Qazaqtar әskerge nege alynbady?

Álqisa

Qazaqtar әskerge nege alynbady?

Álqisa

XV ghasyrdyng orta kezinde óz aldyna otau tigip, ózge júrttardan bólinip shyq­qan kezden bastap qazaq halqy jýzdegen jyldargha sozylghan jaugershilik zamandy basynan keshirdi. Jeri men elining bos­tan­dyghy ýshin jan berisip, jan alysqan úrys­tar barysynda әlemning birde-bir halqynda joq batyrlar instituty qalyptasty. Jan-jaghynan antalaghan jaulargha qarsy túruda qazaqtar otbasy, oshaq qasynda qalmay, tu astynda jinala bildi. Úrangha shyq­pay, óz ýiinde búghyp qalu qazaq ýshin ólimge teneldi.
XIX ghasyrdyng 70-jyldarynda qazaq dalasy arqyly Hiuagha orys әskerlerimen birge sapar shekken amerikalyq diplomat Yu.Skayler: «Eren, erlik pen tәuelsizdikti joghary ústaghan qazaqtar qay kezende de Syrym, Arynghazy nemese Kenesary siyaq­ty dala tósinde atqa qonghan batyrlar tuy astynda jinalugha dayyn túratyn», - dep jazghan bolatyn.
Sol sebepti kezinde patsha ókimeti eng aldymen eldiktin, qazaq jerining azattyghy men býtindigining joqshysy - batyrlardan qútylugha, osy arqyly qazaq halqyn ruh­syz­dandyrugha, qúlaqkesti qúlgha ainal­dy­ru­gha tyrysty. 1806 jyldyng 31 mamyrynda Bókey ordasy ýshin bekitilgen «Han ke­nesi erejelerinde» «batyrlar payda bolmasyn jәne kýsheymesin» degen naqtyly núsqau berilui osynyng dәleli.
Alayda, batyrlardyng erlik isterin ha­lyq jadynan óshirip tastau mýmkin emes edi. Qazaq balasy beli besikten shygha salyp batyrlar jyryn tyndap, jauyn­ger­lik ruhta tәrbiyelendi emes pe?!
Osyghan qaramastan, mýmkin, osy sebepten patsha ókimeti qazaqtardy әskerge almady, olardyng ózderi de búl iske qúl­shy­nys tanytpady. Múnyng sebebi nede edi? Búl súraqqa jauaptyng kilti ýstem últ pen oghan baghynyshty «jatjúrttyqtardyn» ara­syndaghy senimsizdik tamyrynyng teren­di­ginde bolsa kerek. Sonau XVIII ghasyrdyng basynda I Petr: «Mungal v soldaty ne brati», dep jarlyq shygharady. «Mungal» dep orys patshasy mongholdy da, qazaqtar men buryattardy, basqa da shyghys halyq­taryn atady.
I Petrding qazaq, qyrghyz sekildi halyq­tar­gha senbeushilik sayasaty algha qaray zany túrghydan negizdelip, orys qayrat­ker­leri­ning enbekterinde jan-jaqty qarastyryl­dy. 1822 jyly graf M.Speranskiy Sibir jatjúrttyqtarynyng qolyna qaru bermeu jәne olardy orys әskerleri qataryna almau turaly ereje Sibirdi jaulap alghan kezden bastap sayasy saqtyq sharasy re­tin­de qabyldandy dep kórsetti (M.Venukov. Kratkie istoricheskie svedeniya o sibirskih inorodsah po otnoshenii ih k vseobshey voinskoy povinnosti. SPb, 1874.S.4).
1834 jyly Aqmola okrugining agha súl­ta­ny Qonyrqúlja Qúdaymendeúly Sankt-Peterburgke barghan kezinde kóshpeli qa­zaq­tardyng rekruttan bosatylghany jóninde anyq habarynyng joqtyghyna baylanysty jasaghan saualyna sol jyly 31 mamyrda Ishki ister ministri D.Bludovtan Kók­she­tau, Qarqaraly, Ayagóz, Bayanauyl, Ýshbúlaq qazaqtarymen birge Aqmola okrugining qa­zaq­tary da әskerge mәngi-baqy alyn­bay­tyn­­dyghy turaly qújat alady. Otandyq mú­raghat qorynda saqtalghan qújat nús­qa­synyng sonynda «Verno: polkovnik sultan Chingiz Valihanov» dep jazylghan (Sol­týs­tik Qazaqstan oblystyq memlekettik mú­ra­ghaty,1-qor. 1-tizbe. 8-is. 105-106-pp.).
Qazaqtardyng әskerge alynbauy Resey­ding týrli qoghamdyq jikterining arasynda talas-tartystar tughyzady. Polkovnik M.Ve­nukov Oral, Torghay, Aqmola, Semey, Je­tisu, Syrdariya oblystarynda túratyn qazaqtar sany 2 403 800 adamdy qúray­tyny, biraq múnshama halyqtyng әskery mindetke tartylmauynyng týsiniksiz jagh­day ekendigi turaly 1873 jyly arnayy en­bek jazyp, qazaqtardy túraqty әsker qata­ryna almaghanmen, milisiya men kazak әs­ker­leri sapynda әskery qyzmetke dayyndau qajettiligin dәleldeuge tyrysady (QR Ortalyq memlekettik múraghaty. 25- qor. 1-t. 2280- is. 2-19-pp.).
