QAZAQ MEMLEKETI TARIHYNA KÓZQARAS
I. Derbes qazaq memleketi qúrylghangha deyin
Qazaq memlekettiliginin tarih sahnasyna óz atymen alghash shyqqan týri Qazaq Ordasy, Qazaq handyghy dep atalghany mәlim. Shyntuaytqa kelgende, eldigimizding tamyry ghasyrlar túnghiyghynda – ghúndar zamanynda, kóktýrikter dәuirlerinde, Qypshaq, Qarahan memleketterinde, bertingi qazaq halqyn janasha qalyptastyrghan Shynghys han qaghanaty, qaghanattaghy Joshy úlysy kezenderinde jatyr.
Qazaqtar keyingi orta ghasyr jyldarynda iri-iri etnostyq toptar retinde bólinip, uaqytynda Altyn Orda atalghan týrki imperiyasynyng kýiregen oryndarynda qalghan Aq Orda, Sibir handyghy, Kók Orda, Noghay Ordasy, Ábilqayyr handyghy jәne Mogholstan sekildi memleketterge qarap túrghan. Búl sayasy birlikterding bәri qazaq memlekettigining izashary ispetti edi. Shyntuaytynda, qazaq memlekettiligining bastauy retinde týrk (týrik emes – týrki, týrk, turk) qaghanaty qúrylghan 552-shi jyl belgilenerine kýmәnim joq. Adamzat tarihyndaghy asa iri ejelgi memleketterding biri retinde moyyndalghan sonau birlikti býgingi tandaghy ghylymy izdenister nәtiyjesinde meylinshe jaqyn tútarymyz kәmil. Áytse de, 13-shi ghasyrda jer-jahandy dir qaqtyra silkindirushi retinde tanylghan túlghadan bermen qarayghy tarihta qazaq memlekettiligining ýzilmes shejiresi jatyr...
Úly Dalany jaylaghan týrki ru-taypalarynyng әr jana sayasy qúrylymy basynda Shynghys han úrpaqtary túrdy. Ár jana sayasy qúrylymnyng ómirge kelui nemese ómir sýruin toqtatuy Shynghys hannan taraghan әuletterding birining biylikten ketiriluine, onyng ornyna jeniske jetken ekinshi bir әuleti ókilderinin ornyghuyna baylanysty jýzege asyp jatatyn. Qazaq Ordasy osynday jolmen shanyraq kóterdi. Búl jәit Shayban úrpaghy Ábilqayyr basqaratyn memleket qúramynan Orda-Ejen úrpaqtary Kerey jәne Jәnibek shyghyp ketkennen keyin oryn aldy. Osy qos súltan basqaratyn ru-taypalardyng qazaqtyq (erkindik) qúryp bas qosuy arqyly jana sayasiy birlikting negizi jasaldy da, úzamay, Ábilqayyr memleketi biyleushisin ózgertip, Qazaq handyghy týrindegi jana sapagha auysty. Biz biyl toylaghaly otyrghan data – qazaqtyng tarihta túnghysh ret tarih sahnasyna óz etnostyq atauymen memlekettik tu kóterip shyqqan shaghy. Al búl, jogharyda aitqanymyzday, Ábilqayyr memleketining jana sapagha auysqan kezine dóp keledi. Biz ýshin asa manyzdysy – osynau jana sapanyng kórinisi retindegi memleketting sodan beri qazaq atymen atalghany bolyp tabylady.
Búl tarihy oqighany mýmkin etken qozghaushy kýsh – Úly Dalada ornyqqan shynghystyq biyleushi әuletterding әreketteri. Shynghystyng ýlken úly Joshy han basqarghan úlysty, ol dýniyeden ótkennen son, Joshyúly Batu biylegeni mәlim. Al Batu han Joshy úlysy keregesin batysqa qaray batyl keneytti. Shyghys Evropagha jasaghan jenisti joryghynan oralghannan keyin, Úlygh Úlystyng (Altyn Orda imperiyasynyn) Edil boyyna salghyzghan astanasy Saray-Batuda otyryp, zamanynda әkesi әmirshilik etken aumaqty kýlli halqymen ózining bauyry Orda-Ejenge berdi. Orda-Ejen Joshy әuleti armiyasynyng sol qanatyn basqardy. Batudyng qolynan ýles alghan kelesi bauyry Shaybannyng әskeri armiyanyng ong qanatyna kirgen. Taghy bir bauyry Toqay-Temirge Batu әskerding artyqshylyqqa ie bóliginen ýles berdi, onyng úrpaqtary Qajy-Tarhangha (Astrahan qalasyna) da biylik jýrgizdi.
Orda-Ejen Joshy Úlysynyng sol qanatyn 1226–1253 jyldary biyledi. Altyn Ordanyng qúramyna kiretin, degenmen ishki-syrtqy sayasaty tәuelsiz jýrgiziletin Aq-Orda memleketin qúrdy. Onyng sayasy róli tek óz úlysynda ghana emes, Shynghys han irgesin qalaghan kýlli alyp qaghanatta, qaghanattyng astanasy Qaraqorymda joghary boldy. Mәselen, imperiyanyng tórtinshi әri songhy qahany, Shynghys hannyng әigili «tórt kýliginin» kishisi Tólening úly Mónkening 1251 jyly qahan, úly han bolyp saylanuyna Batu han qoldau kórsetken edi, soghan qaramastan, Mónke han ózining zannamalyq jarlyqtarynda ony emes, Orda-Ejendi erekshe qúrmettep, esimin Altyn Orda әmirshisi, ózining qoldaushysy Batu han esimining aldyna qoyyp otyrghan.
