Bir jarym ghasyrdan búryn Reseyding bodanynda bolghan qazaqtardyng ata-babalary mekendegen jerleri (Shyghys Týrkistan aimaghy) olardyng yqtiyarynsyz Resey memleketi tarapynan Qytaymen ózara saudalanyp, 1860 jylghy Pekiyn, 1864 jylghy Shәueshek, 1881 jylghy Peterburg kelisimderi boyynsha zandastyryldy. Al 1864 jyly qazan aiynyng 7-si kýni Resey men Qytay arasynda "Shәueshek kelisimi" qazirgi qazaq-qytay shekara syzyghynyng tartylyp belgilenuining negizi boldy. Búl kelisim-shartty kezinde reseylik tarihshy ghalym Vladimir Moiyseev "1864 jylghy "Shәueshek kelisimi" – orys diplomatiyasynyng iri tabysy" dep baghalapty.

Búl kelisim Resey imperiyasynyng shyghys shekarasy men Qytaydyng batys shekarasy jóninde alghash jasalghan 1860 jylghy Pekin kelisiminen bastau alyp, 1869 jyly Qobda hattamasyna, 1870 jyly Tarbaghatay demarkasiyalyq hattamasyna jәne 1881 jyly Peterburg kelisimine úlasty. Peterburg sharty — 1881 jyly Resey men Qytaydyng Ile aimaghyndaghy shekara mәselesin aiqyndaugha arnalghan kelisimi. Qytaydaghy músylmandar kóterilisining qol astyndaghy últ aimaqtaryna qanat jaiynan seskengen Resey 1871 jyly qazaq jerine jaqyn Ile aimaghyn basyp aldy. Qytay Shynjandaghy kóterilisti basqannan keyin Reseyge Ileni qaytaru turaly talap qoydy. Eki el arasyndaghy úzaqqa sozylghan diplomat. kelissózderden keyin 1881 jyly 12 aqpanda eki jaq Peterburg shartyna qol qoydy.

Kelisim boyynsha orys әskerleri basyp alghan Ile aimaghy Qytay ýkimetining biyligine qaytaryldy, tek Sin ókimetining biyliginde qalghysy kelmeytinderdi ornalastyru ýshin degen jeleumen Resey Ilening batys bóligin iyemdendi. Ile halqyna bir jyl ishinde Reseyge dýnie mýlkimen kedergisiz qonys audarugha rúqsat berildi. Eki memleketting Ile aimaghyndaghy shekarasy Bejintaudan bastalyp, Qorghas ózenin boylay onyng Ilege qúyar túsyna deyin sozylyp, odan qazirgi Almaty oblysyndaghy Kóljat auylynyng shyghysyn orap ótip, ontýstikke qaray Úzynqarataugha deyin, al qalghan jeri 1884 jylghy Shәueshek kelisiminde kórsetilgen syzyqpen ótetin boldy. Alayda qazaqtardyng búrynghysynsha jaylau men qystaularyn auystyryp, kóship-qonyp jýrui Resey men Qytay shekarasynda biraz qiyndyqtar tughyzdy. Kelissózder barysynda patsha ókimeti “jerleri dúrys bólinbegen qazaq rulary tútasymen Resey bodandyghynda bolu kerek” ekendigin dәleldeu arqyly, Zaysan men Qara Ertis aumaghyndaghy shekarany Reseyding paydasyna qayta belgileuge qol jetkizdi. Shekara syzyghy Qara Ertisting Kýitin taularynan Sauyr jotalaryna qaray kesip ótetin boldy. Alayda shekara syzyghyn jýrgizu turaly kelisimderding ishinde negizgisi, keyingi kelissózderde talqylaytyn mәseleni anyqtaghany 1860 jylghy Pekin kelisimi ekeni bayqalady. Pekin kelisimi boyynsha dauly eki syzyq syzylghany mәlim. Eki syzyq ta Pekin kelisiminde talqylanatyn mәsele retinde qala bergen. Qazirgi shekaranyng jalpy soraby sol kezde aiqyndalghan. Ol boyynsha "orys-qytay shekarasynyng jalpy baghyty Altay, Tarbaghatay, Jonghar Alatauy, Tyani-Shani jәne Pamir taulary arqyly, iri ózender Ertis pen Ileni qiyp ótetin bolghan". Álgi dauly eki syzyqtyng biri Zaysan kólining ýstinen ótse, biri Zaysan kóli Resey iyeliginde qalatyn bolyp belgilengen.

