Biyl elimiz túnghysh memleketimizding negizin qalaghan Qazaq handyghynyng 550 jyldyghyn keng kólemde atap ótpekshi. Búl úly mereytoydyng ótkizilui Elbasymyzdyng 2014 jylghy «Núrly jol – bolashaqqa bastar jol» atty Joldauynda resmy týrde mәlimdenip, Qazaq handyghynyng 550 jyldyghyna Jana Qazaqstandyq Patriotizmdi úrpaq jadyna sinirude airyqsha rólge ie dep bagha berilgen bolatyn. Elbasymyz atap ótkendey, Qazaq handyghynyng qúrylghan sәtin atap ótu qazaqstandyq memlekettilikting jәne otanshyldyqtyng nyghangyna septigin tiygizui tiyis.  

Ótken derekterge jәne qazirgi qoldanystaghy mәlimetterge sýienetin bolsaq, Qazaq handyghyna deyin bizding aumaghymyzda Saq, Ghún, Týrik qaghanattary, Altyn Orda, Kóshpeli ózbek memleketteri jәne basqa da etnikalyq qoghamdastyqtar men memlekettik qúrylymdardyng ótkendigi belgili. Sonyng ishinde XV gh. birinshi jartysynda batysynda Jayyqtan bastap, shyghysynda Balqash kóline deyin, ontýstiginde Syrdyng tómengi jaghy men Aral ónirinen, soltýstiginde Tobyldyng orta aghysy men Ertiske deyingi jerde búrynghy Aq Ordanyng ornyna «kóshpeli ózbekter» memleketi qúrylady. Búl memleketting negizin Shynghys hannyng ýlken úly Joshydan taraytyn Shaybannyng úrpaghy Ábilhayyr han qalaydy. Ol biylik qúrghan 40 jyldyng ishinde syrtqy sayasatynda Syrdariya boyyndaghy qalalar men Horezm ýshin Temir úrpaqtarymen úzaq soghystar jýrgizip, ishki sayasatynda Deshti-Qypshaqtaghy bytyranqy jatqan ózbek taypalarynyng basyn qosyp, bir ortalyqqa birikken memleket qúrugha tyrysty.

Alayda, 1457 jyly Syghanaq týbinde Óz-Temir tayshy bastaghan oirattardan jenilip, olarmen masqara auyr shart jasasuy jәne ishki talas-tartys kezinde ýlken úly Shah-Budag súltannyng óltirilui Ábilhayyrdy memleket ishinde qatal tәrtip ornatugha iytermeleydi. Al, búl is-sharalar kóshpeli ózbek taypalarynyng oghan degen óshpendiligin odan sayyn kýsheytip jiberedi. Ásirese, Ábilhayyr han ózining sayasy qarsylastary – Joshy әuletinen shyqqan súltandardy qudalauy saldarynan Orys hannyng úrpaqtary Jәnibek pen Kerey súltandar qaramaghyndaghy auyldarymen Shu ózenining boyyna kóship ketuge mәjbýr boldy. Osylaysha Kerey men Jәnibekting basshylyghymen Shu ózenining boyyndaghy Moyynqúm ónirine qonys audarghan ózbek taypalarynyng bir bóligi qazaq handyghynyng qúryluyna tikeley yqpal jasady. Qazaq handyghy turaly naqty mәlimetter beretin Múhammed Haydar Dulatidyng «Tariyh-iy-Rashidiy», Qadyrghaly Jalayyrdyng «Jylnamalar jinaghy», Mahmud ben Uәliyding «Bahr al-asrar fy manakib al-ahiar», Ábilghazynyng «Shejire-y Týrk» jәne basqa da shyghys derekterine nazar audarsaq, Ábilhayyrgha qarsy ózine odaqtas izdegen Mogholstan hany Esenbúgha Shugha kóship kelgen Kerey men Jәnibekti qarsy alyp, qonystanatyn jer beredi. Osy oqigha jóninde tarihshy Múhammed Haydar Dulaty «Tariyh-iy-Rashidiy» atty enbeginde bylay deydi: «Ol kezde Deshti Qypshaqty Ábilhayyr han biyledi. Ol Joshy әuletinen shyqqan súltandargha kýn kórsetpedi. Nәtiyjesinde, Jәnibek han men Kerey Mogholstangha kóship bardy. Esenbúgha han olardy qúshaq jaya qarsy alyp, Mogholstannyng batys shegindegi Shu men Qozybas aimaqtaryn berdi…». Osy derekterge nazar audarsaq, Qazaq handyghynyng taghyna alghashqy bolyp Kerey otyrsa (1458-1473 jj.), keyin ony Jәnibek han almastyrady (1473-1480 jj.). Bastapqyda Qazaq handyghynyng aumaghy Shu ózeni men Talas ózenining alqaby jәne batys Jetisumen shektelip, onda mekendegen taypalar Deshti-Qypshaqtan qonys audarghan taypalarymen etene aralasyp ketedi. Osylaysha 1465 jyly negizi qalanghan Qazaq handyghynyng qúryluy Otan tarihyndaghy tótenshe manyzdy oqighagha ainalyp, Ortalyq Aziyanyng úlan-baytaq ónirin mekendegen kóshpendi taypalardyng birynghay etnikalyq top – qazaq halqynyng qalyptasuyna jaghday jasady.
