Otyrar kitapahanasy Aleksandriya kitaphanasyn da ýlken bolghan ba?
Osy uaqytqa deyin qazaq órkeniyetining bolghandyghyn ghylymy túrghyda dәiekteuge úmtylyp jýrgen ghalymdardyng biri - professor Erenghayyp OMAROV Otyrar kitaphanasynyng Aleksandriya kitaphanasynan ýlken bolghandyghy jayly boljamdy dәleldeuge әreket jasap jýrgeni belgili. Aqiqat aitysta ashylady desek te, tarih ýshin tosyn payymdy ghalym qanday derekterge negizdeytini qyzghylyqty.
- Erenghayyp Sәlipúly, siz Otyrar kitaphanasy Aleksandriya kitaphanasynan ýlken bolghanyn dәleldeuge úmtylyp jýrgen ghalymdardyng birisiz. Búl dәiekteme qanday tarihy derekterge negizdeledi?
- Tarihta kóptegen búrmalaushylyq kezdesetini jasyryn emes, solardy әshkereleumen, әdildikti qalpyna keltirumen úly ghúlamalardyng kópshiligi ainalysqan. Solardyng biri - Mústafa Shoqay. Osy tústa Mústafa Shoqaydyng ghalymdyq qabileti de jarqyrap kórindi. Ol aty anyzgha ainalghan Egiypettegi ataqty Aleksandriya kitaphanasynyng órtelui jayly qauesetti zertteuge den qoydy. Búl mәselening aq-qarasyn anyqtau bizge, qazaqtargha óte qajet. Sebebi, Otyrar kitaphanasy kólemi jaghynan әlemdegi ekinshi kitaphana bolyp sanalatyny barshagha ayan. Sonymen qatar, ataqty Aleksandriya kitaphanasynyng órteluin býkil hristian әlemi músylmandargha jaba salghandyghy da dau tudyrady.
Osy uaqytqa deyin qazaq órkeniyetining bolghandyghyn ghylymy túrghyda dәiekteuge úmtylyp jýrgen ghalymdardyng biri - professor Erenghayyp OMAROV Otyrar kitaphanasynyng Aleksandriya kitaphanasynan ýlken bolghandyghy jayly boljamdy dәleldeuge әreket jasap jýrgeni belgili. Aqiqat aitysta ashylady desek te, tarih ýshin tosyn payymdy ghalym qanday derekterge negizdeytini qyzghylyqty.
- Erenghayyp Sәlipúly, siz Otyrar kitaphanasy Aleksandriya kitaphanasynan ýlken bolghanyn dәleldeuge úmtylyp jýrgen ghalymdardyng birisiz. Búl dәiekteme qanday tarihy derekterge negizdeledi?
- Tarihta kóptegen búrmalaushylyq kezdesetini jasyryn emes, solardy әshkereleumen, әdildikti qalpyna keltirumen úly ghúlamalardyng kópshiligi ainalysqan. Solardyng biri - Mústafa Shoqay. Osy tústa Mústafa Shoqaydyng ghalymdyq qabileti de jarqyrap kórindi. Ol aty anyzgha ainalghan Egiypettegi ataqty Aleksandriya kitaphanasynyng órtelui jayly qauesetti zertteuge den qoydy. Búl mәselening aq-qarasyn anyqtau bizge, qazaqtargha óte qajet. Sebebi, Otyrar kitaphanasy kólemi jaghynan әlemdegi ekinshi kitaphana bolyp sanalatyny barshagha ayan. Sonymen qatar, ataqty Aleksandriya kitaphanasynyng órteluin býkil hristian әlemi músylmandargha jaba salghandyghy da dau tudyrady.
Aldymen ekinshi mәseleni qarastyrayyq. M.Shoqay búl jayly: «Búghan týrkiyalyq bauyrlarymyzdyng jauap beru-bermeui, jauap berse, qalay bereri bizge beymaghlúm», dep keyiydi de, odan әri bylay deydi: «Aleksandriya kitaphanasyn Halif Ámirding órtegendigi turaly hikaya býkildey jalghan. «Tan» gazetining 1923 jylghy 30 nauryzdaghy sanynda jariyalanghan Fransiya Ghylym akademiyasynyng raportynda (Academie des inscriptions et belles-Lettres) aitylghandargha qaraghanda, búl oqigha alghashqy dәuir tariyhshylaryna beymaghlúm. Ol tek HII ghasyrdyng ortasynda ghana payda bolghan». Yaghni, odan búrynghy qújattarda kezdespeytin sebebi de sondyqtan bolar.
