Tarihy júmbaqtardyng biri — Enesey qyrghyz memleketi. Búl taqyryp tek qazirgi qyrghyz halqynyng ghana emes, sonymen qatar kóptegen týrik jәne monghol halyqtarynyng ortaq tarihymen tyghyz baylanysty.

Eneseyding bayyrghy túrghyndary qytay derekterinde «kensýi» nemese «genikuni» (鬲昆) dep atalghan. Olardy b.z.d. 201 jyly Boghda tәnirqút baghyndyrghan bolatyn, biraq sol kezdegi kengýnderding qay tilde sóilegeni әli kýnge deyin beymәlim. «Kengýn» atauy Kem (Enesey) ózenimen baylanysty siyaqty («kem + qún» — kemdikter, kem adamdary degen maghynany bildiredi). Keyin búl ónirge Shoje tәnirqút keldi. Ghúndar batysqa auyp, Altaydan ary asqan kezde olardy yghystyrghan boluy yqtimal, sondyqtan kengýnderdi V–VI ghasyrlardaghy Enesey qyrghyzdarynyng dәl ózi dep kesip aitugha bolmaydy.

V–VI ghasyrlarda olar arbaly taypalardyng qatarynda atalyp, týrli ataularmen belgili boldy: hegu (結骨 — kәr ghúr), hegu (紇骨 — keghúr), hegusy (紇扢斯 — kergus). Týrik qaghanaty qúrylghan kezde olar týrikterge baghynyp, olargha qaru-jaraq jasap berip otyrdy. 630 jyly Týrik qaghanaty qúlaghannan keyin sary attylargha, al 650 jyldary Tang imperiyasyna baghyndy. 680 jyly Týrik qaghanaty qayta ornaghan son, olar Tang imperiyasymen odaqtasyp, týrikterge qarsy soghysty.

Bars bek jәne Kók týriktermen qaqtyghys

Qyrghyz hany Bars bek Bilge qaghannyng qayyn inisi (nemese jezdesi) bolghan. 693 jyly qyrghyzdargha qarsy joryghy sәtsiz ayaqtalghannan keyin, Ekinshi Týrik qaghanatynyng biyleushisi Qapaghan qaghan qyrghyz әmirshisi Bars bekke «qaghan» ataghyn beruge mәjbýr boldy. Tipti, ol Bars bekpen әulettik odaq qúru maqsatynda ózining qaryndasy — hanshayymdy úzatty. Alayda, búl qadam Ortalyq Aziyadaghy ýstemdik ýshin kýresken Kók týrikter men qyrghyzdar arasyndaghy shiyelenisti tek uaqytsha ghana bәsendetti.

707 jәne 709 jyldary qyrghyz elshileri Tang imperiyasyna eki ret bardy. Sol kezde Kók týrikter Tang imperiyasymen soghysyp jatqan edi, al qyrghyzdar týrgeshter, chikter, adaylar taypalarymen jәne Tang imperiyasymen jana koalisiyagha birikti. Osy kezende Kók týrikter ýshin eng ýlken qauipti kýsheyip alghan qyrghyzdar tudyrdy.

709 jyly Kók týrik әskeri chikter men aday taypalaryn jenip, Tuvany basyp aldy әri qyrghyz jerlerine basyp kiruge qolayly jaghday jasady. Bars bek Sayan taularynyng arghy jaghyndaghy óz jerlerining qoljetpes ekenine senip, qaqtyghysqa aralasugha batyly barmady.

Alayda, 710–711 jyldardyng qysynda Kók týrik әskeri ainalmaly manevr jasap, Sayan jotasynan asyp ótti de, qyrghyzdargha kenetten shabuyl jasady. Sayan taularyndaghy shayqasta 50 000 týrik әskerinen 80 000 qyrghyz әskeri jeniliske úshyrap, Bars bek qaza tapty. Qyrghyz memleketi jaulap alynyp, Minusinsk oipatyna Kók týrik әskerleri ornalastyryldy. Degenmen, basqaru isi qyrghyz biyleushisining qolynda qaldyryldy. 711 jyly Qytaygha qyrghyz elshiligi keldi. Bәlkim, ony Bars bek qaytys bolar aldynda kómek ýmitimen jibergen boluy mýmkin. 722 jәne 723 jyldary Tang Qytayyna tegin Isibo Sheyuje Bishy Sygin men tegin Juyly Pinhechjun Sigin bastaghan eki qyrghyz elshiligi keldi.