Áriyne, qazaqtardyng barlyghyn birdey әskerge shaqyru jóninde oilaugha da bolmaydy; múnyng sayasy qatelikke aparyp úryn­dyratynyn, olardyng HIH ghasyrdyng ózinde alty ret orys biyligine qarsy qaru kótergenin eskeruimiz qajet. Degenmen, qa­zaqtardy general-gubernatorlardyng qúr­metti qarauyldarynda, dalalyq ister men kordondarda paydalanyp, jana qarulardy iygeruge ýiretsek, sol arqyly olardyng óz ishterinde bәsekelestik tughyzamyz, sonymen birge olardy orystandyruda manyzdy qadam jasaymyz deydi. Búl orayda Venukov Omby, Orynbor men Tashkenttegi jergilikti orys biyleushilerining eng bedeldi degen qazaq súltandary men batyrlaryn óz jaghynda ústap otyrghanyn, Kenesary zamanynyng ótkendigin, qazaq dalasynyng shyghystan jәne ontýstikten tizilgen orys selolary men bekinisterining qorshauyna alynghanyn esepke alu kerektigin aitady. Sonymen birge qazaqtardy әskery qyz­met­ting jenildetilgen týrlerimen qamtuda olar­dyng «shenqúmarlyghyn, birin-biri kóre almaytyndyghyn, madaqtau-maqtaudy jaq­sy kóretindigin» útymdy paydalanu turaly tәptishteydi.
Venukovtyng búl úsynystary jóninde Torghay uezining bastyghy osy oblystyng әskery gubernatoryna bylay dep týsin­dir­me joldaydy. Osy uaqytqa deyin qazaq­tar­dyng әskery mindetpen qamtylmauynyng sebebi olardyng ómir saltyna, biraq, shyndap kelgende, múnday «auyrtpalyqty» engizuding uaqyty tumaghandyghyna bayla­nys­ty. Sondyqtan «Dalalyq oblystar turaly Uaqytsha Ereje» boyynsha qazaqtar әs­kerge alynudan bosatylghan. Qazaqtardyng dýniyetanymyn, damu dengeyin biletin kim­de-kim olardyng qanday da mindetkerlikti auyrsynbay qabyldaytyndyghyn, biraq óz erkindigin shekteuge kónbeytindigin týsinui qajet. Qazaqtardyng eki jandy jeri bar: biri - dinine qiyanat, ekinshisi - balalaryn әs­kerge alu. Búl eki jaghdaydan qorqynysh halyqta osy kýnge deyin saqtalghan. Son­dyq­tan olardyng arasynda jana tolqu­lar­gha jol bermeu ýshin qazaqtardy qanday da bolsyn әsker qataryna shaqyrudan bas tartu kerek. Búl mәselege 15-20 jyldan keyin ghana oralghan jón», - deydi (Sonda. 21-24-pp.).
Torghay uezi bastyghynyng búl pikirleri­men kelispeushiler Týrkistanda orys biy­li­gi­ning ornauynan keyin ólkede sayasy jagh­day­dyng ózgergenin algha tartady. Dalalyq general-gubernator 1883 jylghy óz ese­binde qazaqtardy, әriyne, saqtyqty saqtay otyryp, shaghyndap әskerge alu olardyng ta­rapynan qarsylyq tughyza qoymas dep jazsa, Jetisudyng general-gubernatory әs­kerge otyryqshy ghana emes, kóshpeli qa­zaqtardy da alyp, olardan Qytay men Orta Aziya shekaralaryndaghy әskerler qúramynda qyzmet etetin atty jýzdikter qúrudy úsy­nady (QR OMM. 64-q.1-t.125-is.26-p.).
Múnan keyingi uaqytta da qazaqtardy atty әsker qúramyna alu kerektigi turaly úsynystar tolastamady. 1903 jyly N.A. Obruchev «Voennyy sborniyk» (№8) jurnalynda qazaqtar alystan kóretin qyraghy, jer baghdaryn jaqsy biletin, tabighy shabandoz retinde atty әsker ýshin «bay material» bolyp tabylady, eng aldymen әskery qyzmetke Bókey ordasynyng qazaqtary da­yyn (178-bet) dep kórsetti.
«Resey imperiyasy zandary jinaghy­nyn» 42-babynda: «Týrkistan halqy hәm Aq­mola, Semey, Jetisu, Oral, Torghay qa­zaq­tary әskery qyzmetten azat» (4-tom) dep taygha tanba basqanday etip jazyl­gha­ny­men, qazaqtargha múnday jenildikter be­rilui orys biyleushi toptaryna maza ber­mey­di. 1904 jyldyng 15 nauryzynda әske­ry mindetti óteudi zattay salyqpen almas­tyru jóninde Qarjy ministrligining bas­qar­ma bastyghy A.Kokovsev qol qoyghan qú­jat qabyldanady (Sonda. 25-q. 1-t. 2803 - is. 21-22-pp.). Biraq búl sheshimge Ishki ister ministri kýmәnmen qarap, «jatjúrttyq­tar­dy» әsker qataryna shaqyru mәselesi jóninde «asa qúpiya jaghdayda qajetti mәli­metter jinau ýshin» Orynborgha bir­ne­she lauazymdy adamdardy issapargha ji­be­redi (Sonda. 340-is. 1-2-pp.).
