Oysyz әlem bolmaytyn sekildi, iydeyasyz últ bolmaydy. Ghúmyrlyq iydeyasyz halyq jel qughan qanbaq syndy. Últtyq iydeyany izdeu halyqtyng ózin-ózi izdeuge kiriskendigi. Ótkeninde ónege , tarihynda tәlimi bar el tól dәuirining tolghaqty sәtterinde ózine ózi esep berip, tórt qúbylasyn týgendeydi, ótken ghasyrlardan syr tyndaydy, mandayy tirelgen kezenning tamyryn basady, keler kýnge barlau jasaydy. Últtyq iydeya, onyng ishinde, últtyq jetilu múraty patriotizmmen tyghyz baylanysty. Al patriotizm neden bastalady? Ózimiz tirishilik etip otyrghan landshaftaghy, mәdeny kenestigimizdegi birtuar dýniyeler, qasiyetter men dara túlghalardy sýiy, qasiyetti sanau men uaghyzdaudan bastalady. Ol óz últynyng jetilui jolynda Bógenbay men Qabanbaysha qayrattanyp, Abay men Ahmetshe tolghanyp, Shәkәrim men Núrghisasha tebirenuden bastalady.

Oysyz әlem bolmaytyn sekildi, iydeyasyz últ bolmaydy. Ghúmyrlyq iydeyasyz halyq jel qughan qanbaq syndy. Últtyq iydeyany izdeu halyqtyng ózin-ózi izdeuge kiriskendigi. Ótkeninde ónege , tarihynda tәlimi bar el tól dәuirining tolghaqty sәtterinde ózine ózi esep berip, tórt qúbylasyn týgendeydi, ótken ghasyrlardan syr tyndaydy, mandayy tirelgen kezenning tamyryn basady, keler kýnge barlau jasaydy. Últtyq iydeya, onyng ishinde, últtyq jetilu múraty patriotizmmen tyghyz baylanysty. Al patriotizm neden bastalady? Ózimiz tirishilik etip otyrghan landshaftaghy, mәdeny kenestigimizdegi birtuar dýniyeler, qasiyetter men dara túlghalardy sýiy, qasiyetti sanau men uaghyzdaudan bastalady. Ol óz últynyng jetilui jolynda Bógenbay men Qabanbaysha qayrattanyp, Abay men Ahmetshe tolghanyp, Shәkәrim men Núrghisasha tebirenuden bastalady.
Angharyp otyrghanymyzday, últtyq iydeya halyqtyng uaqytsha qiyndyqtary men kezendik qajettikterin ózek ete salatyn iydeya ghana emes, halyqtyng dәuirlik múratyn aiqyndaytyn, keler úrpaqtargha da temirqazyq bola alatyn úrpaq ruhyn shyndaytyn úran. Últtyq iydeya syndy efemerli dýniyeni jerge jaqyndatatyn jol - últy túna tyndaghan túlghalar múrasyn úrpaqtan úrpaqqa taratyp, uaghyzdap otyru. Sonda ghana últtyq kemeldenu prosessi oryn alary sózsiz. Kemeldenudi kóshten keyin qalghandardyng ghana sybaghasy dep qabyldaugha mýldem bolmaydy. Jetilu, kemeldenu jýzden ozghan jýirikting de, mynnan ozghan túlpardyng da mandayyna jazylghan, jalpy alghanda, adamzat enshisi.
Osy orayda, iysi qazaqtyng pir tútatyn últtyq túlghasy - Abay múrasyn týrli qyrynan qarastyrudyng ózi izdelinip otyrghan últtyq iydeyanyng mazmúnynyng bangyna, naqtylanuyna әser etedi. Abay shygharmashylyghynyng audarmamen tyghyz baylanystylyghy eshkimge janalyq emes. "Audarmashylar - mәdeniyetti bir elden ekinshi elge tasymaldap jetkizetin poshta attary, aghartushylyq shabarmandary" degen eken kezinde A.S. Pushkiyn. Rasynda da dәl solay.
