Qazaq handyghynyng alghashqy astanalary
Ersinay Pirimbetova, tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty, T.Rysqúlov atyndaghy Qazaq ekonomikalyq uniyversiytetining dosenti
Qazaq jerindegi qalalardyng boy kóterui Úly Jibek jolynyng tarihymen baylanysyp jatyr.Úly Jibek jolynyng basty tarmaqtarynyng Orta jәne tómengi Syrdariya boyyn jaghalay ótui búl ónirdegi qalalardyng sanynyng kóbengine әser etti. Osydan da bolar Ontýstik Qazaqstan men Jetisudyng jaziraly jerleri ejelden-aq tarihiy-mәdeny aimaqtargha ainaldy. Jalpy, qalalyq mәdeniyetting qalyptasuyn kezenderge bólip qarastyrugha bolady.
Birinshi kezeng - týrki dәuirine deyingi ejelgi qalalar. Ariy, tur zamanynan, qola dәuirinen bastap Týrik qaghandyghyna deyingi aralyq. Búl aralyqta qalalar siyrek, óitkeni kóshpeli sharuashylyqtyng basym týsken kezeni.
Ekinshi kezeng - týrki dәuirindegi erte ortaghasyrlyq qalalar. Búl aralyqta shamamen 30 shaqty qala bolghan. Arheolog ghalymdar erterektegi ortaghasyrlyq memleketterdegi qalalardy sipaty jaghynan ýsh topqa bólgen: astanalyq jәne iri qalalar birinshi topta, ekinshi top ortasha qalalar, al ýshinshi topty kishigirim qalalar qúraghan1.
Ersinay Pirimbetova, tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty, T.Rysqúlov atyndaghy Qazaq ekonomikalyq uniyversiytetining dosenti
Qazaq jerindegi qalalardyng boy kóterui Úly Jibek jolynyng tarihymen baylanysyp jatyr.Úly Jibek jolynyng basty tarmaqtarynyng Orta jәne tómengi Syrdariya boyyn jaghalay ótui búl ónirdegi qalalardyng sanynyng kóbengine әser etti. Osydan da bolar Ontýstik Qazaqstan men Jetisudyng jaziraly jerleri ejelden-aq tarihiy-mәdeny aimaqtargha ainaldy. Jalpy, qalalyq mәdeniyetting qalyptasuyn kezenderge bólip qarastyrugha bolady.
Birinshi kezeng - týrki dәuirine deyingi ejelgi qalalar. Ariy, tur zamanynan, qola dәuirinen bastap Týrik qaghandyghyna deyingi aralyq. Búl aralyqta qalalar siyrek, óitkeni kóshpeli sharuashylyqtyng basym týsken kezeni.
Ekinshi kezeng - týrki dәuirindegi erte ortaghasyrlyq qalalar. Búl aralyqta shamamen 30 shaqty qala bolghan. Arheolog ghalymdar erterektegi ortaghasyrlyq memleketterdegi qalalardy sipaty jaghynan ýsh topqa bólgen: astanalyq jәne iri qalalar birinshi topta, ekinshi top ortasha qalalar, al ýshinshi topty kishigirim qalalar qúraghan1.
Ýshinshi kezeng - IH-HIII ghasyrdyng basyndaghy qalalar. Búl aralyqta Úly Jibek jolynyng sharyqtau shegine baylanysty qalalar sany kóbeydi. Ol qalalar ózining kólemine qaray bólingen: kólemi 30 gektardan asatyn qala júrttary, kelesi qalalar 15-30 gektargha deyingi aralyqty, kishigirimderi 15 gektardan tómen qalalar2.
Tórtinshi kezeng - HIII ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysy men Qazaq Handyghy dәuirindegi qalalar. Búl kezeng Altyn Orda - Joshy úlysynyng zamanynan bastau alady. Altyn Ordanyng ydyrauy nәtiyjesinde payda bolghan Aq Orda, Mogholstan, Qazaq Handyghynyn, yaghny memleketining qalyptasu jәne damu uaqytyna kiredi. Al, kezinde Altyn Orda qúramyna Jetisu men Shyghys Qazaqstannyng az ghana bóliginen basqa qazirgi býkil Qazaqstan aumaghy, demek, Qypshaq taypalary odaghynyng jeri týgeldey kirdi. Altyn Ordanyng negizining qalanyp, keng qanat jangy Joshynyng ekinshi balasy, Shynghys hannyng nemeresi Batu hannyng atymen baylanysty. Ol Rusiting ontýstik aimaghyn, Polishany, Vengriyany, Dalimasiyany qúzyryna qaratty. Gruziyany jenip, Kavkazdyng basqa da keybir halyqtaryn baghyndyrdy. Altyn Orda shekarasy Ertisten Dnestrge deyin sozyldy. Shyghys Europada oghan Edil búlgharlarynyng jeri, Deshti Qypshaq, Qyrym jәne Derbentke deyingi Soltýstik Kavkaz (keyde Bakuge deyin), Orta Aziyada Ýrgenish qalasymen qosa Soltýstik Horezm, Syrdariyanyng tómengi aghysyna deyingi aimaq týgel qarady3.