1911 jyldan qazaqty әsker qataryna sha­qyru mәselesi Memlekettik dumada tal­qylana bastaydy (Sonda. 1549-is. 62-82-pp.). Búl jóninde «Birjevye vedomosti» (SPb) gazeti: «Qazirde qazaqtan soldat alu mәselesi eng aldymen qoyylatyn isting biri bolyp túr... Talay ret әskery ministr búl turaly joba jasap, Dumanyng kýn tәrti­bi­ne kirgizbek bolyp, uәde bergen...1914 jyly shilde aiynda búl mәsele turaly arnayy bayandama tyndalyp, qazaq soldat bola almaydy degen qarar qabyldanghan. Sebebi, qazaq - kóshpeli. Kóshpelilik pen memlekettilik bir-birine ýilespeydi. Qa­zaq­tyng mәdeniyeti tómen. Oryssha bil­mey­di. Jazu tanymaydy. Soldat tamaghyn ta­maq­synbaydy, әskery qyzmetke shydamaydy», - dep jazdy.
Resey Soghys ministrligi Bas shta­by­nyng bastyghy general Mihnevich múnday pikirmen kelispey, osy gazetke bylay dep súhbat beredi: «Qazaq - jauynger halyq. Ta­lay qily zamandardy basynan ótker­gen... Qazaqtar - 12 million shamaly júrt. Onyng alty milliony Týrkistan men shetki oblystarda. Alty milliony Búhar jerinde. Sanyna qaraghanda qazaqtan jaq­sy әsker shyghady. Qazaqqa memlekettilik isi jat, әsker bolugha olar jaramaydy degen pikir, mening oiymsha, negizsiz».
Gazette basqa da memlekettik mekemeler ókilderining pikirleri berildi. Búlar: «Qazaqtar dúrystyqpen әskery qyzmetti atqarmas dep oilau olardy orynsyz kem­si­tip, qorlau bolady. Qazaq - talay isti at­qar­ghan halyq. Búlar soghysta airyqsha pay­daly bolyp tabylar», degendi aitady («Qa­zaq» gazeti. Almaty, 1998. 235-bet). Al, «Orenburgskaya sloboda» gazeti qazaq­tar turaly: «Momyn, tynyshtyqty sýie­tin halyq. Biraq bireu namysyna tiyse, kek aludy biledi, erligi bar... olardyng bir ar­tyqshylyghy - bastaryna qanday auyrlyq týsse de aspay-saspay, әdispen, aqyl-ay­la­men is qylady. Atqa berik, shydamdy, kón­bis, qyraghy, jershil, auanyng ózgerisin sez­gish. Osyghan qaraghanda qazaq halqynan jaq­sy әsker qúraugha bolady», - dep oilaydy.
Qazaqtyng әskerge alynuy mәselesi tó­ni­reginde qazaq ziyalylary da bir ústa­nym­da bolmaydy. Biraq olardyng aralaryn­daghy kelispeushilikter, qazaqtargha senim­siz­digin olardyng «jabayylyghymen», «kó­sh­peli­ligimen» býrkemeleuge tyrysqan orys otarshylarynyng jymysqy qylyq­ta­ry­nan emes, halyqtyng mún-mýddelerin qor­ghau joldaryn izdestiruden tuyndap jatty.
Memlekettik dumadaghy músylman deputattary qazaqtardyng әsker qatarynda qyzmet etui olardyng últtyq mýddesine say keledi, soldattyqqa barghan jastar dýnie kórip, ysylady degendi aitady.
Alayda, birinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys jaghdayynda әskery dayyndyqtan ótpegen qazaq jastaryna búlaysha ýndeu tastau ólimge aidap salumen teng edi. Osyny men­zegen «Qazaq» gazetinde: «Qazaqtan soldat alsa, qúqyghy úlghayady, salmaghy molayady, mәdeniyeti jogharylaydy degen - múnyng bәri әdemi sóz, qazaqtan soldat aludy quattau - zor laghu», - dep jazyldy.
Imperiya taghdyry úrys dalasynda sheshilip jatqannyng ózinde Resey Soghys ministrligi zamanauy qarulardy jәne әskery bilimi men tәjiriybesin patsha óki­me­­tine qarsy júmsauy mýmkin degen qor­qy­nyshtan qazaq jastaryn әsker qataryna shaqyrmaudan bas tarta almaydy. Biraq qalay bolghanda da qazaqtardy úrys maydanynda orys armiyasyna kómekshi retinde paydalanugha tyrysqan ókimet 1916 jyly qaru ornyna kýrek pen ketpen berip, olardy tyl júmysyna alu jóninde jarlyq shy­gharady. Osy jarlyq jóninde 8 shil­de­de «Qazaq» gazeti mynday mәlimdeme jasaydy: «Qazaq sekildi irgeli júrt ózgeler qatarynda soghys maydanynda qaru-jaraq asynyp memleketti qorghaugha layyq edi, qatarda joq qara júmysqa baylanudy kemshilik sanaymyz». Oral, Torghay qa­zaq­tary: «Memleketti qorghau júmysynda qazaq halqy or qazatyn júmysker bolyp barugha da rizalyghyn bildiredi, biraq ... qazaqtar әsker bergen basqa halyqtar qatarynda memleket ýshin qan tógip, әsker­lik qyzmetke barudy artyq kóredi», - dep Petrogradqa hat joldaydy («Qazaq» gazeti. 311-bet).
