Árbir qoghamnyng ózindik qúndylyq¬tary¬nyng manyzdy ólshem ekenin qansha jerden moyyndasaq ta, әlemdik mәdeniyettegi qazirgi jaghdaydy kóbinde europalyq ómir ýlgisining basymdyq tanytuy dep qarastyruymyz kerek. HH ghasyrda búl jaghdaydy oishyldar euroortalyqtyq dep atady.
Europalyq qúndylyqtar jýiesin ornyqtyrugha Europanyng jәne AQSh-tyng ekonomikalyq, tehnologiyalyq jәne әskery basymdylyghy quat berip otyr. Onyng ýstine qoghamdyq pikir tudyratyn aqparat tas¬qy¬nynyng 70-80 payyzdayyn qadaghalap otyr¬ghan, kópshilik mәdeniyetin qalyptastyratyn kinoindustriya ónimining jartysynan kóbin shygharyp otyrghan anglo-amerikandyq, de¬mek, bastystyq mәdeniyet óz ómirining stan¬darttaryn býkil әlemge ýlgi etip tyq¬¬palauy tanghalarlyq jaghday emes.
Adam әleminde bolsyn, adamzat mәdeniyetinde bolsyn joqtan esh¬tene payda bolmaydy. Osy qazirgi za¬man mәdeniyetine alghyshart bol¬ghan, osy kezenning qúndylyqtaryn dayarlaghan mәdeny dәuirler qanday? Búl súraqqa jauap beru ýshin sonau renessanstyq gumanizmning qalyp¬tasuyn, reformasiyanyng zayyrly¬lyq prinsiypine jol ashuyn, aghar¬tu¬shylyq dәuirining jalpylay sauat¬tylyq pen bilim qúndylyghyn algha tartqandyghyn eske alu kerek. Osy atalghandardyng barlyghy әlemdi diny biylik qúrsauynan shygharugha, ghylym-bilimning jetistikterin ómirde keninen pay¬dalanugha jәne adamnyng jeke túlghasynyng qadir-qasiyetin moyyndaugha alyp kelgendigin aita alamyz.

Árbir qoghamnyng ózindik qúndylyq¬tary¬nyng manyzdy ólshem ekenin qansha jerden moyyndasaq ta, әlemdik mәdeniyettegi qazirgi jaghdaydy kóbinde europalyq ómir ýlgisining basymdyq tanytuy dep qarastyruymyz kerek. HH ghasyrda búl jaghdaydy oishyldar euroortalyqtyq dep atady.
Europalyq qúndylyqtar jýiesin ornyqtyrugha Europanyng jәne AQSh-tyng ekonomikalyq, tehnologiyalyq jәne әskery basymdylyghy quat berip otyr. Onyng ýstine qoghamdyq pikir tudyratyn aqparat tas¬qy¬nynyng 70-80 payyzdayyn qadaghalap otyr¬ghan, kópshilik mәdeniyetin qalyptastyratyn kinoindustriya ónimining jartysynan kóbin shygharyp otyrghan anglo-amerikandyq, de¬mek, bastystyq mәdeniyet óz ómirining stan¬darttaryn býkil әlemge ýlgi etip tyq¬¬palauy tanghalarlyq jaghday emes.
Adam әleminde bolsyn, adamzat mәdeniyetinde bolsyn joqtan esh¬tene payda bolmaydy. Osy qazirgi za¬man mәdeniyetine alghyshart bol¬ghan, osy kezenning qúndylyqtaryn dayarlaghan mәdeny dәuirler qanday? Búl súraqqa jauap beru ýshin sonau renessanstyq gumanizmning qalyp¬tasuyn, reformasiyanyng zayyrly¬lyq prinsiypine jol ashuyn, aghar¬tu¬shylyq dәuirining jalpylay sauat¬tylyq pen bilim qúndylyghyn algha tartqandyghyn eske alu kerek. Osy atalghandardyng barlyghy әlemdi diny biylik qúrsauynan shygharugha, ghylym-bilimning jetistikterin ómirde keninen pay¬dalanugha jәne adamnyng jeke túlghasynyng qadir-qasiyetin moyyndaugha alyp kelgendigin aita alamyz.