Orda-Ejen men Shayban úlystary alyp jatqan aumaq 14–15-shi ghasyrlardaghy shyghys derekkózderinde birese Aq Orda, endi birde Kók Orda dep atalyp jýrdi. Sebebi qos úlysty da Orda-Ejen әuletinen shyqqan әmirshiler biylegen. Sondyqtan bolu kerek, derekkózder búl kezendegi Aq Orda iyeligi retinde Jayyqtan Batys Sibir oipatyna, Syrdariyanyng ortanghy jәne tómengi aghysyna deyingi jer-sudy, is jýzinde atalghan eki úlys ornalasqan aumaqty núsqaydy. Orda-Ejen men onyng әuleti biylegen Aq Orda qazaq jerindegi tili bir, ómir sýru salty bir jergilikti etnostar negizinde shanyraq kótergen túnghysh iri memlekettik qúrylym bolatyn.
13–15-shi ghasyrlarda Aq Orda handary mynanday retpen taqta otyrdy: Orda-Ejen (1226–1253) – Sartaq – Qonysha – Bayan – Sasy-Búgha – Erzen – Mýbәrәk – Shymtay – Orys (1361–1377) – Qoyyrshaq – Baraq (1426–1428). Yaghniy Orda-Ejen men onyng әuleti 1226–1428 jyldary (eki ghasyr) biylikte boldy. Orda-Ejenning úrpaqtary, naqtylap aitqanda – Aq Orda әmirshileri Orys han (14-shi ghasyrda biylegen) jәne onyng nemeresi Baraq han (15-shi ghasyrdyng ekinshi shiyregining basynda basqarghan) sol shaqtarda eshqaysysynyng oiyna kele qoymaghan, biraq úzamay, 15-shi ghasyrdyng ortasynda Qazaq handyghy atalyp jýzege asatyn iri tarihy betbúrystyng alghyshartyn jasady.
Shamamen 1410-shy jyldardan bastap, Orys hannyng nemeresi Baraq han Shyghys Deshti-Qypshaqtaghy óz ata-babalarynyng biyligin qaytaryp alu ýshin kýres jýrgizdi. Edilding tómengi aghysy alqabynda ótken shayqasta ýmitkerler әskerin jenip, 1422 jyly Altyn Orda taghyna otyrdy. Biraq odan 1426 jyly airylyp qaldy.
Sol jyly Aq Orda biyleushisi bolyp, Syrdariya boyyndaghy qalalargha, Mauerannahrgha joryqtar jasady. Aq Ordanyng astanasy Syghanaqty ghasyr basynda Ámir Temir basyp alghan edi, sony qaytardy. Orda-Ejen men Toqa-Temirding Týrkistan ólkesindegi iyelikterin Ámir Temir әuleti biyliginen qaytaryp aludy kózdegen shayqastar jýrgizdi. Onyng jigerli әreketteri úlystyng bayyrghy quatyn janghyrta almaghanmen, qazaq elining ontýstigindegi sayasy ahualdy belgili-bir dәrejede ózgeriske týsirdi.
Osy 15-shi jýzjyldyqtyng alghashqy shiyreginde Aq Ordada Joshy túqymy (Orda-Ejen, Shayban, Toqa-Temir) ishindegi әuletaralyq kýres jiyilegen bolatyn. Úlysta býlikter men kiykiljinder tolas tappay jalghasty. 20-shy jyldardyng sonyna qaray Altyn Ordagha qarasty úlystardyng kópshiliginde Shayban balalary biylikke keldi. Al Orda-Ejen úrpaqtary ózderine babalarynan múragha qalghan iyelikterin olardan qorghap qalugha tyrysty. Solardyng biri Baraq han, jogharyda aitylghanday, úlystyng ontýstik bóligin qaytaryp alu ýshin soghysty.
Alayda Baraq han 1428 jyly dýnie saldy da, ol ólgennen keyin Aq Ordadaghy biylik Orda-Ejen – Orys han әuletinen Shayban әuletine ótti. Osy jyly Shayban úrpaghy Ábilqayyr Batys Sibirdegi Tura ónirinde han taghyna otyrghyzyldy. Onyng memleketi Qazaqstannyng soltýstik-batys jәne ortalyq aimaghyn alyp jatty. Handyqtyng jeri geosayasy túrghyda Aq Ordadan derbestengen batystaghy Noghay Ordasy, soltýstiktegi Sibir handyghy jәne shyghystaghy Mogholstan men ontýstiktegi Ámir Temir túqymdary memleketining aralarynda, batysynda – Jayyq ózenine, shyghysynda – Balqash kóline deyin, ontýstiginde Syrdariyanyng tómengi aghysy men Aral tenizi ónirine, soltýstiginde Tobyldyng orta aghysy men Ertiske ketken alyp aumaqty alyp jatty. Ábilqayyr handyghynyng qúramyna qazaq ru-taypalarynyng kópshiligi jәne ózge de kóshpendi týrki taypalary kirdi.
Ábilqayyr han basqarghan qyryq jyl uaqyt ishinde elding sayasy jaghdayynda túraqtylyq pen tynyshtyq bolmady. 15-shi ghasyrdyng orta kezinde Shynghys hannyng úly Joshy júrtyndaghy (Deshti-Qypshaqtaghy) eng quatty biyleushi Joshy han úrpaghy Shaybany Ábilqayyr han edi. Ol kýshi kemeline kelgende, at basyn Syrdariya boyyndaghy aimaqtargha búrdy. Sóitip, sonda kóship-qonyp túrmys keship jýrgen Joshy úrpaghy Orys hannyng oghlandary Jәnibek pen Kereyge jәne olardyng bodandaryna qatty qyspaq kórsetti. Osy jәit eki әulet biyleushileri arasyndaghy taytalasty odan sayyn shiyelenistirdi de, aqyry, Jәnibek pen Kereydi ózderine qarasty ru-taypalaryn bastap Mogholstangha kóship ketuge mәjbýrledi.