Qazaqtan әsker alu jónindegi patsha jarlyghy jóninde aita kelip, Á.Bókey­ha­nov, A.Baytúrsynov, M.Dulatov halyqqa ýndeu joldaydy. Onda olar: «Bizding júrt­qa aitatynymyz, búghan kónbeske bol­may­dy ...kónbeymiz degenning sýiengeni jan tәt­tilik bolsa, salystyryp qaralyq. Kón­gen­de: júrtqa qanday auyrlyq bar, kón­begende qanday auyrlyq bar? Kón­gen­de: sharuagha kemshilik te keler, barghan ji­git qazagha da, beynetke de úshyrar, biraq elding irgesi búzylmas... Kónbegende kóre­tin auyrlyq: ...elding berekesi ketedi, bas pen malgha әlegi tiyedi, elding irgesi búzy­lady», - dep týsindiredi («Qazaq» gazeti. 322-bet).
Sonymen alash kósemderi, kenestik tarihnama joramalynday, qazaqtardyng pat­sha jarlyghyna kónuin qoldaghanda, pat­shagha qyzmet etudi emes, qazaq qo­ghamyna onyng saldarlarynyng jenilirek bolatyndyghyn kózdegen.
Patsha jarlyghy shyqpay túrghan kezde qazaq ziyalylarynyng birazy qazaqtan soldat alu jaghynda bolmaghanymen, zangha kónbeushilikting halyqty qyr­ghyngha úshy­ratatynyn týsingen olar endi qazaq­tardyn, tyl júmysyna bolsa da, baruyn qoldap, óz ústanymdaryn ózgertedi.
1916 jyly qazaqtardyng kópshiligining patsha jarlyghyna qarsy shyqqany, bir­azy­nyng tyl júmysyna attaghany belgili. Biraq osy orayda últtyq ezgige úshyraghan halyqtyng úrys maydanyna súranuy erekshe nazar audarudy qajet etedi. Qalay desek te, әskery dayyndyqtan ótpese de, mú­nysy soldattyqqa alynghan basqa ha­lyqtarmen teng túrugha, ólimge bas tigip, na­mysyn taptatpaugha tyrysushylyqtyng belgisi edi. Halyq otarlyq ýstemdikke ghana emes, últtyq kemsitushilikting bir týri retindegi kóringen, qazaq jastaryn tyl júmysyna «rekvizisiyalaugha» qarsy kóteriledi.

Kýnkóris qamymen...
Sonda: «1917 jylgha deyin qazaqta esh­qan­­day soldat bolmady ma, el qatarly úrys­targha qatyspady ma?» - degen saualdar býgingi jastardy mazalamauy mýmkin emes.
Patsha ókimetining zandaryna qaramas­tan qazaqtar az mólsherde bolsa da orys armiyasyna qúramyna XVI ghasyrdan bas­tap tartyla bastaghan. 1590 jyly Oraz Múhamed súltan orys-shved soghysyna qatysyp erlik kórsetedi, podpolkovnik dәrejesine kóteriledi. Ásirese, Reseyding qazaqtarmen aralas-qúralas jatqan tatar, bashqúrt, noghay, Sibir halyqtary jer­le­rin basyp aluy, XVIII ghasyrdyng 30-jyldary Kishi jýz ben Orta jýz qazaq­tary­nyng bir bóligin ózine qaratuy, kazak-orys­tardyng búryn qazaqtar mekendegen ónirlerdi iyemdenui, Edil men Jayyq arasyndaghy aumaqqa ornalasyp alghan qalmaqtardyng jiyi-jii qazaq auyldaryna shabuyldary Edilden Batys Sibirge deyin­gi birtútas etno-ekonomikalyq ke­nis­tikke orasan zor daghdarys әkeldi. Týrli jaghdaylarmen qazaqtardyng Jayyq, Orynbor kazak әskerleri qatarynda qyzmet etui jiyilendi.
Orys ýstemdigi ornaghannan keyin Astrahani, Orynbor, Tobyl, Saratov guberniyalary, Altay tauly okrugi atanghan aumaqtarda qazaqtar ejelden kóship-qonyp jýretin. Búl ónirlerdegi qazaqtar da otyryqshylyqqa kóship, orys selolary men hutorlarynda júmysqa jaldandy. Múnda meshandar men krestiyandar sosloviyesine jazyluyna baylanysty olar, Resey imperiyasynyng zany boyynsha, túraqty әsker qatarynda qyzmet etuge mindetti boldy.
