«Janghyru» ýshin bayyrghylandyru, qazaqylandyru sayasatyn» jýrgizu kerek
Tarih taghlymyna jýginsek, Resey imperiyasynyng otarshyldyq sayasatynyng nәtiyjesinde ken-baytaq qazaq jerine kelimsekter әr týrli syltaumen jymysqylanyp kelip, әbden sinisip, jaylap alghandyghy belgili. Osylay úzaq jyldar boyy assimiliyasiya arqyly últtardy jútyp qoi sayasaty jýrgizilip, slavyan ghúrpy men mәdeniyeti kýshtep tanyldy. Keyinnen týri kenestik, zaty internasionalistik jana otarlaudyng qúrbany bolghan Qazaqstanda 20-jyldary "qazaqtandyru", yaghny bayyrghylandyru (korenizasiya) sayasaty jýrgizildi.
Resey imperiyasynyng múrageri Kenester Odaghy dep atalghan alyp memleketti ómirge әkelgen bolishevikterding qol astyna qaraghan birde-bir elde eshqashan dәl bizdin respublikadaghyday "qazaqylandyru" siyaqty sayasat jýrgizu qajettigi bolmaghan. Óitkeni odaqqa kirgen ýlkendi-kishili halqy bar basqa respublikalarda, sol әu bastan osynday sayasatty tughyzatyn faktorlargha jol berilmegenge úqsaydy. Sonda ózining ghasyrlar boyy mekendegen ata-babalarynyng kindik qany tamghan jerinde qazaq últyn, óz úyasynda "qazaqylandarugha" dushar etken ne jaghday boldy eken degen súraq tuyndaydy.
Búl-sonau ótken 18 ghasyrdyng basynda salynghan alghashqy bekinis-qalalardan bastap jýzdegen jyldar boyy әr týrli ailakerlikpen jýrgizilip kelgen orystandyru sayasaty edi. Osy әkki sayasattyng negizin, zúlymdyq mәnin sol kezde-aq Búqar jyrau babamyz kóregendikpen boljap, bylay degen edi:
... Kýnbatystan bir dúspan,
Aqyr da shyghar sol tústan.
Ózi sary, kózi kók,
Bastyghynyng aty pop,
Kýnshyghysqa qaraydy,
Shashyn almay, taraydy.
Qúdaydy bilmes, dini joq,
Jamandyqta mini joq.
Osy syndy bir kәpir,
Auzy-basy jýn kәpir,
Jayaulap keler júrtyna.
Jaghaly shekpen kiygizip,
Baldy may jaghar múrtyna.
Jemirlerge jem berip,
El qamyn aitqan jaqsyny,
Sóiletpey úrar úrtyna.
Bauyzdamay isher qanyndy,
Óltirmey alar janyndy.
Qaghazgha jazar malyndy,
Esepke salar baryndy.
Elindi alar qolynnan,
Ásker qylar úlynnan.
Teksizdi tórge shygharyp,
Basyna ol kýn tughanda,
Tendik tiymes qolyna-degen kóregendigi aragha uaqyt salyp, aina-qatesiz keldi.294
Ýsh jýz jylgha juyq merzimdi qamtyghan imperiyalyq qanau elimizding esin shygharyp esengiretip, halqymyzdyn tútastyghyn tu-talaqay etip keldi. Tarihta orystyng ozbyrlyghyna qazaq siyaqty úrynghan halyq kemde-kem. Ata-babalarymyzdyng úrpaqqa qaldyrghan jerine, tabighat syilaghan asyl qazynalarymyzgha qyzyqqandar qazaqtardy mәngýrt etip, búrynghy qúldyq psihologiyadan arylmauyn kózdegender, eng aldymen, óz ailasyn jas úrpaqtyng sanasyn ulaudan bastaghany belgili bolyp otyr. Patshalyq Resey qazaq dalasynda mektep, gimnaziya ashqan bolyp, bilimge susaghan qazaq balasyna kóz ashqannan "Bibliyany" oqytyp, hristian dinine baulyghany býginde tarihy qújattarmen, basqa da derektermen dәleldenip otyr.295
Resey imperiyasy qazaqtardyng tilin de, ózin de joyyp jiberuge HIH ghasyrdyng basynda-aq kiriskeni tarihy derekterden taygha tanba basqanday kórinedi. Omby guberniyasyndaghy qazaqtardy orystandyru maqsatynda jýrgizilgen zorlap shoqyndyru nәtiyjeli bolmaghandyqtan, sol ólkening general-gubernatory Speranskiy basqa әdiske kóshu kerektigin moyyndap bylay degen: "Biz onyng esesine qazaqtardyng arasynda jappay orys mektepterin ashamyz. Sonda olar óz tilin úmytady. Al, ana tilin úmytqan halyq op-onay orystanady" dep óz oilaryn osylay ashyq bildirgen kórinedi.296
Qazan tónkerisinen keyin qazaq eli ózin otarlyq ezgiden bosatqan jana ókimet-Kenesterding "qamqorlyghyna" týsti. Múnday "qamqorlyqqa" ghasyrlar boyy ata-babalary iyemdengen úlan baytaq jerdi mekendep, ósip-óngen, tútas bir halyqtyng últtyq qasiyetin aiqyndaytyn ana tilining taghdyry da endi bolishevikterding qolyna kóshti. Kenester ókimeti jәne onyng organdary enbekshi sharuanyn, kedey-kepshikting mýddelerin kózdeytindigine, solar ýshin qyzmet etetindigine kózderin jetkizu ýshin respublikada basqaru apparattaryn "qazaqtandyru"-"bayyrghylandyru" mindetin kýn tәrtibine engizedi. Ony kóbinese jergilikti túrghyndardyng әdet-ghúrpyn, salt-dәstýrin, tilin biletin sauatty adamdarmen auystyru kózdeldi. Búl qadam sol kezdegi Qazaq Respublikasynyng aldynda túrghan kýrdeli sayasi, sharuashylyq jәne mәdeny mindetterdi sheshu ýshin óte qajet edi. Osylay eldegi qoghamdyq ómirding barlyq salasyndaghy últtyq tensizdikti jon jolyndaghy kýresting bir manyzdy nauqany bastalyp ketti. Búl jolda qazaq elining jergilikti halyqtaryna týsinikti bolu ýshin Kenester ókimetine sol halyqtyng óz tilinde sóileui auaday qajet boldy. Osy jergiliktendiru-"bayyrghylandyru" 1925 jyly ótken V Ólkelik partiya konferensiyasynda ózekti mәsele retinde qayta qaraldy. Onda keybir evropalyq joldastardyng kenesterdi qazaqylandyrudy eshbir mengere almay-aq qoyghany. Búl sharany ózderine, orystargha qarsy baghyttalghan kontrrevolusiyalyq әreket dep týsingendigi ataldy, eger osylay Qytaygha Kenes ókimeti engiziler bolsa, onda qytaysha sóilep, qytaysha jazylatyny, onda kenesterge basshylyq jasaytyndar da sol qytaylar bolatyny sózsiz ekendigi aityldy. Sol siyaqty Ýndistanda ýndilershe, Germaniyada nemisshe sóileu qajet ekendigin әrbir sanaly kommunist týsinui tiyis jaghday dep mysal keltire otyryp, qazaq jerindegi ókimetti de kenestendiru ýshin ony, eng aldymen, qazaqylandyru kerektigi sóz boldy. Olardy qazaqylandyrmasaq – (jergiliktendirmesek) onda ol ókimet bóten bolady, patsha zamanyndaghyday gubernatorlyq biylik nemese, әiteuir, basqanyng biyligi bolady. Al bizdiki Kenestik boluy tiyis ekendigi aityldy.297