Ol zamanda Mogholstan aumaghy Tәnirtau (Tyani-Shani), Kóksheteniz (Balqash kóli), Ertis, Syrdariya ózenderi aralaryn, ontýstiginde Ferghana, Túrfandy alyp jatatyn. Mogholstanda búl kezde (biyleushisi Esen-Búgha han túsynda) biylik qúrylymy әlsiregen edi. Qaramaghyndaghy әmirlerding әrqaysysy óz betterinshe qamal salyp alyp, odan bólinip ketip jatqan. Qalmaqtar elde ortalyqtandyrylghan biylikting joqtyghyn paydalanyp, Jetisugha shabuylyn jiyiletken. Olar Ystyqkól aimaghyna bardy, 1452 jyly Shugha jetti. Esen-Búgha sonda olargha eleuli qarsylyq kórsete almaghan. Oghan mine osy shaqta, dәlirek aitqanda, 1456 jyly, Ábilqayyrdyng biyligine narazy Kerey men Jәnibek súltandar bir qauym júrtyn ertip keldi. Olar «qazaqtyq» jasaugha, yaghny tynys-tirshilikke qolaysyzdyq tughyzghan biyleushining qúzyrynan qashyp, erkin úiysugha bel bughan bolatyn. Esen-Búgha olardy jaqsy qarsy aldy. Osy qos súltangha qaramaqtaryndaghy 200 mynday el-júrtymen emin-erkin mekendeui ýshin, Mogholstannyng batys shet aimaghyn – Shu ózenining Qarataudyng soltýstik silemderi men Betpaqdala aralyghyndaghy Ashysu oiysy kólderine qúiyp jatatyn tómengi aghysy men Jetisudyng batysyndaghy Qozybasy ólkesi aralyghyn bólip berdi.
Qazaq bolu әreketteri týrki taypalary ghúmyrynda búryndary da әrәdik kezdesip túrghan, biraq tap osy jolghyday jana memleket qúrugha baghyttalghan tarihy sipat alghan emes-tin. Altyn Ordanyng ataqty әmirshisi Ózbek hannyng qúrmetine «Kóshpendi ózbekter memleketi» atalghan Ábilqayyr hannyng úlysynan bólinip, Syr boyynan Shu ózenining tómengi aghysy alabyna kóship kelgen az júrt is jýzinde bolashaq qazaq memlekettigining irgetasy bolyp qalandy. Birneshe jyldan keyin Qazaq handyghy, Qazaq Ordasy atanyp jaryqqa shyghatyn memleketting irgesi, sóitip, týrkiler ómirindegi qatardaghy jәit sanalatyn narazy toptyng erkindiksýigishtik, basybostyq tanytyp, ózgening ozbyrlyghyna kónbeushilik kórsetip, yaghny qazaq bolyp óz betterinshe otau tigu oqighasymen qalana bastaghanyn tap sol jyldary eshkim bajaylay almaghan bolar. Alayda úzamay tarihy oqigha shyrqau shynyna shyqty. Jәnibek pen Kerey el-júrtymen jana qonysqa ornyqqan az jyldan keyin Shudyng tómengi aghysy alqabynda jatqan kóne Sozaq qalasynda Qazaq handyghy qúryldy. Eldigimizding aibyndy bayraghy túnghysh ret Qazaq atymen Sozaqta jelbiredi...
II. Handyqtyng qaz túruy men kýshengi
Sonymen, Joshy hannyng Orda-Ejen jәne Shayban atty úldarynan (Shynghys hannyng nemerelerinen) taraghan úrpaqtarynyng bir-birine qysym jasauy aimaqtaghy sony serpiliske úitqy boldy.
Orda-Ejen әuletining qos súltany Jәnibek pen Kerey Shayban әuletinen handyq qúryp túrghan Ábilqayyr biyligining yqpalynan shyghyp ketti – osy oqigha oryn alghan 1456 jyldy biz sol sony serpilistin, mýldem jana qúbylystyng bastauy, Qazaq handyghynyng negizi qalanghan uaqyt dep sanaymyz. Shyghys, batys, orys oqymystylarynyng jәne býgingi zertteushilerding arasynda búl datany rastaytyndar da, kýmәn keltirip, basqa uaqytty belgileytinder de jetkilikti. Degenmen sol súltandardyng óz qaramaqtaryndaghy júrtyn bastap Shudyng tómengi aghysyna qonystanuy qazaqtyng óz atymen jaryqqa shyghatyn memlekettiligining alghashqy irgetasy bolghanyn eshqaysysy joqqa shygharmaydy. Jappay moyyndalghan 1465 jyldy biz de teristemeymiz, óitkeni búl erkindik sýigish az top qarasynyng kóbeyip, derbes el ekenin jariya etken shaghyna sәikes keledi.
Aq Ordanyng bir bóliginde Shayban úrpaghy Ábilqayyr handyq qúryp túrghan jyldarda ontýstik audandardy búrynghysynsha Orda-Ejen úrpaqtary biylep jýrgen-di. Solardyng ishindegi Kerey men Jәnibek te ózderi basqaratyn aumaqtarda belgili-bir ru-taypalardyng hany (kishi handar) bolatyn. Kezinde Jәnibekting әkesi, Aq Orda biyleushisi Baraq handy qoldaghan ru-taypalardyng Syr boyy qalalarymen baylanysyp jatqan edәuir bóligi olargha baghynatyn-dy. Tәuelsiz qalypta ómir sýrip jatqan. Alayda búl jәit, әriyne, Ábilqayyr handy qanaghattandyrmaytyn. 1428 jyly taqqa otyrghan ol handyqtaghy biyligi kýsheygen shaqta, aqyry, memleketining qúrylymy men qúramyn naqtylaudy qosh kóredi. Sóitip, 1446 jyly handyqtyng ontýstigine joryq jasap, Syrdariya qalalaryn alghan. Astanasyn Syghanaqqa kóshirgen.