1462 jyly Mogholstan hany Esenbúghanyng qaytys boluy Qazaq handyghynyng odan әri kýshengine jol ashty. Óitkeni, Mogholstan hanynyng ólimi memlekettegi ishki feodaldyq qyrqys pen Amasanjy Tayshy bastaghan oirattardyng shabuylyna alyp kelip, memleketting shanyraghyn shayqaltty. Sonday-aq, 1468 jyly Ábilhayyrdyng óz aldyna bólinip ketken qazaqtardy jazalau maqsatynda joryqqa shyghyp, jol ýstinde qaza tabuy da janadan qúrylghan Qazaq handyghynyng nyghayyp, onyng bedeli men әskeriy-sayasy kýsh-quatyn arttyra týsti. Ásirese, Ábilhayyr úrpaqtarynyng biylik ýshin ózara talas-tartysy biylikting әlsireuine әkep soghyp, memlekettegi taypalardyng jappay Qazaq handyghyna qosyluyna yqpal jasady. Búl turaly M.H. Dulaty bylay dep jazady: «…Ábilqayyr han dýnie salghannan keyin Ózbek úlysynyng shanyraghy shayqaldy, (onda) iri-iri shiyelenister bastaldy. Ýlken bóligi (onyng qol astyndaghylardyn) Kerey han men Jәnibek hangha kóship ketti, sóitip olardyng tóniregine (jinalghan adamdardyn) sany eki jýz myngha jetti. Olardy ózbekter – «qazaqtar» dep atady».
Yaghni, Ábilhayyr handyghynan kóship kelgen taypalardan edәuir әskery kýsh jinaghan Kerey men Jәnibek Ábilqayyr handyghy men Mogholstannyng qúldyrauyn paydalana otyryp, Shyghys Deshti Qypshaq pen Jetisudi mekendegen kóshpeli taypalardy biriktiru jolyndaghy kýreske emin-erkin aralasyp ketedi. Osyghan baylanysty Qazaq handary aldaryna strategiyalyq ýsh mindetti sheshuge tyrysty. Onyng birinshisi Deshti Qypshaqta erte kezden qalyptasqan mal jayylymdaryn paydalanudyng tәrtibin qalpyna keltiru, ekinshisi Syr boyyndaghy Syghanaq, Sozaq, Otyrar, Yasy (Týrkistan) jәne taghy basqa da qalalarynyng ýstinen ótetin sauda keruen joldaryn ózderine karatu, ýshinshisi ortaq bir tilde sóileytin kóshpeli taypalardyng basyn qosyp, tútas etnikalyq aimaqty qalyptastyrudan túrdy. Osynday strategiyalyq mәselelerdi sheshude Qazaq handyghyna Syrdariya boyyndaghy qalalardy qaratu erekshe manyzdy edi. Biraq, Syr boyyndaghy qalalar ýshin Qazaq handyghyna qarsy Ábilhayyrdyng úly Shayh Haydar jәne nemereleri Múhamed Shaybany men Mahmúd súltan taytalasqa týsip, sol kezdegi Qazaq handarynyng basty qarsylastaryna ainalady. Sondyqtan, Qazaq handary shaybanidterge tótep beru ýshin Joshynyng basqa úrpaqtary – Ahmet han men Mahmúd han, Batys Sibirding biyleushisi Ibaq han jәne Noghay myrzalarmen odaqtasugha úmtylady. Nәtiyjesinde, Ábilhayyr hannyng múrageri Shayh Haydar Batys Sibirding biyleushisi Ibaq hannyng qolynan qaza tapsa, Ábilhayyr hannyng nemereleri Múhammed Shaybany men Mahmúd súltan Astrahangha qashyp baryp panalaydy. Alayda Múhammed Shaybany Astrahan qorshauyn búzyp shyghady da, Deshti Qypshaqtaghy taypalardyng bir bóligin sonyna ertip Mәuerennahrgha kelip, Temir әuleti arasyndaghy ózara tartysty paydalana otyryp Múhammed Mәzit Tarhannan Týrkistan ólkesin tartyp alady. Onyng qol astyna Samarqan, Búhara siyaqty ýlken qalalar ótedi. Osylaysha Múhammed Shaybany jaghdayyn nyghaytqan song qazaqtargha qarsy kýresin qayta jalghastyrdy. Nәtiyjesinde Syr boyyndaghy qalalar