Túrar Rysqúlovtyng Stalinge jazghan haty
Qonysynan aughan qazaqtar jóninde Stalin joldasqa jazghan bayandau hatymnyng kóshirmesin habardar etu ýshin osy hatpen birge sizge joldap otyrmyn.
Qonysynan aughan qazaqtardy ornalastyru jónindegi úsynystardyng jobasyn әzirleu ýshin RSFSR Halyq Komissarlary Sovetining janynan qúrylghan komissiyanyng tóraghasy retinde men búl mәselemen jete tanysyp, qonysynan aughan qazaqtardy VKP (b) Ortalyq Komiyteti tarapynan erekshe núsqau bolmayynsha, Qazaqstan men kórshiles ólkelerge týgel ornalastyru ekitalay ekenin anyqtadym. Sonday-aq qonysynan aughan qazaqtardy ortalyqtyng kómeginsiz Qazaqstannyng óz ishinde týpkilikti ornalastyru Qazaqstannyng jalghyz ózi ýshin, teginde, qiyn bolmaq. Sizding búl mәselelerdi tayau aralyqta VKP (b) Ortalyq Komiytetining aldyna qoyatynynyz ózinen-ózi belgili. Sovet tarapynan da (atap aitqanda, RSFSR Halyq Komiyssarlary Soveti tarapynan) qonysynan aughan qazaqtargha kómek kórsetu jóninde dәl qazir derbes sharalar belgileu isimen belgili bir dәrejede shúghyldanugha tura keledi.
Osy maqsatpen men VKP (b) Ortalyq Komiytetine osy bayandau hatty jazdym. Ondaghy maqsat - búl mәselege basshy joldastardyng nazaryn jete audaryp, Qazaqstangha kómektesu. Siz meni Qazaqstannyng ishki isterine qol súqqysy keledi eken dep oilap qalmanyz, men qoyylyp otyrghan mәsele tek Qazaqstan túrghysynan ghana emes, sonymen birge jalpymemlekettik túrghydan da airyqsha manyzdy bolghandyqtan, búl mәsele jóninde VKP (b) Ortalyq Komiytetine jazyp otyrmyn.
Siz osy bayandau hatpen tanysyp, onda aitylghan oi-pikirlerdi eskeredi dep ýmit etemin.
Kommunistik sәlemmen T.Rysqúlov
(Reseyding memlettik sayasiy-әleumettik tarihy múraghaty (RGASPIY), IY.V.Stalinning qúpiyasyzdandyrylghan qújattary, 558-qor, 1-tizbe, 65-is, 42-paraq)
Qazaqtar 1931 jyldyng ayaq kezinen bastap qonysynan auyp, bir audannan ekinshi audangha jәne Qazaqstannan tys jerlerge kóship, kóktemge qaray búl kóshu kýsheye týsken edi de, 1932 jyldyng jazynda qonysynan aughandardyng bir bóligi (qoldanylghan sharalar nәtiyjesinde) mekenderine qaytyp oralghan bolatyn, osy qonysynan aua kóshu qazir qaytadan beleng alyp barady. Ashtyq pen indetting saldarynan birqatar qazaq audandarynda jәne qonysynan aughandar arasynda adamdardyng qyrylyp jatqany sonsha, búl mәsele ortalyq organdardyng shúghyl aralasuyn qajet etip otyr. Qazaqstanda qazaq halqynyng belgili bir bóligi dushar bolghan múnday mýshkil jaghday ózge ólkelerding ne ózge respublikalardyng eshqaysysynda joq. Qonysynan aughandar kórshiles ólkelerge jәne Tashkent, Sibir, Zlotoust temirjoldary boyyna ózderimen birge indet aparyp taratuda. Sovet jolymen belgilengen (atap aitqanda, RSFSR Halyq Komissarlary Soveti tarapynan) ishinara sharalarmen mәsele sheshiletin emes. Ortalyq Komiytetting qaulysy boyynsha der kezinde bólingen azyq-týlikting edәuir bóligi tiyisti jerine jetpegen. Búl mәselening manyzy zor bolghandyqtan, sizding osy hatpen tanysyp, atalmysh jaygha aralasuynyzdy, sóitip, ajalyna ashtyq jetkeli túrghan kóptegen adamdardyng ómirin saqtap qalugha kómektesuinizdi ótinemin.