Resey men Qytay arasyndaghy atalghan kelisimder Sovet ókimeti túsynda da, keyin de Qazaqstannyng Qytaymen aradaghy memlekettik shekarasynyng negizine ainaldy.

Al endi Shyghys Týrkistan jeri turaly aitatyn bolsaq, ol aimaq ejelden kók týrikting yaghni, qazaqtardyng ata-babalarynyng qonys tepken jeri ekendigin tarihta, arheologiyalyq zertteuler de rastaydy. Tipti, qazaqtardyng ata-babalary qonystanghan jer ekendigin qazirgi Shyghys Týrkistannyng qojasy qytay tarihy da joqqa shyghara almaydy. Shyghys Týrkistan jeri qazir Qytay memleketining jeri bolyp sanalyp oghan Shinjiang (jana shekara, jana ólke) ólkesi atauy berilgen. Soltýstigi men soltýstik shyghysynda Altay, batys ortasynda Tәnir tauy (Tyani-Shani), ontýstiginde әigili Taklamakan shóli men Kunluni taularyn alyp jatyr, Qytaydyng batys soltýstik bóliginde, territoriyasynyng altydan bir bóligin qúraytyn ólkelik kóp últty eldi meken . Solardyng Ishindegi qazaq kóp shoghyrlanghan Altay, Tarbaghatay, Ile aimaqtary geografiyalyq jaqtan Shyghys Qazaqstan men Jetisu jerimen shekaralas. Shyghys Týrkistan atauy - eshqanday sayasy mýddege tәuelsiz geografiyalyq atau ghana, bylaysha aitqanda, týrki әlemine tәueldi jerding shyghys qanaty. Ejelden týrkilerding ózi biylep, óz tóstegen jeri.

Qytay jylnamalary týrkilerdi ghúndardyng úrpaghy dep ataghan. Bastapqy kezde týrik degen sóz týrkitildes kóshpelilerding ishindegi basqarushy aqsýiek ru ókilderine ghana qatysty boldy. Sodan keyingi kezderde týrik degen atau sayasy mәnge ie bolyp, olardyng qol astynda bolghan ózge taypalar da atala bastady. Degenmen Týrik qaghanaty qúlaghannan keyingi týrik úlystaryn týrikter degennen góri týrki tildi, týrki nәsildi halyqtar dep atau ýrdisi qalyptasty.

Týrikter 552 jyly Soltýstik Mongholiya jerinde Týrik kaganatyn qúrdy. Onyng alghashqy biyleushisi Bumyn qaghan edi. Múqan qaghan túsynda býkil Ishki Aziya, Ontýstik Sibir jeri, Ontýstik-batys Manichjuriyadaghy qidandar, qaraqytaylar, Tuva jeri men Eniysey qyrghyzdary baghyndyryldy. Ishtemy (Estemi) qaghan túsynda týrikter batysqa qaray jyljyp, Jonghariya jerin, Qazaqstannyn, Ortalyq Aziyanyng shyghys aimaqtaryn baghyndyra bastady. VI ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysyna qaray týrikter býkil Qazaqstan jerin, Ortalyq Aziyanyng biraz bóligin baghyndyryp, Qara teniz jaghalauyna deyin jetti. Biylik basynda aqsýiek ashyna (ashina) ruy túrdy. Búl - «kiyeli qasqyr» degen sóz. Qaghandar memleketting basty biyleushisi boldy. Týrikterding tuy bórili bayraq boluymen qatar olardyng qorghaushy oq qagharlary da «bóri» atalghan. Onyng alghashqy qaghandary Týmen (Bumyn), Múqan, Estemi, Qara-Eske qaghandar edi. Qytay jazbalarynda aitylghanday Bumyn (Túmyn) qaghannyng kishi inisi Múqan qaghan 552—554 jyldary Týrik qaghanatynyng negizgi dúshpanynyng biri jujandardy (avarlardy) baghyndyryp, Ortalyq Aziya biyleushisine ainalady. Týrik qaghanynyng taghy bir inisi Ishtemy (Estemi) (552-582 jj.) batysqa jyljyp, Jetisu men Qazaqstannyng dalalyq aimaqtary jәne Syrdariya, Aral tenizine deyin jetti. Týrik qaghanaty Qazaqstan jerindegi alghashqy ortaghasyrlyq memleket boldy. Batys týrik qaghanaty (603-704). Sonymen 580 jylgha deyin Týrik qaghanaty damuynyng sharyqtau shegine jetti. 20 jylgha sozylghan týrik biyleushilerining arasyndaghy ózara soghystar nәtiyjesinde 582-603 jyldary Týrik memleketinde ydyrau ýderisi jýrdi. Týrik qaghanaty 603 jyly Shyghys (Mongholiya), Batys (Orta Aziya men Qazaqstan jerindegi) bolyp ekige bólindi. Batys Týrik qaghanaty ejelgi ýisin memleketining jerinde qúryldy. Batys qaghanattyng ortalyghy Shu angharyndaghy Suyab (Jetisu) qalasy boldy. Aumaghy: Qarataudyng shyghys baurayynan Jonghariyagha deyingi jer,