Bizding maqsatymyz Qazaq Handyghynyng alghashqy astanalyq qalalaryn anyqtau bolghandyqtan, tikeley Altyn Orda tarihynda manyzdy oryn alghan Sarayshyq qalasyna kónil audarayyq. Altyn Ordanyng gýldenui Ózbek han men Jәnibek hannyng túsyna keledi. Atalghan handardyng biyligi barysynda Altyn Ordanyng astanasy Saray Ál-Jәdid (Jana Saray) boldy. Jәnibek han túsynda Jana Saray Altyn Ordanyng ghana emes, sol tústaghy býkil músylman dýniyesining eng iri mәdeni, ghylymi, diny ortalyghyna ainalghan bolatyn. Altyn Orda aumaghy jappay kóshpeliler mekendegen úshy-qiyrsyz keng dala ghana emes, qala salu mәdeniyeti de qatar jýrgen memleket bolghan. Monghol handary salghan qalalardyng ishinde kezinde ishki jәne halyqaralyq iri sauda ortalyghy bolghan Sarayshyq qalasyn da ataugha bolady4. Negizin Batu han qalaghan Sarayshyq ózge qalalarmen qatar, Ertisten Dunaygha deyingi úlan-baytaq ólkeni biylegen, keyinnen Altyn Orda atalghan imperiya - Joshy úlysynyng alghashqy onjyldyghynda salyndy.
Altyn Orda tarihynan habardar oqyrman Saray Batu, Saray Berke qalalarynyng da astanalyq manyzy bolghanyn biledi. Osydan, Altyn Orda tarihynda Saray әl-Jadiyd, Sarayshyq, Saray Batu, Saray Berke qalalary belgili uaqyt aralyqtarynda astanalyq qyzmet atqarghan degen qorytyndy jasaugha negiz bar. Sonyng ishinde, Sarayshyq qalasynyng da astanalyq manyzynyng bolghandyghyn «Sarayshyqta Toqty hannyng jerlengenin, Jәnibekting osynda taqqa otyryp, 17 jyl handyq qúrghanyn, aqyry sýiegi osynda qoyylghanyn aitady.
Jәnibek han dýnie salysymen, Sarayshyqqa Ázirbayjannan onyng úly Berdibek kelip ýsh kýnnen keyin han saylanady»5, - dep jazghan ortaghasyrlyq avtorlardyng biri Ábilghazynyng sózderinen bayqaymyz. Óitkeni, ortaghasyrlyq dәstýr boyynsha handyq taqqa kóteru jәne ol dýnie salghan song ony jerleu de sol astanada ótetin bolghan.
Sarayshyq qalasy Altyn Ordadan keyin Noghay Ordasynyng da tarihynda kezdesedi. «Noghaydyng atasy Joshynyng jetinshi balasy. Noghay әkesinen Dnepr men Dnestr aralyqtaryn múragerlikke alghan edi»6, - dep jazady Altyn Orda tarihyn zertteushi iri ghalymdardyng biri Safargaliyev M.G.
Sonymen, biz tarihtan Noghay úlysy jәne Noghay Ordasy degendi kezdestiremiz. Noghay úlysy dep Edige zamanyna deyingi uaqytty aluymyzgha bolady. «Noghay» atty etnikalyq atau HV ghasyrdyng ayaghynda Edigening arqasynda manghyt júrtynyng birigui, kýshengi arqasynda qayta janghyrghan. Noghay Ordasynyng tarihy sahnagha qayta oralyp Orda (memleket) retinde tanyluy Edigening nemeresi Uaqas biyding túsyna keledi7 deydi noghaytanushy avtorlar.
Sarayshyq qalasy Orda tolyq qúlaghansha noghay biyleushilerining qystyq astanasy bolyp qala berdi. Astana arqyly Shyghys Europa men Orta Aziyany qosatyn basty sauda keruenderi ótip jatty. Noghay Ordasynyng geografiyalyq aumaghy Altyn Orda men Aq Ordanyng arasynda tiyimdi ornalasqan edi. HV ghasyrdyng orta sheninen bastap Aq Orda Qazaq Handyghynyng etnikalyq aumaghyna ainalghandyghyn eske alatyn bolsaq, búl aimaqtardyng qazaq biyleushilerining nazarynda boluy әbden mýmkin jaghday. Tarihy mәlimetter Jәnibek han men Búryndyq han túsynda-aq Sarayshyq qalasy Qazaq memleketining astanasy boldy degendi aitady. Sonyng ishinde, Qazaq memleketining Qasym han túsynda nyghangy batys shekaralarmen baylanysty.