Óitkeni, bolishevikter oilaghanday, proletariat diktaturasy organy retinde qazaq auyldarynda kenesterdi qúru jergiliktenbegendikten, ýlken qiynshylyq tughyzdy. Respublikada Kenes ókimetining is-qaghazdary orys tilinde jýrgizildi. Auyl túrghyndarynyng búl tildi bilmeuinen ýkimetting dekretteri, guberniya men uezderding qauly-qararlary qazaq bolystarynda, auyldyq kenesterde tek is qaghazdary retinde ghana tirkeldi. Ol qújattardy oqyp, onyng mazmúnyn týsinetin adamdar sanauly, tipti, kópshilik jaghdayda mýldem bolmady. Osy sebepten jergilikti halyq, әsirese, auyl túrghyndary Kenes ókimetining jýrgizip otyrghan sayasiy-әleumettik sharalarynan beyhabar boldy. Mәselen, Jarkent audandyq atqaru komiytetine (Úighyr audany) Almaty okrugtik atqaru komiytetinen kelip týsken is qaghazdardyng 70 payyzy orys tilinde jazylghan. Audandyq atqaru komiytetining qyzmetkerleri birneshe mәrte osy orys tilinde kelgen әr týrli qújattardy úighyr tilinde, tipti bolmaghan jaghdayda qazaq tilinde jiberudi súrap qayta qaytarghan әreketteri nәtiyjesiz bolyp, bәrbir sol qaghazdar qaytadan orys tilinde kelip týsetin bolghan. Múnday soraqy qiyanattar Shelek, Enbekshiqazaq, Oktyabri, t.b. audandarda oryn aldy. Tipti búl atalghan audan basshylarynyng ózderi de orys tilin bilmeytin bolghan.298 Apparatty bayyrghylandyryp, qazaqsha sóiletu jolyndaghy әreketter ýkimetting qauly-qararlaryn jýzege asyratyn joghary organdardyng ózderining tarapynan osylay túnshyqtyrylyp otyryldy. Eski apparat tek uaqytsha jamap-jasqalyndy. Jergilikti halyqtardyng túrmys-tirshiligine, últtyq erekshelikterine eshqanday mәn berilmedi. Tek jogharydan núsqaularyn ýsti-ýstine joldap, óz aitqandarynyng ghana oryndaluyn talap etip otyrdy. Al audandar men auyldardaghy tómengi buyndardaghy apparattar-audandyq atqaru komiytetteri men auyldyq kenesterde qyzmetkerlerding qabileti tómen edi. Olardyng basym kópshiliginde oryssha sauaty joq, ýkimet pen partiyanyng sayasatyn týsine bermeytin adamdar otyrdy. Auyldyq kenesterding tek aty ghana bolatyn, al is jýzinde olar talapqa say júmys jýrgize almady. Auyldyq kenesterding tóraghalary kóbinese sauatsyz boldy.299 Al 1926 jyly jalpy respublika kólemi boyynsha alghanda oryssha sauatty qazaqtardyng sany 10 payyzdan tómen bolghan.300
"Qazaqtandyru" Qazaq AKSR-i qúrylghannan keyin, dәlirek aitsaq, 1921 jyldan bastalghan edi. Osy jyldyng 2 aqpanynda Qazaq AKSR-i Halyq Komissarlary Kenesining "Respublikanyng memlekettik mekemelerinde orys, qazaq tilderin qoldanu turaly" №19 dekreti shyqty. Dekretting 1-babynda QAKSR aimaghyn qúraytyn Semey, Aqmola, Orynbor-Torghay, Oral jәne Bókey guberniyasy jәne Aday uezindegi memlekettik mekemelerde orys jәne qazaq tilderi teng qúqyqta qoldanylady delingen bolsa, osy dekretting 3-babynda Respublikanyng barlyq ortalyq, guberniyalyq mekemelerindegi is qaghazdary jәne ózara qatynas orys tilinde jýrgiziledi" dep, aldynghysyn joqqa shygharuynan búdan keyingi jýrgizilgen "bayyrghylandyru" sayasatynyng ózi tek kózboyau bolghanyn kóremiz.301 Dekretting shyghuy manyzdy oqigha bolghanymen, ol osy eki tildi teng qoldanugha tek sóz jýzinde ghana qúqyq berdi. Onyng bir dәleli osy jyldary qazaq tilinde kitap shygharylmaghandyghy. Búl turaly Býkilqazaqtyq halyqqa bilim beru sezinde A.Baytúrsynov mәsele kótergen.302
Al 1923 jyldyng 22 qarashasynda Qazaq Ortalyq Atqaru Komiytetining shygharghan dekreti boyynsha respublikada memlekettik til qazaq jәne orys tilderi bolyp jariyalandy. Dekretting 7 tarmaghynda QazOAK-ting jәne guberniyalyq atqaru komiytetteri janynan osy júmysqa basshylyq jasap, baghyt beretin komissiyalar qúru qajettiligi kórsetilgen. Osy núsqau boyynsha qúrylghan búl komissiyalar mekemelerdi "qazaqylandyru" isimen tikeley ainalysty.303 Biraq olar jogharydan týsken núsqaulardy oryndaumen ghana shektelip, orystardy qazaqtarmen auystyrumen әuestendi. Onyng ózinde de "qazaqylandyrugha" tiygizetin paydasy shamaly kýzetshi, ýy sypyrushy, at aidaushylar sekildi qosalqy júmysshylarmen auystyryldy. Kenes ókimetining ortalyq organdarynan bastap barlyq uezderinde dekretter, núsqaular men basqa da qújattar eki tilde qatar jýrgiziletin bolyp mindetteldi. Búl mindetti is jýzine asyru ýshin memlekettik apparattarda eki tildi birdey mengergen qyzmetkerler boluy qajet edi. Onday eki tilge mamandanghan qyzmetkerlerding jetispeushiligine baylanysty qazaqtar arasynan hat tanityndaryn iriktep alyp, jergilikti halyqtyng tilin bilmeytin orystarmen auystyrudan basqa amal qalmady. (Ol kezde býgingidey orys tildi qazaqtar bolsa, sausaqpen sanarlyqtay ghana edi.-E.Q.)
