros, hoyt, hoshout jәne derbet taypalary Batyr Qontayshy basshylyghymen Jonghar handyghyn qúrdy. Jana qúrylghan handyq shyghys múnghúldary, qytay jәne qazaqtarmen kýres jýrgizdi. Batysta qalmaq, shyghysynda jonghar handyqtarynyng qyspaghynda bolghan  qazaqtar osylaysha strategiyalyq qorshauda qaldy. Sonymen qatar osy uaqytta oirattardyng qysymynda qalghan múghúldar men noghaylyqtar jer audaryp, ketulerine tura keldi. Oirattar men qazaqtar arasyndaghy soghys bir ghasyr boyy jalghasty. Sonday-aq búl eki el arasynda bolghan kýrestin  ereksheligi – ózara shayqasyp jatsa da,  bir-birinen qyz alysyp, ara-túra beybitshilik ómir keshti. Sol jyldary qazaq taypalary jongharlardyng qaramaghyna ótu qaupinde túrdy. Biraq shyghys jongharlar men batys qalmaqtar  qazaq úlysynyng qúramyna kirgen. XVIII ghasyrdyng basynda jonghar biyligining kýshi odan ary artty. Oghan dәlel  – Jonghar handyghynyng shyghys pen batys betkeyin qonystanghan qazaqty jau¬lap aluy. Nәtiyjesinde Qazaq handyghy ydyrap, Ortalyq Aziya, Jayyq, Edilge qaray qonys audardy. Búl әskery jenilis asharshylyqpen túspa-tús kelgendikten, qazaq bar qiyn-qystau kezendi bastarynan ótkerdi. Sol sebepten de búl kezeng tarih betine ýlken qara daq bolyp týsti. Jonghar handyghy Tashkent pen Syrdariya jaghalauyndaghy qalalardy basyp aldy. Jonghar handyghyna manchjur Sin imperiyasynan qauip tóngende, olar Ortalyq Aziyagha shabuyl jasap, sol jaqqa qaray yghysty. Qytaylar jongharlargha qarsy shygha almaghandyqtan, batys jaqtan kómek súraugha mәjbýr boldy. Osy kezde Ortalyq Aziya shekarasynda jongharlar men qalmaqtardyng qyspaghynda qalghan qazaqtardyng jaghdayy qiyndady. Qazaq  taypasynyng jarym bóligi búl jerden ketulerine tura keldi. Keybir orta jýzding qypshaqtary Ferghanagha  kóshti. Tipti olar sol jerge ornyghyp, Qoqan handyghynyng biyligine aralasa bastady.  Qyrghystannyng qazirgi Preziydenti Qúrmanbek Bakiyev sol qypshaq elining úrpaghy bolyp tabylady. Al Ortalyq Aziyada qalghan qazaqtar jongharlargha soqqy jasap, shyghysqa qaray shegindi. Jonghar handyghy sol kezderi Shyghys Qazaqstan, Qarqaraly aumaqtaryn jaulap alghan. Batysta qalmaqtar Jetisu, Edil, Jayyqty baqylap otyrdy.
Nәubet zaman
Búl kezeng jonghardyng úly hany Qaldan Seren qaytys boluymen bastalady. Úly han qaytys bolghannan keyin jongharlardyng ózara taqqa talasuy birshama jauyngerlerden aiyrylugha әkep soqty.  Qaldan Seren múrasyn ortanshy úly Sevan-Dorji-Adjege qaldyrghan. Ol 1746 jyly taqqa otyrady. Alayda 1749 jyly ýlken aghasy Lama-Dorjy inisin taqtan taydyryp, han taghyna kishi inileri Sevan-Dashy otyrady. Shanyraqtyng ýlkeni men kenjesining astyrtyn kelisimin bilip qoyghan Lama Dorjy kishi inisin óltirgizedi. 1751 jyly Sevan-Dorjy Davasiyding úly men hoyt taypasynyng basshysy Amursana orta jýzding hany Abylaygha qashyp barady.
1753 jyly Abylay hannyng kómegimen Davasy men Ámirsana Lamu-Dorjiydi óltiredi. Nәtiyjesinde, han taghyna Davasy otyrady. 1754 jyly Ámirsana Davasigha qarsy soghys ashady. Abylay han Davasiyge  Ámirsana әskerin jenuine kómektesedi. Nәtiyjesinde, Ámirsana Qytaygha qashyp ketedi. 1755 jyly Sin imperiyasy jongharlargha qarsy әsker jiberedi. Onyng qúramynda Ámirsana da bolghan. Shayqasta Davasy qaytys bolyp, ornyna 1756 jyly Ámirsana otyrady. Alayda onyng múnysy da úzaqqa barmaydy. Sol jyly Ámirsana Abylay hannyng qolastyna ótedi. 1756 jyldyng shilde aiynda jonghar handyghyna qauip tónedi. Manchjur, múnghúl, solon әskerinen túratyn bes manchjur bir múnghúl  generaly bastaghan armiya Jonghariyagha basyp kirip, jergilikti túrghyndardy birtindep joya bastaydy. Sol jyldyng tamyz aiynda manchjur әskeri Abylayhangha da soghys ashady. Alayda joryqtary sәtsiz ayaqtalyp,  jenilis tabady. Ámirsana biraz uaqyt shamasynda Abylay hannyng bodanynda bolady. Biraq birshama uaqyt ótkennen son  ony bostandyqqa jiberedi. Ámirsana 1757 jyly Sin imperiyasyna qarsy soghys ashady. Ol kezekti shayqasqa attanyp bara jatyp, qyrkýiekting 15-i kýni Tobyl qalasynyng manynda orys әskerlerining qolyna týsip, qaytys bolady. 1758 jyly soghys ayaqtaldy. Jongharlar  әskerining songhy toby Júldyz tauynyng manynda qiratylady. Osymen jongharlar mәngilikke tarih qoynauyna ketti.