Sonymen, qazirgi zaman mәdeniyetining negizgi sipattamalaryna toqtalar bolsaq, tómendegilerdi basa aitu kerek siyaqty.
Qazirgi zaman mәdeniyeti rasionalizmning ornyqqandyghymen anyqtalady. Rasiona¬lizm – tanym men is-әreketting týp tamy¬ryn adamnyng aqylymen baylanystyryp payymdaytyn kózqarastar jiyntyghy. Qa¬zirgi mәdeny dәstýrding rasionalistik dәs¬týr ekendigin eshkim joqqa shygharmaydy. Biraq ol degenimiz – búghan deyingi mәdeny kezenderde rasionalistik kózqaras joq edi degen sóz emes, óitkeni adamzat mәdeniye¬tining qay-qaysysyna bolsyn aqyl-zerdege (rasiongha) negizdelu tәn. Demek, әr mәde¬niyet¬tin, tipti, әr tarihiy-mәdeny kezenning ózindik rasionalistik dәstýri bar ekendigin eskergenimiz jón.
Al jalpy adamzattyq rasionalizm ara¬synan osy qazirgi zamandaghy rasionalizm nesimen erekshelenedi deytin bolsaq, oghan shyndyqqa degen erekshe qatynastyng tәn ekendigin aita alamyz. Atap aitar bolsaq, búl rasionalistik dәstýrde shyndyq qada¬ghalau men baqylaugha, esepteuge keletin shyn¬dyq esebinde, yaghny kóz aldyna naqty eles¬tetuge bolatyn shyndyq esebinde aly¬na¬dy. Esepteu, sonyng negizinde naqty jos¬parlau, jospardyng oryndaluyn qatang qadaghalau, mine, shyndyqty naghyz kózge kóri¬nerlik shyndyq etetin rasionalizm, nemese qazirgi rasionalizm degen osy.
Búl rasionalizmning europalyq ra¬sionalistik dәstýrden bastau alatyndyghyn da basa aitqan jón. Europalyq rasiona¬lizm¬ning kredosyn jasap bergen Rene De¬kart boldy. Onyng týsiniginde, әlemdegi kez kelgen bar nәrseni әdis (metod) arqyly, de¬mek, belgili bir proseduralar jýiesi arqy¬ly tanugha bolady. Ghylymy tanymnyng әdisi tanymnyng matematikalyq operasiyalaryna sýiengen shaqta ghana dәiekti de aqiqat nә¬tiyjeler beredi dep bilgen Dekarttan bastap, osy tәsil tek qana jaratylystanymdyq ghy¬lymdarda ghana emes, gumanitarlyq ghylym¬darda da qoldanyla bastady.
Sol kezennen bastap, “Bilim – kýsh” degen qanatty sóz taghy bir rasionalistik ús¬tanymdaghy F.Bekonnyng arqasynda el arasyna keng tarady. Adamnyng aqyl-oyy¬nan tysqary qalatyn eshtene joq degen qa¬ghidatty ústanghan, ghylymy әdisteme arqyly bar¬lyghyn tanyp-biluge talpynghan adamzat¬tyng europalyq bóligining ekspansiyasy sol europalyq mәdeniyetting әlemge keninen tarauyna birden bir sebep boldy. Biraq sol ekspansiya arqasynda basqalardy bodandau sayasaty men tabighatty ayausyz qanau da jýzege asyrylghandyghyn úmytpaghan abzal.
Rasionalizmning sonynan ergen ghylym-bilim ghasyry tehnika әlemi degen ghalamatty tuyndatty. Tehnikanyng jetistikteri adam men ony qorshaghan ortany tanymastay ózgert¬ti. Jeke bastyng enbek ýderisin kópshilik-konveyerlik óndiriske deyin kótergen tehnikalyq progress jer sharyn bir ýlken fabrika-zauytqa, al tirshilikti qanday da bir alyp mehanizmning әreketine ainaldyryp jibergendey. Qazirgi zaman mәdeniyeti tehnisistik mәdeniyet, yaghny teh¬nikalyq progress pen tehnikanyng ma¬nyz¬dylyghyna qúdayday senetin mәdeniyet.
Tehnisizm qatang mamandanu ýderisin tudyr¬may qoymaydy. Tehnikagha negizdelgen óndiris prosesi barysynda adamdardyng kópshiligi tehnikalyq ýderiske qajetti bir bólshek esebine jýredi.