Mekemelerdi qazaqylandyru, yaghny ondaghy is qaghazdaryn qazaq tilinde jýrgizu jәne oghan kelgen adamdarmen qyzmetkerlerding jergilikti últ tilinde sóilese bilu mәselesin dúrys jolgha qoi әrbir konferensiya, jinalystarda jii kóterilgenimen, ol sóz jýzinde qalyp otyrdy. Óitkeni búl mәselening dúrys sheshiluine Ólkelik partiya komiytetining hatshysy Goloshekinning ózi de qúlyqty bolmady. Ol "qazaqtandyru" júmysy partiyadan basqa mekemelerding bәrinde jýrui kerek, partiyanyng qazaqylanuynyng qajeti joq, óitkeni partiya Reseydiki, onyng tili oryssha bolsa da jetedi"304- deui búl isting osy jaghdayda algha baspaytynyn kórsetip berdi. Sóitip,"qazaqtandyru" tәjiriybesi sәtsiz bolyp, alghashqy qadamdary eshqanday nәtiyje bermedi. Osylay Kenestik apparatty "qazaqtandyru" sayasaty F.IY.Goloshekin jýrgizgen "kishi Qazan" baghytynyng jeteginde kete bardy.
Búlay boluynyng ózindik sebepteri de bar bolatyn, óitkeni "qazaqylandyru" turaly qabyldanghan dekretti ómirde is jýzine asyratynday naqty jospar, tiyimdi әdister, tipti, oghan degen niyet te bolmady. Bolghan kýnning ózinde olar kózboyau ýshin ghana jasalyp, kónildegidey nәtiyje bermedi. Apparattardy "qazaqylandyrudy" jýzege asyru mindeti ýkimet tarapynan shynayy yqylas pen jýieli oilastyrylghan is-qimyldy engizudi qajet etti. Solay bola túra "qazaqylandyrudy" jýrgizude nemqúraylylyqpen kelensiz, aqylgha syimaytyn isterge ýkimet tarapynan jol berildi. Mysaly, jer sharuashylyghy úiymynda eki ýy sypyrushy orys әielin eki qazaq әielimen auystyrsa, búl úiymda "qazaqylandyru" 100 payyz oryndaldy dep esepteldi.3051926 jyldyng basynda memlekettik apparattardaghy "qazaqylandyru" nәtiyjesi óte mardymsyz boldy. Kókshetau uezindegi mekemelerde barlyq 477 qyzmetkerding 38-i ghana, yaghny 8 payyzy qazaq boldy.306 Búl jyldary kenestik apparattardy "qazaqylandyru" respublikanyn basqa da guberniyalary men uezderinde osy shamalas bolghan. Al apparatty "qazaqylandyru" kóbinese qosalqy júmystaghy adamdarmen kóbeytilip, kýzetshi, shabarman, ýy sypyrushy, t.b. esebinen jii jýrgizilgenin bayqaugha bolady. Sóz bolyp otyrghan Kókshetau uezdik apparatyndaghy jogharydaghy atalghan 38 qyzmetker qazaqtyng 12-si at kýtushi, kýzetshi, taghy sol siyaqtylar bolghan.307
Komissiya "qazaqtandyrudyn" birinshi kezeni bolyp tabylatyn 1926 jylgha deyin prosenttik norma әdisimen júmys istedi. Atalghan merzimde әrbir mekemede júmys isteuge tiyisti jergilikti halyqtyng ókilderining prosentke shaqqandaghy normasy belgilenip, sol iske asyryldy. Qanday shara qoldanylsa da ol mekeme bәribir qazaqsha sóilemedi. Onyng sebebi biylik basyndaghylardyng búl iske degen nemqúraydy qarauy jәne mekeme basshylary men ondaghy ózge de mamandardyng kóbi orys últynyng ókilderining boluynan edi. Ortalyqtyn, onyng respublikadaghy ókili F.Goloshekinning de búl memlekettik mekemelerdi "qazaqylandyru" isine kózqarasy mýldem ózgeshe bolghandyqtan olar búl isti algha bastyrugha eshbir yqylas bildirmedi, kerisinshi kedergi jasap baqty. 1926 jyly 8 mamyrda Qazólkekomnyng burosy "bayyrghylandyru" mәselesin talqylaghan mәjilisinde "qazaqylandyrudy" jýrgizudegi prosenttik mólsher әdisin syngha alyp, osy prosent әdisine sýienip, tómengi qosalqy qyzmetkerlerdi qazaqtarmen almastyru arqyly kózboyaushylyqqa jol berilip otyrghanyn aiyptaydy.308 Ýsh jylgha sozylghan búl payyzgha (prosentke) baghynyshty jýrgizilgen júmys is-qaghazdaryn memlekettik apparattarda qazaq tiline kóshiru de aitarlyqtay nәtiyje bermedi. Apparatty bayyrghylandyru isindegi múnday praktikany dereu ózgertudi ómirdin ózi talap etti.