Altay,Sibir, Ámudariya, Edil, Jayyq ózenining tómengi aghysy aralyqtaryn qamtyghan. Qúramyna Shyghys Týrkistan, Samarqand, Kesh, Búqara siyaqty otyryqshy-eginshi aimaqtar da endi.

Shyghys Týrik qaghanatynyng júrty kók týrik, al Batys Týrik qaghanatynyng júrty «on oq búdyn» - «on oq eli» ataldy. Batys Týrik qaghanaty ózine jana jerler men jana elderdi jaulap alyp jatty. Olar 588 jyly Edil boyyn, Oral tauynyng bergi betindegi elderdi, Ortalyng Aziyanyng biraz bóligin ózderine baghyndyryp aldy. Alayda «on oq búdyn» elining ong qanaty (5 nushibi) men sol qanaty (5 dulu) arasyndaghy 16 jylgha sozylghan biylik ýshin kýres qaghandyqtyng irgesin shayqaltty. Búghan 657 jyly Jetisuda óz ýstemdigin ornatugha úmtylghan Qytay ekspansiyasy qosyldy.

Ekinshi Týrik qaghanaty kezeni jәne onyng ataqty biyleushileri (683-745). Biraq Batys Týrik qaghanaty qúlaghanymen, Shyghys týrikteri Qytay biyligin moyyndamay tәuelsizdik ýshin kýresterin jalghastyra berdi. 679-689 jyldary Shyghys týrikteri Qytaymen kýreste ózderining tәuelsizdigine qol jetkizdi. Shyghys týrikteri qaghany Elteris-Qútlyq qaghan, kómekshisi, kenesshisi Tonykók kezinde Ekinshi Týrik qaghanatyn qayta qúrdy. Ekinshi Týrik qaghanatyn qúrushylardy «týrki-qypshaq» dep atady. Sol kezdegi eskertkishtegi jazuda «týrki-qypshaq elu jyl biyledi» deydi. Ekinshi Shyghys Týrik qaghanaty jәne onyng negizin salghan Tonykók jayyndaghy derekti Taq әuleti shejiresinen, Tonykók qúrmetine qoyylghan eskertkishtegi tas jazu dәlel. Onda 646 jyly dýniyege kelgen, shyqqan tegi tele birlestigine qaraydy delinedi. Tonykók jas kezinde Qytayda oqyghan kórinedi, ol Shyghys Týrik qaghanatynyng ýsh birdey hanyna uәzir boldy. Kýltegin (686-731) - Ekinshi Týrik qaghanatyn qúrushy Elteris-Qútlyq qaghannyng úly. Ekinshi Týrik qaghanatyn qúrugha atsalysqan qolbasshylardyng biri. Ol 16 jasynda, demek, 702 jyly Taq imperiyasynyng 50 myng qolyn talqandap, әskerbasyn tútqyngha alady. 706 j. aghasy Bilge qaghanmen týrikterding qolyn bastap, Huanheden ótip, astana aimaghyna qauip tóndiredi.