Búl jaghday batys europalyq baspasóz betterinde de kórinis tabady. «London Chronicle» gazeti (1758 j. 9-12 jel­toq­san): «1758 jylghy Reseyding Prussiyagha qarsy soghysynda orys emes últtardyng - kazaktar men bashqúrttardyng jasaqtary ózderin ontayly da quatty kýsh retinde kórsetti», al fransuz tarihshysy Abeli Remuza osy soghysta Berlinge kirgen orys әskerleri qatarynda qazaqtar da boldy dep jazady. Aghylshyn tarihshysy M.Andersonnyng «Angliyanyng Reseydi zert­teui» (London, Niu-York, 1958) atty kitabynda: «Orys emes últtar jasaq­tarynyng joyqyn әreketteri batysta tatar, bashqúrt halyqtaryna qyzyghushylyq tudyrady», - delinedi.
Qazaqtar qalmaq әskerleri qúramynda da talay joryqtargha qatysady. Qandas­tary­myz kóbine tuystas bashqúrt әsker­leri qúramyna enuge yntalylyq bildire­di. 1798 jyly shekara shebinde qyzmet atqa­ru ýshin qúrylghan әrqaysysy 500 adam­nan túratyn eki tepter polki qúramy­na biraz qazaqtar alynady.
Sonymen birge, qazaqtar Orynbor, Oral kazak-әskerleri qúramynda Jayyq ózenining bastauynan Kaspiy tenizine deyin sozylghan distansiya jerlerinde әs­kery qyzmet ótkeredi.
1812-1814 jyldar aralyghynda Kishi jýzden 20 myng qazaq erleri shekaradan ótip Orynbor ólkesindegi kazak-orystar iyeligindegi jerlerge qonystanghan (Levshin A.Istoricheskoe y statisticheskoe obo­zrenie uraliskih kazakov. SPb, 1823. S.317). Búl adamdar shekara shebinde qyzmet atqarumen birge, qajet bolghan jaghdayda joryqtargha da qatysady.
Jalpy alghanda XVIII ghasyrdyng ayaq kezinen qazaqtardyng kazak әskerleri qú­ramynda әskery qyzmet atqaruy daladaghy kә­duilgi qúbylysqa ainalady. XVIII ghasyrdyng sonyna qaray tek qana Orta jýzden Orynbor, Tobyl guberniyalaryna jәne kazak jerlerine 12 myng qazaq ýii qonys audarady.
Kazak selolaryn mekendegen qazaqtar pravoslavie dinin qabyldap, aty-jónderin de ózgertui, óz dini men halqynan qol ýzui tiyis boldy. Oghan qosa patsha ókimeti qazaq balalaryn orys dvoryandary, kópesteri men me­shan­darynyng satyp aluy jóninde zang shygharyp, olardyng tolyqtay orystanuyn qadaghalady. Búlar da pravoslavie dini men orys aty-jónine kóshirilip, kóbi Reseyding ishki guberniyalaryna jiberildi, jasy jetkennen keyin әskerge alyndy.
Orystanghan qazaqtardyng kazak-orystar әs­kerlerinde qyzmet etui XVIII ghasyrdyng ayaghy­nan keng etek alady. Sh.Uәlihanovtyng aituynsha, Sibir vedomstvosynyng keybir sta­niy­salaryndaghy túrghyndardyng jartysyna juy­ghyn pravoslavie dinindegi qazaqtar qúraydy (1-tom. 526-b). XIX ghasyrdyng 50-60-jyldary Oral kazak әskerining qúramyndaghy shoqynghan qazaqtar sany 220-gha jetedi.
Kóshpeli qazaqtargha jýrgizilgen әrbir kezekti sanaqta olar basqa halyqtar sanatyna qosyp jiberilip otyryldy. Orynbor shekara komissiyasynyng mәlimetteri boyynsha, 1799-1815 jyldary «bashqúrttar» retinde 1226 er adam (qazaq) ishki kantondargha tirkeledi. Yaghni, búlardyng barlyghy rekruttyq mindet­terdi atqaryp, orystarmen birge joryqtargha qaty­sugha mindetti bolady (Matviyevskiy P.E. Orenburgskiy kray v Otechestvennoy voyne 1812 goda. Orenburg, 1962).
Orys jazalaushy otryadtary men kazak-orystardyng qazaq auyldaryna shapqyn­shy­lyq­tar jasap, maldaryn aidap әketui, jayy­lymdyq jerlerding jetispeushiligi qazaq­tar­dyng kópshiligin qayyrshylanugha úshyratady. Olar bekinister janynda qayyr súrap, óz balalaryn satugha deyin barady. Búl jaghday da orys әskerin tolyqtyratyn qúbylystardyng birine ainalady. Ásirese, múnday apat orys qol astyna birinshi bolyp alynghan Kishi jýz qazaqtary arasynda jappay sipat alady.
Orynbor guberniyasyndaghy Sauda sarayy manynda kóship-qonyp jýrgen qazaqtardan qa­lagha kelip, qayyr súraytyndar sanynyng kóbengine baylanysty XIX ghasyrdyng 40-jyldary Orynbor shekara komissiyasy Orynbor әskery gubernatoryna qayyrshylanghan qazaq­tar­dyng erlerin әskery qyzmetke, jas balalaryn kantondyqtardyng bataliondaryna alu, әskerge bara almaytyndaryn, biraq deni saularyn ishki guberniyalargha attandyryp, jeke adamdargha júmys isteuge, ne bolmasa aza­mat­tyq vedomstvolardyng tútqyndar rotasyna jiberuge rúqsat súrap hat jazady. Orynbor әskery gubernatory búl iske ong kózqaras bil­diredi (QR OMM. 4-q . 1-t. 355- is. 2, 4-p.).