BK(b)P Qazaq ólkelik komiytetining sheshimine sәikes prosenttik norma joyylyp, onyng ornyna apparatty qyzmettik (funksionaldyq) jaghynan bayyrghylandyru әdisi engizildi. Búl rette qay qyzmetke bolmasyn onyng últyna qaramay-aq qazaq tilin biletin, memlekettik apparatty halyqpen tikeley baylanystyratyn qyzmetker taghayyndalatyn boldy. Onday qyzmetting tizimin әrbir mekeme men úiym ýshin júmysshy-sharua inspeksiyasy organdarynyng basshylyghymen arnauly komissiyalar belgiledi.
Bayyrghylandyrudy qalypty jýrgizu ýshin QazOAK-ting Tóralqasy 1926 jyldyng 20 mamyrdaghy mәjilisinde búghan deyin qazaqylandyru isin jýrgizgen Ortalyq komissiyany taratyp, búl komissiyanyng mindetin sol kezdegi bedeldi organ dep sanalghan júmysshy-sharua inspeksiyasy Halkomatyna berdi. "Qazaqylandyrudyn" ekinshi kezeni 1926 jyldan bastap Qazaqstan Júmysshy-Sharua Inspeksiyasy Halyq komissariatyna (JShI) berildi. Sol kezde búl JShY memlekettik apparattardyng ýstinen qaraytyn partiyalyq baqylau mindetin atqaratyn organ bolatyn. Memlekettik manyzy zor isti qolgha alghan búl organ tóreshildikke jol berip, osy әdisti jýzege asyru ýshin arnayy kalendarlyq jospar jasady. Jospar boyynsha jergilikti jerlerge arnayy búiryqtar jiberilip, olardy da osynday josparlar jasaugha mindettedi. Búl qoldanylghan "qazaqylandyrudyn" funksionaldyq әdisi Goloshekinning aituynsha, eng әueli, jergilikti halyqpen tikeley baylanysty jýzege asyratyn qazaqsha biletin qyzmetkerler-is jýrgizushiler, hatshylar, esepshilermen qamtamasyz etilui tiyis boldy. Osy әdispen "qazaqylandyru" barysynda da búrmalaushylyqtargha jol berilip, búl joly mekemelerdegi orta tehnikalyq mamandar buyny ghana qamtyldy.309
1926 jyly 19 jeltoqsanda JShY Halkomynyng kollegiyasy respublikalyq Ortalyq apparatty "bayyrghylandyrudyn" josparyn bekitti.310 Osy jospar boyynsha "bayyrghylandyru" merzimi 7 aidan 2 jylgha deyin sozyldy. Keyinnen búl josparlanghan is sharalar da sol kezdegi talappen qabyspaytynyn kórsetti. Isting eng kýrdelisi auystyrylugha jatatyn qyzmetkerlerding nomenklaturalyq tizbesin jasau boldy. Osy tizimge respublikalyq әkimshilik jәne sharuashylyq organdaryndaghy qyzmetkerlerding orta buynynyng qúramyn qamtityn 42 qyzmettik ataudan túratyn nomenklaturasy engizildi. Osy tizimge dәrigerler, agronom, ekonomisterden basqa, kópshilik әleumettik-mәdeny mekemelerding qyzmetshileri de kirgizilmedi. Barlyghy "qazaqylandyrugha" 13183 qyzmet orny josparlandy.311 Búl san ózge bir derekterde 13180,312 kelesi birinde 1275,313 bolyp berilgen. Tek 1927 jyly ghana bar-joghy 2300 qyzmet nemese jospardyng 18 payyzy ghana qazaqylandyrylghan bolyp shyqty.314
Búdan keyingi jyldary "bayyrghylandyrudy" jýrgizu JShIY-den alynyp, atqaru komiytetterine berildi de, mekemeler men úiymdardyng basshylaryna búl isti jýrgizude tikeley jauapkershilik jýkteldi. "Bayyrghylandyrudy" jýrgizuding búl joly da útymdy nәtiyje bere qoymady. Ásirese, qazaq tilin qoldanu barysy sol búrynghy qalpynan qozghalmady.
Arada bir jyl ótisimen 1927 jyldyng 28 nauryzynda, BK(b)P Qazólkekomynda bayyrghylandyrumen tikeley ainalysqan JShY Halkomatynyng osy mәseleni jýzege asyrudaghy júmysy turaly bayandamasy tyndalyp, onda kóptegen kemshilikter sóz boldy. Onda "bayyrghylandyruda" mekeme basshylary tarapynan nemqúraydylyqqa jol berilip, apparatqa qazaq mamandaryn tartuda jiberilgen olqylyqtar, olardy dayarlaytyn kurstardyng uaqytyly ashylmaghandyqtary jәne t.b. kemshilikter synaldy. Alayda jiberilgen kemshilikter qayta-qayta atalyp kórsetilse de, qazaqylandyrugha kózqaras mekeme basshylary tarapynan esh ózgerissiz qalyp otyrdy. Qolgha alynghan isti ilgeri jyljytu maqsatymen Qazólkekom búl mәselege 1928 jyly 25 qantarda qayta oraldy. Jýrgiziluge tiyisti isting túralauyna baylanysty atalghan mәseleni 6 aidan song 1928 jyly 4 shildede taghy qayta qaraugha mәjbýr bolyp, óz qararynda kóptegen úiymdarda (baylanys, kólik jәne t.b.) qazaqylandyrudyng óte sylbyr jýrgizilgeni erekshe sóz bolady. Jauapty basshy jәne partiya qyzmetkerleri tarapynan әli kýnge deyin qarsylyqtar kezdesetinin eskertip, ony dereu joydy talap etedi. Jyl ayaghyna deyin búl mәseleni Qazólkekom taghy 2 ret óz otyrystarynyng kýn tәrtibine qoyyp, talqylaugha mәjbýr bolghan. Osy "qazaqylandyru" júmysy bir jyl ishinde QazOAK-ting mәjilisinde barlyghy 10 mәrte talqylanghan bolyp shyqty.315 Ile-shala búl mәsele QazOAK pen Halyq Komissarlar Kenesining birikken otyrysynda da qaraldy. Sonyng nәtiyjesinde "Apparatty bayyrghylandyru turaly" degen birikken qauly jaryq kórdi. Qaulyda qay mekeme óz is qaghazdaryna qazaq tilin qay uaqytta engizuge tiyistiligi naqty kórsetildi. Biraq ta múnday mekemelerding sany tipti az boldy.