Demek, sol jyldan bastap Joshy han úrpaqtarynyng eki bútaghy ókilderi arasyndaghy qarsy túrushylyq órshy týsken bolugha kerek. Tiyisinshe, Ábilqayyr hannyng ozbyr biyligine narazy súltandar sol shamada Mogholstan hany Esen-Búghamen kelissóz jýrgizudi bastaghan boluy yqtimal. Sosyn, Múhammed Haydardyng «Rashid tarihynda» («Tariyh-y Rashidiy») aitylatynday, olar ózderine bólip berilgen Mogholstannyng batys shet aimaghyn qúraytyn ólkege ornyqqan. Al Mogholstannyng shyghys bóligi arqyly 1457 jyly Syr boyyna ótken oirattar Syghanaq qalasy manynda Ábilqayyr hannyng әskerin tas-talqan etken. Syrdariyanyng ortanghy aghysyndaghy qalalardy talan-tarajgha týsirgen. Osy shapqynshylyqtan keyin Ábilqayyr hannyng qúzyrynan qashyp, Jәnibek pen Kereyge qosylushylar qatary kóbeye týsken de, az uaqytta qazaqtar sany aldynghy tarauda aitylghan mólsherge jetken...
Astanasy týbinde kýirey jenilip, qalmaqtar qoyghan auyr sharttargha moyynsúnghan Ábilqayyr hannyng es jiiyna birneshe jyl ketedi. Sosyn ol ózining shapqynshylyqtan kýizelgen iyelikterinde tәrtip ornatugha kirisedi. Ishki jaghdayyn birshama rettegennen keyin, qúzyrynan bólinip óz aldyna handyq qúryp alghan Jәnibek pen Kerey handardy juasytyp almaqqa bekinedi. Sonday maqsatpen joryqqa shyghady. Biraq joryq kezinde qaza tabady. Búl 1468 jyl edi.
Aq Orda aumaghynda qyryq jyl әmirshi bolghan Shayban әuletining ókili Ábilqayyr han osylay ómirden ótkennen son, Jәnibek pen Kerey onyng iyeligine oralyp, Syghanaqtaghy jogharghy biylikti basyp alady. Sodan bastap, Shaybany Ábilqayyr han túsynda «kóshpendi ózbekter memleketi» atanyp ózgeriske úshyraghan bayyrghy Aq Ordany Joshy úrpaghynyng basqa bútaghy – Shaybannyng aghasy Orda-Ejennen taraytyn Orys-han әuletining oghlandary qayta basqara bastaydy. Úlys sapalyq túrghyda bir etnosqa tútastanyp, qazaq atymen jana satygha shyghady, Úly dalada Qazaq memleketining tuy jelbireydi...
Jalpy, búrynghy Aq Orda aumaghynyng ontýstik bóliginde, jogharyda aitqanymyzday, Orda-Ejen úrpaqtarynyng biyligi is jýzinde ýzilmegen bolatyn. (Búghan kóne shyghys qoljazbalarynyng derekterin negizge alghan býgingi zertteulerde aitylghan kýlli oi-pikirdi taldap qarastyrghan sayyn kóz jete týsedi). Sol sebepti Jәnibek pen Kerey qaramaghyndaghy júrtyn derbes ómir sýruge bastap shygha aldy, sol sebepti de qazaq ru-taypalary olar kótergen tu astyna jiylyp, býkil aimaqtyng sayasy tarihyna jәne úlan-ghayyr dala tósin mekendeytin barsha jergilikti alash júrtynyng taghdyryna aituly ózgeris engizdi.
Qarasy kóbeyip, 1465 jyly handyq tuyn tikken halqymyz eldigimizdi janasha túrpatta janghyrtty. Osy jana sayasy jәne memlekettik qúrylym Ábilqayyr handyghyndaghy biylikti qolgha alu arqyly mýldem kýsheye týsti. Tarihta qyryq jylday Ábilqayyr memleketi, Kóshpendi ózbek úlysy atanghan Aq Ordanyng qazaq ru-taypalary mekendeytin bóligi jana sapalyq dengeyge auysyp, derbes Qazaq handyghy retinde ómir sýre bastady.
Al derbes últtyq Qazaq memleketin qúrghan Jәnibek pen Kerey handar qazaq dalasyndaghy halyqty bir shanyraqqa úiystyrghan Joshy úlysynyng әmirshisi, Shynghys hannyng ýlken úly Joshy hannan taraghan, sayasy biylikti eki ghasyrdan astam uaqyt boyy qolda ústap, biyleushi bolyp kele jatqan óte kýshti, bedeldi әuletting ókilderi bolyp tabylady. Taghdyr olargha ata-babalary biylep kelgen aumaqtaghy memlekettik qúrylymdy mýldem sony sapagha auystyryp, janghyrtudy, jana etnostyq birlikke negizdelgen qazaq últtyq memleketin qúrudy búiyrtty.
Olardyng Shynghys hannan Orys hangha deyingi atalary bir, al odan beri qaray ekeui eki әuletke bólinedi. Búlar – Orys hannyng Toqtaqiya jәne Qoyyrshaq degen eki úlynan taraghan oghlandar. Shynghys hannyng nemeresi Orda-Ejennen jýz jyl keyin dýniyege kelgen úrpaghy Orys hannyng shóbereleri. Kerey – Bolattyng úly, Toqtaqiyanyng nemeresi, al Jәnibek – Baraqtyng úly, Qoyyrshaqtyng nemeresi. Kerey – agha balasy, jasy da Jәnibekten ýlken. Sondyqtan, qazaqtyqqa shyghudy shóbereles inisi Jәnibekpen birge bastaghanmen, ata saltyna say, qazaq taghyna odan búryn otyrghan. Kerey dýniyeden ozghannan keyin eldi Jәnibek biyledi.