1.Qonysynan aughan qazaqtardyng sany jәne olardyng jaghdayy turaly derekter
Qonysyn tastap, Qazaqstanmen kórshiles ólkelerge kóshken qazaqtardyng mekenjaylarynan kelip týsken, shamamen alynghan songhy derekterge qaraghanda, qazir Orta Edilde - 40 myn, Qyrghyzstanda - 100 myn, Batys Sibirde - 50 myn, Qaraqalpaqstanda - 20 myn, Orta Aziyada 30 myng qazaq bar. Qonysynan aughandar Qalmaqstangha, Tәjikstangha, Soltýstik ólkege jәne basqa da osy siyaqty shalghay jerlerge kóship ketti. Baylar bastaghan bir qauym Batys Qytaygha audy.
...Qazaqtardyng arasynda 1932 jyldan bastap beleng alghan ashtyq pen indet - osy qonystan auudyng jәne qazaq sharuashylyqtarynyng shanyraghy shayqaluynyng eng kesapatty zardaptary, jaz ailarynda biraq sayabyrsyghan ashtyq pen indet qazir qaytadan súrapyl órship túr (otyr). Ótken kóktemde qazaq audandarynda asharshylyq pen indet saldarynan adam ólimi óte kóp bolghan edi.
Jergilikti jerding aqpary boyynsha, Torghay, Batpaqqara ónirinde halyqtyng 20-30 payyzy qyrylyp bolghan, qalghandary kóship ketken. Shalqar audanyndaghy әldeneshe auyldarda túrghylyqty halyqtyng 30-35 payyzy qyrylyp qalghan. Osynday audandar qúramyna kiretin Aqtóbe oblysy boyynsha 1930 jylgha deyin ómir sýrip kelgen.
1 012 500 adamnan 1932 jyly 725 800-i ghana tiri qalghan, búl - 71 payyz ghana degen sóz. Qyzylorda audandyq atqaru komiyteti tóraghasynyng derekteri ondaghy auyl sovetterinde 15-20 payyz-aq adam tirshilikte bar ekenin aighaqtap túr. Jergilikti OGPU mәlimetteri boyynsha, onda búryn 60 myng halyq túrghan, sonyng 36 myny ólip, 12 myny kóship, endi nebәri 12 myndayy ghana qalghan.
Ash-aryqtar tógilgen qoqystardy aqtaryp, tamaqtan ótetinning bәrin talghajau etip, jabayy ósimdikterding tamyrlaryn, úsaq jәndikterdi jep kýneltude. Sol mandaghy it pen mysyq atauly týgel jelingen, qazaqtar túratyn qostardyng ainalasynda itterdin, mysyqtardyn, úsaq jәndikterding aqkemik bolghansha qaynatylghan sýiek-sayaqtarynan kóz sýrinedi. Ólgen kisilerding etin jegen oqighalar jayynda habar jete bastady.
...1932 jylghy mamyr aiynda Qarqaraly audanyndaghy halyqtyng sany 50 400 adam bolsa, sodan qarasha aiynyng qarsanynda tiri qalghany - 15 900, al audan ortalyghynda kýn sayyn 15-20 adam óledi.
Ásirese balalar arasynda ólim-jitim kóp. Qazaq әielderi balalaryn mekemeler men ýilerding aldyna tastap ketude. Qazaq organdary 1932 jyldyng ayaghynda-aq panasyz qalghan.
50 myng qazaq balasynyng eshqayda ornalastyrylmaghany resmy týrde habarlandy. Qyzylordada panasyz balalar sany qantar aiynda 452-ge jetken. Ayagóz stansysynda bir qazaq әieli ózining eki balasyn birdey poyyzdyng astyna tastaghan, al Semeyde qazaq әieli eki balasyn osylay múz oiyghyna tastap jibergen.
...Ashyqqan qazaqtargha jedel kómek kórsetip, indetke qarsy kýresip qana qoymay, sonymen birge osy qúbylystyng negizgi sebepterining tamyryna balta shabatyn sharalardy jýzege asyrudy da barynsha júmyla qolgha alu kerek. Al múnday sebepterding týp-tamyry nede?