Apparatty qazaqylandyru, onyng ishinde is qaghazdaryn qazaq tilinde jýrgizu turaly qabyldanghan qauly-qararlardyng kópshiligi ayaqsyz qaldy. "Bayyrghylandyru" - qazaqylandyru tóniregindegi kemshilikter Qazaqstannyng basshy organdarynyng esepterinde de jii atalyp kórsetildi. Osylay tek kemshilikterdi aitumen ghana shektelu biylik basyndaghy lauazymdy qyzmetkerlerding qazaqylandyru isine sonshalyqty yqylasty bolmaghandyghyn kórsetti. Óitkeni olardyng basym kópshiligi europalyq azamattar bolatyn. Ony tómendegi kesteden kóre alamyz.
6-keste 316
Mekemelerdegi “qazaqylandyru” jaghdayy
R/s | Mekemelerdin
ataulary |
Jyldar | Qyz-met- ker- ler- din
jal-py sany |
Eu-ro-pa- lyq-tar | onyn
ishin-de qazaq tilin bile-tinder |
Qa-zaq-tar | Bas-qa últ-tar | payyz esebimen | |
is-qaghaz-dary qa- zaq tilinde jýrgizil- gen | Is-qaghazdary orys tilinde jýrgizilgen | ||||||||
1. | Qaz OAK-ti,
Halyq Komiys- sarlar Kenesi jәne memle- kettik josparlau Komiyteti |
1927
1928
1929 |
93
79
82 |
39
54
51 |
2
1
2 |
34
21
27 |
20
4
4 |
-
-
25% |
-
-
75% |
2. | Qarjy Halkomy | 01.01.1926 j. deyin
01.01.1927j. deyin 01.01.1928j. deyin 01.04.1929j. deyin |
204
193
104
89 |
190
173
86
74 |
-
-
-
3 |
14
20
18
15 |
-
-
-
- |
-
- -
- |
barlyq qa-ghazdar orys tilinde
100%
- |
3. | Jersharuashyly-ghy Halkomynyng ortalyq apparaty | 1926/27
1927/28 1928/29 |
35
32 32 |
27
29 28 |
-
- - |
8
3 4 |
-
- - |
-
- - |
100 %
100 % 100 %
|
4. | Qazaq su sharuashylyghy jәne ortalyq apparaty | 1926
1927 1928 1929 |
279
217 262 74 |
242
188 231 67 |
2
2 3 3 |
37
29 31 7 |
-
- - - |
su sharua-shylyghy basqarma-synda 2 | 98 %
|
5. | Densaulyq
saqtau Halkomynyng ortalyq apparaty |
01.10.1926 j. deyin
01.01.1927j. deyin 1928 j. |
32
22
23 |
31
21
20 |
-
-
- |
1
1
3 |
-
-
- |
-
-
- |
100 %
|
6. | Býkilodaqtyq Halyqsharuashy-lyghy Kenesining ortalyq apparaty | 01.01.1928 j. deyin
01.01.1929 j. deyin |
32
35 |
28
29 |
2
3 |
3
6 |
1
- |
-
- |
100%
100% |
7. | Júmysshy-sharua inspeksiyasy Halyqtyq baqy-lau komiyteti | 1927
1928 1929 |
32
27 29 |
25
21 20 |
-
- - |
7
6 9 |
-
- - |
-
- - |
100% |
Kestede keltirilip otyrghan mәlimetterden bayqaghanymyzday, respublikanyng basshy organdary men ortalyq mekemeleri barlyq okrugterde, tipti, tek qana qazaqtar qonystanghan audandardaghy mekemelermen de isqaghazdaryn orys tilinde jýrgizgen. Sonday-aq, kestede kórsetilgendey "qazaqtandyru" sayasaty jýrgizilip jatqan 3-4 jylda basshy qyzmettegi qazaqtardyng ýles salmaghy alghashqy sanynan da azayghanyn bayqaugha bolady. Ýkimetting "qazaqylandyru" sayasatyn jýrgizudegi josparynyng manyzdy túsy europalyqtardyng jergilikti halyq tilin mengerui edi.