Orys hannyng osy qos shóberesi alghashqy jyldarda birinen song biri han saylanyp, Qazaq memleketin nyghaytysty. Áriyne, búl eki han qazaqtyng barlyq ru-taypalary men jer-suyn týgel biriktire alghan joq. Biraq olar qazaq atymen atalghan últtyq memleketti túnghysh ret tarih sahnasyna alyp shyghuymen asa qadirlenedi jәne eshqashan úmytylmaydy. Olardyng danqty isin úldary layyqty týrde jalghastyrdy. On shaqty jyl el basqaryp, shamamen 1480 jyly ómirden ozghan Jәnibek hannan keyin taqqa Kerey hannyng úly Búryndyq súltan otyrghan. Al Jәnibekúly Qasym súltan el qúrylymynyng bir úlysyn basqardy. Búryndyq hanmen qatar memlekettik isterge aralasa jýrip, ol da tarihtaghy óz ornyn alugha bettep kele jatty...
Ótken ghasyrdyng 70-shi jyldarynda Samarqanda ótken bir seminargha qatysushylar tau baurayynan oryn tepken Shah-iy-zinda mavzoleyler kesheninde bolghan edik. Sonda ekskursiya jýrgizushiden bir qyzyq derek bilgenbiz. Ol ortaghasyrlyq sәulet eskertkishteri shoghyryn tanystyryp kele jatyp, biyikke salynghan Múhammed payghambardyng aghayyny Qusam ibn Abbastyng mazaryna aparatyn myn-san tepkishekti jol boyyndaghy bir kýmbezge eshkim qoyylmaghan, ony kózi tirisinde ózine Búryndyq saldyrghan, biraq ol qazaq dalasynda, alysta qaza tapqandyqtan, denesi múnda әkelinbegen degen-di.
Búryndyq – qazaq tarihynda erekshe orny bar esim. Ol Ámu men Syr aralyghy aimaghyndaghy (Mauerennahr-Maverannahrdaghy) biyleushilermen, Mogholstan әmirshilerimen soghysty. Qazaq halqynyng etnostyq tútastyghyna qol jetkizudi kóksedi. Qazaqqa tәn aumaqty әkesi qúrghan handyq qúramyna halqymen birge jinastyrudy kózdedi. Jenisterge jetti. Gidting әngimesin tyndaghanda, Ámir Temir zamanynan Maverannahrdaghy bas qala, oqu-aghartu, ónerkәsip, ghylym men óner ortalyghy bolyp kele jatqan Samarqanda, bәlkim, belgili bir kezende Búryndyqtyng júldyzy jarqyraghan bolar dep oiladyq. Onda Búryndyq hannyng qyzy Miyhr-Súltan hanym túratyn. Kezinde ony әkesi Shaybany Múhamed súltannyng úly Temir súltangha túrmysqa bergen edi. Hanymnyng Samarqanda jәne qala manyndaghy jerlerde ýlken baylyghy bolatyn...
Búryndyq han Qazaq Ordasy basynda Jәnibek hannan keyin otyz jyldan astam uaqyt túrdy. San myng sarbazy bar quatty әskerge qolbasshylyq etti. Qazaqiyanyn, yaghny últtyq atalymymen aishyqtalghan memleketting ýshinshi hany retinde, ony nyghaytu ýshin kóp kýsh-qayrat júmsady. Onyng biylik qúrghan uaqyty úrystar men qaqtyghystargha toly boldy. Syr óniri men Jetisuda Maverannahr, Mogholstan biyleushilerimen shayqasty. Batystaghy qazaq ru-taypalaryn handyqqa qospaqqa Noghay Ordasyna bardy. Sarayshyqty biraz uaqyt qazaq elining bas qalasyna ainaldyrdy.
Qysqasy, qazaqtyng etnostyq aumaghyn biriktiru, memlekettiligin nyghaytu jolynda belsendi kýres jýrgizdi. El biylegen alghashqy jiyrma shaqty jylynda Qazaq handyghynyng aumaghy úlghayyp, quaty artuy jolyna kóp kýsh júmsaghan, tiyisinshe ózining de bedeli ósip, ataq-abyroyy, aibyny asqaqtaghan edi. Alayda biyligining odan keyingi kezeninde – 16-shy ghasyrdyng alghashqy onjyldyghynda edәuir qatelikter jiberdi. Shayban úrpaqtarynyng qazaqtargha qarsy joryqtaryna toytarys beru mәselesinde memleket mýddesine qayshy keletin enjarlyq kórsetti. Al búl kezde el ishinde Qasym súltannyng bedeli artyp kele jatqan. Júrtshylyq onyng otan qorghaudaghy qajyr-qayratyna, enbegine, erligine sýisinip, hannan artyq qúrmettedi. Sonda, ózining biyleushilik bedelin joghaltqanyna kózi jetip, Búryndyq han 1511 jyly taqty tastaghan da, Maverannahrdyng bir qiyryna ketken...
Osy jyldan qazaq memleketining basyna ataghy dýrkiregen әskerbasy Qasym súltan keldi. Áz atanyp, halyqtyng erekshe sýiispenshiligine bólengen Jәnibek hannyng balasy. Onyng han saylanuymen memlekettilikting airyqsha jarqyraghan kezeni bastaldy. Qasym han biylikte bolghan on bir jyl qazaq memleketining quaty artqan, kemeline jetip, ózge elder qúrmetpen qaraghan dәuir boldy. Handyqtyng halyqy bir millionnan asty. Armiyasyndaghy sarbazdar mólsheri ýsh jýz myngha jetti.