- Endeshe, Aleksandriya kitaphanasyn kim, kashan órtegen degen súraq tuady...
- Orys tilindegi әigili Brokgauz-Efron sózdiginde (1891) bylay delingen: «...Aleksandriya kitaphanasynyng býkil Riym, Grek, Ýndi jәne Mysyr әdebiyetin saqtaghan eng ýlken bóligi bizding jyl sanauymyzdan búryn 48-47 jyldarda Yuliy Sezari men mysyrlyqtar arasyndaghy súrapyl soghys kezinde órtenip ketken... Kitaphananyng ekinshi bólimi, yaghny Ptolemey zamanynda jinaqtalghan shaghyn kitaphana Feodosiya dәuirine deyin saqtalghan. Ony basqaryp túrghan Serafim ertedegi mysyrlyq almandardyng birining ghibadat etuine kektenip, partriarh Teofiliding ýgitteuimen Serpion mahallasyna shabuyl jasaghan jauyz hristiandar jaghynan órtelgen bolatyn (391 j.). Sonymen ataqty ghylym qazynasy әmir әskerlerining 642 jylghy joryghynan emes, hriystiandardyng shabuylynan oirandalghan».
- Degenmen, Aleksandriya kitaphanasyn kim oirandaghany turaly daugha әli de nýkte qoyylghan joq qoy?
- Qazirgi zamandaghy ghylymda da, ne arab basqynshylyghy kezindegi oiran men talan-taraj turaly kóp jazghan Ioann Nikiuskiy de, ne ózge bir islamgha qarsy hristian tariyhshysy da kitaphananyng órtengeni turaly derek keltirmeydi. Sondyqtan, kitaphananyng joyylghandyghyn belgili bir oqighamen baylanystyru mýmkin emes jәne búghan pútqa tabynushylar, hristiandar nemese músylmandar kinәli dep kesip aitu qiyn. Búl turaly naqty pikir joq. Mәselen, Plutarh Sezaridy, Eduard Gibbon hristiandardy, Grigoriy Bar-Ebrey músylmandardy kinәlaydy, al Britan ensiklopediyasynyng avtorlary bar kinәni Rim imperatory Avreliangha artady. Sonymen, Mústafa Shoqay býkil músylman qauymynyng atynan ýlken tarihy búrmalaushylyqty ghylymy túrghydan týzetti.
- Mústafa Shoqaydyng osy mәselede Otyrar kitaphanasyna qatysty tújyrymy qanday?
- Endi qazaqqa qatysty degen jerine toqtalayyq! Mústafa Shoqay taghy óz sózin jalghastyra kele, bylay deydi: «Kórip otyrsyzdar, Aleksandriya kitaphanasy Aleksandriya qalasyn arabtardyng jaulap aluynan 250 jyl búryn, «patriarh Teofili bastaghan hristiandar qolymen órtelgeni turaly anyz HII ghasyrdyng ortalarynda tuyldy» degenin eske alynyz. XI-XII ghasyrlarda Batystaghy hriystiandardyng Shyghystaghy islamgha qarsy krest joryqtary bolghanyn orta mekteptik bilimi bar kez kelgen adam biledi. XII ghasyrdyng ortasy ekinshi krest joryghynyng sony men ýshinshi krest joryghynyng aralyghyna tura keledi. Ekinshi krest joryghynda hriystiandyq Europa sәtsizdikke úshyrady. Shabuyl jasaushylar Damaskini qorshap alghanymen, jeniliske tap bolyp, keri sheginuge mәjbýr bolghan edi. Mine, sol kezde hristiandardyng músylmandargha qarsy óshpendiligin arttyru maqsatymen «Aleksandriya kitaphanasynyng Ámir tarapynan órtelui» turaly jalghan anyzdy oidan shygharyp taratu qajettiligi tughan bolsa kerek». Kitaphanany músylmandar órtedi dep jala jabudyng astarynda islam dinin múqatu, músylmandardy órkeniyeti joq halyqtar dep kórsetu jatyr.
- Aqiqatynda da músylman qauymy kitapqa, tasqa basylghan jazugha ýlken baylyq retinde qarap, qasterlegenine tarihtan myndap mysal keltiruge bolady!