Qazaqtardan sot sheshimi boyynsha әskerge jiberilgender sany da az bolmaghangha úqsay­dy. 1832 jyly 30 nauryzda Z-Arhangelisk gar­nizondyq bataliondarynyng komandiyri, pol­kovnik Plehanov Orynbor shekara komissiyasyna ótken jyldyng 3 shildesinde 1 jәne 2-qalalyq garnizondyq batalionnyng qatar­da­ghy soldattary - qazaqtar Marabay Qay­na­rov, Ábdirahim Júmaev, Shotan Baltabaev, Manas Janbaev (Amanbaev), Jaghanbay Beketaev, Jetilgen Toqtabaevtyng qashyp ketken­digi turaly raport týsiredi.
Jәngir hangha (1832 jyly 30 mausymda), Orynbor qazaqtary batys bóligining biyleu­shi­si Baymúhamed Ayshuaqovqa, Shyghys bóligining biyleushisi Jantóre Jәngirovke (Jihangereevke) joldaghan polkovnik Gekkening habarlaularynan kóringendey, olardyng bәri de - Ishki orda qazaqtary, «mal úrlaghany» ýshin sottalyp, soldattyqqa berilgen. Sonymen birge olardy tezirek qolgha týsiru maqsatynda J.Toqtabaevtyng - esentemir, M.Qaynarov - alasha, Sh. Baqtybaev - ysyq, J.Beketaev - ker­deri, M.Jamanbaev - qypshaq ruynan ekendigi kórsetilipti. (Sonda. 1527 - is. 3 - 8 p.p.).
1984 jyly aqyn B.Amanshinning Qazaq­stan Ortalyq memlekettik múraghaty qorynan HIH ghasyrdyng 30-jyldary Aland araldarynda әskerde jýrgen Janaev degen qazaq ji­gitining Jәngir hangha jazghan hatyn tap­qan­da­ghy jóninde baspasóz betinde habar berilgen. Onyng esimi múraghat materialdarynda úshy­ra­satyn, 1812-1814 jyldardaghy orys-fransuz soghysyna qatysqan Janaev Begimbet emes pe eken degen oy keledi.
1838 jyly 31 mamyrda Resey Ishki ister ministrligi jariyalaghan zang boyynsha sottalyp, tútqyndar rotalaryna jiberilgen qa­zaq­tar jaza mezgilin ótegennen keyin de eline qaytarylmaydy, jaramdylaryn soldattyqqa beru, qalghandaryn Irkutsk guberniyasyna qonystanugha jiberu belgilenedi.
Keybir qazaqtar әskerde qyzmet etudi shen-shekpen alyp, qanday da bir lauazymgha qol jetkizuding onay joly retinde qarasty­ra­dy. 1874 jyly M.Venukov Sibir «jatjúrt­tyq­tary­nyn» búl taqyryp jónindegi kóz­qa­ra­syn zerttey kelip, bylay dep jazady: «Re­kruttyqtan bosatylghan Sibirding orys emes túrghyndary, tipti, Qyrghyz dalasynyng kóp­te­gen adamdary әskery bólimder qataryna óz er­kimen bardy». Búl sózding de jany bar. Sherghazy Qayypov (1818 j.ó.) 1788-1790 jyl­dardaghy orys-shved soghysyna qatysyp, sekund-mayor shenin alsa, Ghúbaydolla Jәn­girov kavaleriya generaly sheninde 1877-1878 jyldardaghy orys-týrik soghysynda erligimen tanyldy.
Áskery qyzmetke «beyimdiligin» aityp, orys әkimshiligine hat jazghandar da bolady (QR OMM. 25-q . 1-t. 943a- is. 117-p.). Degenmen, qazaq qoghamyndaghy auqattylardyng kóp­shi­ligi qan maydangha barghannan góri ýide jatyp, ary ketse otarlyq ýstemdikke qarsy shyqqan óz qandastaryn qyryp-joi arqyly shen-shekpen alugha tyrysty.
Biraq orys әskeri qataryna alynyp, jo­ryq­targha qatysu qazaqtar ýshin jalpy zan­dy­lyqtan góri, ereksheleu, siyrekteu úshyra­sa­tyn oqigha retinde qala berdi.

Úrys dalasynda

1812-1814 jyldardaghy orys-fransuz so­ghy­syna otyryqshylanghan, shoqynghan, bash­qúrt­tar men orys kazaktaryna sinisip ketken qazaqtar qatysady.
Osylardyng biri Yakov Belyakov (shoqynghan kezde berilgen aty-jóni) Oral kazak әskeri qatarynda 1809-1910 jyldardaghy orys-týrik soghysyna qatysyp, M.IY.Kutuzovtyng kózine týsedi. Orys-fransuz soghysy qarsanynda ol Baqaly stanisasynda qúrylghan 3-Orynbor kazak polkining komandiyri bolyp taghayyn­da­lady. Búl polk 1812 jyldyng 21 qazanynda maydangha attandyrylyp, 1813 jyldyng tamyz aiynyng ayaghynda Oderden ótedi. Odan keyin sol jyldyng 5 qazanynda Drezdenge jetedi. 6-7 qazan kýnderi Leypsigti shturmmen alugha qatysyp, «halyqtar soghysy» atan­ghan osy úrysta Belyakovtyng basshylyghymen polk ýlken erlik kórsetedi. Ya.Belyakovty marapattau qaghazynda «nahodyasi vperedy {polka}, deystvoval s otmennym mujestvom y neustrashimostiu» dep jazylady.