710 jyly Qapaghan qaghannan jenilis tapqannan keyin, Bars Bekting úly qyrghyzdardy basqardy. Kýltegin men Bilge qaghannyng tasynda:

«Asusyz Altay tauynan asyp, Kógimen tauynan asyp, qyrghyzdardy týngi úiqyda bastyq, qaghany Barys bek edi, bilmestigi ýshin óldi... Kýlteginning basyna qyrghyz qaghanynyng balbalyn tiktim...» — degen jazbalar bar (týrik salty boyynsha mola basyna jengen jauynyng beynesi bar balbal tas ornatylatyn). Osylaysha olar qyrghyzdardy birneshe ret baghyndyrdy.

Kók týrikter qúlaghan son, olar úighyrlargha baghyndy. Úighyr biyleushisi Bayanchur qyrghyz basshysyn óltirip, ornyna Bilge Tong Erkin esimdi jana qyrghyz hanyn taghayyndady.

Haghastar men Úighyr qaghanatynyng qúlauy

Osy Úighyr qaghanaty kezinen keyingi qytay derekterinde olardy Xiajiasi (黠戛斯 — har gas, qarqas, qaraqas, qaghas, qaas) dep atady. Búl atau «qyrghyz» degen sózden góri hakas, haas, qaraqas ataularyna kóbirek úqsaydy. «Tan Shuda» ony sol ónirge barghan Jiya Dan esimdi qytay óz kózimen kórgendikten, sonyng jazbalary boyynsha sipattalghany aitylady.

Búdan tuyndaytyn súraq: El atauy nege ózgerdi? Mәsele — qyrghyz ben haghas (hargas) kórshiles elder bolsa kerek, qyrghyz kýsheygende — qyrghyz, haghas kýsheygende — haghas ataluy zandy qúbylys. Al 840 jyly Úighyr qaghanatyn qúlatqan kezdegi atauy — sol haghas, hargas edi.

Olar tәnir senimining bir týrin ústanyp, tek su men shóp qúdaylaryna siynatyn. Alayda Enesey bitik tastarynda «Tәnir» degen sóz óte jii kezdesedi. Tulary qyzyl týsti bolyp, oghan úlys tanbasy kestelenetin. Ólgen adamnyng denesin ýsh ret ainalyp jylaydy, biraq bet jyrtyp joqtau aitpaydy. Ólgendi órtep jerleytin, búl da suyq tabighat jaghdayymen baylanysty bolsa kerek.

Ly әuletinen tarau miyfi jәne 840 jylghy joryq

Qyrghyz biyleushileri óz tegin Hani әuletining qolbasshysy, general Ly Guannyng nemeresi — Ly Linnen taratatynyn mәlimdegen. Ly Lin b.z.d. I ghasyrda ghúndargha tútqyngha týsip, keyin solardyng jaghyna ótken bolatyn. Tang imperiyasyn biylegen Ly әuleti de óz tegin Ly Guannan taratatyndyqtan, qyrghyz qaghany Tang әuletining tuysy retinde tanyldy. Búl tuystyq baylanys qyrghyz qaghany Achu qaghan (A-je) Úighyr qaghanatyna basyp kirip, Qasar qaghandy óltirgen kezde eki jaq arasyndaghy qarym-qatynastyng shiyelenisuine jol bermey, jaghdaydy júmsartty. Búl oqigha turaly habardy Chananigha qyrghyz elshisi Chjuu Hesu jetkizdi.