716 jyly Bilge qaghannyng túsynda týrikter qytay әskerlerine ýlken soqqy berdi. Qapaghannan keyin el biylegen Bilge, Kýltegin (686-731) siyaqty aghayyndy qaghandar Qytaymen soghysta taghy da jeniske jetip, shekaralyq sauda jaqsy damydy. 731 jyly Kýltegin qaytys boldy, 734 jyly Bilge de u berilip óltiriledi. Kók týrikter qúrghan Ekinshi týrik qaghanatyn 744-745 jyldary Orhon úighyrlary men qarlúqtar (toghyz oghyz konfederasiyasy) talqandady. Qazirgi Mongholiyadaghy Orhon ózeni boyynda aghayyndy biyleushilerge tas belgi qoyylyp, oghan qaghanattyng tarihy qashap jazylghan. Kýltegin men Bilge qaghan eskertkishterindegi jazbalar Ekinshi týrik qaghanatynyng qúrylu men órleu kezenindegi qaghanattyng Taq imperiyasymen bolghan qarym-qatynasynan habardar etedi.

«Shyghys týrki qaghandyghynyng songhy qaghany Ozmeshtegin qaghan 744 jyly úighyrlar qolynan qaza tabady. Bos qalghan týrki qaghanynyng ornyna Qútlyq Bilge Qúl qaghan otyryp, Úighyr memleketin qúrdy. Shyghys týrki memleketi qiraghan song batys jaghyndaghy jerlerge nayman, kerey, merkit, qimaq, qypshaq taypalary ie boldy. (K.R.Amanjolov «Týrki halyqtarynyng tarihy», Almaty, «Bilim» 2005 1-tom, 135-136 bet).

Jogharyda aitylghan Shyghys Týrki qaghandyghynyng Shyghys Týrkistan atuynyng qalyptasuyna negiz bolghanyn bayqayymyz.

Tarih bir mezet Týrki elining baytaq dalasyn orys jәne qytay elderining otaryna ainaldyryp tyndy.

Qazaqstan, Qyrghyzstan, Tәjikstan, Qaraqalpaqstan, Ózbekstan, Týrkimenstan týrkileri Batys Týrkistan atalsa, Shynjang jeri – Shyghys Týrkistan ataldy.

Al, Týrkistan atauynyng resmy qalyptasuyna kelsek, «Júngo Shynjannyng tarihy jәne qazirgi jaghdayy» degen kitapta bylaysha týsindiriledi: «Týrkistan degen sóz jaghrapiyalyq atau, ol «Týrkiler mekeni» degen úghymdy bildiredi. Búl Týrik qaghany joyylghannan keyin ishinara jaghrapiyalyq shygharmalarda qoldanylghan úghym. Jana eranyng IH ghasyrynyng HI ghasynyna deyingi aralyqta, arabtardyng jaghrapiyalyq shygharmalarynda orta Aziyadaghy Syr dariyanyng soltýstigindegi Bengaldyng shyghysyndaghy ónirler Týrkistan dep ataldy…

«Týrkistan» degen jaghrapiyalyq ataudyng qaytadan ataluy HIH ghasyrdyng bas sheninde kapitalistik beldi elderdin, Orta Aziya ónirindegi otar jerlerining irgesin keneytuining tuyndysy edi. 1805 jyly Reseylik Jimokovskiy bayandamasynda Orta Aziyadaghy audandardy jәne Qytaydaghy Shynjannyng ontýstigindegi Tarym oipatyn «Shyghys Týrkistan» nemese «Qytay Týrkistany» dep atady. Óitkeni osy eki jerdegi tariyh, til, ghúryp-әdet jaqtaghy aiyrmashylyqtardy jәne sayasy jaqtaghy úqsastyghy eskerilgen edi. («Júngo Shynjannyng tarihy jәne qazirgi jaghdayy», Shynjang halyq baspasy, 2006j.Ýrimji 244 bet).

Resey men Qytay arasyndaghy "Shәueshek kelisimine" deyingi tartystardyn, tarihy mәlimetterge qaraghanda, Jonghariya men Shyghys Týrkistandy jaulap alghan Qytay jәne Orta Aziyany qúramyna qosyp aludy kózdegen Resey arasyndaghy bәseke jәne kóp bóligi qazaq jerine talas týrinde jýrgeni angharylady.