Qasym han el basqarghan jyldary Jayyqqa deyingi aimaq, ontýstik ónir birjola handyq qúramyna endi, elimizding jalpy aumaghy shamamen qazirgi kólemge jetti. El-júrt úmytpay, әli kýnge deyin sýiispenshilikpen eske alatyn «Qasym hannyng qasqa joly» atty әigili qúqyqtyq qújat jasaldy. Osynau zandyq jinaqtyng arqasynda memlekettikti nyghaytugha baghyttalghan sharalar jýzege asyrylyp, halyqtyng tynys-tirshiliginde túraqtylyq ornady. Ony týrli әleumettik top qoldap, quattaghandyqtan da, ishki jaghday jaqsardy. Mal sharuashylyghymen, qolónermen, eginshilikpen shúghyldanatyn aimaqtar arasynda ónim almasu, sauda-sattyq jasau keng óris aldy. Jayyq boyyndaghy Sarayshyq qalasy qazaq elining astanasyna ainaldy.
Qazaqiya halyqaralyq dengeyde tanyla bastady. Mәskeu (Moskoviya) patshalyghymen diplomatiyalyq qarym-qatynas ornatyldy. Alys memleketterden elshiler kelip-ketip jatty. Kýni keshe soghysyp jýrgen dýrdaraz kórshiler Qazaq handyghynyng kýsh-quatyn moyyndap, endi onymen tatu bolu jolyn ústandy...
III. Handyqtyng әlsireui jәne qayta janghyrugha bet aluy
15-shi ghasyrdyng songhy jiyrma jyldyghynan 16-shy ghasyrdyng alghashqy jiyrma jyldyghy boyy Qazaq handyghynyng irgesi edәuir úlghaydy. Nyghaydy. Búl ýderiske Búryndyq hannan keyin, 1511–1521 jyldary biylikte bolghan Qasym han zor ýles qosty. Ol óz kezinde qazaq jer-suy men halqyn jinastyryp, biriktiru sharalaryn jedel jýzege asyrdy. Alayda handyqtyng órkendeuinde túraqty ilgerileudi qamtamasyz etetin ýderiske qol jetkizu mýmkin bolmady...
Qasym hannyng biyligi túsynda Qazaq handyghynyng sayasy jәne ekonomikalyq jaghdayy jaqsara týskenin, túraqtylyq ornaghanyn, halyqaralyq arenada tanyla bastaghanyn ótken tarauda aittyq. Qazaq halqynyng qazirgi zamanda meken etip jýrgen aumaghy negizinen, shyntuaytynda, sol jyldary qalyptasty. Sol jyldary Mәskeu memleketimen, Qazan, Orta Aziya, Sibir handyqtarymen sauda jәne elshilik baylanys jasaldy. Batys Europa da qazaq memleketin Qasym han túsynda tanyp bildi.
Degenmen handyqtaghy biylik qúrylymy tek Qasym hannyng bedeli arqasynda ghana tútastyq kórsetip, abyroyy asqaqtap túrghan edi.
Al onyng bedeli Búryndyq han túsynda kóterile bastaghan-tyn. Qasym súltan óz iyeligindegi Arqa jerine Shayban túqymdarynyng birneshe ret jasaghan shapqynshylyghyna han әskerining qoldauynsyz-aq toytarys bergen. Eleuli qarsylyq kórsetip qana qoymay, dúshpandy tas-talqan etip jengen. Osynau jenimpaz jasaqtyng sardary retinde, tiyisinshe, el ishindegi ataq-abyroyy ósken bolatyn. Qasym súltannyng jenilisti bilmeytin qalyng qosyndary ol han saylanghannan keyin de aibyndylyghyn arttyra týsip, eldegi tynyshtyqty, kórshi handyqtarmen beybit qatar ómir sýrudi qamtamasyz etip túrghan. Hannyng osynday aibarynyng arqasynda el ishinde sharuashylyq jәne әleumettik-túrmystyq ózara baylanystardy jaqsartu, әdet-ghúryp zandaryn qoldanudy retke keltiru mәselelerin kózdep jasalghan kýlli reforma kidirissiz jýzege asyp jatty.
Múhammed Haydar Dulaty әigili «Rashid tarihynda» Joshy hannan keyin onyng dәrejesine parapar ýlken biylikke Qasym han ghana jetti, odan basqa eshkim de qol jetkize almady dep atap kórsetken. Qasym han óte qúdiretti biyleushi boldy.
Qysqasy, Qasym handy asa iri memleket qayratkeri, sayasy túlgha, qaharly әmirshi retinde moyyndaushylyq – handyqta úiymdastyrylghan manyzdy sharalardyng mýltiksiz oryndaluyn qamtamasyz etti. Yaghny biyik pәrmenning el ishinde oidaghyday jýzege asyryluyna memlekettik jýienin, әkimshilik baghynys qúrylymynyng qatang ortalyqtandyryluynan góri, joghary dәrejeli әmirshining qahary, aibary sheshushi ról atqardy.
Alayda memleketting myqtylyghyn túraqtandyryp, memlekettik tәrtipting búljymastyghyn qamtamasyz etu ýshin onyng basshysy qúrghan әkimshilik jýie de ómirsheng bolugha kerek. Eldi basqaru qúrylymy biylikting týrli dengeylerinde jogharyly-tómendi ózara tәueldilikti, baghynyshtylyqty qamsyzdandyrugha tiyis. Biraq naqty jaghday olay bolmay shyqty. Qasym han 1521 jyly Sarayshyqta mәngilikke tynshyghannan keyin memlekette biylikke talasushylar boy kórsetip, búl oraydaghy kemistikti tez ashyp berdi.