Ol ýshin 1926/27 jәne 1927/28 jyldary Qazaqstanda qyzmet isteytin europalyqtargha qazaq tilin ýiretetin kurstar ashylyp, oghan 3568 adam qamtylghan. Al, búl kurstar europalyqtardyng qanshasyn qazaqshagha ýiretti, ol belgisiz, óitkeni múnday dayyndyqtan ótkender turaly esep jýrgizilmegen. Alayda Semey guberniyasyndaghy qazaq tilin ýirenuge qatysqan 520 tyndaushydan tek 23 adam ghana qazaq tilinde azdap jazudy ýirengen.317 1927 jyly Oral okrugtik halyqqa bilim beru bólimi 360 europalyqty qazaq tilin ýirenu kursynda oqytudy josparlasa, is jýzinde oghan oqugha tartylghandar sany 60-aq adam bolghan. Olardyng ózi búl kursty ayaqtamaghan.318 Halyq aghartu komissariatynyng mәlimetterine sýiensek, búl kurstar europalyqtargha qazaq tilin ýiretude aitarlyqtay nәtiyje bermegenin bayqaymyz. Óitkeni kursty tyndaushylardyng kópshiligi búryn búratana atanghan jergilikti halyqtyng tili-qazaq tilin ýirenuge tipti de yqylasty bolmaghan.319 Múnday kózqarastyng oryn alghandyghy 1933 jyly QazOAK Tóralqasyna qarasty fraksiya mәjilisinde respublika mekemelerining jergiliktendirudi qalay jýrgizgeni turaly bergen esebinde mәlim boldy. Ýkimet tarapynan jýrgizilgen diyrektivalar men qaulylargha qaramastan 1933 jyldyng basynda memlekettik jәne әkimshilik sharuashylyq apparattarynda jergilikti últ ókilderining sany 39268 adamgha ghana jetken. Búl degeniniz sol kezdegi barlyq basqaru apparatyndaghy qyzmetkerlerding 30 payyzyn ghana qúrady.320
"Kishi Qazan" baghytynyng iydeyalyq negizi bolyp tabylghan qazaq dalasyn orystandyrudy maqsat etken búl zymiyan sayasat, el ómirining barlyq salasynda onyng ishinde últsyzdanugha tezirek jol ashatyn mәdeniyet pen qoghamdyq sanany ózgertu arqyly yqpal etuge kiristi. Búl әreketterin bolishevikter sosializm qúrugha qajetti qadam dep týsindiruge tyrysty. Biylikting kýshimen engizilgen búl kenestik janalyqtar tóltuma ruhany dәstýrlerdi joy arqyly iske asyrylyp otyryldy. Halyq mýddesimen sanaspay jasalghan búl әreketterding basty ólshemi sosialistik jýiening ómir sýruin qalayda qamtamasyz etu boldy. Onyng bir aiqyn dәleli Kenes ókimeti arab qarpimen til syndyryp, dәris alyp ósken qazaqty, on shaqty jyl ishinde birde latyn әrpine, birde kirillisagha kóshirip, ótkendegi tarihy jazbalaryn, kitabyn oqy almaytyn kýige týsirdi. Arab әrpindegi qazaq sózin oqy almaytyn jaghdaygha jetkizgen son, kirillisa әrpindegi orys sózin oqy almaushylyq ana tilimizdi joghaltuymyzdyn bastamasy bolghan edi. Osynday qiyanattyng saldarynan býgingi úrpaq ózining әkesi, odan búrynghy ata-babalary jazghan jazudy tanymaytyn jat úrpaq bolyp ósti. Sonymen birge әlipbiydi ózgertu qazaqtardy basqa týrki tektes halyqtardan irgesi sógiluine әser etti. Búl әlemdik órkeniyetke tezirek jetemiz degen jeleumen isteldi.
1930 jylghy 6-8 aqpandaghy QazAKSR Halyq aghartu komissariaty alqasy mәjilisining "Jana qazaq әlipbiyin engizudi jedeldetu jónindegi sharalary turaly" qaulysy shyqty. Onda basshy organdardyng jana әlipbiyge kóshudi jedeldetu jәne arab әlipbiyin Qazaqstannyng 10 jyldyghy qarsanyna qaray memlekettik, qoghamdyq ómirding barlyq salalarynan birjola yghystyru turaly núsqaularyn negizge alu tapsyrylghan. Sonymen birge Halyq aghartu komissariatynyng barlyq bólimderi men organdary oqu-tәrbiye, sayasi-aghartu, ghylym men kitaphana, baspa jәne kense salalaryn Qazaqstannyng 10 jyldyghyna qaray jana әlipbiyge tolyq kóshirudi kýshti qarqynmen jýzege asyratyn bolsyn jәne búl sharalardy der kezinde jýzege asyru Halyq aghartu komissariatynyng ortalyq apparatyndaghylargha da, jergilikti jerlerdegi әrbir basshynyng tikeley jauapkershiligine jýktelsin321 degen qatang tapsyrma berildi. Búl әreketter búryn búratana dep kemsitilip kelgen qazaq halqynyng endi tarihy zerdesin mýldem joygha bet búrghan kezen bolghandyghyn aighaqtaydy. Bir halyqtyng ruhany baylyghyn, últtyq, mәdeni, tarihy erekshelikterin pash etetin asyl múralardy, ghylymy enbekter men kitaptardy úrpaqtan úrpaqqa jetkizip kelgen arab alfaviyti Ortalyqtyng ozbyrlyghymen 20-jyldardyng ayaghynda latyn alfaviytine auystyrylsa, ile-shala ol kirillisagha kóshirildi. Búl әreketterden biz sol kezdegi jergiliktendiru sayasatyna týbirimen qayshy keletin, osynday últ sanasyn óshiruge baghyttalghan sharalardyng qosa jýrgizilgenin kóremiz.
Búl qazaq halyqynyng ruhany damuyna jasalghan qysastyq, onyng keleshek ósip órkendeuine túsau salu edi. Ókinishke oray, kónekózge qymbat, kógenkózge júmbaq bolghan, Ál-Farabiyden bastap arghy Ahmetten (Yassauiyden) bergi Ahmetke (Baytúrsynovqa) deyingi nebir ghúlama ghalymdar men aqyn jyraulardyn, Babur men Beybarystay batyrlardyn, Búqar men Qazdauysty Qazbektey biylerding sheshendik dәstýrin úrpaqtan úrpaqqa jetkizgen sol arab әripterin Kenes ókimeti halyqtyng ruhany qazynasyn jasaushy emes ony kerisinshe tek dindi uaghyzdaushy retinde kórsetuge tyrysyp baqty. Onyng zardaptaryn keyingi úrpaq tartuda. Mysaly, qazirding ózinde jas úrpaqqa ózderining ótkendegi ata-babasynyng tarihyn oqyp bilu ýlken qiyndyq tughyzyp otyr. Olar múnday kýige kenes ókimetining sosialistik qúrylysty birigip ornatamyz degen jeleumen ózge halyqtyng taghdyryna qatygezdikpen aralasqan otarshyldyq pighylynyng barysynda, alfavitti eki mәrte ózgertu nәtiyjesinde týsip otyr. Býginde búl jasalghan qiyanattyng tútas bir halyqtyng últtyq sanasyna keri әser etip otyrghan jayy bar. Búl jóninde týrki halyqtarynyng tútastyghyn ansap ótken jәne sol jolda kýres jýrgizgen Mústafa Shoqaydyn: "Kenes ókimeti ata-babalarymyz on tórt ghasyr boyy qoldanghan әlipbiydi zorlyqpen ózgertip, ýlken mәdeny múramyzdan aiyrdy әri tuystarymyzdyng tiline mýldem jat emle qaghidalaryn engizip, týrkistandyqtardyng tuysqandyq tútastyghyna zor ziyan keltirdi"-322 degen pikirin býginde ómirding ózi rastap otyr.