Mәdeniyetting pragmatikalanuy, yaghny “payda” úghymy túrghysynan negizdelui de osy qazirgi zamannyng aidary. Adam әre¬ketining barlyghy praktikalyq baghyt alyp, keltiretin naqty paydasy, esepke alynatyn nәtiyjesi túrghysynan qúrylymdanady. Esep, payda jәne útymdylyq – býgingi pragmatikalyq әlemning úrandary osylar.
Aqparattanu iydeologiyasy aqparattyq mәdeniyet fenomenin dýniyege әkeldi. Qazirgi zaman mәdeniyetin basqashalay aqparattyq mәdeniyet dep te ataydy. Óitkeni, qazirde aqparat qogham ómirining manyzdy elementi bolyp, adam ómirining bar¬lyq salasyna әser etip otyr.
Ghalamtordyng payda bo¬luy¬men birge, әlemdegi adam¬zattyng ózara tәueldi baylanysynyng qa¬lyp¬ta¬suy – jahandanu ýde¬risin tuyndatty. Ja¬han¬danugha adamzat ómirine sayasi-eko¬no¬mikalyq óz¬gerister әke¬letin kúbylys dep qana qa¬raugha bol¬may¬dy. Jahan¬danu últtyq qún¬dylyq¬tar¬dy saqtay oty¬ryp, ghalam¬dyq qaty¬nas¬targha beyim¬delu degen ýlken mәseleni kýn tәr¬tibine qoyyp otyr.
Mine, qysqasha qayyr¬saq, qazirgi zaman mәde¬niye¬tine tәn sipattamalar reti osynday. Ary qaray qazirgi zaman mәdeniyetining bederin salyp otyrghan aqparattyq tehno¬lo¬giyalargha, olar tuyndatqan ruhany mәde¬niyet ýlgilerine naqtyraq toqtaludy qajet kórip otyrmyz.
Kompiuterlik tehnologiyalar jetistigi¬ning arqasynda adamda jana “ómir sýru” kenistigi (kózboyau bolsa da) – kiyberkenistik payda boldy. Ol kenistikte býkil әlem bizge monitor ekranynan naqty shyndyq ispet¬tes bolyp kóringenimen, ol ózining qolmen ústaugha kelerlik zattyq tyghyzdyghynan, qattylyghynan aiyrylghan móldir әlem.
Ghalamtordy postmodern (modern dәuiri¬nen keyingi) zamanynyng úly giypermәtini deuge bolady. Qazirde ghalamtor birneshe miyl¬liondaghan kompiuterlerding basyn qo¬syp otyrghan ashyq jýie. Ghalamtor әu bas¬tan liyberaldy mәnge iye. Onda kóp nәrsege rúqsat etilgen. Ghalamtorgha ilingen mәtin erkin paydalanugha berilgen mәtin. Son¬dyq¬tan mәtin avtory óz shygharmasyn ghalam¬torgha ilu arqyly ony ózinen shettetumen para-par әreket jasaydy. Nәtiyjesinde av¬torlyq qúqyq, gonorar syndy baspa mәde¬niyetine tәn úghymdar ózining búrynghy mәni¬nen aiyrylady.
Ghalamtordy kóz aldyna jaqsylap eles¬tetu ýshin biz postmodern diskursynyng ózin¬dik úghymy “rizomagha” jýginemiz. Búl termindi Jili Delez ben Feliks Gvarttary botanikadan alghan. Onda rizoma – ósimdikting taramdalyp tamyrlanu týri. Yaghni, onyng qaydan taraghanyn anyqtau mýmkin emes degen sóz.
Ghalamtorlyq tehnologiyalardy sipat¬tauda rizoma taptyrmas beyneli úghym. Riy¬zoma tabighatynan ortalyqsyzdandyrylghan, iyerarhiyagha boy bermeytin qúrylym. Son¬dyqtan onyng eshbir nýktesi basqasyna qatysty basymdyq tanyta almaydy, sol siyaqty, qos nýkte arasynda da eshqanday airyqsha bólek baylanys qalyptaspaydy, óitkeni onda bәri bәrimen tikeley bayla¬nys¬ty. Keng maghynasynda “rizoma” post¬mo¬dern әlemining beyneli sipaty bola ala¬dy, óitkeni onda ortalyqtanu, rettilik pen simmetriya joq.