Audarma isi dәl ózining tanymal maghynasynda, yaghny tilaralyq kórkem audarma retinde qazaq mәdeniyetinde HIH ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda bastaldy. Búl - orys әdebiyetining aldynghy qatarly shygharmalaryn audaru mezgili edi. Osy baghytty bastaghan Sh. Uәlihanov, Y.Altynsariyn, A.Qúnanbaevtar boldy. Solardyng arqasynda qarapayym halyq arasynda ghylym-bilimge, sauattylyqqa degen yntalylyqty tuyndatqan, «bilim degenimiz kýsh», «bilekti birdi jyghady, bilimdi myndy jyghady» degizgen aghartushylyq ýrdisteri bastaldy desek qatelespeymiz.
Mәdeniyetter, tipti, órkeniyetter arasyndaghy mәdeny dәnekerlikti jýzege asyrghan Abay audarma sheberi boldy deuge tolyq negiz bar. Abay orystyng aqyndaryn ana tiline ýilesimdi sóiletip audara bilgen. Abay Qúnanbaev orystyng Krylov, Pushkiyn, Lermontov siyaqty úly aqyn-jazushylarynyng shygharmalaryn audardy. Audara otyryp olardan ruhany nәr aldy, óleng jazudyng sheberligin, sóz saraptaudyn, oidy beynelep aitudyng asqaq ta nәzik ýlgilerin ýirendi. Abaydyng kezinde ózi susyndaghan, nәr alghan orys halqynyng klassikterin ana tiline audaryp, óz halqyna pash etui ýlken ruhany qajettilikten tughan is edi.
Abay zamanynda qazaq arasynda audarma óneri mýlde derlik damymaghan bolatyn. Eger onymen biren-saran shúghyldanushy tabyla qalsa da, olar audarma isine negizgi mamandyghynyng múqtajyna qajetti qosalqy qúral retinde qaraytyn edi. Mysaly, kórnekti aghartushy jәne túnghysh pedagog Ybyray Altynsarinning osy saladaghy enbegine nazar audarsaq sonyng kuәsi bolamyz. Ol ózining "Qyrghyz hrestomatiyasyn" dayarlau barysynda L.N.Tolstoy, K.U.Ushinskiy, I.IY.Paulison shygharmalaryn audara otyryp, paydalanyp, óz janynan sujetter qosyp týrlentti. Ol jas jetkinshekterdi oqytugha sebi tiyetin birneshe ghibrat әngimelerdi orysshadan qazaq tiline audarghan, biraq búl iygilikti ispen keng kólemde jәne arnayy ainalysqan joq. Ybyray Altynsarinning audarghandary negizinen A.N.Tolstoydyn, A.IY.Krylovtyn, K.D. Ushinskiydin, IY.M.Paulisonnyng shygharmalary edi.
Shәkәrim Qúdayberdiyevti de audarmashy retinde tany alamyz. Sh. Qúdayberdiyevting kórkem audarmagha qosqan ýlesining shoq júldyzdary - A.S. Pushkinning "Dubrovskiyi" men "Boran" hikayasy boldy.
Álihan Bókeyhanovtyng qazaq tarihyndaghy sayasy ornyn bәrimiz bilgenimizben, onyng qazaq mәdeniyetindegi audarmashy retindegi ózindik ornyn ekining biri bile bermeui mýmkin. Álihannyng keyingi úrpaqqa qaldyrghan әdeby múrasynyng eng kólemdisi - kórkem audarma. Audarmalarynyng ishinde orystyng klassik jazushylary L.N.Tolstoy, A.P.Chehov, V.G.Korolenko, D.M. Mamiyn-Sibiryak syndy jazushylarmen qatar, Europanyng órkeniyetti elderining qalamgerleri Gy de Mopassan әngimeleri, sonday-aq, ýndi, týrki tektes halyqtardyng әdeby shygharmalary jәne antikalyq dәuirding jәdigerleri de úshyrysady.
Jogharyda aityp ótkenimizdey, Abay audarmalary qazaq mәdeniyetining tarihynda bolghan ýlken oqigha. Audarmashygha qoyylatyn eng birinshi talap onyng audarmagha qajetti qos tilding ekeuin de - óz ana tili men audarylatyn shygharma jazylghan bóten tildi de barynsha jaqsy mengerumen baylanysty. Álgige qosa, audarmashy til syryn, sóz mәnin, kórkemdikting qadirin biletin, ómirge suretkershe qarap, әrbir kórinis pen qúbylysty kórkemdik, әsemdik túrghysynan úghyna alatynday qiyaly úshqyr, oiy teren, jany sergek te sezimtal, aqyndyq-jazushylyq darynnyng iyesi boluy da kerek. Osy atalghandardyng barlyghy Abaydyng boyynda bolghan.
