XX ghasyr adamzat tarihyndaghy eng kýrdeli de qayshylyqqa toly kezenderding biri. Ýstimizdegi ghasyr ghylym men tehnikanyng búryn-sondy bolmaghan qarqynmen damuyna jol ashty.

Bir jaghynan adam balasy aspangha úshyp, gharyshty iygeruge qadam jasasa, ekinshi jaghynan milliondaghan adamnyng ómirin jalmaghan joyqyn qarulardy dýniyege әkeldi. Solardyng ishinde әlem tarihyn týbegeyli ózgertken eng iri ghylymiy-әskery joba – «Manhetten» jobasy boldy. Osy joba ghylymnyng úly jetistigi retinde de, adamzatqa tóngen eng auyr qaterding bastauy retinde de baghalanady.

1938 jyly Germaniyada júmys istegen ghalymdar Otto Gan men Fris Shtrassman uran yadrosynyng bólinu qúbylysyn ashty. Keyin búl janalyqty fizikter Liza Meytner men Otto Frish ghylymy túrghydan týsindirip berdi. Yadronyng bólinui kezinde orasan zor energiya bólinetini anyqtalghan sәtten bastap әlemning jetekshi memleketteri búl janalyqtyng әskery manyzyn birden anghardy. Eger osy energiyany basqarugha mýmkindik bolsa, әlemde bolmaghan quatty qaru jasaugha jol ashylatyny belgili edi.

Ekinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys bastalghan kezde әlemning kóptegen kórnekti ghalymdary fashistik Germaniya atom bombasyn alghashqy bolyp jasap shyghuy mýmkin degen qauipke alandady. Osy alandaushylyqtyng nәtiyjesinde әigili fizik Alibert Eynshteyn men Leo Silard AQSh Preziydenti Franklin Ruzvelitke hat jazyp, Germaniyanyng yadrolyq qaru jasap ýlgerui býkil adamzatqa orny tolmas qauip әkeletinin eskertti. Búl hat keyin tarihtaghy eng manyzdy ghylymiy-sayasy qújattardyng birine ainaldy. Dәl osy ýndeu Amerika Qúrama Shtattarynda atom qaruyn jasau jónindegi asa qúpiya baghdarlamanyng qúryluyna týrtki boldy.

1942 jyly AQSh-ta «Manhetten» jobasy resmy týrde iske qosyldy. Jobanyng atauy Niu-York qalasyndaghy Manhetten injenerlik okrugining atymen tyghyz bolghanymen, onyng negizgi zerthanalary Niu-Meksiko, Tennessy jәne Vashington shtattarynda ornalasty. Búl jobagha sol kezdegi eng tandauly fizikter, injenerler, matematikter men himikter tartyldy. Ghalymdardyng jalpy sany jýzdegen bolsa, qúrylysshylardy, injenerlerdi jәne tehnikalyq mamandardy qosqanda jobagha 130 mynnan astam adam qatysty. Onyng ýstine qatysushylardyng kóp bóligi naqty qanday qaru jasap jatqanyn bilmedi. Árkim ózine jýktelgen mindetti ghana oryndap, júmystyng jalpy maqsaty birneshe adamnyng ghana qúpiyasynda saqtaldy.

Jobanyng ghylymy jetekshisi retinde amerikalyq fizik Robert Oppengeymer taghayyndaldy. Keyin ol «atom bombasynyng әkesi» degen atpen tarihta qaldy. Onyng basshylyghymen Niu-Meksiko shtatyndaghy Los-Alamos qalashyghynda әlemning eng daryndy ghalymdary jinalyp, yadrolyq qarudyng alghashqy ýlgilerin jasaugha kiristi. Sol jerde Enriko Fermi, Richard Feynman, Nilis Bor, Hans Bete sekildi ghylymnyng alyp túlghalary enbek etti. Olar tәulik boyy ýzdiksiz júmys istep, búryn ghylymda bolmaghan esepterdi sheshuge mәjbýr boldy.

«Manhetten» jobasynyng qúny sol kezenning ózinde shamamen 2 milliard AQSh dollaryna jetti. Búl qazirgi eseppen ondaghan milliard dollargha teng keledi. Osynday auqymdy qarjy, myndaghan maman jәne óndiristik quat bir ghana maqsatqa – Germaniyadan búryn atom bombasyn jasap shyghugha júmyldyryldy. Keyin Germaniya jenilgenimen, joba toqtatylghan joq. Óitkeni soghys әli jalghasyp jatqan edi jәne AQSh basshylyghy jana qarudy Japoniyagha qarsy qoldanudy qarastyrdy.