Moiyseevting deregi boyynsha, 1861 jyly Qytay jaghy Batys Sibir general-gubernatory Dugamelige shekara jóninde kelissóz jýrgizu ýshin Shәueshekke Resey diplomattaryn jiberudi úsynghan. Sol jyly tamyzdyng 15-i kýni Shәueshekte kezdesken eki jaq 1862 jyly mausymnyng 29-ynan bastap resmy kelissóz bastau jóninde uaghdalasqan.

Osy uaghdadan song eki jaq ta keleshek shekara manyndaghy әskery jasaqtaryn kýsheytip, qarauyl qoygha kirisken. Reseylik zertteushi "Shynjang biyligi shekara ótui mýmkin tústargha

qytay tilindegi jazulary bar tastar kómip, belgi qoya bastady. Ol jerlerdi mekendep otyrghan qazaqtardy Reseyge qarsy shyghugha shaqyrdy" dep jazady.

1862 jyly qantardyng 10-y kýni Resey patshasy II Aleksandrdyng qatysuymen ótken keneste "shekarany Resey bodandyghyn qabyldaghan qazaqtardyng jerine deyin jetkizip, Pekin kelisiminen auytqymau jóninde" sheshim qabyldandy.

Reseylik tarihshy Vladimir Moiyseev "Al kelissóz bastalghan kezde Qytay jaghy Pekin kelisimin moyyndamay jana joba úsyndy. Ol jobada Úly jýz ben Orta jýz ghana emes, Embi men Oralgha deyingi Kishi jýz jerleri Qytaygha qosyluy tiyis ekeni jóninde aitylghan edi. Sin ókilderi "boghdyhannyng bodandary – qazaq pen qyrghyz әuelden-aq Qytaygha tiyesili" ekenin mәlimdedi" dep jazady.

Kelissóz túiyqqa tirelgen song Resey jaghy Úly jýz qazaqtary men qyrghyz jerin tezirek otarlaugha kiristi. 1860 jyly qazan aiynda ótken Úzynaghash shayqasynda Qoqan handyghynyng 15 myndyq jasaghyn jengen Kolpakovskiyding әskeri 1862 jyly Qoqannyng taghy bir bekinisi Pishpekti aldy. Aqmeshit, Sozaq, Sholaqqorghan, Týrkistan, Shymkent, Áulieata, Merke, Toqmaq sekildi Qoqan handyghynyng iri bekinisterin de Resey ózine qaratty.

Al búl kezde Qytaydyng óz ishindegi músylmandar kóterilisi Qashghar qalasyna jetip, Ile aimaghyna qaray ótui Qytay jaghyn Reseymen shekara mәselesin tezirek sheshuge mәjbýrledi. Olar әueli shekaradaghy qazaq súltandaryna hat joldap, "orys jasaqtaryn quyp shyghu, qayta kelse, ol jóninde Shәueshekke dereu habarlau jóninde" núsqau berdi. Reseylik ghalymnyng dereginshe, "Alayda, qazaq súltandary orys biyligimen jaulasqysy kelmegen". Tarihy derekterge qaraghanda, 1863 jyly Resey men Qytay әskeri birneshe ret qaqtyghysqan. Sol jyly tamyzdyng 22-si kýni Vernyigha kelgen Dugameli Resey әskery ministri Milutinge "shekara mәselesi qozghalghaly Qytay jaghy aqylgha syimaytyn talaptar qoyyp, Pekin traktatyn ("Pekin kelisimin" aitady – red.) joqqa shygharumen shúghyldanyp jatyr" dep hat jazghan.

Biraq 1964 jyly shildening 30-y batys aimaghynda músylman halyqtardyng toluyna baylanysty Qytay jaghy Resey talaptaryna moyynsúnatynyn bildirip, qazan aiynda "Shәueshek kelisimine" qol qoyylghan.

Ortalyq Aziya aimaghyndaghy halyqaralyq qatynastar mamany, reseylik tarihshy Boris Gurevich (2004 jyly qaytys bolghan – red.) "Shәueshek kelisimine" bergen baghasynda: "1864 jylghy Shәueshek kelisimi orys diplomatiyasynyng iri tabysy boldy. Ortalyq Aziyada qalyptasqan jaghdaydy (shekarany aitady – red.) birjola bekitti. Altay men Kýrshimning bay ólkesi, balyghy syimay jatqan Zaysan kóli, Tarbaghatay, Alatau, Tyani-Shaninyng tamasha jerleri Reseyge ótti" dep jazghan.

