Qazaq әielderining qoghamdyq júmystargha belsene aralasyp,  әleumettik mәselelerding sheshimin tabugha atsalysuy tansyq emes. Elimizding damu bolashaghyna ózindik ýlesin qosuda nәzik jandylardyng orny airyqsha. Genderlik sayasat mәselesi BÚÚ-nyng dýniyejýzi boyynsha kýn tәrtibine qoyylghan basty mәselelerining biri.  Qazaqstandaghy genderlik  tendikting damu dәrejesi men otbasylyq qúndylyqtardy dәripteudegi memlekettik baghdarlamalar tónireginde Qazaqstan Isker әielderining qauymdastyghynyng preziydenti Raushan Sәrsembaevamen súhbattasqan edik.

– Genderlik sayasat – qazirgi tanda әlemdegi eng ózekti mәselelerding biri bolyp otyr. Qazaqstandaghy genderlik tendik qanday dәrejede damyp keledi?

 – Qazaqstanda songhy on jyldyqta әielder men er adamdardyng qoghamda qúqyghy men mýmkindikterining teng boluy ýshin jasalghan sharalar legi artyp keledi. Qúqyqtyq jәne instituttyq negizderding jetkilikti boluy osynyng dәleli, sonday-aq elimizdegi genderlik tendikti jetildiruding statistikalyq mәlimetteri men kórsetkishteri anghúrlym jaqsy. Qazirgi tanda Qazaqstan adam qúqyqtary boyynsha 60 halyqaralyq kelisimshartqa qol qoyghan. «Erler men әielderdin tendey qúqyghy men birdey mýmkindikterining memlekettik kepili men túrmystyq zorlyq-zombylyq turaly», «Túrmystyq zorlyq-zombylyqtyng profilaktikasy turaly» jәne basqa da zandar qabyldandy. QR Preziydenti janyndaghy Isker әielder men otbasy-demografiyalyq sayasat jónindegi Últtyq komissiyasynyng qatysuymen, sonday-aq halyqaralyq úiymdar men Qazaqstannyng ýkimettik emes úiymdarynyng birlesui arqasynda Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng 2006-2016 jyldargha arnalghan Genderlik tendik strategiyasy jasaldy.

Qoghamda әielderding sayasattaghy mýmkindigi artyp keledi. Parlament Mәjilisining saylau qorytyndysy boyynsha әiel deputattardyng osy palatadaghy ýlesi 27,1 payyz. Al Senattaghy әielderding ýlesi 20,8 payyzdy qúrady.

Memlekettik sektordaghy әiel qyzmetkerlerding sany – 56,6 payyz, olardyng 29 payyzy – basshylyq qyzmetterde.

Desek te, búl saladaghy jaqsy kórsetkishtermen qatar «genderlik vertikali» mәselesi de bar. Atap aitsaq, memlekettik qyzmettegi jәne újymdyq sektorda jauapty qyzmette otyrghan әielder ortasha jәne tómen dengeyli qyzmetterde júmys isteydi, sәikesinshe sheshim qabyldaytyn joghary lauazymdy әielder qatary neken-sayaq. Ekonomikalyq qauymdastyq jәne damu úiymynyng mәlimetterine jýginsek, 13,3 payyz әielder ministrler qatarynda, al 9,8 payyzy iri korporasiyalardyng basshylyq qyzmetinde isteydi. Eng bastysy, Qazaqstandaghy әielderding bilim dengeyi men biliktiligi joghary ekenin aita ketken jón. Mәselen, magistraturada oqityn әielderding sany 64 payyzdy qúrap otyr, al doktorlyq dәrejeni qorghau ýshin oqityn qyzdarymyzdyng ýlesi – 58 payyz. Elimizdegi әiel adamdardyng 99,3 payyzy orta jәne joghary bilim alghan. Osy mәlimetti bile túra, әiel adamdardyng lauazymdy qyzmetke kóteriluine әli de shekteuler bar.

Elimizdegi analardyng kópshiligi ailyq enbekaqysy tómen júmystarda isteydi, naqtyraq aitsaq, bilim jәne densaulyq saqtau salasy, sonymen qatar tamaqtanu, qarjy jәne saqtandyru sektorynda qyzmet etedi.

Degenmen ekonomikalyq sferada әielder júmyssyzdyghy azayyp keledi. Áyelderding kәsipkerlikti damytuy óz aldyna, otandyq kәsipting 50 payyzy әielderding qolynda, 10 jyl búryn kórsetkish 38 payyz bolatyn. Shaghyn jәne orta kәsipkerlikti basqaratyn әielderding ýlesi – 42 payyz, olar 30 payyzday júmys ornyn ashyp otyr. Sonymen qatar, ekonomikanyng iri salalary – kómir, himiya, jenil jәne tamaq ónerkәsibi, qúrylys pen auyl sharuashylyghy salasynda da әielderding ýlesi az emes.