- Logika degen ghylym bar, soghan jýginsek, osy tústa órkeniyetke qatysty ýlken ghylymy janalyqtyng kózi ashylayyn dep túr. Sonymen, ataqty Aleksandriya kitaphanasy 391 jyly órtelgen bolsa, al Otyrardy Shynghyshan 1220 jyly qiratqany belgili. Otyrar kitaphanasy órtenbese de taghdyry jan ashyrlyq. Halyqtyng kitaphanany jaqsy kórgendigine tandanbasqa bolmaydy. Bastaryna qater tónip túrghanyna qaramastan, kitaptardy jer astynda ornalasqan qúpiya ýngir-qalashyqqa (katakomba) tyqqandary - tarihtyng aldynda jasaghan ýlken erlik, úrpaqtyng keleshegine degen riyasyz qamqorlyq. Fiyrdousiyding «Shahnama» kitabynda batyrdyng jer astyndaghy ýngirlermen qorshalghan qaladan shyghyp ketkeni jazylady. Tipti Gerodotta, Parsylardyng patshasy Kir Orta Aziya qalalaryn basyp alghanda halyq sonday ýngirler arqyly qútylyp ketetin, baylyqtaryn tyghyp qoyatyn dep jazghan.
- Osynyng naqty tarihy derektemeleri bar ma?
- Osydan shamasy 30 jyl búryn, ne odan erterekte, qoy baghyp jýrgen bir shopannyng iyti ýngirden, syrty terimen qaptalghan arab tilinde jazylghan kóne kitap alyp shyqqan. Úmytpasam, shopannyng aty Núrmaghanbet. Kitap Otyrar qalashyghynyng qasynan tabylghan, yaghny sol kitaphananyng kitaby boluy әbden mýmkin. Afriykadaghy Maly memleketinde tuareg degen kóshpendi halyq bar, solardyng astanasy bolghan Tumbuktu qalasynda dýnie jýzindegi eng birinshi uniyversiytet ashylghan bolatyn. Sol tuareg halqy osy kýnderi de kitaptaryn әr otbasy sandyqqa salyp, jerge kómip saqtaydy eken. Osynyng bәrin mysal etip jatqan sebebim, nebir kitaptar kómilip jatyr. Sondyqtan, Otyrar kitaphanasyn izdeu júmystaryn kýsheyte týsu kerek, oghan kóp aqsha ketpeydi.
- Sonymen, Otyrar kitaphanasy 1220 jyly kómilse, al Aleksandriya kitaphanasy 391 jyly órtelgen bolsa, osy eki aralyqta (830 jyl) ýlken kitaphana Otyrarda ghana bolghan ghoy?
- Otyrar men onyng kitaphanasy qay kezden bastap ómir sýrgen eken? Otyrar shamamen V ghasyrda belgili bola bastaghan. Ekinshi jaghynan Tarazgha 2000 jyl, Sayramgha 3000 dep eseptesek, Otyrardyng da sol shamalas bolar, yaghny kemi eki myng jyl. Sebebi, Otyrar eng qolayly jerde, Arystyng Syrdariya ózenine qúyar jerinde ornalasqan. Ol kitaphana bar bolsa, ondaghy kitaptar - Vavilonnyng qyshtan kýidirilgen tas kitaptarynan bastap, týrik, parsy jәne qytay tilindegi kitaptar boluy mýmkin. Arabtar músylmandyqpen qatar, arab tilindegi kitaptardy ala kelgen. Qytay tilindegi kitaptardy ghúndar oqy alghan jәne ghúndardyng ózderi de ejelgi týrik, yaghny ghúndardyng tilinde kitap jazyp, geografiyalyq karta syzghan. Songhy ghylymy janalyqtargha sýiensek qanlylardyng óz jazuy bolghan jәne alghashqyda olarda qyshqa jazyp kýidirip saqtaghan. Búlargha saqtardy qosynyz, olar týrikshe jәne parsysha bilgen.
- Al kóshpendiler kitap jazbaghan degen qasang úghym bar ghoy?
- Bar. IYә, «Kóshpendiler kitap jazdy ma?» degen zandy súraq tuady. Jauap: olar kitap jazdy. Múnday kesimdi jauap fransuz ghalymdary Delez ben Gvatary qúrghan «nomadologiya teoriyasynan» (kóshpendiler teoriyasynan) kelip shyghady. Olar bylay deydi: «Biz tarihty otyryqshy túrmys saltyn ústanghan adamnyng kózqarasy túrghysynan jazamyz... Tarih eshuaqytta syrtqy dýniyeni týsinbegen». Mýmkin nomadologtar dúrys aitatyn bolar, tarihty, tipti jalpy kitapty qazaq dalasynda qalany mekendegen otyryqshy qazaqtar jaza bastaghan.