Abay audarmamen shúghyldanghan shaghynda búl salada arnayy qyzmet etudi, sóitip audarma isin kәsiby biyikke kóterudi nysana etip qoymaghan tәrizdi. Áytse de, Abay ózining aqyndyq óner tәjiriybesinde әrdayym sol kezde qazaq ýshin ozyq ýlgi bolyp tabylatyn orystyng mәdeniyetine sýiengendikten, ózi sýisine oqyp, ýlgi-ónege tútqan klassik aqyndardy qazaqsha sóiletpey otyra almaghan. Ol ol ma, Abay aqyndyghynyng kemeldenuine, jetile týsuine, asqan kórkemdik pen tereng mazmúngha ie boluyna sol audarmanyng edәuir ekpin bergeni, iygilikti әser etkeni kýmәnsiz.
Qalayda, aqynnyng әdeby múrasy ishinde audarma ýlgilerining de ózindik orny men salmaghy bar. San tilimen keltirsek: audarmagha arnalghan 15 jylynda Abay ýlkendi-kishili 50-den astam shygharmany orys tilinen qazaqshagha audarypty. Sonda ol A.S.Pushkinning "Evgeniy Onegiyn" atty әigili shygharmasynan 7 ýzindi, M.i. Lermontovtan 30-gha tayau ólen, I.A. Krylovtan 12 mysal jәne basqa da avtorlardan 7 óleng shamasynda audarghan.
Abay audarmalaryn Pushkin ýzindilerinen bastaytyn sebebimiz kezdeysoq emes. Qazaq aqynynyng audarma ónerindegi alghashqy qadamy dәl sol túlghadan bastalghan bolatyn. Sol "Evgeniy Oneginnen" jeti ýzindi qazaqshalanghan bolsa, olardyng bәri birdey Pushkinning týpnúsqasymen mýltiksiz dәl týse bermeydi. Búl nelikten? Abaydyng alghashqy qadamy, yaghny audarma isindegi tәjiriybesi azdyghynan tudy desek, atalmysh ýzindilerding ishinde aqynnyng әri kórkem, әri dәlirek audarghandary da kezdesedi ghoy (mysaly, "Oneginning sipaty", "Amal joq, qayttim bildirmey", "Barasyng qayda, qayda bolmay maghan" t.b.). Tegi, negizgi sebepti basqa jaqtan izdegen dúrys.
Abaydyng jasaghan audarmalarynyng dәl ne erkin boluy әrtýrli tarihy jaghdaylardyng jemisi. Mәtindi dәl audarudan dúrys maghyna shyqpaghan, ne mәtinning jay maghynasyn bergenimen, oiyndaghyday kórkemdikke qol jetkizilmegen jerlerde Abay týpnúsqa mәtininen alystap baryp, onyng iydeyalyq-kórkemdik maghynasyn dәl beruge tyrysady. Ara-túra, aqyn Pushkinning týp núsqasynan alshaqtau ketse ony Abaydyng qazaq oqyrmandarynyng qamyn jeuinen tughan zandy kórinis dep bilu kerek dep oilaymyn. Osynday izdenuding arqasynda Abay shygharmashylyq audarmanyng tamasha ýlgilerin jasaghan.
Abaydyng erekshe sýiip audarghan ekinshi aqyny - M.i. Lermontov. Eng aldymen, Lermontov shygharmalarymen qazaq aqynynyng jaqyn tanys ekenin jәne onyng jeke ólenderimen birge keybir poemalarynan da ýzindiler audarghanyn angharamyz.