ýshin soghystar otyz jyldan astam uaqytqa sozylyp, jenister men jenilister jaulasqan eki jaqtyng da ýlesine tiyip otyrdy. Mәselen, 1470 jyly qysta Qazaq hany Kerey Týrkistangha shabuyl jasasa, Jәnibekting ýlken balasy Mahmúd súltan Sozaq qalasyn, onyng inisi Erenji Saurandy basyp alady. Osylaysha Syr boyyndaghy manyzdy qalalardyng biri – Sozaq jәne Sauran qalalary Qazaq handyghynyng qúramyna ótedi. Alayda, eki jyldan song Múhammed Shaybany Noghay Ordasynyng әmiri Músa myrzanyng kómegine sýienu arqyly Arkók bekinisi men Syghanaq qalasyn ózine qaratudyng sәti týsedi. Biraq, Búryndyq jәne Mahmúd súltandar basqarghan qazaqtyng әskerleri Qarataudaghy Soghynlyq asuy týbinde Sozaq pen Syghanaq aralyghynda Múhammed Shaybany әskerlerin talqandap, Syghanaq qalasyn qaytaryp aldy da, Múhammed Shaybanidy Manghystaugha qashugha mәjbýrleydi.
Degenmen, Shaybany әuletimen aradaghy soghystar Jәnibek hannan keyin taqqa otyrghan Búryndyq han (1480-1511 jj.) túsynda da toqtamaydy. Osy kezde Syr boyyndaghy qalalardy iyelenu jolyndaghy kýreske Ámir Temir әuletining ókili Súltan Ahmet myrza men Mogholstan hany Súltan Mahmúd aralasyp ketedi. Múhammed Shaybany bolsa Mogholstan hanyna bolysyp, onyng qoldauymen taghy da Arkók, Syghanaq qalalaryn basyp alady. Ýsh jyl boyy qazaqtarmen soghysqan Múhammed Shaybani, Búryndyq han men Qasym súltan bastaghan qazaqtardyng qysymyna tótep bere almay, 1486 jyly Týrkistandy tastap, Horezmge ketuge mәjbýr boldy. 1482-1485 jyldary Mogholstan hany Jýnis Tashkent pen Sayram qalalaryn basyp aldy. Mogholstan biyleushileri Múhammed Shaybanidy Ámir Temir әuletine qarsy júmsau ýshin qoldady, al Ámir Temir әuletinen shyqqan Ámir Múhammed Mәzit Tarhan olargha qarsy Qazaq handyghymen odaqtasty. HV ghasyrdyng ayaghynda Mogholstan hany Súltan Mahmúd Otyrar qalasyn basyp alyp, ony Múhammed Shaybanigha berdi. Sonymen qatar, Múhammed Shaybany taghy da Sauran men Yassy qalalaryn basyp aldy. Búl joryqqa jauap retinde Qazaq hany Búryndyq han shúghyl týrde әsker jinap, Syghanaq kalasyn qorshaugha alady. Kóp keshikpey qalanyng túrghyndary qazaq әskerlerine bekinisting qaqpasyn ashyp beredi de, Syghanaq qaytadan qazaqtardyng qolyna ótedi. Sauran qalasynyng halqy da qazaqtyng birikken qalyng qolyn kórisimen-aq Múhammed Shaybanidyng qalany biyleuge qaldyrghan tuystaryn ústap alyp, Búryndyq hangha beriledi. Búdan song qazaqtar Týrkistan men Arkók qalalaryn qorshap ony da basyp alady. Qazaq hany Búryndyq pen Qasym jәne Jәdik súltandar Múhammed Mәzit Tarhanmen kýsh biriktirip, Múhammed Shaybangha qarsy Sozaq qalasyna baghyt alady. Sozaq qalasynyng túrghyndary Búryndyqqa kómek beredi, qala qazaqtardyng qolyna kóshti. Kóp úzamay Sauran da Búryndyq hannyng qolyna týsti. Al, Otyrardy qorshau 90-jyldardyng sonynda Múhammed Shaybany men Búryndyq hannyng ózara bitim jasasuymen ayaqtaldy. XV gh. ayaqtalar túsyndaghy kýresting qorytyndysy – Qazaq handyghy qúramyna Sozaq, Syghanaq, Sauran qalalary men Týrkistan aimaghynyng soltýstik bóligi boldy, Otyrar, Yassy, Arkók, Bozkent qalalary men Týrkistan