Elimizdegi júmysshylardyng 67 payyzy – nәzik jandylar. Olardyng kópshiligining otbasy bar, óz basynyng sharuasy kóp bolghandyqtan, enbek etuge jayly jaghday men tiyisti әleumettik jәrdemaqyny talap ete almaydy.

Qazaqstanda genderlik sayasatty jýzege asyruda memlekettik organdar men azamattyq qogham instituttary birlese júmys jasau kerek, ýkimettik emes úiymdar, әsirese әiel qúqyqtary jónindegi ÝEÚ belsene aralasuy kerek. Áyelder isteri jónindegi ýkimettik emes úiymdar әielderge әleumettik salada kómek kórsetedi, kәsipkerlikti damytugha kómek qolyn sozdy, әielderding kóshbasshylyghyn arttyryp, otbasy qúndylyqtaryn arttyru men genderlik bilimin jogharylatu, halyqtyng ósip-ónu densaulyghyn saqtau, әielderge qatysty zorlyq-zombylyqty azaytuda birqatar sharalar atqardy. Mysaly, әielderding sheshim qabyldaushy lauazym dengeyine jetu ýshin 64 ÝEÚ-dary engen Áyel kóshbasshylyghy mektebi ashyldy. Barlyq aimaqtarda «Sayasatker әiel kluby» ashyldy, ol óz kezeginde qoghamnyng әleumettik mәselelerin sheshude әiel kóshbasshylyghyn damytugha jәrdem beredi.

— Elbasy N.Nazarbaev otbasylyq qúndylyqtardy nasihattaudy Joldauda atap ótti. Osy túrghyda  qanday júmystar jýrgizilude? Isker әielder qauymdastyghynyng jobalaryna toqtala ótseniz.

 – 1996 jyldan bastap Qazaqstan isker әielderi qauymdastyghy birneshe baghyt boyynsha júmys istedi: «Áyel jәne kәsipkerlik», «Áyel jәne júmyspen qamtu», «Áyel jәne sayasat», «Áyel jәne densaulyq pen otbasy», «Gender jәne damu». Olardyng ishinde «Áyel jәne densaulyq, otbasy» baghyty boyynsha týrli jobalar jýzege asty. Osy is barysynda QR Preziydenti janyndaghy әielder isi men otbasy-demografiyalyq sayasaty jónindegi Últtyq komissiyamen tyghyz baylanysta. 2001 jyldan bastap bizding úiym «Jedel jeli – qyzyl alma» jobasyn jýzege asyrdy. Shalghay aimaqtardaghy júrtshylyq otbasyn qúru, jýktilik, týrli infeksiyalar boyynsha qonyrau shalyp, mamandardyng kenesine jýgine alady.  2005 jyldan bastap barlyq oblystarda «Qarlyghash – analar shylymgha qarsy» jobasy jasaldy. Qazaqstan analary deni sau últ qalyptastyru ýshin kýsh biriktirdi. 2011 jyly Qazaqstan tәuelsizdigining 20 jyldyghyna oray «Ana men bala» atyndaghy 20 alleya ashylyp, perzenthanalardyng aulasyna jóndeu júmystary jýrgizilgen. Sonday-aq, otbasy jәne otbasy qúndylyqtaryn nasihattau maqsatyndaghy ghylymiy-konferensiyalar ótkizemiz. Biyl mamyrda osy baghyttaghy «Qazaqstannyng zamanauy damu satysyndaghy otbasy jәne otbasy qúndylyqtary» atty kezekti konferensiyasy Almaty qalasynda ótti.

Jobanyng negizgi maqsaty – qazaqstandyq otbasyn berik etu, al qazaq halqynyng әdemi otbasylyq dәstýrlerin janghyrtu. Mening oiymsha, otbasy men otbasylyq qarym-qatynastyng rólin kóteru memleket dengeyinde ghana emes, býkil azamattyq qoghamda belsendi jýrgizilui tiyis.

– Áyel adamdardyng kәsipkerlikpen ainalysuy turaly jobalarynyz jayly aityp berseniz. 

– Jiyrma jyl ishinde qauymdastyq «Áyel jәne kәsipkerlik» baghytyndaghy kóptegen әleumettik-manyzdy jobalardy jýzege asyrdy. Búl joba negizinde әielder óz kәsipkerligin ashu ýshin arnayy blim alady. 2012 jyly Astanada Kәsipkerlikke ýiretu ortalyghy pilotty rejimde ashyldy.  2009-2012 jyldar aralyghynda 2500 әiel oqytylyp, 80 payyzgha juyghy júmysqa túrdy, qalghan 10 payyzy óz kәsibin ashty.