Býgingi qoghamdy qorshaghan aqparattyq shyndyq adamzatty 70-80 jyldarghy shyn¬dyqtan mýldem bólek. Ol virtualdy shyn¬dyq tuyndatqan ghayyp bolmysqa bay¬la¬nysty. Osy “virtualdy shyndyq” tirkesi qa¬zir ondy-soldy kóp qoldanylyp jýr¬geni¬men, onyng maghynasynyng týsiniksiz, kómes¬kileu ekendigi belgili. Ádette, búl termin kom¬piutermen baylanysty paydalany¬la¬tyndyghy ghana anyq.
Virtualdy shyndyq әleminde bizge ýi¬renshikti kitaby mәdeniyet mәtini de ózge¬ris¬ke úshyrap otyr. Búrynghy birólshemdi, bir syzyq boyyna tizbektelgen bir jazyq¬tyq¬ta¬ghy týzu mәtin ornyna kópólshemdi elek¬trondy giypermәtin keldi. Giypermәtin ke¬nistiginde birneshe mәtinning qatar orna¬la¬suy mýmkin, tipti, mәtindegi kez kelgen sóz nemese avtor turaly býkil kerekti maghlú¬mat¬ty ala alatyn basqa sayt paraqtary túruy mýmkin.
Kәdimgi kitapty oqyp otyryp biz onyng kenistiktegi sheginen asa almaymyz, onda kórsetilgen siltemeler boyynsha qyzyq¬tyr¬ghan nәrseni әlgi kitapty tastap baryp qana, basqasyn izdep tapqannan song oqy alamyz. Al kiyberkenistiktegi virtualdy shyndyqta ornalasqan giypermәtinde biz bir mәtinnen kelesi mәtinge aldynghysynda túryp-aq lezde óte alamyz.
Virtualdy shyndyq mәtin oqudyng ghana emes, mәtin jasaudyng da (“jazu” degen sózdi әdeyi¬lep pay¬dalanbay otyrmyz) jana joldaryn úsynyp otyr. Býgingi zamanda kóp¬shilik shygharma jazbaydy, mәtin qúrastyrady. Qúras¬tyru (annan-mynnan, anadan-mynadan, tiyip-qa¬shyp...) – intermәtin¬di¬likpen anyq¬talghan jana shygharma¬shy¬lyq týri. IYn¬ter¬mәtin de¬ge¬nimiz mәtin¬derding ózgeriske týsken núsqasy, mәtin¬der¬ding bir-birine kirigui. Búl úghym mә¬tindi janasha payymdaugha jol ashady. Intermәtinning negizgi qasiyeti onyng ishtey әrtektiligi, ashyqtyghy, kópnúsqalyghy. Intermәtin ózge mәtinderge qatysty shy¬gharylady. Ol tek bú¬ryn¬ghy mәtinderge qatysty emes, ózinen keyin jazylghan mәtinderge de qatysty.
Qazirgi zaman mәdeniyetin tereng zert¬teushilerding biri Rollan Bart “Avtor ólimi” turaly aitady. Ayta ketetin bir jay, búl HH ghasyrdaghy ziyalylar aityp jýrgen kóp “ólimder” ishindegi taghy bir ólim. Esterinizge sala ketsek, F.Nisshe “Qúday ólimi” tu¬ra¬ly, O.Shpengler “mәdeniyet ólimi” turaly, M. Fuko “Adam ólimi” turaly aitty emes pe?! Búl da joghary oqu oryndaryndaghy en¬gizilgen janashyldyq – kredit tehnologiya¬synyng klassikalyq týsiniktegi dәrisker “ólimine” әkeletindigi siyaqty metaforalyq mәsele. Aqparattyq tehnologiyalar men aqparattyq nópir tasqyn bilim alugha emes, biluge mәjbýrleu bolyp otyr.