aimaghynyng bir bóligi Múhammed Shaybanigha qarady. Tashkent pen Sayram qalalaryn Mogholstan hany Súltan Mahmúd biyledi. Dalada biylik jasau ýshin kýresuge Múhammed Shaybaniyding naqty kýshi bolmady. Is jýzinde ol tek Syrdariya manyndaghy jerler ýshin kýresumen shekteluge mәjbýr boldy. Al, Qazaq handyghy bolsa ózining eng joghary quattylyghyna XVI gh. birinshi shiyreginde Qasym han (1511-1521 jj.) túsynda jetti. Is jýzinde ol eldi Búryndyq kezinde-aq basqara bastady. Onyng basqaruynan bastap biylik jýrgizu Jәnibek úrpaqtarynyng qolyna kóshti. 1513 jyly kýzde Shu ózeni jaghasynda Qasym han men Shaghatay úrpaghy Said hanmen kezdeskende, Múhammed Haydar Dulatidyng mәlimeti boyynsha: «Qasym hannyng jasy alpystan asyp, jetpiske jaqyndaghan edi». Búryndyq hannyng túsynda Qasym әskery qolbasshy boldy. Múhammed Shaybany hannyng 1504 jyly kóktemdegi Ándijangha joryghy túsynda Qasym han manghyttardyng kómegimen býkil Qypshaq dalasyna ýstemdikti qolyna aldy.

Múhammed Shaybany joryqtarynyng birine (1509 j.) qatysushy Fazlallah ibn Ruzbehan Isfahany tonalghan Janys súltan úlysynan basyp alynghan oljanyng sonshalyqty mol әri әr týrli bolghanyn habarlaghan. Sol jyly ýy aspaptarymen, jihazdarymen, kiyim-keshekpen, әr týrli tauarlarmen birge, kólikterge tiyelgen ong mynnan astam qazaq kiyiz ýileri, «sanyna esep jetpeytin» minis zattary, siyrlar, týieler, qoylar basyp alynghan eken. Búl mәlimetter qazaqtardyng tek ekonomikalyq jaghynan quattylyghy turaly ghana emes, sonymen birge tolassyz soghystardyng olargha keltirgen zor shyghyndary turaly da oy jýgirtuge mýmkindik berse kerek. Shaybaniyding qazaqtargha qarsy joryghy nәtiyjesinde oghan qazaq әskerlerining Týrkistan alqaby syrtyna qaray uaqytsha ysyryp tastaudyng sәti týsken edi. 1510 jyly Múhammed Shaybany Syghanaqqa qaytadan keldi, biraq Qasym әskerleri olardy talqandap, tiri qalghandary Samarqandqa qashty. Sol jyldyng sonynda Múhammed Shaybany Mervi týbindegi Horasanda Iran shahymen shayqasta qaza tapty. Syrdariyada ornyghyp qalu ýshin Qasym Orta Aziyadaghy sayasy jaghdaydy tiyimdi paydalandy. Múhammed Shaybany úrpaqtarynyng Temir әuleti Zahir ad-Din Múhammed Baburmen talas-tartysy shaybanidterding kónilin Týrkistannan basqa jaqqa audaryp әketti. Onyng ontýstiktegi birqatar qalalary Baburdyng biyligin moyyndady. Ol Sayramgha Qatta-Bekti uәly etip taghayyndady. Biraq, kóp keshikpey, 1512 jyly Shaybany Ubaydallah súltan Baburdy jenip shyqty, songhynyng uәliyleri búlardyng iyelikterinen quyldy. Sayramda qorshaugha alynghan Qatta-Bek ózbekterge qarsylyq kórsetip, ol bekinisti býkil qys boyy qol astynda ústady. 1513 jyly erte kóktemde Qaratalda qystap jatqan Qasym handy bekinisti ózine ótkizuge uәde berip, kómekke shaqyrdy. Qasym onyng úsynysyn qabyl aldy, múnan song Qatta-Bek Qasym handy sol kezde Tashkentti biylep túrghan Shaybany Sýiin qojagha qarsy attanugha kóndirdi. Qala tóniregin tonap, qazaqtar Sayramgha qaytyp oraldy. Qasym Mogholstannyng hany Súltan Saidpen dostyq qarym-qatynasyn ýzbedi. Moghol hany Qasym hangha sol jylghy jazdyng ayaghyna taman Tashkentke birlesip joryq jasaudy úsyndy, alayda Qasym han: «qys qamyn oilastyru kerek jәne búl kezde әskerdi (jiystyru) men sapqa túrghyzu iske aspaytyn tirlik» degendi dәlel etip, onyng úsynysynan bas tartty. Qasym han qazaq jerining ken-baytaq dalalyq kenistiginde óz ýstemdigin nyghaytty. 