El tiregi bolghan Bopay ana
Qazaq handyghy tarihynda memlekettik dengeyde múraghattyq qújattargha týsken tarihy túlghalar qatarynda qazaq qyzdary kóp emes. Olar turaly sóz qozghaghanda biz Ábilqayyr hannyng júbayy Bopay hanymdy, Uәly hannyng júbayy Ayghanym hanymdy, Kenesary hannyng qaryndasy kózsiz batyrlyghymen danqy shyqqan Bopay hanymdy eske alamyz. Qazaq hanymdarymen sol tústaghy qazaqtyng beldi túlghalary ghana emes, sonymen birge Resey, Hiua, Búhara jәne ózge de elderding memlekettik qayratkerleri tanys boldy. Nәtiyjesinde olar turaly býginge jetken mol aqparattar jinaqtaldy. Múnyng ózi qazaq qyzdarynyng qoghamdyq-sayasy ómirdegi belsendiligin aighaqtaydy. Sóz joq, qazaq qyzdarynyng arasynda Qazaq Handyghynyng qiyn-qystau kezeninde qazaqtyng Bas hany Ábilqayyrdyng janynan tabylyp, qinalghan shaghynda erine qoldau kórsetken, 1748 jyly 15 tamyzda han ólgennen keyin tek qana otbasyna emes, jalpy qazaqqa aqylshy bolyp, el tynyshtyghy men birligin saqtaugha ýles qosqan, kópke ýlgi bolghan Bopay ananyng orny erekshe. Oghan ózimiz júmys jasaghan Resey múraghattary qújattary tolyq dәlel bola alady. Búl arada týpderek qújattar Reseyding Orynbor jәne Moskvadaghy Resey imperiyasynyng Syrtqy Ister múraghatynda kóptep kezdesedi.
Bopay Resey múraghaty qújattarynda 1731 jyldan keyingi tarihy oqighalarda atala bastaydy jәne onyng barysynda orys elshileri hanymgha birden nazaryn audarady. Búl kezende ol Ábilqayyr han shanyraghynyng úiytqysy ghana emes, sonymen birge hannyng barlyq sayasy qadamdaryn qoldaushy retinde kózge týsedi. Mәselen, 1736 jyly 24 mausymda hannyng keshki qabyldauynda bolghan Dj.Kestli: «Hannyng sol jaghynda dәl sonday tórtkýl jibek shymyldyqtyng artynda onyng ýsh әieli otyrdy. Eng jasy ýlken bәibishesi - hanshasy - tórde otyrdy, onyng ýstine kiygeni qyzyl jibekten, altyn jippen órnektep tastaghan, basyndaghy әshekeyli biyik bas kiyimi týrikting sәldesine úqsaydy jәne ózi altynmen kestelengen. Qalghan eki әieli Búhardyng qyzyl barqytyna oranghan, әrqaysysy basyna aq shyt oramal baylap alghan» dey kele, Bopay hanymnyng ózgelerden ereksheligin, onyng europalyq salt-dәstýrlerdi biluge qúmartqanyn jazyp qaldyrady [Kestli Djon 1736 jyly Kishi jýz hany Ábilqayyrgha baryp qaytqan sapary turaly. – Almaty: Atamúra, 1996. -23-24 b.]. Al 1740 jyly qazan aiynda Syrdaghy Kishi Quandariya jaghalauyndaghy Adam ata ózeni boyyndaghy han túraghyna kelip Bopaymen kezdesken poruchik D.Galdyshev hanymnyng Resey patshasynyng jay-kýiin anyqtaugha úmtylghanyn jәne qazaq-orys qarym-qatynasyndaghy iygilikti isterdi sóz qylghanyn habarlaydy [Kazahsko-russkie otnoshenie v HÝI-HÝIII vekah (Sbornik dokumentov y materialov). –Alma-Ata: Izdatelistvo AN KAZSSR, 1961. -s.177 (alda KRO)]. Keyin praporshik Muraviyn: «menimen naghyz hanym Bopay sóilesti» dey kele, onyng hannyng Elek ózeni boyynda qorghan salu josparymen bóliskenin, sol maqsatta Orynbor komissiyasy basshysymen kezdesudi josparlaghanyn habarlaghanyn jazyp alady[KRO, s.276]. Bopay hanym el tarihynda hattalghan Kishi, Orta jýzden 500 belgili súltan, bi, batyr, starshyndar qatysqan 1748 jyldyng mausymyndaghy Keneske qatysqan. Keneste elding bolashaq damu barysyn talqygha salghan Ábilqayyr han qazaq-orys qarym-qatynasyndaghy betbúrysty qadamdarymdaghy basty maqsatym «ózim ýshin emes, býkil qazaq halqynyng paydasy men tynysh ómirin qamtamasyz etu boldy» dey kele handy moyyndamay betimen jayylghan júrtyn syngha alady. Hannan song Bopay hanym sóz alghan. Hanym: «Birinshiden, tynysh ómir qamtamasyz etildi. Ekinshiden, eshqanday syrtqy jau bizge qarsy batyl shabuylday almaydy... Biz úlymyzdy Reseyge amanatqa jiberdik, ony endi almastyru qajet. Ang ekesh ang da balasyn ayalaydy; basqalar siyaqty biz de balalarymyzdy qimaymyz. Sonda Ábilqayyr han balalaryn amanatqa ózine senbey berip otyrghan joq, ózgelerdin, qyrghyz-qaysaq «halqynyng túraqsyzdyghynan berip otyr», - dep sózin ayaqtaydy. Hanymnyng әrbir sózin tyndap kópshilikke әserin baqylaghan Saqmar kazagy Kóbek: «Hanym sózine qazaq starshyndarynyng eshqaysysy jauap qaytara almady, kerisinshe, onyng aitqanyn tolyq rastady», - dep moyyndaydy[KRO, s.390]. Múnyng ózi hanymnyng qazaq qoghamynda tolyq moyyndalghan túlghagha ainalghanyn dәleldeydi.