3-Orynbor kazak polki graf Bennigsenning Rezervtik armiyasy qúramynda barlyq úrys­tar­gha qatysady, Erfurt qalasyna qaray she­ginip bara jatqan fransuzdardy óksheley qua­dy. Ataman Platov otryadynyng qúramyn­da: 10 qazanda Veymar qalasynyn, 18 jәne 19 qazanda Ganau qalasy jәne 21 qazanda Mayndaghy-Frankfurt qalasynyng manyndaghy úrystardyng bel ortasynda bolady. Ya.Belyakov búrynghy 500 adamnan qalghan 277 adamymen general-mayor Sherbatovtyng erekshe kazak otryady, felidmarshal Bluher armiyasy qúramynda әreket etedi (idin M.L.Oren­burjsy v voynah 1812-1814 godov. Tashkent, 1912).
Qazaqtar qatysqan әskery qúramalar mú­ny­men shektelmeydi. Olar 30-Bashqúrt, 5-Oryn­bor, 5-Oral, 2-Tepter polki qú­ra­mynda soghysty. 1812 jyldyng jazynda Molevo Boloto, Leviya, Romanovo degen eldi mekender men Vyazima týbindegi úrystarda Múrat Qúlshoraev, Eris Azamatov, Boranbay Shuashbaev, Ihsan Ábubәkirov, Saghit Hamitov degen qazaqtar erligimen kózge týsedi.
Polisha men Germaniya jerindegi úrystar­daghy batyl qimyldary ýshin Mardan Arapov, Mәulsy Alybaev, Niyazghúl Baqtyly, Dәu­let­keldi Atabaev, horunjiy Ernazar Dәulet­ja­niyn, Kenjeghúl Halyqov, Nazarbay Tayanov, uryadnikter Ázimbay Múhamedov, Júmaniyaz Berkinbekov, Ýsen Ábubәkirov jәne t.b. qa­zaqtar jauyngerlik belgilermen marapattalady (Bekmahanova N.E. Rossiya y Kazahstan v osvobodiytelinom dviyjenii. M.,1996. S.72).
1-Tepter polkining qúramyndaghy Narynbay men Nazar Janjigitovter (shekti ruynan) erligi ýshin ordender, medalidarmen marapattalady (QR OMM. 4- qor. 1-tizbe. 226-is. 15-p.).
1-Bashqúrt polkining qúramynda soghysqan aqyn Ámen Baybatyrov (tana ruynan) Leypsig pen Glogau qalalary ýshin úrystarda kózge týsip, kýmis medalimen marapattaldy. (Voprosy istorii. 1982. №5. S.146).
Qazaqtar 2-Tepter polki qúramynda ataqty partizan Davydov otryadynyng әskery qimyldarynda da ózderin kórsete bildi. Al, әskery uchiliysheni bitirgen, alghashqylardyng biri retinde Parijge deyin jetken Bayjazyq (Bayaziyt) Kýshikbaevtyng (1780-1863, qazirgi Atyrau oblysynyng Qyzylqogha aud.) esimi sheteldik әdebiyette de atalyp jýr (Sokol E.D. Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia. Baltimore, 1954. P.110). 1814 jyldyng 19 nauryzynda Fransiyanyng astanasy - Parijge saltanatpen kirgender qatarynda Á.Baybatyrov, N.Janjigitov, Ya.Belyakovtar da boldy.
Biraz qazaqtardyng 3- jәne 4-dәrejeli Anna ordenimen marapattaluy da kóp nәrseni anghartady. Onday әskery belgiler asqan erjýrektiligi ýshin praporshikten kapitangha deyingi ober-ofiyserlerge beriletin. Osy ordenmen orys-fransuz soghysynda dekabriys­ter A.Z.Muraviev, N.Muraviev, M.IY.Mura­viev - Apostol, IY.D.Yakushkin marapattalghan-dy.
Áriyne, múnan janaghy qazaqtar dekabriys­termen tanys bolyp, qazaq dalasyna olar­dyng iydeyalaryn alyp keldi, osy arqyly qa­zaqtyng últtyq oyanuyna kómektesti degen oy tumaydy. Olar óz halqynan qol ýzgen, orys qújattarynda ghana esimderi saqtalyp qalghan adamdar edi. Al, orystanghan, shoqynghan Aleksandr Ivanov sekildi (Petropavl bekinisining qazaghy) qandastar esimderi tarih qoynauynda mýldem belgisiz bolyp qaldy.
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Soghys bitip, orystar men fransuzdardyng qyrghyn soghysynda tiri qalghan qazaqtar kýndelikti túrmys-tirshiligine oraldy. Kóp­shiligi orystar arasynda qaldy.