2014 jyly QR Densaulyq saqtau jәne әleumettik damu ministrligimen birlese «Áleumettik enbek salasyndaghy әielderge aqparattyq-týsindiru júmystary» jobasy әielderding osy saladaghy óz qúqyqtaryn bilu jәne «Jol kartasy-2020» baghdarlamasyna qatysu turaly mәlimetter berildi.

Sonday-aq, memlekettik baghdarlama, júmysqa ornalasu, әleumettik-ekonomikalyq qarym-qatynas boyynsha jedel jeli arqyly aqparat alugha bolady. Osy jedel jeli arqyly 70 myngha juyq әiel mәlimet alyp, kenes tyndady.

2015 jyly «Damu» qory arqyly kәsipkerlikti endi bastaghan jәne osy saladaghy әielderge aqparattyq-týsindiru júmystary jýrgizildi. Jobanyng maqsaty – shaghyn jәne orta kәsipkerlikke qoldau kórsetetin memlekettik baghdarlamalardy týsindiru. 2015 jyly osy joba negizinde 700 adam oqytyldy, 53 kәsipker sheberlik sabaghyn ótkizdi, 76 maman óz ýzdik tәjiriybesimen bólisti.

Jyl sayyn Isker әielder forumy úiymdastyrylady. 2016 jyly múnday forumdar Atyrau, Qostanay jәne basqa da oblystarda ótkizildi. 2017 jyly Qazaqstan isker әielder qauymdastyghy Áyelder jәne otbasy-demografiyalyq ister jónindegi últtyq komissiyasynyng bastamasymen «EKSPO-2017: Bolashaqtyng energiyasy» kórmesi ayasynda «Áyelder bolashaqtyng energiyasyn jasaudaghy túraqty damu jolynda» atty halyqaralyq forum úiymdastyrylmaq. Búl forumda balama energiya kózderi men jasyl ekonomikadaghy innovasiyalyq iydeyalardy jýzege asyruda әielderding tiyimdi seriktestigin qalyptastyru sóz etilmek. Damyghan elderding tәjiriybesine sýiensek, resursty ýnemdeytin tehnologiya, energiyanyng jana kózderin paydalanu, sonday-aq jasyl ekonomika prinsipterin túraqty infraqúrylymdy damytuda qoldanu arqyly jana júmys kózderin ashyp, ekonomikalyq ósim men әleumettik túraqtylyqty qalyptastyrady.

Qazirgi tanda dýniyejýzinde әielder energetikanyng balama kózderi men jasyl ekonomikany qoldanuda jana tehnologiya men jýielerdi úsynuda. Forum júmysy barysynda әlemning 75 elinen 1000 delagat qatysady, olar – ónertapqyshtar, halyqaralyq әielder qozghalysynyng kóshbasshylary men sarapshylar, memlekettik qúrylym ókilderi men ýkimettik emes úiymdar, biznes ókilderi bolady. Negizgi bólimi EKSPO-2017 kórmesine qoyylghan innovasiyalyq tehnologiyalargha arnalady.

– Qoghamda әiel adamdar men balalardyng zorlyq-zombylyq kóruining jii oryn aluy turaly Memlekettik hatshy Gýlshara Ábdiqalyqova atap aitqan bolatyn. Turasyn aitayyqshy,  Qazaqstanda zorlyq-zombylyqtyng oryn alu kórsetkishi qanday?

-Genderlik tendikti jýzege asyruda jaghymdy janalyqtar bolghanmen, is jýzinde әli de kedergiler kóp. Birinshisi, әielderge qatysty zorlyq-zombylyq. «BÚÚ әielder» mәlimetteri boyynsha Qazaqstanda jyl sayyn 500 әiel túrmystyq zorlyq-zombylyqtan kóz júmady. Asa auyr zorlyq-zombylyqtyng 30-40 payyzy otbasynda oryn alady. «Túrmystyq zorlyq-zombylyqtan halyqtyng habardar bolu dengeyi» zertteuining nәtiyjesine sýiensek, otbasyndaghy keng taraghan zorlyq – moralidy-psihologiyalyq túrghyda. Ekinshi orynda – fizikalyq zaqymdau, ýshinshi orynda – ekonomikalyq, al tórtinshi orynda – seksualdyq zorlyq-zombylyq oryn alady.