Taqqa múragerlik jolmen Qasym hannyng ýlken úly Mamash súltan otyrghan, biraq handyqtaghy ózge súltandargha onyng aidyndylyghy kem kórindi. Edәuir jasqa kelip qalghan Mamash hannyng ainalasyna birden әkesindey әser ete almauy týsinikti jәit, alayda taghdyr oghan ózining biyleushilik qabiletin tolyq ashuyna uaqyt jaghynan mýmkindik bermedi. Ol han taghynda bir-eki jylday ghana bolyp, әldebir shayqas kezinde qaza tapty.
Sodan keyin Joshy túqymdary arasynda qazaq elindegi bas biyleushining ornyna talasu әreketteri ýdey týsti. Han boludan dәmesi bar súltandar ózara qyrqysty. Tipti bolmaghan song olar óz ólkelerinde jeke-dara biylikke úmtylyp, handyqty birneshe úsaq úlysqa bólshektep jiberdi. Ne kerek, Kerey men Jәnibek qúrghan, Qasym túsynda kemeline jetken handyq ainalasy birneshe jyldyng ishinde birin biri moyyndamaytyn aimaqtyq handyqtargha bólindi. Syrt júrt ta Qasym han kezindegi Qazaq eline qúrmetpen qaraushylyghyn jiyp qoyyp, qazaq biyleushilerine qarsy joryqtargha shyqty, sol jolda ózara odaq qúra bastady.
Osynday alasapyran kezende Qasym hannyng kishi úly, Sozaq qalasynyng әmirshisi Haq-Nazar (Haqnazar, Aqnazar) súltan batyl týrde eldi biriktiru sharalaryn jasaugha kiristi...
Mamash han úrys ýstinde opat bolghan son, súltandar arasynda el tizginin qolgha alu ýshin taghy biraz talas-tartys ótken de, aqyry, 1523 jyly taqqa Qasym hannyng nemere inisi Tahir (Tayyr) otyrghan. Ol 1532 jylgha deyin biylikte boldy, biraq, memleket basqaru isinde shyn mәninde qayratkerlik qabilet kórsete almaghan siyaqty. Ataqty qazaq tarihshysy Qadyrghaly Jalayyr ózining әigili «Jylnamalar jinaghynda» («Jәmy at-tauariyh») ol jayynda: «biraz uaqyt handyq qúrghanmen, patshalyqtyng syryn bilmedi» dep jazghan. Zertteushiler Tayyr hannyng boyynda erekshe bir mәmilegerlik, sonday-aq aita qalarlyqtay әskerbasylyq qasiyetting bolmaghanyn aitady.
Shynynda da ol eleuli qolbasy qabiletin tanytpady, eng bastysy, bas han retinde, eldegi biyleushilermen eki arada ózara týsinistikke qol jetkize almady. Jetisu biyleushisi Búidash, Syghanaq әmirshisi Ahmet sekildi yqpaldy súltandar ony eleng qylmady. Olargha ózin moyyndatugha múnyng shamasy jetpedi. Sonday ahualdyng saldarynan shyghar, Tahir hannyng biylikte bolghan kezinde qazaq memleketining syrtqy qatynastary da kýrt nasharlady. Qasym han túsyndaghy noghaylarmen arada ornaghan tatulyq әskery qaqtyghysqa úlasty. Tashkent biyleushisi Keldi-Múhammedpen týsinise almaghandyqtan, ózbektermen de shayqasugha tura keldi. Týrkistan manynda jeniliske úshyrady. Onyng biylikte bolghan kezinde Mogholstan handarymen aradaghy jarasymdy qatynas ta búzyldy.
Ne kerek, osy kezende Qazaq handyghy ontýstiktegi jәne soltýstik-batystaghy jerining birer bóliginen airyldy.
Degenmen Tayyr han Jetisudy jәne Ystyqkól aimaghyn saqtap qalugha kóp kýsh júmsady. Qyrghyzdarmen odaqtasyp, eldi mogholdar men qalmaqtardyng shapqynshylyghynan qorghady. Shamamen 1532 jyly qaza tapty.
Odan keyin qazaq eline Toghym súltan han saylandy. Biraq Jetisu әmirshisi Búidash pen Syghanaq әmirshisi Ahmet súltandar onyng da biyligine moyynsúnbay, óz aimaqtarynda ózderin han saylatyp aldy. Tiyisinshe, Toghym hannyng túsynda da ózara qyrqysular toqtalghan joq. Osy tústa qazaq memleketining bolashaq qútqarushysy Qasymúly Aqnazar súltan kórine bastaghan. Ol Sozaq әmirshisi bolatyn. Biraq, handyqty bólshektegen Jetisu әmirshisi Búidash pen Syghanaq әmirshisi Ahmet sekildenbey, birden Toghym hannyng biyligin moyyndap, oghan qoldau kórsetti.
Búl kezde is jýzinde birneshe handyqqa bólinip ketkendikten, qazaq jerinde syrtqy jaugha birlesip qarsy túru qiyndap ketken. Birigip qimyl ýilestiruding ornyna, handar óz betterinshe әreket etken. Toghym han men Búidash han Jetisu men Syrdariya ónirin moghol jәne ózbek handarynyng shapqynshylyghynan saqtap qalu ýshin kýresti. Ahmet han qazaq elining ortalyq jәne batys ónirin qorghamaqqa Noghay Ordasyna joryqqa attandy. Sol joryqta tútqyngha týsip, 1435 jyly manghyt Oraq batyrdyng qolynan qaza tapty. Ónirding biraz bóligi noghaylardyng biyligine ótip ketti. Mogholdardyng ózbektermen birikken әskerine qarsy shayqasta, shamamen 1537 jyly, Toghym han qaza tapty. Búidash han Ystyqkól manynda úrys jýrgizip jatty.
Osynday ahual kezinde Aqnazar súltan әueli ontýstiktegi Ahmet han biylegen aumaqty, sosyn Búidash han biylegen Batys Jetisudy Qazaq handyghyna qayta qosty. Óstip, bólshektenu saldarynan әlsiregen memleketti qalpyna keltiru isin qolgha aldy. Nyghay jolyna týsire bastady.