Qazaq qoghamynda Beybitshilik maniyfesti turaly habargha erekshe quanghandar ýstem tap ókilderi ghana boldy. 1814 jyly 18 shildede Bókey han Sankt-Peterburgke qúramynda súltan Arzyghaly Núralyhanov, starshyndar Tólen Ernazarov jәne Barmaq Múratov bar deputasiya attandyryp, imperator I Aleksandrge hat joldaydy. Onda: «Mudryy gosudari! Tvoy svyashenneyshiy prestol, krasotoy svoey nichem ne ustupaishiy rayskomu sadu, podderjivaetsya angeliskimy y svyatiyteliskimy silami. Ty sokrushil mogushestvennogo protivnika Hristu, prevzoshel svoimy milostyamy y velikodushiyem samyh drevnih kesarey. Divnyy Aleksandr! Dostoynyy ukrashatisya perstnem Solomona, primy siy radostnye vzyvaniya iz glubiny proiznosimye...», - degen «jýrekjardy» sózderin arnaydy (RGIA. F. 1291. Op. 81. D.52a. L.1, 58b.-59b.).
Qazaqtardyng soghysqa qatysqanyn bilmedi me, әlde ol turaly bir auyz sóz qosudy orys jenisine kólenke týsiredi dep oilady ma, qalay bolghanda da, han búl jóninde júmghan auzyn ashpaydy. Onyng orys patshasyn aghyl-tegil madaqtauyna Syrtqy ister alqasynyng bastyghy I.A.Veydemeyer jauap berip, bar­ghan­dardy jay syilyqpen jәne aqshamen marapattaydy. Múnyng ózine de qazaq súltan­dary men biyleri tóbeleri kókke jetip quanyp qalady.
Orys-fransuz soghysyna qatysqan jazushy S.N.Glinka (1775/6-1847) «1812 jyl turaly jazba» (1836) degen enbeginde: «Ne toliko starodavnie syny Rossii, no y narody, otlichnye yazykom, nravami, veroi y obrazom jizni, narody kochuishiye- y te, naravne s prirodnymy rossiyanami, gotovy byly umereti za zemlu russkuu» dep tym әsirelengen, tarihy shyndyqtan alshaq qorytyndy jasaydy (Borodino. 1812. M., 1987. S. 14).
Ár ghasyrda jaulap alynghan halyqtardy orys mýddesi ýshin zenbirek jemine ainaldyru qay kezende de Resey biyleushilerining últtyq sayasatynyng da, praktikalyq is-qareketining de ózegi bolyp kelgendigi mәlim.
Qazaqtar bashqúrt, tatarlar sekildi, aldaryna qanday da bir iydeologiyalyq maqsat qoi­dan, patriottyq sezimnen góri, pende­shi­likke oray qimyldady deu shyndyqqa janasymdy bolar.
Otarlyq ezgige qaramay, qazaqtardyng eren erlikke boy úruy ata-babalarynan qangha sin­gen qaysarlyghynan bastau alsa kerek. Alayda, qa­zaq­tardyng búl da, basqa da soghys­targha qatysyp, orys taghyna kórsetken yqylas-niyeti de, je­niske әkelgen qúrbandyqtary da uaqyt óte kele úmyt qaldy. 1912 jyly orys-fransuz soghy­syndaghy jeniske 100 jyl toluyn keng kólemde atap ótudi kózdegen patsha ókimeti oblystyq gubernatorlargha jedelhat joldap, osy soghysqa qatysqandardyng tikeley úrpaq­tary­nan imperiya astanasyndaghy saltanatty sharalargha ókilder jiberudi búiyrady. Torghay gubernatory Eversman oghan «qyrghyz­dar Otan soghysyna qatysqan joq» dep jauap berdi (QR OMM. 25-qor. 1-tizbe. 828-is. 13-15 paraqtar). Orynbordan da, Oraldan da eshkim «tabyla» qoymady.
IYә, ózge júrttyng mún-mýddesi ýshin әke­lin­gen qúrbandyqtyng da, tógilgen ter men kór­setken erlikting de ómirshendigi qysqa ke­ledi, kóbine tarih paraghy onday jankesh­ti­lik­ti saqtamaydy.
Qazaqtargha senimsizdik Kenes ókimeti tú­syn­da da birjolata seyile qoymady. 1920 jyly Mústafa Shoqay: «Halqynyng 90 payyzyn músylmandar qúraytyn kenestik Týr­kis­tandy biyleushilerding olardy Qyzyl Armiya qataryna shaqyrugha әli kýnge batyly jetpey otyr», - dep jazghan-dy (Volinyy gores. Tifliys. 1920. 14 iinya).
Ásker qataryna alynghannan keyin de qa­zaqtar kishi shendegi ofiyser dengeyinen jo­gha­ry kóterile almady. Múnyng barlyghy sol bayaghy últtyq astamshylyqtan, ózge júrtqa ógeysy qaraushylyqtan tuyndaydy...
Zaman ózgerdi. Qazaqtar endi ózgeler ýshin emes, óz jeri men eli ýshin, tәuelsizdik tuy­nyng enkeymesi ýshin kýresedi, sol sebepti olar­dan zamanauy tehnika men soghys ónerin jetik mengergen, ruhy biyik jauyngerler men qolbasshylar shyghatynyna kýmәn joq.
Kóshim ESMAGhAMBETOV,
tarih ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor.
Almaty.

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