Jonghar handyghy qúlaghannan keyin  qazaqtar óz jerlerin qaytaryp aldy. Sonday-aq shyghys betkeyde ornalasqan qazaq taypalary, kezinde jongharlardyng qaramaghynda bolghan jerlerdi qaytadan iygerdi. Ol jerlerding qatarynda Batys Mongholiya, Bayanólgey, sonday-aq býginde Shynjangha qarasty auyldy jerler bolghan.
1771 jyly qalmaqtar Resey imperiyasy¬nyng biyliginen qashyp, Jonghariyagha qashudy úighardy. Biraq ol ýshin qazaq dalasy arqyly ótulerine tura keldi. Qazaq taypalary eski qarsylastary derbet, torghouyt taypalarynan qúralghan qalmaqtargha mýmkindik berip, qazaq-qyrghyz jeri arqyly ótkizip jiberdi. Qalmaqtar Balqash kólinen ótkende qys mezgili bolghandyqtan, qatardaghy әskerlerinen aiyrylyp qalady. Soghan qaramastan qalmaqtar kelesi onjyldyqta Resey imperiyasynyng qyrym tatarlary, noghaylar, Kavkaz halyqtarymen týrikterge qarsy jýrgizgen kýresine qatysqan.  Qalmaqtardyng qatardaghy әskerleri óte tәjiriybeli әri qaru-jaraqty jaqsy iygergen.
Qalmaq taypasynyng qalghandary Jonghariya shekarasynan shyqqan¬da, olardy  Sin imperiya¬synyng ókilderi jarty joldan kýtip alyp, shek¬ara asudaghy kózdegen basty maqsatyn súraghan. Qalmaq hany Úbash óz jerin qayta qayyrudyng jolyn jeti kýnge juyq oilastyrghan. Biraq qal¬maq¬targha  manchjur imperiyasyna bas iiden basqa jol qalmaghan. Býginde sol oirattardyng úrpaghy kóp bolmasa da, Shynjan aimaghynda túryp jatyr.
Resey    imperiya¬synyng aumaghy¬nan qalmaqtar¬dyng ketui saldarynan qazirgi Qalmaq respublikasynyng kóp jeri bosap, salystyrmaly týrde aitqanda, sol kezdegi qalmaqtardyng at tóbelindey ghana úrpaqtary qalghan. Onyng ýstine, Edilding sol jaq jaghalauyndaghy ashyq dala da bos qalyp, keyin qazaqtar oryn teuip aldy. 
Osylaysha úzaq uaqyt boyy Shyghys jәne Ortalyq Euraziyanyng dalasyn qan sasytyp, osy mandy mekendegen kóshpendi týrki halyqtaryn týsinen shoshytqan batys múnghúl taypasy, oirattardyng jýrgizgen ýstemdigi ayaqtaldy. Sóitip, oirattardyng ata-jauyna ainalyp, ómir boyy tiresip ótken kóshpendilerden býgingi tanda osy baytaq dalany mekendegen tek qazaqtar ghana qaldy.
Qazirgi qazaq sanasynda oirattar óshpendiligimen iz qaldyrsa, jongharlar asa qauipti jәne eng bastysy, ata-jau retinde tarihymyzdan oiyp túryp oryn aldy. Býginde kórshi jatqan eldermen tatu-tәtti kýn keship jatqandyqtan, tarihshylar ótkendi kazbalaudyng qajettiligi shamaly degen pikirde.  Kóptegen elder tariyhqa boy aldyryp, әli kýnge deyin kórshi  jatqan elderge ziyanyn tiygizude. Oghan  Resey men ukraindar arasynda bolghan janjaldy mysalgha keltiruge bolady.      Qalay bolghanda da, jonghardyng qasiretti tarihy býgingi qúbylmaly әlemning sayqal sayasatynda ghúmyr keship jatqan kez kelgen qogham ýshin ashy sabaq. Alpauyttardyng arasynda qalghan el eshqashan ishki alauyzdyq pen biylikke talaspaghany abzal.

Súltan ÁKIMBEKOV   
«Jas Qazaq» gazeti 15 mamyr 2009 jyl