2.Mal basynyng kemip ketui
Qazaqtardyng qonysynan auuy men sharuashylyghynyng shayqaluyna negizgi sebepterding biri - mal basynyng kemip ketui. Men 1932 jyly 29 qyrkýiekte sizding atynyzgha jazghan bayandau hatymda Qazaqstanda mal basynyng kemip ketu saldaryn egjey-tegjeyli ashyp kórsetip, ony qalpyna keltiru sharalaryna toqtalghan bolatynmyn. 1932 jylghy aqpan aiynda jýrgizilgen (ekinshi ret qayta tekserilgen) býkilodaqtyq mal sanaghynyng mәlimetterine qaraghanda, Qazaqstanda 1928-1929 jyldardaghy 40 mln bas maldan sanaq kezinde 5 397 myng bas qana mal qalghany, yaghny mal basynyng 85,5 payyz kemip ketkeni anyqtaldy.
...Qazaqtardyng kópshiligining - tórtten ýsh bóliginin әl-auqaty mal sharuashylyghyna negizdelgen, onyng ónimderi Qazaqstannyng auyl sharuashylyghynan alynatyn ónimderining 60 payyzyn qúraydy, túrghylyqty halyqtyng 90 payyzy mal sharuashylyghymen ainalysatyndyqtan, búl mәsele edәuir dәrejede últtyq mәsele bolyp tabylady.
...Qazaqtardyng jerin tartyp aludy kәsipke ainaldyrghan patshalyq qúrylys túsynda bolghan jerge qonystandyru basqarmasynyng ózi de kóshpeli sharuashylyqta bir semiyanyng qalt-qúlt etip kýn kórui ýshin ghana keminde 30 bas maly boluy kerek dep eseptegen.
3. Asyra silteushilikter men kóz boyaushylyqtar
... Qazaq sharuashylyqtaryndaghy shyn jaghdaydy anyqtau barysyndaghy kózboyaushylyq (asyra silteushilikterge jol ashqan sebepterding biri - osy) elementteri neden kórindi? Maldyng sanyn anyqtau kezinde qazaq organdarynyng elding qúm ishinde jasyrghan maldary bar degen eseppen әrqashan naqty qolda bar malgha 50-100 payyz qosyp jazatyny («qazir bizde jer-jerde maldy 50-100 payyzgha deyin jasyratyny jóninde derekter bar». Goloshekin joldastyng maqalasynan) júrtqa mәlim. Sóitip, 1931 jyldyng ayaghynda Qazaqstanda 20 mln mal bar dep eseptelip kelse, 1932 jyldyng kóktemine qaray Qazaqstanda mal sany 10 mln basqa jetedi dep mәlimdedi, al is jýzinde, 1932 jyly aqpanda jýrgizilgen mal sanaghy boyynsha, ólkede 5397 myng bas mal ghana bolyp shyqty. Osy tәrizdi qúbylmaly sifrlar ózge salalarda qanshama jәne jalpy qazaq halqyna qyzmet kórsetude taghy da qanday iri-iri kemshilikter bar degen súraq tuady. Búl jayttardy anyqtap aludyng aldaghy júmys ýshin manyzy zor.
4. Qazaq sharuashylyqtaryndaghy egis kólemi jóninde
...1932 jyly birqatar qazaq audandarynda egis kólemin esepteu barysynda eleuli kózboyaushylyqtargha jol berilgeni qazir anyqtalyp otyr. 1932 jylghy kóktemgi egis nauqany barysynda birqatar kolhozdar men kóptegen audanda túqym sebu normasy turaly jauyrdy jaba toqyghan aqparlar jasalyp, óreskel búrmalaushylyqtargha jol berilgen. Sonymen birge búl audandardan osy kezeng qarsanynda túqym qory az jinalghan jәne qaryzgha alynghan túqym kóp jerde el-júrtqa jetkizilmegen. Demek, búl - egis josparyn oryndau barysynda audandar tarapynan taghy da kózboyaushylyqqa jol beriledi jәne taghy da júrttyng qonysynan auyp, asharshylyqqa úshyrauyna sebep bolady degen sóz.