HVI ghasyrdyng basynan bastap Noghay Ordasy auyr daghdarysqa dushar bolady. Biylik basyndaghy bayaghy el qamyn jegen Edigening úrpaqtary úsaqtap, taq ýshin ózara tartysyp, aqyry bir-birine baghynbaytyn derbes úlystargha bólinip ketedi. Noghaylardyng búdan әri elin, jerin óz kýshimen saqtap qalar mýmkindigi joqtyghyna kózi jetken Qasym han orystardan búryn qamdandy. Ol 1519 jyly Noghay myrzalaryn Edilding ong jaghyna yghystyryp, Qazaq Handyghynyng batys shekarasyn Astarhan handyghymen shektestirdi. Qasym han ózi biylik qúrghan tústa Ózbek handyghynan Syrdariya boyyn, Mogholstannan Jetisu ónirining ýlken bóligin, Noghay Ordasynan Embi, Jayyq pen Edil aralyghyn óz handyghyna qosty.
Qadyrghaly by óz enbeginde Qasym hannyng ataqty han bolghanyn, onyng is-qimylynyng kópshilikke mәlim ekenin aita kelip, onyng hikayasy әr jerde aitylady, sondyqtan mәlim, mәshhýr boldy, «Aqyrynda Sarayshyqta dýnie saldy. Búl kýnderi onyng qabiri Sarayshyqta jatyr», - dep jazady8.
Sarayshyq qalasynyng astanalyq manyzyn onyng geosayasy jaghdayymen baylanystyru artyq emes. Búl jaghday babalardyng kóregendik qasiyetin aiqynday týsedi. Qazaq memleketining tarihynda astanalyq qala bolyp Sauran, Syghanaq qalalary atalady. Arheolog ghalymdardyng zertteulerine qaraghanda búl qalalardyng tarihy sonau H-XI ghasyrlardan bastalady.
Belgili arab ghalymy Ál-Maksidi: «Sauran qalasy birinen keyin birimen jeti qabyrghamen qorshalghan ýlken qala, onyng ortasynda meshiti bar», - dep kórsetedi. Sauran HIV ghasyrdyng birinshi jartysynda Aq Ordanyng astanasy bolghan. 1320 jyly qaytys bolghan Aq Orda biyleushisi Sasy Búqa jerlengen. Sauran óz uaqytynda myqty qaqpanyng rólin atqarghan9 degen arheolog ghalym K.M.Baypaqovtyng pikirin basshylyqqa alatyn bolsaq, qazaq memleketining ontýstik shekaralaryn saqtap qalu maqsatynda qazaq biyleushileri Saurandy sayasiy-әkimshilik ortalyqqa ainaldyrghan dep oy topshylaugha bolady.
Mahmud Qashgharidyng enbeginde astanalyq qalanyng biri - Syghanaq qalasy da oghyzdardyng qalalarynyng qatarynda HI ghasyrdan bastap atalady. Sauran da, Syghanaq ta Syr boyyndaghy ekonomikalyq manyzy bar qalalar. Osyghan da baylanysty Sauran, Syghanaq Aq Orda, kóshpeli Ózbek handyghy tarihynda da manyzdy oryn aldy. Búl qalalar sheptik aimaqta ornalasuyna baylanysty soghystardyng saldarynan birese joshylyqtar birese shaybandyqtardyng qolyna alma-kezek ótip otyrdy. Qazaq memleketining Syr ónirindegi soghystarynyng nәtiyjesi HV ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda qatty bayqaldy. 1471/72 jylghy úrys Qazaq Handyghy ýshin óte nәtiyjeli ayaqtaldy. Syr ónirinen qarsylas jau quyldy jәne aimaqtyng soltýstik jәne soltýstik batysyndaghy Sozaq, Sauran jәne Syghanaq aimaqtary Qazaq Handyghynyng qúramyna ótti.