Keybir tarihshylar "shekarany bóliske saluda eki memleketting әskery quaty basty ról atqarghanyn, Qytaydyng әskery kýshi ózinen myghym Resey talaptaryna amalsyz kóngenin" aitady.

Tarihshy Nәbijan Múqamethanúly "10 taraudan túratyn "Shәueshek kelisiminin" 5-tarauynda "jer qaysy elge bólinse, sol jerde otyrghan halyq sol elge tәueldi bolatyn" kórsetken –deydi osy taqyrypty arnayy zerttegen azamttyq tilshisi Asylhan Mamashúly.

- Shekarany qanday negizde belgileu qajet degende Qytay tarapy "Jongharlar - Qytaygha tәueldi bolghan el. Sondyqtan jongharlardyng barghan jerleri Qytaydyng aumaghy bolady" degen talap qoyghan.

Alayda "Shәueshek kelisimi" jasalghanymen, shekarany demarkasiyalau sharalary 1917 jylghy tónkeristen keyin bolishevikter túsynda ghana jýzege asyryla bastaghan, biraq tolyq ayaqtalmaghan eken.

- Kelisim jasauyn jasaghanymen, Qytay jaghy "Resey ózining әskery kýshine sýienip, bizge zorlyqpenen qol qoydyrdy" degen pikirinen qaytpaydy. Qytaydyng búl dauy Sovet ýkimeti túsynda da jalghasady. Biraq Sovet ýkimeti ony moyyndamaydy.

- Qazaqstan-Qytay shekarasyn demarkasiyalau jariyaly bolmaghan, sondyqtan ol jaghy beymәlim. Qazaqstannyng baqylauyndaghy dauly aumaqtyng 47 payyzyn Qytaygha berip, 53 payyzy Qazaqstanda qaldyrumen búl mәselege nýkte qoyyldy,- degen aqparatta kýmәndi.

Qazaqstan tәuelsizdik alghannan keyin 1994 jyly Qytaymen aradaghy memlekettik shekara turaly kelisim jasasty. Múnan keyin de Qytaymen shekarany anyqtau prosesine baylanysty qoghamda týrli qarama-qayshy oilar kýni-býginge deyin anyqtalmay keledi.

Býgin tanda Qytaydyng Shynjang avtonomiyalyq audanyndaghy ózderining ata-baba jerlerinde ómir sýrip jatqan 1,6 million, endi bir basqa derekterde – 3,0 million qazaqqa qatysty búrynghy ymyraly sayasat songhy jyldary kýrt ózgerip, bizding qandastarymyzdy jedel týrde qytaylandyryp-assimilyasiyalap, jútyp qoi maqsatyndaghy jappay qudalau, qughyn-sýrgin, genosid sayasaty jýzege asyrylyp jatqany dәleldenip otyr.

Mine býgin tanda alyp eki imperiyanyng zorlyghy men ozbyrlyghynan ózge elderdi mekendegen últtar sekildi «Adam qúqyqtary turaly halyqaralyq billidin» «Adam qúqyqtarynyng jalpygha birdey deklarasiyasynyn» 1-baby «Barlyq adamdar tumasynan azat jәne qadir-qasiyeti men qúqyqtary teng bolyp dýniyege keledi», 3-bap «Ár adam ómir sýruge, bostandyqta bolugha jәne onyng jeke basyna qol súghylmauyna qúqyly», 6-bap «Ár adam qay jerde jýrse de, qúqyqtyq subektisi retinde tanyluyna qúqyly». 13-bap. «Ár adamnyng әr memleketting ishinde jýrip-túruyna jәne óz qalauynsha túratyn meken-jaydy tandauyna qúqyghy bar», «Ár bir adam kez-kelgen elden, sonyng ishinde ózining tughan elinen, basqa elge qonys audarugha jәne óz eline qaytyp oralugha qúqyly» dep zandastyrylyp

bekitilgen QÚQYGhY búzylmauy TIYIS. Memleket atalghan qúqytardyng búzyluyna jol bermeuge MINDETTI. Búl kez-kelgen memleketting eng basty mindeti bolyp tabylady.

Quandyq Esenghazy, tarih ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor

Abai.kz