Al, halqymyzdyng ayauly úldarynyng biri "Auyl tili" gazetining redaktory Mirjaqyp Dulatov 1926 jyly QazOAK-ting sol kezdegi tóraghasy Jalau Mynbaevqa qazaq tilining taghdyry turaly qabyrghasy qayysa jazghan hatynda:"Men ne kórmedim. Maghan әkelip arab pen parsyny qosty. Bertin kele shýldirletip noghaydy, byldyrlatyp orysty qosty. Bir kýnderde meni mýlde joq qylghysy kelgender de boldy. Tónkeris boldy, qazaqtyng kózi ashyldy, onyng ýstine "qazaq tili memleket tili bolsyn" degen zang shyqty. Tóbemiz kókke tórt eli jetpedi. Biraq ne keregi bar, bosqa quanghan ekenmin"! degen tolghanysy tútas bir halyqtyng taghdyrymen baylanysty aitylghanyn respublika basshylary nazargha da almady...323
Sol jyldary Qazaqstan boyynsha "jazylmaghan" jalpy orystandyru sayasaty jýrgizilip jatqanda búl kózboyaushylyq ýshin jasalghan "júmystar" aghyn sugha qarsy jýzgenmen para-par boldy. Aytqangha kónip, aidaugha jýretin kýige týsken últtyq "elitanyn" azghana toby arqyly orys bolishevikteri Qazaqstanda ózderining shovinistik pighyldaryn qymsynbay-aq jýzege asyryp keldi. Sol kezde memlekettik mekemelerde jýrgizilgen is qaghazdaryn, qazaqsha sóiletu barysyndaghy búrmalaudan tuyndaghan kedergiler kele-kele asqynyp, býginde últtyq egemendikke say bolmay jәne ony retke keltirude boy bermey keledi.
"Qazaqtandyru" sayasatyn jýrgizu barysynda orny tolmas olqylyqtardyng jii qaytalanyp otyrghanyn múraghat sórelerinen tabylghan myna bir qújat dәleldeydi. QazOAK-tin janyndaghy Bayyrghylandyru komiytetining 1934 jylghy 10 jeltoqsanda bolghan mәjilisindegi bayandamada: "Búl bolghan jәiitterdi úyat ta bolsa aitpasqa bolmaydy. Osy iske (qazaq tilin ýiretetin kurstargha) qanshama aqsha júmsalsa da, eshqanday nәtiyje ala almadyq, birde-bir europalyq qazaq tilinde, tipti, shamaly da týsinik beretin dәrejege jete almady"324- dep dәrmensizdik tanytqan. Búdan biz memlekettik mekemeler ýshin qazaq tilin mengergen mamandar dayarlau ong nәtiyje bermegenin kóremiz. Memlekettik apparattardy qazaqsha sóiletu tek jalang úran bolyp qaldy. Oghan mysal retinde 1934 jylghy 14 sәuirde "Qazaq emes mektepterde qazaq tilin mindetti týrde oqu" degen aldamshy qaulysyn keltiruge bolady325 Osy sheshimder uaqytsha, júrtty aldarqatu ýshin qabyldanyp, keyin kýshi joyylyp otyrdy.
1941 jyly 14 shildede QazKSR Halyq komissarlar kenesi qazaq tilin biletin basqa últ ókilderine beriletin jenildikti joysa, 19-ynda Terminkomdy joydy.326 Is qaghazdary qaytadan orys tiline kóshirildi. QazKSR OAK pen Halyq komissarlary kenesi 1938 jyly qazaq mektepterinde orys tilin mindetti týrde oqu turaly"327 qauly qabyldap, sol jyldan bastap barlyq qazaq mektepterinde orys tili jappay oqytylatyn boldy. Osynday orystandyru sayasatynyng pәrmenimen 1955 jyly 4 mausymda Qazaq KSR HKK "KSRO Ministrler Kenesining 1955 jylghy mamyrdyng 9-da №3147 Jarlyghyna sәikes orys mektepterinde mindetti týrde qazaq tilin oqytudan bosatu turaly" №450 Jarlyghyn shyghardy.328 Osynday beybastaqtyqqa jol bergen biylik basyndaghylardyng kelisimimen mektepke deyingi balalar mekemelerinde de orys tili mindetti týrde qoldanyla bastady.
Osy kezden beri úzaq jyldar boyy belgisiz, týsiniksiz últtar birligin kýshpen ústau sayasatyn berik ústanghan qyzyl iydeologiya internasionaldyq birtektilikti uaghyzdap, "últtardy aralastyru men biriktirudi" qalyptastyrudyng voluntaristik әreketine jol berip, tilderding damu órisin qasaqana shektep, әdeyi tejedi, olardyng qoldanylu ayasyn ýnemi taryltyp, búqaralyq aqparat qúraldarynda, merzimdi baspasózde tilding beyneleu boyaulary jútatyldy.
Kenes ókimetining sol kezeninen bastap birde ýzilip qalyp, birde ýzdigip baryp, sheshui tabylmay kele jatqan ana tilimizding týiin-týinekke ainalghan tolghaqty mәseleleri biteu jara kýiinde býginge deyin jetui de sodan.
