(XIX gh. ekinshi jartysy - XX gh. basy)

Biybinúr  Seydibaeva

Orta Aziya men Resey arasyndaghy saudany damytuda Qazaqstan manyzdy ról atqarghan. Búl elderdi bir-birimen jәne Qytaymen jalghastyratyn sauda joldary qazaq jerinen ótken¹.

Resey әskerining qazaq dalasyna enui XVIII gh. I jartysynda  bastalyp, XIX gh. ortasynda bolashaqta-ghy Týrkistan general-gubernatorlyghynyng soltýstik shekarasy alyp jatqan jerlerge deyin keneydi. Búl uaqytta Jetisu men Syrdariya oblysynyng kishigirim bóligi ghana Reseyge baghyndyrylghan edi². 1847 j. Syr ónirindegi orys әskerleri salghan eng alghashqy qonystyng biri - Rayym bekinisi³. Aral tenizinen 60 shaqyrym qashyqtyqta jatqan búl bekinisti, № 1 fort dep atap, keyinnen búl fortty Qazalygha auystyrdy⁴.

1853 j. patsha әskerleri Aqmeshit bekinisin (qazirgi Qyzylorda qalasy) basyp aldy. Búdan keyin, Qyrym soghysynyng әserinen, patsha әskerlerining qozghalysy birshama toqtady. Biraq, 1860 j. bastap búl әreketter qayta jandandy. 1864 j. Áulie Ata, Shymkent, Týrkistan, al 1865 j. jaz aiynda Tashkent qaratyldy. 1868 j. Samarqandy baghyndyrghannan keyin, búl jerde Zerravshan okrugi qúryldy. Al 1873 j. tómengi Ámudariyanyng ong jaghalauyn baghyn-dyryp, Ámudariya bólimi qúryldy.

(XIX gh. ekinshi jartysy - XX gh. basy)

Biybinúr  Seydibaeva

Orta Aziya men Resey arasyndaghy saudany damytuda Qazaqstan manyzdy ról atqarghan. Búl elderdi bir-birimen jәne Qytaymen jalghastyratyn sauda joldary qazaq jerinen ótken¹.

Resey әskerining qazaq dalasyna enui XVIII gh. I jartysynda  bastalyp, XIX gh. ortasynda bolashaqta-ghy Týrkistan general-gubernatorlyghynyng soltýstik shekarasy alyp jatqan jerlerge deyin keneydi. Búl uaqytta Jetisu men Syrdariya oblysynyng kishigirim bóligi ghana Reseyge baghyndyrylghan edi². 1847 j. Syr ónirindegi orys әskerleri salghan eng alghashqy qonystyng biri - Rayym bekinisi³. Aral tenizinen 60 shaqyrym qashyqtyqta jatqan búl bekinisti, № 1 fort dep atap, keyinnen búl fortty Qazalygha auystyrdy⁴.

1853 j. patsha әskerleri Aqmeshit bekinisin (qazirgi Qyzylorda qalasy) basyp aldy. Búdan keyin, Qyrym soghysynyng әserinen, patsha әskerlerining qozghalysy birshama toqtady. Biraq, 1860 j. bastap búl әreketter qayta jandandy. 1864 j. Áulie Ata, Shymkent, Týrkistan, al 1865 j. jaz aiynda Tashkent qaratyldy. 1868 j. Samarqandy baghyndyrghannan keyin, búl jerde Zerravshan okrugi qúryldy. Al 1873 j. tómengi Ámudariyanyng ong jaghalauyn baghyn-dyryp, Ámudariya bólimi qúryldy.

Reseyge qaraghan song Ontýstik Qazaqstan óni­rining Resey men Orta Aziya handyqtarynyng sauda qa­rym-qatynasyndaghy manyzy artty. Óitkeni bas­ty keruen joldary №1 Qazaly, Perovsk forttary, Áulie Ata, Shymkent, Týrkistan uezderi arqyly ótetin.

P.IY.Nebolsinge sýiensek, Orta Aziya elderine Reseyden әkelingen  sauda ainalymyndaghy negizgi tauarlar mynaday: 1) maqta-mata ónimderi: shyt, kolenkor, mitkali (maqtadan toqylatyn eng arzan kezdeme, týssiz shyt), kenep (holstina), oramaldar, nanka (sarghylt týsti, qalyndau kezdeme), qyzyl mata (kumach), kiyseya, maqpal (plis - maqta barqyt); 2) ji­bek mata ónimderi; 3) shúgha; 4) bylghary ónimderi: yufti (bylgharynyng erekshe sorty), óndelgen teriler, qara teriler, eshki terileri; 5) qant, qúmsheker jәne múz kәmpitter; 6) shaylar; 7) bal, balauyz; 8) aghash ónimderi men sandyqtar; 9) baghaly ang terileri: týl­ki, qarsaq, búghy terileri, 10) shishadan jasalghan ónimder: ainalar, shynylar, qúmyralar, ydystar, farfor men qyshtan jasalghan ydystar, 11) boyaular: koshenili, sandal, kinovari (qyzyl týsti miyneral, sol miyneraldan alynghan boyau), lazuri (kókshil boyau), 12) himiyalyq boyaular:  sassaparili (mәngi jasyl ósimdikter), kuporos (metaldyng kýkirt qysh­qyldy túzy), mýsәtir, ashudas; 13) әrtýrli uaq-týiek tauarlar: qaghaz ónimderi, kózildirik, saghat, or­gan (ýrlemeli klavishti muzykalyq aspap), temeki, temir búiymdary, opa-dalap, limon, marjan, býrkit, qarshygha, súnqar jәne t.b.