Ekinshi mәsele – eriksiz neke, onyng týp-tamyry psihologiyalyq jetilmeude, jasóspirimderding әsirese órimdey jas qyzdardyng әleumettik qorghansyzdyghynda jatyr. Songhy kezderi әielderge qatysty taghy bir zorlyq qosyldy. Ol – qyz alyp qashu. Kәmeletke tolmaghan qyzdardy qalyndyq qylyp, alyp qashu – eriksiz nekening bir týri. Resmy statistika boyynsha, 2011 men 2012 jyldar aralyghynda kәmeletke tolmaghandar arasynda 31 myng neke qúrylghan, yaghny jylyna 3 myng nekeden keledi.

Osy baghytta birqatar naqty qadamdargha qol jetkizdik. Túrmystyq qylmys jyl sayyn 10 payyzgha tómendep keledi, 2005 jyly 1,6 myng qylmys  tirkelse, 2013 jyly búl kórsetkish 2,5 esege kemip, 684 qylmysty qúrady. Barlyq oblys ortalyqtarynda 28 jasqa deyingi әielderge arnalghan zorlyq-zombylyqqa qarsy Daghdarys ortalyqtary ashyldy. Últtyq komissiya men ÝEÚ birlesuimen túrmystyq zorlyqqa tap bolghan jandardyng daghdarys ortalyqtaryn qarjylandyru boyynsha qazirgi zannamagha ózgeris engizu turaly Parlamentke úsynystar joldandy.

Áleumettik jaghymsyz jayttardyng oryn alu sebebi – qoghamdaghy genderlik stereotipting boluy, erlerding biyligi men bәrin baqylauda ústaugha úmtyluy, sonday-aq qoghamdy genderlik aqparattandyru dengeyining jetkiliksizdigi. Osyghan oray, genderlik mәdeniyet pen genderlik qoghamdyq sananyng qalyptasuy ýshin eng aldymen aqparattandyru júmystary men aqparattyq baghdarlamadan bastau kerek. Ásirese auyldy eldimekenderden bastau kerek. Búl maqsatta búqaralyq aqparat qúraldary men ýkimettik emes úiymdardyng róli manyzdy. Býginde 250 ÝEÚ genderlik tendik mәselesimen ainalysady. 2015 jyly osy mәselelerdi jýzege asyru ýshin jýzden astam BAQ júmyldyryldy. Jyl sayyn Mәdeniyet jәne sport ministrligi, ÝEÚ men halyqaralyq úiymdar qoghamdaghy әielderding imidji boyynsha respublikalyq bayqaular ótkizedi.

– Jalpy otbasy men otbasylyq qúndylyqtar qanday prinsipterge negizdeledi?

— Otbasy – kez kelgen halyqtyng tamyry, qoghamnyng úiytqysy. Bala tuu men tәrbiyeleu siyaqty manyzdy әleumettik qyzmet atqarady. Otbasy – jeke túlghanyng qalyptasuyna úiytqy bolady, múnda Otangha degen sýiispenshilik, enbeksýigishtik, ýlkenge qúrmet pen basqa da adamy qúndylyqtar dәripteledi.

– Últtyq tәrbiyemizde, qazaq salt-dәstýrinde jesir men jetimin jylatpaghan. Halqymyzdyng danalyghyndaghy әiel zaty turaly oi-tolghamdar da erekshe.

–  Halqymyzda «Alyp anadan tuady» degen naqyl bar. Búl býtin bir halyqtyng anany qúrmetteytinin bildiredi.  «Áyel jerden shyqqan joq, ol da erkekting balasy. Erkek kókten týsken joq, әiel – onyng anasy» dep te aitady. Handar, batyrlar, jyraular men sheshender, mәdeniyet jәne sport qayratkerleri  de anadan tudy, anasy tәrbiyeledi. Sondyqtan bala tәrbiyeleude ananyng róli manyzdy. Ghasyrlar boyy qazaq әielderi keler úrpaqqa babalar danalyghyn jetkizip otyrdy, adamy qasiyetter men adamgershilik úghymyn boyyna sinirdi.  Otangha degen mahabbat, ýlkenge qúrmet, kishige izetti ýiretti. Olar otbasynyng úiytqysy bola bildi, inabattylyq simvolyna ainaldy. Qoghamda analar erekshe syy qúrmetke ie bolghanyna  qazaq naqyldary dәlel. Aqsaqaldar «Qyzdy syilandar, qyzdyng joly – jinishke» deydi. Búl әiel zatynyng – úrpaq jalghasy, onyng tәrbiyesi men keleshegining bastauy ekenin bildirse kerek.

– Súhbatynyzgha rahmet!

Súhbattasqan Aqniyet Ospanbay