Belgili jurnalist J.Quanyshәlining "Tarihtan nege taghylym almaymyz" degen jan aiqayy sol 20-30 jyldardaghy qazaq tilin memlekettik mekemelerde qoldanu barysynda jýrgizilgen jalang ýgit-nasihat pen býgingi kýngi qazaq tilinin ahualyn, qoldanu ayasynyng bayaghy qalypqa týsetin qaupining mýmkin ekendigin salystyra kelip: "Biz qazir ótken ghasyrdaghy 20-30 jyldardyng "qazaqtandyru" nauqanynda jiberilgen qatelikter men olqylyqtardy sol qalpynda qaytalap otyrmyz. Bayqasanyz, o kezde de, qazir de eshkimdi, әsirese, til sayasatyn tikeley jýzege asyryp, qazaq tilin memlekettik qyzmet salasyna engizuge tiyis lauazym iyelerin sol tildi biluge mindettemeytin, demek olar búl salada týk istemese de eshqanday jauapkershilikke shaqyrmaytyn Til Zanyn qabyldap, tek sol sebepten ghana oryndaluy mýmkin emes zang aktisin jalang ýgit-nasihat arqyly oryndaugha tyrysyp, aramter bolyp jýrmiz. Ol kezde de, qazir de til qoldanysynyng barlyq salasynda derlik onsyz da óz ýiining bosaghasynan syghalap, ógey tirlik keshken qazaq tili men búl ýy ýshin erke bala-orys tiline birden, "teng qúqyqty" memlekettik mәrtebe (20-jyldar) men resmy mәrtebe (90-jyldar) beru arqyly alghashqysynyng qolyna kisen, ayaghyna túsau salyp, tyrp etkizbey tastadyq"329-dep aitqan baghasy býgingi kýnning ashy shyndyghy bolyp túr.
Uaqyttyng ózi memlekettik til mәrtebesi bar qazaq tilining qazirding ózinde-aq kәdege tolyq jaramay jatqandyghyn, janarghan zaman talaptaryna say ózgertiluge tiyistigin kórsetip otyr. Jerimizdi mekendep, suyn iship, sol jerde úrpaq ósirip otyrghan orys halqynyng ókilderi shala qazaqtarmen qosylyp, búl kýnde qazaqtyng yrymdap qoyghan qasiyetti esimderin Oljasty Aljas, Orazdy Araz, tipti Otan degen qasiyetti úghymdy týiening Atanyna balap, namysqa tiyetindey etip búrmalap aitulary sol halyqty syilamau bolyp tabylady.
Kezinde qazaqty últ retinde joyyp jiberuge jantalasa kýsh salghan otarshyldyqtyng solaqay, sodyr sayasatkerlerinin, eng әueli, tilimizdin, dinimizdin, salt-dәstýrimizding tamyryna balta shappaq bolghan keshegi neshe týrli qúityrqy amaldarynyng zardaptaryn kýni býginge deyin tartyp kelemiz... Qazaq halqy ghasyrlar boyy sanasyna sinirgen últtyq ruhynan, últqa tәn qadir-qasiyetinen airylar halge jetti. Ásirese, kenes biyligi túsyndaghy jyldar ishinde últ retindegi keypinen airyluy shapshanday týsti. Sóitip, últ tútastyghyna zor núqsan keltirildi. Jergilikti halyqtyng deni (әsirese, qazaq tilinde ghana sóileytin auyl adamdary-E.Q.) shiykizat óndiretin arzan júmys qolyna ainaldyrylyp, ekinshi sortty últ qataryna shegerilse, býginde iykemsiz sayasattyng keselinen kópshilik qandastarymyz tóbesinen jay týskendey mәngirip, tentirep qaldy.
Partiyanyng "pәrmendi" sayasaty arqasynda últ ziyalysynyng bet-beynesi, jan-dýniyesi ózgertilip, onyng ornyna últtyq mýddelerge shoshyna qaraytyn, ózining emes, ózgening pikirin aitugha әbden daghdylanghan "tilalghysh", "aqyl aitqysh", qara basynyng qamynan asa almaytyn basshylar korpusy qalyptasty. Sonyng saldarynan qazaq tili jәne osy tilde jýrgizilgen is qaghazdary kýni býginge deyin sheshimin tappay, shermende bolyp shetqaqpayda qalyp jýr.
Elimiz egemendikke jetken qazirgi kezde is qaghazdaryn memlekettik tilde jýrgizu ótkendegidey taghy da dodagha týsip, óz jerinde óz taghdyryn ózi sheshe almaytyn kýige týspeui ýshin, qazaq tilining sayasiy-әleumettik salagha tolyqqandy aralasyp ketuine, memleket tarapynan býginde qoldanylyp jýrgen sharalardan ózgeshe pәrmendi qosymsha júmystar jýrgizilui qajet. Qazaq tili qalay qoldanystan shygharyldy, sonday әdistermen ózining layyqty ornyna qaytaryluy tiyis. Búl tildi mensinbeushilerge onyng manyzyna erekshe toqtalyp kózderin jetkizetindey tәsilder men tiyimdi joldardyng ekonomikalyq kózderin tauyp paydalanu kerek. Sayasy tәuelsizbin dep atalghan memleket, qajetsiz bolyp bara jatqan ana tiline qamqorlyq kórsetip, oghan jan-jaqty әleumettik jaghday jasamay búl manyzdy isting aqyry nasyrgha shabuy da mýmkin.
Ótkendegi tarihy tәjiriybe kórsetip otyrghanday, әleumettik-sayasi, ghylymy jәne mәdeny ómirding әr týrli salalarynda kereksiz bolghan tilding qúryp ketui ghajap emes. Al tilding qúryghany-tútas bir últtyng joghalghany. Ana til de halyqtyng últtyq beynesin, bolmysyn qasiyetin saqtap, soghan nәr berip túratyn tamyr sekildi. Eger tabighat zanyna sәikestendirip beynelep aitar bolsaq, qazirgi ana tilining jaghdayy qanbaq sekildi. Qanbaq tamyry barda kókpenbek, dәndi, týiinegi qajetti ósimdik bolsa, tamyrynan ýzilgende qanghyryp, eshkimge qajetsiz bolyp qalady. Osy qanbaqtyng songhy kýiine jetkizbeu ýshin, halyqtyng últtyq tamyry bolyp sanalatyn ana tili mәrtebesi joghary boluy ýshin, әrbir últ ókili osyny tereng oilauy kerek. Óitkeni búl jaghday-memlekettigimizdin, tәuelsizdigimizding de kepili.
Esenghazy Quandyq
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