Jasyratyn ne bar, býginde mәdeniyetten oqu tәjiriybesi ketip bara jatyr. Bәlkim, bireuler býgingi tanda oqudyng naghyz dәureni emes pe, gazet oqugha, shym-shytyryq oqiy¬gha¬gha toly detektiv oqugha qúmar adamzat emespiz be der. Múnda oqu degenimiz, tikeley saliqaly da sarabdal klassikalyq әdebiy-filosofiyalyq mәtindi oqumen baylanys¬tyrylyp otyr. Qazirgi oqu oqyghanyndy óz jýreginnen sezine otyryp ótkizu, soghan qosyla qobalju, oigha shomu syndy qasiyet¬terden ada aqparat qabyldaumen shekteluge jaqyn kýide dep esepteuge bolady.
Oqu tәjiriybesi ketip, onyng ornyn tele¬didar men viydeoaqparat basyp kele jatqandyqtan, kitap mәdeny minez-qúlyqty qalyptastyrushylardyng artqy shebine ótti. Oqudan qalghan adam miynyng manyzdy bólikterin jattyqtyrudan da qalady, qiyaldau, sezinu úshqyrlyghynan, kónil-kýy sergektiginen jәne oilau shapshandyghynan aiyrylady. Búl qasiyetter aqyl-oydy jú¬tandatyp onyng shygharmashylyq әleuetine ziyan әkeledi.
Ghalamtor kenistigindegi adam belgili bir maghynada nomadqa ainalady. Ghalamtor sharlaushysy sol kenistikte iyen dalany at jalyna jabysyp shauyp ótetin kóshpeli syndy jelip jýr deuge bolady. Biraq onyng әlemi kóshpelilerding úshy-qiyry joq keng dalasy emes, giypershyndyq, virtualdy shyndyq dalasy. Tarihy kóshpeli órkeniyet at jalyna jabysyp ótken órkeniyet bolsa, býgingi kýnning neonomady (jana kósh¬kin¬shileri) kompiuter aldyndaghy oryndyqqa jabysqan órkeniyet, postmodern órkeniyeti.
Álem degenimiz bir úzyn kabeli bolyp shyqqanday! Sap-sau adam qalaysha ózining fan¬tazmdyq ekrannyng ghayyp (virtualdy) kenistigining tútqynyna ainalghanyn bay¬qa¬may da qalady. Osy tústa “ghayyp (viyr¬tual¬dy) shyndyq” úghymyna toqtalu oryndy. Týptep kelgende “virtual” degen sózding týbiri latyn tilinde qas qylghanday “naghyz”, “eng aqiqat”, “shynayy” degendi bildiredi eken, bir¬aq biz ony óz týsinigimizde “oydan shy¬gharylghan shyndyq”, “shyndyq siyaqty bolyp kóringisi kelgen shyndyq” dep úghynamyz ghoy.
“Virtualdy” degen terminning tarihyna ýnilsek, sóz tórkini “virtus”-ta jatqandyghyn jogharyda atap aitqan bolatynbyz. Ol úghym ortaghasyrlyq hristian filosofiyasynda absolutti jalpy mәnning jalqy zattarmen baylanystylyghyn týsindiru ýshin payda¬lanylghan. Sodan beri úmyt bolugha jaqyndaghan termindi fizikter jalghan elementarlyq bólshekterdi atau ýshin qayta janghyrtqan. Olar virtualdy bólshekter degen tirkesti “mýmkin әlem” týsinigimen bayla¬nys¬tyrghan. Sóitip, 70-shi jyl¬dardyng sonyna deyin terminning elektrondy әlemge de, aqparattyq tehnologiyalargha da esh qatysy bolmaghan.
“Virtualdy shyndyq” úghymyn 1970 jyldardyng sonynda Mas¬sachusets tehnologiyalyq institu¬tynda oilap tapty degen de derek bar. Ol shyndyqtyng kompiuter kómegimen berilgen ýshólshemdi makroýlgisin anyqtau ýshin paydalanylghan. Bastapqyda ol ýlgiler әskery salada әldebir tehnikany synaqtan ótkizu aldynda, mysaly, úshaqty auada aidaghanday әser ala otyryp, úshugha jerde dayarlyq jasau barysynda qoldanylghan qúrylghylargha qatysty aitylghan. Al Jaron Lanie termindi jana kompiuterlik ónim¬derge baylanysty paydalanyp ol kópshilik ainalymgha kompiutermen birge enip ýlgerdi.