5. Qazaqtardy otyryqshylandyru jóninde
VKP(b) Ortalyq Komiytetining 1932 jylghy qyrkýiektegi qaulysynda «200 myng qazaq sharuashylyghyn otyryqshylandyru júmystary jýrgizilgen» degen tújyrym bar. Al is jýzinde otyryqshylandyrylghan sharuashylyqtardyng sany 100 myngha da jetpegen. Birqatar otyryqshylandyru punktterinde qazaqtar salghan ýilerin tastap, qorek izdep, bosyp ketken. Mysaly, Almaty oblysynda - 2100 ýi, Qaraghandy oblysynda - 4100 ýi, maqta ósiretin Maqtaaral audanynda 250 ýy qanyrap bos qalghan.
...Qazaqstanda jospar boyynsha, qazaq halqy (3 millionnan astam adam) 1933 jyly týgel otyryqshylandyrylugha tiyis edi, múnyng ózi jappay újymdastyru negizinde júrtty 400-500 sharuashylyqtan shoghyrlandyryp, bir jerge qonystandyru, olardyng basym kópshiligin atamekeninen audaryp, orys ýlgisimen poselkeler salyp, әli bos jerleri qayta iygerilip jatqan jana qonysqa kóshiru arqyly jýzege asyrylmaq (shyndyqqa mýlde janaspaytyn jәne qoldan kelmeytin jospar!). 1930, 1931, 1932 jyldary júmysty osylaysha jedeldete jýrgizuding saldarynan otyryqshylandyrylatyn audandarda asyra silteushilikter shekten asty jәne mal basy kýrt kemip ketti.
6. Qonysynan aughandar men qazaq júmysshylary jónindegi últ sayasatynyng búrmalanuy turaly
Qonysynan aughandardyng betaldy kóshuin jәne otyryqshy júrttan aryp-ashqan qazaqtardyng mal, azyq-týlik úrlauynyng etek alghanyn paydalanyp, dúshpan elementter ushyqtyrghan últtyq shovinizm órshy týsti.
7. Ortalyq Komiytetting 1932 jylghy 17 qyrkýiektegi «Qazaqstannyng auyl sharuashylyghy jәne atap aitqanda, mal sharuashylyghy turaly» sheshimin jýzege asyru
Búl asa manyzdy sheshimdi jýzege asyru barysynda syrghytpagha salynu bayqalyp otyr. ...Túrghylyqty halyqtyng jeke sharuashylyqtarynda 8-10 basqa deyin iri qara jәne 100 túyaqqa deyin qoy ústamaq týgil (Ortalyq Komiytetting 17 qyrkýiektegi sheshiminde osylay dep kórsetilgen), kóshpeli jәne jartylay kóshpeli sharuashylyqtardyng kópshiliginde tipti bir-birden siyr, eki-ýshten úsaq mal ústaugha da mýmkindik bermeydi, al búl audandarda eng bolmaghanda osynday az ghana mal ústamayynsha, kýn kóruding ózi qiyn. Qazaqtardyng eki jyldan beri qonystarynan auyp, olardyng arasynda ashtyq pen indetting tyiylmauynyng negizgi sebepteri, mine, osynday.
Úsynystar
1.Qazaqtar qonysynan auyp barghan ólkeler men respublikalardyng ólkelik komiytetteri men oblystyq komiytetterine qazaqtardy qaytadan Qazaqstangha qaytaryp jibermey, ónerkәsip oryndary salalary boyynsha jәne sol ólkeler kólemindegi auyl sharuashylyghyna júmysqa ornalastyru (sonday-aq birinshi kezekte balalardy qamqorlyqqa alu) jóninde VKP(b) Ortalyq Komiyteti tarapynan shúghyl núsqau bergen jón...
2.Qazaqstan ólkelik partiya komiytetine qazaqtardyng qonysynan auyp, Qazaqstannan tys jerlerge kóshuin toqtatu sharalaryn qolgha alu úsynylsyn, búl ýshin mal dayyndau jónindegi komiytetke qalghan 400 myng pút astyqty (rúqsat etilgen 1 mln pút astyqtyng esebinen) nauryz aiynda berip bitudi mindettey otyryp, jәrdemge bólingen azyq-týlik qoryn halyqqa jedel jetkizip, qonysynan aughandar men ashyqqandargha jәrdem berudi úiymdastyrudy qolma-qol óristetken dúrys...
3.Ýstimizdegi jylgha bólingen qarjyny tek qana qonysynan aughandardy ornalastyrugha, sonday-aq olardy ónerkәsiptik jәne basqa da kәsiporyndardyng tóniregine qonystandyru sharalaryna júmsaugha mýmkindik beretindey etip, qazaqtardy otyryqshylandyru josparyn qayta qaraghan jón...