Orta Aziyadan Reseyge jiberilgen negizgi tauar­lar: 1) maqta, iyirilgen jipter, bóz, vyboyka, halattar; 2) jibek; 3) mal sharuashylyghy men bagha­ly ang ónim­deri: qoy, eshki, jylqy, týie (óte az mól­sherde), týie jýni, qoy men eshki jýni, aq bóken mýiizi, óndelmegen te­riler, baghaly ang terileri, el­tiri; 4) Jýn men týbit­ten toqylghan ónimder: kilem­der, palastar, oramaldar; 5) boyaular: marena (tamy­rynan qyzyl boyau alyna­tyn shóp), byzgunj, isparak, indigo (qara kók boyau); 6) dermene túqy­my; 7) keptirilgen jemis-jiydek­ter; 8) sarasin tary­sy; 9) shaylar; 10) baghaly tastar men marjandar; 11) әr týrli tauarlar: kýnjit mayy, anardan alyn­ghan uksus, búharlyq sharap ónim­deri, as búryshtar, tabak, qytaylyq farfor ydys­tar jәne t.b.⁵.

P.IY.Nebolisinning mәlimdeuinshe, XIX gh. II shiyreginde Ontýstik Qazaqstan men Resey saudasy ainalymynyng mólsheri tómendegidey: 1827-1837 j. on jyldyng ishinde 10,53 mln. som., 1840-1850 j. - 15,73 mln. som⁶. Yaghni, songhy on jylda aldynghymen salystyrghanda 36,4% ósken⁷.

Eger Orynbor kedeni arqyly ótken 1857 j.  sauda ainalymyn 100% dep alsaq, onda sauda ainalymynyng ósimi tómendegidey:

Reseyge shygharylghan tauar ainalymy shamamen 4,4 ese, al Reseyden  әkelingen tauar ainalymy 2,14 ese ósti. 1857-67 jj. on jyldyqtaghy sauda ainalymy mólsheri 1840-50 jj. on jyldyqtaghy sauda ainalymynan on esege artty (946%).

Sauda salasynda, birinshiden, ólkeni orys әskerleri jaulap alghangha deyingi kezende jәne әskery is-qimyldar jýrip jatqan on jyldyng ishinde sauda baylanystarynyng jyldam qar­qyn­men damyghandyghyn, ekinshiden, XIX gh. 50-j. búl bay­lanystardyng óte ýlken serpilispen joghary kó­terilgendigin kóremiz. P.G.Galuzonyng payym­da­uynsha, búl kórsetkishterding artuy Reseyding 1853-55 jj. soghystaghy (Sevastopoli soghysy jәne Parij beybit kelisimi) sәtsizdigimen tikeley baylanysty, yaghny Parsy eli, Týrkiya jәne Batys Europagha tauarlardy shygharu mýmkindikteri azayghan song Orta Aziyanyn  sauda naryghy retindegi manyzy dereu artty⁸.

Ólkedegi sauda baylanystary damyghan sayyn orys kópesterining monopoliyalyq ýstemdigi ýshin ólkeni baghyndyrudyng qajettigi arta týsti. Orys kópesterin mazalaghan eng basty mәsele - ózderining ólkedegi «bótendigi» sebepti jinalatyn joghary salyqtar men shekteuler. Olar endi «bóten»  emes, osy ólkening «qojayyny» bolghysy keldi.

Sondyqtan Resey, Qoqan, Hiua jәne Búqar handyqtarymen traktattar jasap, orys kópesterining qúqyqtaryn jergilikti kópesterdikimen tenestirip qana qoymay, tipti olargha músylman kópesterinde joq qúqyqtardy berudi talap etti. Mysaly, olardy músylmandar tóleytin  «erikti» jәne basqa da sa­lyqtardan bosatu, nemese «orys azamattaryn» әmir­likting sot zandary aldyndaghy jauapkershilikten to­lyghymen bosatu. Búl talap orys kópesterin erekshe púrsatty jaghdaygha kóterdi.

1866 j. Búhar әmirligine úsynylghan traktat jobasy: «V bap. Joghary mәrtebeli әmirshi orys aza­mattaryna búharlyq qalalardyng ózderi qalaghan jerlerinde orys keruen-saraylaryn iyelenuge rúqsat etedi, búl jerde olar óz tauarlaryn saqtaydy jәne búl keruen-saraylar qol súghylmaytyn menshik bolyp esepteledi.

VII bap. Joghary mәrtebeli әmirshi әrtýrli diny senimdegi barlyq orys azamattaryna Búhar iyelikterinde erkin qonystanugha jәne onyng Resey imperiyasy azamattyghyn saqtay otyryp, jyljymaytyn mýlikti satyp aluyna  rúqsat etedi.

VIII bap. Jasaghan qylmystaryna baylanysty, Búhar iyelikterinde túratyn orys azamattarynyng ýstinen týsken aryzdardyng barlyghyn búharlyq biylik basyndaghylar emes, Týrkistan general-gubernator­lyghy qarastyrady, Búhar ýkimeti atalghan general-gubernatorlyqpen baylanysyp, kinәli adamdardy sonda jiberui qajet»⁹.

Osy túrghydaghy Hiua jәne Qoqan handyghymen jasalghan kelisimderding Búhar handyghymen jasal­ghan kelisimnen esh aiyrmashylyghy joq edi. Orys kópesteri iri qalalardyng kópshiliginde qojalyq etti, barlyq sauda, tipti qylmystyq isterding ózinde general-gubernatordyng qorghauynda boldy.

«Qazaq tarihy» jurnalynan