840 jyly qyrghyz-haghastardyng 100 myng әskeri Úighyr qaghanatyna shabuyl jasap, astanasyn basyp aldy. Toghyz-oghyzdar (15 taypa) men qarlyqtar jerine kóshti (olardyng sany birneshe jýz myngha jetui mýmkin). Keyin olar Qarahan memleketin, Oghyz jabghú memleketin qúrdy. Úighyrlardan keminde 100–150 myng adam Qúmyl, Túrpan, Besbalyqqa auyp baryp, onda Idyqút úighyr memleketin qúrsa, Gansugha barghandar Ganjou úighyr memleketin qúrdy.

Eniysey qyrghyzdary men Tang imperiyasy 840–848 jyldar aralyghynda Úighyr qaghanatyn jәne onyng Orhon angharyndaghy ortalyghyn jon maqsatynda birlesken soghys jýrgizdi. 843 jyly 13 aqpanda Shahu («varvarlardy jon») tauynda ótken shayqasta general Shy Sun bastaghan Tang әskerleri úighyr qaghany Ógedi jaralap, mal-mýlkin tartyp aldy, 5000-nan 20 000-gha deyin úighyr jauyngerin tútqyngha týsirip, 10 000 úighyrdy óltirdi.

845 jyly imperator U-szun Achu qaghangha «Szun Insun U Chenmin qaghan» degen ataq berdi. Alayda elshiler Chanani qalasynan attanbas búryn imperator qaytys boldy. Jana imperator Suani-szun oghan qaghan ataghyn beruge asyqpady. Sheneunikter búl ataqtar úighyrlargha olar quatty kezinde berilgenin, al eger Eniysey qyrghyzdaryna da múnday mәrtebe berilse, olardyng menmensip, qauipti kýshke ainaluy mýmkin ekenin talqylady. Nәtiyjesinde imperator búrynghy sheshimin joydy. 847 jyly Achu óz sheneunikterining birining qolynan qaza tapqannan keyin, Suani-szun imperatory qyrghyzdyng jana biyleushisin «Inu Chenmin qaghan» dep jariyalap, búl ataqty tapsyru ýshin Ly E esimdi elshini jiberdi.

Qidan joryqtary jәne Monghol dalasynan ketui

Qidan biyleushisi Abaoszy 924 jyly Monghol ýstirtine óz yqpalyn taratqanymen, qyrghyzdarmen arada qanday da bir qaqtyghys bolghany turaly eshqanday derek joq. Qidan (Lyao) derekterinde qyrghyzdar turaly tek eki memleketting ózara diplomatiyalyq qatynasta bolghany ghana aitylady.

Tarihshy Maykl Drompptyn pikirinshe, shamamen 840 jyldan 924 jylgha deyingi kezende qyrghyzdardyng «imperiyasy» boldy degen tújyrymdar shyndyqqa janaspaydy. Qolda bar barlyq derekterge sýiensek, qyrghyzdar Monghol ýstirtine qysqa merzimge ghana yqpal etkenimen, 840 jyldardaghy jenisterinen keyin ol aimaqta aitarlyqtay sayasy nemese әskery kýsh retinde túraqtap qalmaghan.

«Tan» derekteri «860–873 jyldary qyrghyzdar qansha soghysqanymen úighyrlardy jene almady» deydi. Sondyqtan qyrghyzdar 840 jyly úighyr memleketin tolyq joyghan joq, tek Mongholiyadan quyp shyghardy deuge bolady. Al Ganjou úighyry men Idyqút (Gauchan) úighyr memleketteri óz jalghasyn tauyp, úighyr hany 1209 jyly Shynghys qaghangha baghyndy (búl ýderis 1335 jylgha deyin jalghasty).

Ajodan keyingi Inchu qaghan (847–866) turaly derekter az, al odan keyingi qaghandar turaly mәlimet mýlde saqtalmaghan. 923 jyly Mongholiyagha joryq jasap qaytqan qidandardyng qyrghyzben emes, jabghularmen (qytaylar zubú deydi) soghysqany belgili.

