JERIMIZGE KÓZ ALARTQAN DUShENOVTERGE QALAY JAUAP QATAMYZ?
Jaqynda kórshi eldegi «Pravoslaviyelik Rusi» taldau agenttigi atty әldebir «úlyorysshyl» úiym diyrektory Konstantin Dushenov deytin qayratkerding Aqtóbedegi qandy oqighagha baylanysty jasaghan mәlimdemesinen habardar boldyq. Onyng oiynsha, búl «diny fanatizmge boy aldyrghandardyng isi» «Reseyding qauipsizdigine, Qazaqstandaghy orys diasporasyna qauip tóndiredi», jalpy «Qazaqstandy memleket dep aitugha mýldem bolmaydy. Ol Reseyding kómegimen hat tanyghan taypalardyng birlestigi», sondyqtan bolashaqta ondaghy «orystar qonystanghan Resey territoriyasy» qaytarylyp, imperiya qúramyna ótui tiyis.
Mine, keudesinde últtyq namysy bar әr qazaqtyng ary men janyna tiyerlik oisyz, negizsiz osynday mәlimdeme jasaldy. Alayda búl birinshi mәrte emes, barshamyzgha belgili, tarihy otanynan tys aumaqtardaghy (ózge tәuelsiz elderdegi) «qysymgha týsken orystardy qorghaudy» kózdeytin múnday pikirler orys memleketining belgili sayasatshylary, basshylary tarapynan kópten beri aytylyp keledi. Tipti múnday qisynsyz sóz jaqynda Resey parlamentining tórayymy auzynan da shyqty. Sondyqtan «Pravoslaviyelik Rusi» taldau agenttigi bastyghynyng aitqany eshqanday da tyng janalyqqa jatpaytynyn bilemiz. Olardyng bәlen jyldyq tarihy bar belgili bir últ, memleket jayly osynday úshqary pikir aitugha moralidyq qúqyqtary joq. Múnyng bәri orynsyz últtyq astamshylyq pighyldan, keudemsoqtyqtan tuyndap otyrghany belgili. Demek, memleketimizding tarihyn joqqa shygharatyn, qaterli saldarlargha úryndyruy yqtimal múnday mәlimdemelerdi eleusiz qaldyrmaghan jón. Oghan qarsy qoyarlyq ústanymdar men sharalar oilastyru kerek. Eng aldymen, sonday arandatqysh mәlimdemege memleket tarapynan tiyisti ýn qatyp, der kezinde toytarys berip otyrghan dúrys. Sonymen birge ruhy myqty, últyn sýietin, bolashaqta memleketimizding tizginin qoldaryna berik ústaytyn azamattarymyzdy tәrbiyeleu júmystaryn jýieli týrde jýzege asyrghan jón. Ras, oilanyp ta, әrekettenip te kelemiz. Bizding elimizde byltyr Qazaq handyghynyng 550 jyldyghy atap ótildi, otansýigishtik qasiyetti úshtaugha baghyttalghan birqatar basqa sharalar da jasaldy. Solardyng ishinde belgili jazushy Beybit Qoyshybaevtyng «Ruh BG» baspasynan shyqqan «Qazaq memleketi tarihyna kózqaras» atty tarihy ocherkin azamattardy, jas úrpaqty tarih arqyly tәrbiyeleu qúraldary qataryna qosugha bolady.