1945 jyldyng 16 shildesinde Niu-Meksiko shólinde adamzat tarihyndaghy alghashqy yadrolyq synaq ótkizildi. Búl synaqqa «Triniti» degen atau berildi. Tanghy uaqytta jarylghan bombanyng jarqyly ondaghan shaqyrymnan kórindi. Alyp sanyrauqúlaq tәrizdi búlt aspangha kóterilip, jarylystyng quaty býkil әlemdi tanghaldyrdy. Sol sәtte Robert Oppengeymer ýndi halqynyng qasiyetti «Bhagavad-gita» kitabyndaghy: «Endi men ólimge ainaldym, әlemderdi joishy boldym» degen sózderdi eske alghanyn keyinirek aitqan. Búl sózder ghylymy jenisting quanyshynan góri, adamzat aldynda tughan zor jauapkershilikting belgisi edi.

Arada ýsh apta ótkende tarihtaghy eng qayghyly oqighalardyng biri oryn aldy. 1945 jyldyng 6 tamyzynda AQSh әskery úshaghy Japoniyanyng Hirosima qalasyna «Little Boy» dep atalghan uran bombasyn tastady. Birneshe sekundtyng ishinde qala ortalyghy tolyqtay joyylyp, ondaghan myng adam qaza tapty. Ýsh kýnnen keyin, 9 tamyzda, Nagasaky qalasyna plutoniy negizinde jasalghan «Fat Man» atom bombasy tastaldy. Búl eki shabuyldyng saldarynan jýz myndaghan adam kóz júmdy nemese keyin radiasiyanyng әserinen auyr dertke shaldyqty. Kóptegen otbasy bir kýnning ishinde týgeldey joyylyp ketti. Yadrolyq sәulelenuding zardaby ondaghan jyldar boyy saqtalyp, birneshe úrpaqqa әser etti.

Atom bombasynyng qoldanyluy jónindegi pikirtalas býginge deyin jalghasyp keledi. Bir tarap búl әreket Japoniyany tezirek tize býktiruge mýmkindik berip, milliondaghan adamnyng ómirin saqtap qaldy dep esepteydi. Al ekinshi tarap beybit túrghyndargha qarsy múnday joyqyn qarudy qoldanudy adamzat tarihyndaghy eng ýlken moralidyq qatelikterding biri retinde baghalaydy. Osy jaghday tóniregindegi ghylymy jәne sayasy pikirtalastar әli kýnge deyin toqtaghan joq.

«Manhetten» jobasy ayaqtalghannan keyin әlemde yadrolyq qaru jarysy bastaldy. 1949 jyly Kenes Odaghy ózining alghashqy atom bombasyn synady. Keyin Úlybritaniya, Fransiya, Qytay jәne basqa da memleketter yadrolyq qarugha ie boldy. Osylaysha «qyrghiy-qabaq soghys» kezeninde jer sharyn birneshe ret jongha jetetin yadrolyq arsenal jinaldy. Memleketter arasyndaghy senimsizdik pen әskery jarys búryn-sondy bolmaghan dengeyge jetti.

Sonymen qatar atom energiyasy tek әskery maqsatta ghana qoldanylghan joq. Ghalymdar beybit atom tehnologiyalaryn damytyp, atom elektr stansiyalaryn saldy, yadrolyq medisinany jetildirdi, ónerkәsip pen auyl sharuashylyghynda jana mýmkindikter ashty. Búl ghylymnyng eki qyry bar ekenin kórsetti: bir jaghynan ol adam ómirin jaqsarta alady, ekinshi jaghynan adamzattyng ózin qúrdymgha jiberui mýmkin.

Býginde әlemde yadrolyq qarudy taratpau jәne qysqartu problemasyna erekshe kónil bólinedi. Qazaqstan da osy baghytta manyzdy ýlgi kórsetti. Tәuelsizdik alghannan keyin elimiz әlemdegi tórtinshi iri yadrolyq arsenaldan óz erkimen bas tartyp, Semey yadrolyq synaq poligonyn japty. Búl qadam halyqaralyq qauymdastyq tarapynan joghary baghalanyp, Qazaqstannyng beybitshilik pen yadrolyq qarusyzdanudy qoldaytyn memleket retindegi bedelin nyghaytty.

«Manhetten» jobasynyng tarihy – ghylymnyng adamzat ómirine qanshalyqty zor yqpal ete alatynyn dәleldeytin erekshe oqigha. Ol myndaghan ghalymnyng aqyl-oyyn biriktirgen úly ghylymy jetistik bolghanymen, onyng nәtiyjesi milliondaghan adamnyng taghdyryna әser etti. Búl tarih bizge ghylymnyng ózi eshqashan jaman da, jaqsy da bolmaytynyn, onyng qanday maqsatqa paydalanylatyny adamzattyng ar-ojdany men jauapkershiligine baylanysty ekenin eske salady. Sondyqtan ótkenning ashy sabaqtaryn úmytpay, ghylymy progresti beybitshilikke, órkeniyetti damytugha jәne adam ómirin qorghaugha baghyttau – qazirgi jәne keleshek úrpaqtyng eng manyzdy mindetterining biri.

Beysenghazy Úlyqbek,

Qazaqstan Jurnalister Odaghynyng mýshesi

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