Shaqpaq by men jýzbasy Sadyq shәih bastaghan qaskýnemder shәhardy (Syghanaqty) Búryndyq hannyng qolyna berdi. Ibn Ruzbihan Syghanaq qalasyn «... jannat jerding sheti...» dep sipattaydy. «Búl qala, - dep jazady ol, - Deshti Qypshaqtyng shekaralyq beketi bolyp tabylady jәne býkil әlemge aumaghynyng kendigimen, qauipsiz әri tynysh boluymen danqy shyqqan. Syghanaq Týrkistan aimaghynyng iri sauda ortalyghy, jәrmenkeler ótkizilip, kóshpelilermen alys-beris jýrgen. ... Hajy Tarhannan kóptegen iygilikter, semiz qoylar jәne ang terisinen, kish pen tinnen, yaghny búlghyn men tiyin terisinen tigilgen tondar, berik sadaqtar, aq qayynnan jasalghan jebeler, jibek matalar siyaqty basqa da baghaly tauarlar jәne ózge de asyl búiymdar jetkiziledi», - dep suretteluine qaraghanda búl qalanyng ekonomikalyq mәnin bayqau qiyn emes. Qalanyng búl sipatyn da qazaq biyleushileri basshylyqqa alsa kerek. Óitkeni, jana boy kóterip kele jatqan memleket ýshin ekonomika, yaghny bazis eng basty mәselelerding biri bolyp tabylady. Onyng ýstine XV-XVI ghasyrlar - Qazaq Handyghynyng qalyptasuy men damu, qanat jang kezeni. Sauran, Syghanaq, Sarayshyq, Qasym han túsynda Úlytaudyng da ataluy ghajap emes. Ózining qalyptasuy barysynda talay tosqauyldardy bastan keshken jas qazaq memleketining aumaghynda bir qalanyng ghana túraqty astanalyq qyzmet atqarmauynda uaqyt talabyna say ishki-syrtqy jaghdaylarmen baylanystyryp qarastyrghan jón siyaqty. Ásirese, Qasym hannyng syrtqy sayasaty búl jaghdaylardy naqty dәleldedi. Syr óniri shekaralaryn saqtau әri nyghaytu, dәl osy maghynadaghy strategiyalyq maqsatty Edil men Jayyq aralyghyna da ústandy. Onyng basty maqsattarynyng biri shaybandyqtarmen ýlken qaqtyghystargha bara otyryp, Syr óniri shekaralaryn saqtau әri nyghaytu edi. Osy aimaqqa basty nazar audarudan bolar keybir derekterden arheolog ghalymdardyng enbekterinen ontýstikte Sauran, Syghanaq qalalarynyng ekonomikalyq manyzy bar sayasiy-әkimshilik ortalyq retinde qatar atalatynyn da kezdestiremiz. Búl jaghdayda qalalardyng atqarghan qyzmetining arasalmaghyn salystyra otyryp Syghanaq qalasynyng sayasy manyzynyng basym ekendigine kóz jetkizuge bolady. Kezinde Syghanaq Deshti Qypshaq ýshin «sauda ailaghy» boldy, ol dala memleketteri handarynyng astanasy sanaldy.
Syghanaq - XI ghasyrdan bastap Syrdariya ózenining boyyndaghy sayasy ortalyqqa ainalghan eng iri qala. Ol eng alghash Qypshaq Handyghynyng odan Aq Ordanyn, Ábilqayyr handyghynyng astanasy boldy. Syrdariyanyng tarmaqtaryn jaghalay qonystanghan taypalar suarmaly eginshilikpen ainalysty. Syghanaq - monghol shapqynshylyghy túsyndaghy Otyrardan keyingi erlikpen qorghanghan ekinshi batyr qala.
Syghanaq qalasy Qazaq Handyghynyng túsynda әkimshilik, sayasi, sauda jәne mәdeny ortalyqqa ainalyp, kemeline jetti. Derekter búl qalanyng iri keruen ortalyghy bolghandyghyn mәlimdeydi. Onyng gýldenui XII-XIII ghasyrlargha jatady. Qazaq Handyghynyng túsynda qalanyng sayasy manyzy arta týsti. Syghanaq qazirgi Qyzylorda oblysyndaghy Súnaq ata degen jer.
«Qazaq Handyghynyng sayasy ortalyghy әueli Batys Jetisu, birneshe jyldan keyin - Syr ónirining qalalary men Qaratau betkeylerining soltýstik bóligindegi aumaqqa (basty qalalary Syghanaq pen Sauran bolghan), al HVI ghasyrdyng ayaghynan bastap Týrkistan qalasyna auysty»10. Sayasy ortalyqtyng Týrkistangha auysuyn Ruzbiyhangha sýiene otyryp, HVI ghasyrdyng basynda Syghanaqtyng birtindep qúlauymen baylanystyrugha da bolady. Týrkistan qalasy ózining astanalyq qyzmetin qazaq memleketining nyghayghan, sayasy arenada kórshiles elderge belgili bola bastaghan kezden bastady. Músylman qauymynyng qasiyetti orny әri qazaq handarynyng reziydensiyasy bolghan Týrkistan iri sayasi,ekonomikalyq әri mәdeny ortalyq boldy. Múnda Esim, Jәngir, Abylay handardyng keseneleri salyndy.
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