Búl kitap «qazaqta eshqashan memlekettilik bolmaghan» dep jón-josyqsyz sóilep jýrgenderge qarsy túra alatyn bilimdi, tarihy sauatty, elining ótkenin dúrys saraptap, tәuelsizdik tuyn bekem ústap jýruge qabiletti úrpaq tәrbiyesine qajetti, paydaly maghlúmattar beredi. Kitap avtory qazaqtyng óz atymen tarih sahnasyna shyqqan Ordasy, Handyghy – is jýzinde Úly dalada Shynghys han qaghanaty, Joshy úlysy aumaqtarynda bir sapadan ekinshi sapagha auysyp jatqan memlekettik qúrylymdardyng ishindegi túnghysh ret óz etnosy atymen atalghan týri ekenine nazar audarady. Osy uaqytqa deyin ghylym anyqtaghan tarihy derekterge sýiene otyryp, 1456 jyly irgesi qalana bastaghan qazaq memlekettigining damu jolyn ainalasyndaghy elder (orys patshalyghy, oghan qaraghan qalmaq handyghy, kazaktar qauymy, bashqúrt eli, shyghystaghy jonghar handyghy, ózge de memlekettik qúrylymdar) tarihyn qatar qarastyru arqyly bayandaydy. Elding tútastyghyna qalay qol jetkizilgenin, odan memlekettilikke qater tóndirgen syrtqy jaghdaylardy, údayy shapqynshylyq ótinde bolu saldarynan tughan kýrdeli sayasy ahualdy әngimeleydi. El basqaru isine reforma jasau qajettigin sezinu, sóitip, XVIII ghasyrdyng basynda, Tәuke hannyng kezinde ýsh ólkege ýsh kishi han saylau oqighalary uaqyt talabyna say joghary dәrejede qorytylghan sayasy oidyng jemisi retinde sipattalady.
Avtor «Qazaq memleketi tarihyna kózqarasta» osy uaqytqa deyingi jazbasha bayandalghan tarihta bekip qalghanday bolghan «eldi bólshektegen» kezenning syryn, «birtútas handyqtyng ýsh jýzge bólinui» syndy qúbylysty songhy ghylymy jetistikterdi paydalana otyryp, biylikti jetildirudegi izdenister retinde týsindiredi. Tәuke hannan keyin payda bolghan agha han instituty negizinde búl mәrtebege 1715 jyly Qayyp han, 1719 jyly Ábilqayyr han ie boldy. Ábilqayyr Jonghar handyghy әskerlerining 1723 jylghy joyqyn soqqysynan keyin tez es jiyp, qol qúrap, jongharlardyng teristiktegi odaqtasy qalmaqtardyng qazaq eline shabuylynyng aldyn alu sharalaryn jýrgizdi. Odan, úshqyr jasaghymen ontýstikke auysyp, manyndaghy aumaghymen birge qazaq astanasy Týrkistandy jaudan azat etti. Sóitip, Otan soghysy mýddelerin talqylau jәne keleli sheshimder qabyldau ýshin, 1726 jyly Ordabasy qúryltayyn shaqyrdy. Sonda oghan agha han mәrtebesine layyq bas qolbasshylyq lauazym resmy týrde berildi.
Agha han әri bas qolbasshy Ábilqayyr bahadýr azattyq soghystaryn oidaghyday jýrgizip, Anyraqaydaghy iri jeniske qol jetkizdi. Quatty jonghar qontayshysymen kelisimge kelisimen, qauip-qater seyilmey túrghan teristik-batys shekaragha attandy. Ordasynda bas qosqan qazaq elitasy jinalysynyng tapsyrmasyna sәikes, irgeles bashqúrtpen aradaghy qatynasty retke keltiru ýshin, orys patshayymyna elshilik jiberdi. Avtor osy orayda tarihy әdebiyette de, júrtshylyq arasynda da qalyptasqan úghym men naqty shyndyqty tarihy qújattardy qarastyra otyryp ashady.
Ábilqayyr han 1731 jylghy 10 qazanda ordasyndaghy basqosuda Qazaq handyghyn orys patshalyghynyng protektoraty mәrtebesine kóshiruge bel bughanyn jariya etedi. Kitapta hannyng sondaghy kózdegen maqsaty men ony elitanyng edәuir bóligining qoldamau sebebi aitylady. Ábilqayyr quatty orys memleketine arqa sýiey otyryp, bir ortalyqtandyrylghan kýshti handyq qúrugha niyettendi. Al bedeldi bas adamdardyng birqatary, Ábilqayyr han eldi bir ózi biyleytin monarh dәrejesine kóterilgen jaghdayda, ózderining sol uaqytqa deyingi derbestikterinen airylyp qaluy yqtimal ekenin týisindi. Olar sodan qauiptengendikten, han sheshimine qarsy boldy. Aynalyp kelgende, sayasy ahual algha shygharghan el tútastyghynyng shartyn týsinude tayyzdyq tanytty.