4.Qazaqstan ólkelik partiya komiytetine qonysynan aughan qazaqtardy odan әri ornalastyru jónindegi sharalardyng belgilengen josparyn bir ay merzim ishinde Ortalyq Komiytetke tapsyru mindettelsin, sonday-aq osy merzim ishinde Qazaqstanda mal sharuashylyghyn órkendetuding josparyn jasap, tabys etu.
5.SSRO Halyq sharuashylyghy esebining ortalyq basqarmasyna ýstimizdegi jyly negizgi qazaq audandarynda halyq sanaghyn ótkizu jәne ondaghy sharuashylyqtardyng jay-kýiin saraptau, sonymen birge egin shyghymdylyghyn anyqtau jónindegi komissiyamen birlese otyryp, kóktemgi egis ayaqtalghannan keyin osy audandardaghy egis alqabynyng esebin alu úsynylsyn.
T.Rysqúlov
(Reseyding memlekettik sayasiy-әleumettik tarihy múraghaty (RGASPIY), IY.V.Stalinning qúpiyasyzdandyrylghan qújattary, 258-qor, 1-tizbe, 65-is, 42-52 paraqtar; «Qazaqstan kommuniysi», 1990, №7, 44-65 better).
Sóitip, T.Rysqúlovtyng búl haty IY.V.Stalinge 1933 jyldyng 19 nauryzy kýni joldanghan. Osynyng aldynda ghana Qazaq ólkelik partiya úiymynyng basshylyghy auysyp, janasha ahual qalyptasa bastaghan. VKP(b) Ortalyq Komiytetining Sayasy Burosy 1933 jyldyng 21 qantary kýni F.Goloshekindi ornynan alyp, VKP(b) Qazaq ólkelik komiytetining I hatshylyghyna L.IY.Mirzoyandy úsynghan bolatyn. Osydan tura tórt kýn ótkende 25 qantar kýni partiyanyng Qazaq ólkelik komiyteti L.IY.Miyrzoyandy birinshi hatshy etip saylap, óz qúramyn tolyqtyrdy.
Túrar Rysqúlov RSFSR Halyq Komiyssarlary Sovetine qyzmet etken jeti jyl ishinde ókimet biyligining eng jogharghy satysynda otyrghandardyng bir-birimen araqatynasyn jaqsy zerttep bilgen bolatyn. Stalin óz baghytyn nyq ústana otyryp, oghan qylau týsirmesten, adamdardy ýnemi auystyrumen boldy. Ol osy baghytynan endi jazbasa, Qazaqstangha naghyz aqyrzaman tónetinin T.Rysqúlov kýni búryn sezip bildi. Osy hattyng negizinde sol uaqytta respublikadan basqa jaqtargha qanshama adamnyng ketkenin az-kóp dәlirek biluge bolatyn. Búl - shamamen 1,7 mln adam. Osynshama kóp halyq tarihta birinshi ret tughan jerin tastap, bas saughalap qashugha mәjbýr boldy. Rysqúlov sayasatker Stalinning jәne onyng tóniregindegilerding nazaryn barlyq aitqany men óz bayqaularynan shyghatyn qorytyndylargha audarugha meylinshe kýsh saldy. Túrar Rysqúlov ózining osy nartәuekelimen óz halqyn narday shóktirip ketken «aqtaban shúbyryndynyn» betin endi jasyrugha bolmaytynyn úghyndyrdy, Qazaqstan partiya úiymynyng jana basshysyna Kremlide otyrghan «qúdaydyn» ózi újymdastyrudy tezdetu jóninde endi búiryq bere almaytynday etip jolyn kesti. Ol-ol ma, Túrar jan-jaqqa taratqan hattyng kýshti janghyryghy L.IY.Mirzoyannyng respubliykadaghy kóp mәseleni dúrys sheshui ýshin IY.Stalinning ózin әldeneshe sharalar qoldanugha mәjbýr etti.