Tarihshymyz Uahit Shәlekenovtyng pikirinshe, qazaqtardyng basym kópshiligi otyryqshy bolghan jәne qalalarda túrghan. Sonymen ertedegi qazaqtar kitap jazghan, kóp jazghany sonshalyq, jazugha arnalghan jana materialdy oilap tabugha tura kelgen. Búryn negizinen terige jazatyn. Onday kitaptar auyrlau keledi. Búghan bizding dәuirimizding basynda Qazaqstannyng ontýstiginde, Tarazda qaghazdyng oilap tabylghany dәlel bola alady. Shamasy qaghazdy әlemdegi eng iri kitaphana ornalasqan Otyrar qalasyna jaqyndau jerde dayyndaghan bolar. Sonday-aq, VI ghasyrda Aral tenizining soltýstigindegi el biylegen saqtardyng patshayymy Aqqaghaz turaly da mәlimet bar. Aqqaghaz - qazaq tilinde de «aq qaghaz» degen úghymdy bildiredi. Olay bolsa qaghazdy qazaqtar qoldanghandyqtan olargha tanys bolyp túr ghoy! Aq qaghazben qatar kók, sary, yaghny týrli-týsti qaghazda dayyndalghan bolar. Balagha esimdi ata-anasy nemese rudyng ýlkenderi qoyatynyn eskersek, qazaqtar III-V ghasyrlarda qaghazdy bilgen bolyp shyghady. Saqtar patshayymy Aqqaghaz turaly qytay derekkózderimen tanysqan, tanymal fransuz ghalymy E. Shavan jazghan. Áriyne, kitaptar negizinen Jibek jolynyng kómegimen jinalghan.
- Siz Aleksandriya kitaphanasyna baryp, arnayy zertteuler jýrgizip jýrgen ghalymsyz. Endi Otyrar osy kitaphanadan da ýlken boldy degen sizding payymdarynyzgha jaqyndap kelemiz.
- Ataqty Aleksandriya kitaphanasyn, Egiypettegi Aleksandriya qalasyn Makedonskiyding búiryghymen ataqty Ptolemey II b.z.d. III ghasyrda saldy. Ol da sebepsiz emes. Zúlqarnayyn Ortalyq Aziyany jaulap alghanynda kitaphanalardy kórgen shyghar!? Olay deytinim, alghashqy kitaphanany shumerlerdi 600 jyl biylegen bizding daladan shyqqan kóshpendiler - Qassiytter (qassaqtar) oilap tapqan.
Jogharyda aitylghandardy qoryta kele, bizding jyl sanauymyzdyng basynan bastap Otyrar qalasy da, kitaphanasy da kóterile bastaghan. Jaraydy, 341 jylgha deyin kitaphana kishkentay boldy dep esepteyik, ekinshi orynda bolghan shyghar. Biraq әldekimning sol kitaptardy salystyrdy degenning ózi kýmәndi. Aleksandriya kitaphanasy 391 jyly órtelgen bolsa, Otyrar kitaphanasy sol jyldan bastap beri qaray, yaghny 830 jylday әlemdegi eng ýlken kitaphana bolyp túrghan. Al endi tym batyl sheshim aitar bolsaq, Aleksandriya kitaphanasynyng basym bóligining órtelui b.d.d. 47 jylgha tiyesili ekenin eskersek, órtten aman qalghan kitaptary bar bolghan kýnning ózinde Otyrar kitaphanasynyng qorynan az boluy mýmkin. Olay bolsa, Otyrar kitaphanasy 1000-1200 jyl shamasynday uaqyt dýnie jýzindegi eng ýlken kitaphana bolghan! Myng jyl degen az uaqyt emes. Rim imperiyasynan da ýlken.
- Sonymen, Otyrar kitaphanasy óz zamanynda әlemdegi eng ýlken kitaphana bolghan bolsa, ony әlemge moyyndatudyng joldary qanday bolmaq?
- Endigi maqsat sol kitaphanany izdeu júmystaryn bastau kerek. Jer astynda shamamen bes jýz mynday kitap jatuy mýmkin. Kitappen qatar altyn siyaqty baghaly zattar da kómilui ghajap emes.
- Ángimenizge rahmet.
Ángimelesken Aynash ESALI, Almaty.