Óz qamqorlyghyna alghan protektoratynyng monarhiya ispetti birtútas memleketke ainaluyn orys patshalyghy da qalamaytyn. Sondyqtan da Ábilqayyrgha narazy kishi handardy, súltandardy, biylerdi óz qamqorlyghyna tikeley tartyp, jeke-jeke ant alyp, eldi bólshekteudi kózdeytin týrli amaldar jasady. Ábilqayyr han 1736 jylghy shildede orys әkimshiligine qazaq handyghynyng tútas saqtalugha tiyistigin, ony ózi arqyly basqarudyng dúrystyghyn moyyndatty, mәsele imperatrisa tarapynan qajetti sheshim shygharyluyna qarap qalghan. Alayda, sol sheshimdi kýtip jýrgeninde, 1736 jylghy 1 tamyzda, ony baqtalasy – orys patshayymynan bodandyqqa moyynsúnghany ýshin syilyqqa arnayy qylysh alghan Baraq súltan óltirip ketti.
Óstip, protektorattyq kezeng aqyryna jetti de, qazaq elin orys imperiyasyna qosyp aludyng jana fazasy bastau aldy. Abylay hannyng Resey men Qytay syndy eki alyp el arasynda ústanghan әigili sayasaty da, Kenesary hannyng últ-azattyq qozghalysy da kózdegen ong nәtiyjeni bermedi. Handar patsha pәrmenimen taghayyndalyp, orys mýddesi ashyq ýstemdik qúrdy. XIX ghasyrdyng alghashqy shiyreginde, arnayy shygharylghan zandar negizinde handyq mýldem joyylyp, Qazaq eli Resey imperiyasy aumaghyna engizildi. Tek Ishki orda ghana biraz uaqyt avtonomiyalyq basqaru tәrtibin saqtady.
Qily jymysqy tәsildermen jýrgizilgen otarshyldyq sayasat saldarynan Qazaq eli aumaghynda býgingi Dushenovter tilge tiyek etetin, patsha jәne sovet sayasatkerleri mýmkin etken «orystar qonystanghan Resey territoriyasy» payda boldy. Atap aitu kerek, patshalyqty almastyrghan kenestik imperiya kezinde bolisheviktik sayasat qazaqtardy búryn-sondy kóz kórip, qúlaq estimegen últtyq apatqa dushar etti. Sonyng saldarynan jerimiz janasha otarlandy. Elimizding últtyq qúramy mýldem kýrt ózgerdi. Tarihy әdilettilikti qúrmettey alatyn әrkim múny anyq bilui tiyis. Atalmysh kitap osylar jayynda kókiregi oyau әrkimge oy salady.
Qazaq memlekettigining tórt ghasyrlyq tarihy jayynda eng qajetti maghlúmattar jinaqtalghan búl tarihy ocherkting barshagha bereri mol. Qazaqtargha da, qazaq elin Otany etken basqa últ ókilderine de. Jәne qazaq tarihy jayynda tym ýstirt oy piship jýrgen syrtqy «dostargha» da.
Qysqasy, jas úrpaqtyng otanshyldyq, memleketshildik sezimin úshtaugha septesetin «Qazaq memleketi tarihyna kózqaras» kitabyn orta mektep oqushylaryna, orta arnayy jәne joghary oqu oryndarynyng studentterine kómekshi oqu qúraly retinde úsynugha bolady. Sondyqtan da búl kitapty bilim beru baghdarlamalaryna engizse, artyq bolmas edi. Sonday-aq ruhany tәrbiyege kómek bere alatyn osynday tarihiy-tanymdy shygharmalardyng tua beruine jәne olardyng jetkilikti taralymmen oqyrmandargha jetuine biylik tarapynan qamqorlyq kórsetip otyru oryndy bolmaq.
Baljan HABDINA
Abai.kz