Úighyr men toghyz-oghyzdardyng kóshinen keyin dalada qypshaq pen hun rulary qaldy. Keyin olar qytaylar men qaylardan yghysyp, batysqa qaray ketti. Búl derekti arab ghalymy Ál-Marvaziyding myna sózderi dәleldeydi:

«Týrikterding arasynda qúndar dep atalatyn bir top adamdar bar, olar qytay qaghanynan qorqyp, qytay jerinen keldi. Olar nestorian sarynyndaghy hristiyandar, óz aimaghynan jayylymnyng jetispeushiliginen ketti...»

Keyingi qypshaqtardyng arasynda úighyr ruynyng boluy — qypshaqtardyng Úighyr qaghanatynyng tikeley múrageri ekenin, yaghny qidan joryghynan song jappay batysqa kóshkenin kórsetedi. Búl qún atauy ejelgi ghún (sunnu, hunnu) esimimen baylanysty.

Demek, búl pikirler men derekter 860–870 jyldardan keyin Monghol dalasynda qyrghyzdardyng qalmaghanyn nemese ol jerde túraqty «Qyrghyz qaghanaty» bolmaghanyn kórsetedi. «Hudud әl-Alam» kitabynda da (982–983) qyrghyzdardyng Eneseyde mekendeytini aitylady. Sondyqtan qyrghyz qaghanaty qazirgi keybir tarihshylar aitqanday asa iri qaghanat bolmasa kerek әri ghúmyry da úzaqqa sozylmaghan.

Alataugha qonys audaruy

• 1209 jyly Joshynyng әskeri Eneseyge barghanda 10 myng ýy qyrghyz soghyspay baghyndy. Yuani derekteri boyynsha (1369), qyrghyzdar Enesey boyynda bolghan.

• Olardyng Alataugha kóshui XVI ghasyrdyng basynda oirattardyng qysymynan boldy.

• VII–VIII ghasyrlardaghy qyrghyz-haghastar aqqúba, kókkóz, jiyren shashty bolyp sipattalsa, keyin týrik-mongholdarmen aralasyp, taza mongholoidtyq sipatqa ie boldy.

• Monghol imperiyasynyng joryqtary kezinde qyrghyzdar әr jerge tarap, Altyn Orda men Hulagu úlysynda da qyrghyz rulary boldy.

• Alatau qyrghyzdary turaly alghashqy derekter XVI ghasyrda Múhammed Haydar Dulatiyding enbekterinde kezdesedi, onda qyrghyzdardyng әli músylman emestigi aitylady.

• Eneseyde qalghan bir tobyn XVII ghasyrda orys әskerleri kezdestirip, eki arada soghystar boldy. Jonghar hontayshysy Eneseyge baryp olardy baghyndyrdy da, keyin Tarbaghataygha kóshirdi. 1756 jyly olar 4 myng ýy (20 000 adam) bolghan. Keyin jongharlarmen birge genosidke úshyrap, lama dinin ústanghan Tarbaghatay qyrghyzdarynyng az ghana bóligi (2000-day adam) qaldy.

Alatau qyrghyzdarynyng qalyptasuy

XVI ghasyrda Alataugha kelgen qyrghyzdar moghol biyleushilerine baghynbay, aqyrynda Qazaq handyghyna qarap, Qasym hangha, keyin Tayyr hangha baghynyshty boldy. Qazaq ordasymen 170 jylday birlikte bolghan qyrghyzdar qazaqtarmen óte tyghyz, dostyq qarym-qatynasta ómir sýrdi.

Eneseyden kelgen qyrghyzdargha jergilikti qypshaq, qanly, qytay, nayman, kereyt, barghy rulary, mogholdardan monoldor, qalmaq, baryn, qataghan, chorys, noyghút, qonyrat rulary qosyldy. Búghy ruy V–VI ghasyrlardaghy toghyz-oghyz rularynyng qatarynda 仆固 (bu gut) bolyp atalady.

Qazirgi qyrghyz qúramyndaghy solto, búghy, boston, sayaq, cherik, azyq, sarybaghysh, saru, shonbaghysh, múndúz, múnghúsh, kesek, teyt, tólós, bassyz, qússhy jәne basqa da rular týpki Enesey qyrghyzdarynyng úrpaqtary boluy tiyis.

Erzat Kәribay

Abai.kz