Abaydyng asa kónil bólip audarghan ýshinshi aqyny, orystyng ataqty mysalshysy - I.A.Krylov. Sol bir kezde, audarma óneri jolgha qoyylmay túrghan shaqtyng ózinde I.A.Krylovtyng bir mysalyn ("Qargha men týlki") túnghysh ret Ybyray Altynsarin qazaqshalaghan bolatyn. Sodan keyin Abay onyng on eki mysalyn qazaq tiline audarady. Krylovtyng satiralyq mysaldaryn qazaqshalaugha barmay, onyng ósiyetshildik baghyty basymyraq mysaldaryn Abay den qoya audarghan.
Búl audarmalarynda da Abay sheberliktin, dәldiktin, avtordy tereng týsinuding ýlgilerin kórsete alghan. Sonshalyq shabytty joldar orys elining úly mәdeniyetimen qazaq aqynynyng tanysyp, Pushkiyn, Lermontov syndy abzal jandarmen syrlasu sәtinde tughan. Sol sebepti, Abay, bir jaghynan, aqyndyq ónerin shyrqau biyikke kóterse, ekinshiden, sol kezdegi qazaq júrtshylyghyn tyng bir dýniyemen tanystyrdy, keleshek úrpaqqa ónege bolarlyq úmytylmas enbek jasady.
Qazaqstandaghy audarmanyng tarihy men teoriyasyn zertteu júmysy ghylymy әdebiyette audarma jayynda alghash pikir aitqan S.Seyfullinnen bastauyn alady deuge keledi. Spandiyar Kóbeevting "Ýlgili tәrjimasy", Moldaniyaz Ótetileuovtyng "Jighan-tergeni" jәne basqa avtorlardyng jariyalanghan audarma turaly oilary Qazaqstanda audarma ónerin órkendetuge airyqsha qyzmet atqardy.
Qazaq audarmasynyng tarihy men teoriyasyn qalyptastyrugha ghylymiy-zertteu enbekteri de ýlken septigin tiygizdi. Atap aitqanda: S. Núryshevting "Abaydyng audarma jónindegi tәjiriybesinen" [1], S. Taljanovtyng "Kórkem audarma turaly" [2], Á. Satybaldiyevting "Ruhany qazyna" [3], M. Álimbaevtyng "Órnekti sóz - ortaq qazyna" [4] jәne t.t. degen kitaptarynda qazaq audarmasynyng әrqily mәseleleri zerttelip, talqylandy.
Audarmashy - óz halqynyn, óz ortasynyn, ózi ómir keshken zamanynyng perzenti. Audarma әrqashanda adamdar, qauymdar, taypalar, halyqtar, últtar arasyndaghy әleumettik, ekonomikalyq, ruhani, ghylymy qarym-qatynastyn, alys-beristin, aiyrbastyng qúraly. Audarma - eltanu joly, dostyqtyn, yntymaqtastyqtyng tәjiriybe-taghlym almasudyng deldaly. Audarma adamdardyng kóp zamandargha sozylghan úzaq tarihynda tili ózge basqa adamdar qauymyn týsinuding qúraly, olarmen qarym-qatynas jasaudyng deldaly, dәnekeri bolghan. Audarma halyqty ruhany jaghynan damytudyng kýshti qúraly, sebebi, ol - býkil adamzat mәdeniyetining qazynaly qaqpasyn ashatyn kilt, ghylym men bilimning qaynar búlaghy, til ústartu mektebi.
Audarma qay uaqytta bolmasyn mәdeniyette zor manyzgha ie bolghan, býgingi tanda ie bolyp otyr jәne bolashaqta adamzat qanday da bir ózara ortaq til tapqan kýnning ózinde de manyzynan aiyrylmaytyn qajetti mәdeniy-tildik әreket. HH ghasyrdyng orta sheninen bastap, halyqaralyq qatynastardyng auqymynyng úlghangyna baylanysty, audarma isi búrynghydan da góri qajettirek bola bastady. Sonyng nәtiyjesinde tiltanu, әdebiyet jәne mәdeniyet tarihy túrghysynan bolsyn, psihologiya men filosofiyada bolsyn audarmagha qatysty zertteuler jandana týsti.