Sóitip, iygilikti isimen kózge týsken Haq-Nazar, eldegi bayyrghy han saylau saltyna say, 1538 jyly aq kiyizge otyrghyzylady. Molda tiyisti diny joralghy jasaydy. Sodan song biyler han otyrghan aq kiyizdi jan-jaghynan ústap joghary kóteredi. Tanystyru rәsimining talabyna sәikes, jinalghan júrtshylyqtyng aldynan alyp ótedi. Eldegi berekesizdikten qajyghan halyq jana hangha ýlken ýmit arta qaraydy...
Ishki jәne syrtqy sayasatta Haqnazar han әkesi Qasym hannyng jolyn jalghastyrudy múrat tútty. Ol han taghynda otyrghanda Qazaq handyghy birlikke, tútastyqqa iyek artqanmen, óz territoriyasynyng jartysyna juyghynan airylghan kýide edi. Elding batysy – noghaylardyn, shyghysy – oirattardyn, soltýstigi – Sibir handyghynyn, Mogholstan men Tashkent – Búhara handyghynyng qol astyna týsken bolatyn. Qasym han túsynda handyq shekarasy Úlytau men Balqashtan asqan, Jayyq pen Syrdariyagha ketken, jobalap aitqanda býgingi Qazaqstan territoriyasynyng shamasynday edi.
Memleketting aumaghyn әkesi qalyptastyrghan kólemge jetkizudi Aqnazar han el tizginin qolgha alysymen armandady. Qazaq rularynyng ata qonystaryn óz qalyptarynda, bóten júrtqa tiygizbey saqtaugha, handyqtyng kórshi elder aldyndaghy yqpalyn qalpyna keltiruge kýsh saldy. Eldi Qasym han kezinde 1511 jyly qabyldanghan «Qasqa jol» zandar jiyntyghyn («Qasymnyng qasqa joly») basshylyqqa alu arqyly basqardy. Memleketting bayyrghy aumaghyn qalpyna keltiruge tyrysty. Alayda búl oryndaluy qiyn sharua bolyp shyqty. Áytse de Haqnazar han mýmkindiginshe qazaq mýddesi ýshin kýresti. Onyng túsynda Qazaq handyghy qayta birigip, damy týsti.
Ol memlekettik biylikti nyghaytugha jәne kýsheytuge qajyrly qayrat júmsady. Ózinen búryn bytyranqy jaghdaygha týsken Qazaq handyghyn qayta biriktirdi. Qazaq-qyrghyz odaghyn odan әri nyghaytty, sol zamannyng tarihy derekterinde ony «qazaqtar men qyrghyzdardyng patshasy» dep ataghan. Haqnazar osy qazaq-qyrghyz odaghyna sýiene otyryp, Mogholstan handarynyng Jetisu men Ystyqkól alabyn jaulap alu әreketine toytarys berdi.
Haqnazar handyq qúrghan kezde Qazaq handyghynyng syrtqy jaghdayynda asa iri tarihy oqighalar bolyp jatty.
Memleketting soltýstiginde Mәskeu knyazidigining shekarasy qazaq dalasyna qaray edәuir taqaldy. 1552 jyly Qazan, 1558 jyly Astrahan handyqtaryn basyp alghan Mәskeu patshalyghy Edil ózenining barlyq angharyn, búrynghy Altyn Orda qaghanatynyng bas qalalary ornalasqan aumaqty iyelengen. (Sonau bir basqa kýn tughan shaqtarda qonys audara beruge mәjbýr bolghan, taghy da jer-suynan airylghan júrttyn: «...Búrynghy ótken atamyz Kóshemin dep óldi me, Qyrymdy tastap Edilge Aqyly joqtan keldi me... Edil menen Jayyqqa Eshbir jerding teni joq!.. Meken etken qonysyn – Edil menen Jayyqty Qatyn-bala saghynar», – degen ókinishti jyr joldary bizding zamanymyzgha jetti). Mәskeu jihangerleri Bashqúrt jәne Sibir handyqtaryn knyazidik qúramyna engizdi. Edil men Jayyq arasyndaghy ónirdi mekendegen Noghay Ordasyn ydyratyp, halyqty qyrghyngha úshyratty. Aman qalghan noghaylardyng deni Kavkazgha, odan týrik eline ketti.
Úlystyng edәuir halqyn (búlardyng deni qazaq ru-taypalary bolatyn, el ishinde noghay men qazaqtyng airyluynan kórinis beretin týrli jyr, kýy saqtalghan) Haqnazar han memleketine qaratyp aldy. Soghan oray Haqnazar «qazaqtar men noghaylardyng hany» dep ataldy. Sóitip, noghaylarmen aralas-qúralas túryp kelgen qazaq taypalary 1560-shy jyldary etnostyq territoriyasymen birge Qazaq handyghyna birikti.
Búryndyq pen Qasym handar biylegen zamandardan basqa uaqyttarda Noghay Ordasynyng astanasy bolyp kelgen Sarayshyq qalasy Qazaq handyghy qúzyryna ótti.
18-shi ghasyrda Orynbor ólkesinde qyzmet istegen tarihshy Petr Rychkov Haqnazar han tek noghaylardy ghana emes, bashqúrttardy, Qazan, Sibir jәne Astrahan handyqtaryn, Búharany, Hiuany, Tashkentti jәne basqa kóptegen qalalardy óz biyligine qaratyp, olardan alym-salyq jinatyp túrdy dep jazdy.
Qazirgi zertteushiler Haqnazardyng túsynda qazaq memleketi tap onday dәrejege jetpegenin, alayda aumaghynyng keneyip, quatynyng arta týskenin, handyqtyng edәuir nyghayghany dausyz ras ekenin aitady.
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