Búl shyndyq bar shyndyqtyng tútas¬tyghy, túraqtylyghy men tәmәmdalghan¬dyghynyng ornyna bólshektik, ózgermelik, aluan týrlilik, ayaqtalmaghandyqty qoydy. Virtualdy shyndyq shyn ómirge ziyanyn tiygizbey óz aldyna balama әlem jasap alu mýmkindigin berdi. Kompiuterlik grafika men onda bolyp jatqan oqighalargha adam¬nyng (Ghalamtor jelisindegi kompiuterdi paydalanushynyn) tikeley әser ete alu mým¬kindigi qosyla kele virtualdy jasam¬pazdyqtyng jana mýmkindigin bergen kiyberkenistik dýniyege keldi.
Endi, mine, “virtualdy korporasiya”, “virtualdy aqsha”, “virtualdy oiyn”, “virtualdy oqu”, jәne t.b. turaly da aita¬tyn bolyp jýrmiz. Demek, virtualdy¬lyq¬tyng (ghayyptylyqtyn) әleumet ómirine, adam ómirine tereng boylay engeni sonsha¬lyq, biz endi qoghamnyng virtualizasiyalanuy (ghayyptanuy) turaly aitugha mәjbýrmiz.
60-80 jyldary kanadalyq mәdeniyet¬tanushy Marshall Makluenning aitqan kóripkeldigi endi jýzege asty deuge bolady – adam tehnologiyalar kómegimen tek qol-ayaghyn, qúlaq-kózin ghana emes, ol endi ózining jýike jýiesin de elektrondy media kómegimen úzartyp otyr.
Virtualdy shyndyq shyndyqty imita¬siyalamaydy, ony simulyasiyalaydy, yaghny sol shyndyqqa úqsas, biraq ómirde joq ózin¬dik bir shyndyqty tuyndatady. Tarata aitsaq, imitasiya aldynda túrghan dayar ýlgini qaytalaydy, al simulyasiya joqtyng or¬nyna jýrip, joqtan bardy (ghayypty¬lyq¬ty) jasaydy. Simulyakr – týpnúsqasy joq kóshirmening kóshirmesi.
Naqty shyndyqta shek qoyatyn tabighy әlde әleumettik zandardyng boluyna bay¬la¬nysty adam oiyna kelgendi jasay almaydy. Al virtualdy shyndyq sol mýmkindikti ekran aldyndaghy adamgha beredi, adamnyng shygharmashylyq shekarasyn keneytedi, jana әserler úsynady. Mysaly, әldebir sebep¬terge baylanysty eshqashan úshaq jýrgiz¬beytin adamgha qazirgi tehnologiyalar úshaqty jýrgizgendey nemese gharyshta samghaghanday sezim syilay alady.
Qazirgi tehnologiyalyq janalyqtar viyr¬tualdy shyndyqta tirshilik etudi adamgha tartymdy qylghany sonday, olargha qamkónil qylar tolymsyzdyghy basym naqty әlemde tyrbanyp tirshilik etkennen góri fantas¬magoriyalyq eles әlemin kezu únaytyn siyaq¬ty. Soghan kóz jetkizgen sayyn “aqyryn bersin!” degennen basqa amal joq.
Býginde virtualdyq әlem soghan kóz jetkizgen sayyn ýirenshik¬ti¬likke ainaldy. Virtualdy kompiuterlik magazinnen tauar satyp alamyz, bolashaq salynar ýiimizdi qolmen salyp qoyghanday etip jobalaymyz, hat jazghanday bolamyz, hat alghanday bolamyz, kitap oqyghan siyaq¬ty¬¬myz... Rasynda, osy bir “siyaqtylyq” әlemi – hat siyaqty, biraq olay deuge auyz barmaydy; kitap siyaqty oqylady, biraq ki¬tap emes degendey…. tym kóbeyip ketti. Qa¬rap otyrsaq, “siyaqtylanyp” bara jat¬qan әlemde “adam siyaqtylanbay”, adam bo¬lyp qaludyng ózi qiyngha týsetindey kórinedi...

Aqtolqyn QÚLSARIYEVA, «Egemen Qazaqstan» gazeti, №195-196 (25593)