Qazirgi uaqyttaghy audarmashylyq belsendilikting artuyna memlekettik "Mәdeny múra" baghdarlamasynyng әseri zor dey alamyz. Býkil adamzat balasynyng ozyq oily avtorlarynyn, óz salasynyng dýldýlderi bolyp esepteletin oishyldar, ghalymdardyng shygharmashylyghyn qazaq tilinde sóiletu talay qiyanat kórgen tilimizge serpilis berip, búryndary tek kórkem әdebiyetpen shektelip kelgen audarmashylyq júmysty jandandyrady degen ýlken ýmitimiz bar. Sol "men múndalaghan" ýmitke jetu jolynda biraz ter tógip, ýlken jauapkershilik arqalau kerektigi dausyz. Professor J.Moldabekovtyng "Audarmadaghy ala-qúlalyq alandatady" degen maqalasynda keltirilgendey, "audarmashylardyng kәsiby dengeyi (sala boyynsha jәne kórkemdik shygharmashylyq túrghysynan) qalyptasa qoyghan joq. Audarmadaghy kәsiby dәstýr de, dengey de birdey emes." [5, 43 b.].
Rasynda da, jasyratyny joq, "Mәdeny múra" memlekettik baghdarlamasyna baylanysty issharalar búryndary óz kәsiby qajettiligi aumaghynda arakidik qana ózi ýshin audaryp jýrgen kóptegen gumanitarlyq ghylym salalarynyng ókilderin әp-sәtte audarmashy etti. Sondyqtan bolar, aldynghy shyghyp ýlgergen tomdarda jariyalanghan audarmalar arasynan terminologiyalyq kópnúsqalyq, ala-qúlalyq, kónilge qonymsyz jaydaq audarmalar kezdesetindigi til janashyrlaryn qynjyltary sózsiz. "Biraq ta audarma júmystary osy mamandardyng kәsiby jәne ózindik túlghalyq әleuetin qatar jetildirude me nemese qoghamnyng әleumettik jәne mәdeny әleuetin basqaruyn tezdetude me desek, әzirge búl eki baghyttaghy jýieli júmys tipten shamaly, qanaghatsyz ekenin moyyndauymyz kerek." [58, 42 b.]. Al arnayy filosofiyalyq, psihologiyalyq, әleumettanulyq klassikalyq mәtinderdi filolog-audarmashylar qolyna berseniz, onda da qiyndyq kezikpes edi deuge taghy da bolmaydy. Óitkeni "audarma mәtindi talqylaghanda onyng mәdeny maghynasyn, iydeyalyq baghytyn, әleumettik-lingvistikalyq dәstýrding qúrylymy men stiylin dúrys úqpayynsha, búl audarmanyng mәndi, týsinikti, sәtti boluy kýmәndi." [58, 42 b.] Biraq, "kósh jýre týzeledi" demekshi, birte-birte audarmadan kenjelep qalghan ghylym salalary da ózderin qamtamasyz etetindey audarylghan múra jinaryna senemiz.
Sol bir maqaldy keltirip, búl jerde ózimizdi ózimiz júbatayyn dep otyrghan joqpyz. Osy ýlken memlekettik bastamanyng arqasynda ghylymnyng sala-salasy boyynsha súryptalyp kele jatqan intellektuldy audarmashylar toptarynyng payda bolghanynyng quanarlyq jaghday ekendigin әri solardyng arasynan "jýzden jýirik, mynnan túlpar" shyqqanday bireulerining boy kórsetetindigin bilemiz.

1. Núryshev S. Kórkem audarmanyng keybir mәseleleri (maqalalar jinaghy). - Almaty: Qaz.SSR Ghylym Akademiyasynyng baspasy, 1957 - 151 b.
2. Taljanov S. Kórkem audarma turaly. - Almaty: Qazaqtyng memlekettik kórkem әdebiyet baspasy, 1962. - b.
3. Satybaldiyev Á. Ruhany qazyna: Kórkem audarma mәseleleri. - Almaty: Jazushy,1987. - 171 b.
4. Álimbaev M. Órnekti sóz - ortaq qazyna. Almaty,1967.
5. Moldabekov J.J. Audarmadaghy ala-qúlalyq alandatady // Aqiqat. - 2006. - №4. - 41- 45 bb.

Aqtolqyn Qúlsariyeva - filos.gh.d., professor, әl-Faraby atyndaghy QazÚU

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