1514 jyly Súltan Saidtyng Shyghys Týrkistangha ketui qazaq hanynyng Jetisudaghy biyligining nyghaya týsuine sebepshi boldy. Batysta onyng qol astyna Noghay Ordasynyng daghdarysyn bastarynan keshirgen rular men taypalar toptary kóship keldi. Handyqtyng shekarasy Jayyq ózeni alabyna deyin keneydi, ontýstikte Qasym hannyng iyelikteri Sayram uәlayatyn qosa Syrdariyagha deyin jetti, soltýstik pen soltýstik-shyghysta Qasymnyng iyelikteri Úlytau men Balqash kólinen ary asa alysqa sozylyp jatty.
Qasym hannyng túsynda qazaqtardyng sany million adamgha jetken. Onyng biylik etu uaqytynda Qazaq memleketi turaly batys elderi de bildi. Tanydy. Qasym han Úly knyazi Vasiliy III (1505-1533 jj.) kezindegi Mәskeu memleketimen diplomatiyalyq qatynasta boldy. Mәskeuge birneshe ret kelgen (1517 j., 1526 j.) Avstriya diplomaty Segizmund Gerbershteyn ózining diplomatiyalyq jazbalarynda Qazaq handyghy turaly aitqan.
Qasym han kezinde Qazaq handyghy biraz kýsheydi. Múhammed Haydar Dulaty ol turaly: «qazaq handary men súltandary arasynda Qasym handay qúdiretti eshkim bolghan emes» dep jazdy. Jalpy alghanda Múhammed Shaybany hannyng Deshti Qypshaqtan yghysyp baryp Maurennahrdy jaulap aluy Orta Aziya tarihyndaghy, әsirese qazaq pen ózbek ýshin eleuli oqigha boldy. Múhammed Shaybany hangha ilesip kelgen Maurennahrgha kelgen kóshpeli taypalar birte otyryqshy halyqqa sinip, olardyng tili men mәdeniyetin qabyldap, ózderining búrynghy ózgeshelikterinen aiyryldy. Sonymen qatar, búl tarihy ýrdis búrynghy dәuirlerde bytyranqy bolyp kelgen qazaq taypalarynyng basyn biriktiruge, qazaqtyng etnikalyq territoriyasyn anyqtaugha, sonau 6-7-ghasyrdan bastalghan qazaqtardyng halyq bolyp qalyptasu barysyn birjolata ayaqtatugha mýmkindik berdi. Búryn Aq Orda men Ábilhayyr handyghynda qoldanylghan «ózbek-qazaq» degen jalpy atau bir-birinen ajyrap, «Qazaq» termiyni birte-birte Deshti-Qypshaq pen Jetisuda qalyptasqan halyqtyng túraqty atyna ainalsa, «Ózbek» termiyni Múhammed Shaybanigha erip ketken taypalardyng etnikalyq atauy retinde Ortalyq Aziyada ghana qoldanylatyn boldy. Sonday-aq, Qazaq handarynyng Syrdariya alqaptarynyng bir bóligin qosyp alu qazaq handarynyng eldi tútas biriktiru jolynda tabysqa jetuining kiltine ainaldy. XV gh. ayaghynda memleketterding әuel bastaghy shekaralary keneye týsti. Oghan Batys Jetisumen, Ontýstik Qazaqstandaghy jogharyda kórsetilgen qalalarmen birge dalalyq ónirlerimen Qaratau aimaghy, Syrdariya men Soltýstik Aral alqaptary, Ortalyq Qazaqstannyng edәuir bóligi endi.

Dariya QOJAMJAROVA,
Taraz memlekettik pedagogikalyq institutynyng rektory, 

QR ÚGhA korrespondent-mýshesi, tarih ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor.

Abai.kz

Derekkóz: http://ar-ay.kz/?p=1337