Alayda Qazaqstandaghy jaghday tez arada týzelip kete almady. Túrar Rysqúlovtyng Stalinge haty 1933 jyldyng nauryzynda jazylghan. Ózining hatynda ol bylay dep atap kórsetti: «...Óli denelerdi jegen oqighalardy da habarlaydy...» Al myna bir hat Qostanaydan Mirzoyan men Isaevtyng atyna jazylypty. Hattyng jazylghan merzimi «2 mamyr, 1933 jyl» dep belgilengen. Nege ekeni belgisiz, qol qoyghan adamnyng qyzmeti kórsetilmegen. Biraq hattyng mazmúnyna qaraghanda, avtory oblys kólemindegi sheneunik bolsa kerek (avtor stiyli saqtalghan).
Sizge mynany habarlaudy ózimning paryzym dep sanaymyn. Azyq-týlik tapshylyghyna baylanysty auyr jaghday qalyptasyp otyrghan Qostanay, Fedorov jәne Qarabalyq audandaryndaghy europalyq újymsharlarda birqatar adam ashtan ólgen oqighalar oryn aldy. Men búl arada qazaqtardyng jaghdayy turaly aityp otyrghan joqpyn. Olardyng jaghdayynyng bizding oblysta qanday ekenin óziniz jaqsy bilesiz. Búl audandardaghy kóktemgi egis júmystarynyng óte qiyn jaghdayy turaly men sizdi habardar etkenmin.
Fedorov audanynda egis júmysyna tikeley qatysqan Kalinin atyndaghy újymsharda - ýsh adam, Sverdlov atyndaghy újymsharda - bir adam, «Serp-Molot» újymsharynda tórt adam ashtan óldi. Chapaev atyndaghy újymsharda adamdar dalada ólgen atty qazyp alyp jep, jermay qúiyp, órtep jibergen. Birqatar újymsharlarda ashtyqtan adamdardyng jappay isinip ketui oryn aluda.
Ivanov. 2 mamyr, 1933 jyl.
Qostanay qalasy.
Qazaqstan Respublikasy Preziydentining múraghaty (141-qor, 1-tizbe, 5814-is, 143-bet).
Qazaq auylyn qan qaqsatyp, zar jylatqan úly nәubetti de jәne zúlmatty da stalinizm iydeyasy әzirlegen edi. Ózining auqymy boyynsha ol halyqtyng basynan keshirgen kóp taqsyretting ishindegi eng auyry edi. Mәskeuden әdeyi jiberilgen qyzyl missioner Filipp Goloshekinning qolymen sor manday qazaq halqy alghashqy bolyp kazarmalyq sosializmning qúrbandyghyna ayausyz shalyndy. Biyik lauazymdy Kremliding irgesinde «otyrghan» qazaqtyng ziyaly azamaty Túrar Rysqúlovtyng Qazaqstan tragediyasy turaly Stalinge haty tym kesh jetti. Ol kezde (1933 jyldyng aqpany) qazaq týgelimen qyrylghandary qyrylyp, qalghandary bosyp, amandary sol jerde qalyp, týsiniksiz nәubet birjola ayaqtalyp bitken kez edi.
Goloshekindik genosid qarapayym tilde tek qyzyl qyrghyn dep dәl atalghan qasiretimen ghana emes, zúlmattan qútylu әreketimen tuyp-ósken jerinen aua kóshken «qyzyltaban shúbyryndysymen» әlemdik halyq tragediyasynyng eng kýshtisi retinde de ataghy shyqty.
T.Rysqúlovtyng halyq basyna kýn tughanda jazghan osy hatynyng kópten beri estigen qúlaqty elendetip, jýrekterdi dýrsildetip kele jatqany anyq. Mәskeude iri qyzmet atqara túryp, sol kezdegi qazaq halqyn asharshylyq apatyna úshyratqan tikeley genosid jasap otyrghan Stalinge jýrek jútqan qaharmandyqpen qaymyqpay hat jazuy - tendessiz erlik. Ol kezde Stalinge tike kelip, qatesin aitu túrmaq, syrtynan sóileu mýmkin emes bolatyn. Kórnekti jazushy, dramaturg Sh.Múrtazanyng «Stalinge hat» piesasy osynday tarihy faktilerge dәlme-dәl negizdelgen.
Tileu KÓLBAEV tarih ghylymynyng doktory, professor QR TGhA-nyng akademiygi, QR Jurnalister odaghy syilyghynyng laureaty
«Alash ainasy» gazeti