Bopay hanymnyng memlekettik dengeydegi sayasy qayratkerligi 1748 jyly tamyz aiynda Ábilqayyr han qaza tapqannan keyin anyq kózge týsedi. Qalyptasqan sayasy jaghdayda ol ishki birlikti saqtap jana han saylaudy úiymdastyryp, Reseymen baylanysty saqtaugha kýsh salady. Aldymen, hanym úly Qojahmetpen birge Ábilqayyr hannyng basty qarsylasy bolghan Orynbor gubernatory IY.Nepluevke tamyz aiynyng sonynda arnayy hat joldap, hannyng kózi tirisinde Núraly súltangha han boludy jýktegenin eskertedi. Hatty alysymen gubernator hanymgha Ya.Gulyaevti, Kóbekti, Smail moldany attandyrady [KRO, s.397, 399]. Orys elshileri Qaraqúm mekenindegi Han Ordasyna 4 qyrkýiekte jetip el ishindegi janalyqtardy tolyqtay kýndelikke týsiredi. Ya.Gulyaev kýndeligine nazar audarsaq, Bopay ana kóp keshikpey taghy da arnayy Kenes shaqyrghan. Dәl sol kezende hanym janynda Orta jýzden Shaqshaq Jәnibekting úly Jauqashar, tuysy Janaly, Kishi jýzden bedeldi Aqkete Altay, Jappas Baymúrat, Shekti Baqtybay, Ysyq Bayterek, Alasha Bayseu, Kereyit Kóshimqoja, Masqar Jәdik jәne ózgeler bolghan. Ataqty Qazybek by de óz qoldauyn Jәnibek súltan arqyly jetkizedi. Kelesi ýlken Kenes 27 qyrkýiekte ótedi. Oghan Orta jýzden Shaqshaq Jәnibek, 3 bi, 3 batyr qatysady. Kenes taghy da ishki birlikti tu etip, handyq taqqa ýmitker sanalghandardy, sonyng ishinde Batyr súltandy Keneske shaqyrady. Al ózin negizgi ýmitker sanaghan Baraq el tynyshtyghyn búzushy qylmysker retinde Keneske jolay almady. Sonymen 2 qazanda Núraly súltan Yrghyz ózenining sol jaq tarmaghyndaghy Qayyndy ózeni boyynda 1000-nan asa adamnyng qatysuymen han taghyna kóteriledi. Han saylaugha Orta jýzden ataqty Jәnibek tarhannan basqa Kerey Nauryz bi, Shaqshaq Qoysary bi, Jambeyti by qatysady. Kóp úzamay Abylay súltan da keledi [Múqtar Á.Q. Azattyq tany jolynda. –Almaty: Ghylym, 2001, 76-80 b.]. Sóitip Bopay hanym Ábilqayyr hannyng tilegin is jýzine asyrady. Endigi maqsat ony kórshiles elderge moyyndatu edi.
Bopay hanym uaqyt sozbay 1748 jyly 6 qazanda A.Tevkelevke de hat joldaydy. «Sizding kelininiz» dep bastalatyn hattaghy basty mәsele Núraly súltandy jay jýz hany emes, әkesi Ábilqayyr han moyyndalghanday Bas han retinde moyyndatu bolghany bayqalady. Hanym: «Sizding aqyl-kenesinizben barlyq halqymyz bir pikirge qosylyp, Orta jýz jәne Kishi jýzding ataqty barlyq biyleri mening balamdy han saylady» dey kele, eldegi ishki-syrtqy jaghdaydy esepke alyp, qazaq hanyn Reseyding moyyndauynyng manyzdylyghyn atap ótedi[KRO, s.410-411; RISSM 122 q., 122/1 t., 1748, 4 is, 324-325 p.]. Al IY.Nepluevke jazghan hatynda Bopay hanym: «Baraq Ábilqayyr handy óltirip, bizge qayghy jútqyzdy» dey kele, Núralyny han sayladyq, orys patshasyna Orta jәne Kishi jýzding barlyq biyleri atynan habar salyndy dep habarlay kele, Baraq súltandy jazalauda Resey qoldauyna ie boludy kózdeydi [KRO, s.412]. Óitkeni, búl kezenge deyin Baraq súltan da qazaq qoghamyndaghy beldi túlgha retinde orys patshasymen qarym-qatynas ornatyp, elshilik almasyp ýlgergen-di.
Múnday mәtindegi hattardy әriyne Resey de kýtti. Óitkeni orys sayasatkerleri ózine baghynbaghan Ábilqayyr han dýniyeden ótken song Qazaq Handyghyn otarlaudyng jana kezeni bastalghanyn tolyqtay sezindi. Hanym janynda jýrgen orys elshileri qazaq ýshin manyzdy әrbir mәseleni Reseymen aqyldasyp sheshudi ýgittep baghady. Jogharydaghy atalghan hattar sonyng aighaghy edi. Qazaqtardan týsken hattargha IY.Nepluev 1748 jyly 23 qazanda ghana jauap qaytarady. Tәjiriybeli orys sayasatkeri Bopaygha joldaghan hatynda, sóz joq, jana qazaq hanyn orys patshasynyng bekituin qúptaydy [KRO, s.414].
Osy tústaghy múraghattaghy derekter Bopay hanymnyng Ábilqayyr hannyng sayasatyn jalghastyrghanyn aighaqtaydy. Ony IY.Nepluevting 1748 jyly 25 qazandaghy Reseyding Syrtqy ister kollegiyasyna joldaghan haty anyq kórsetedi. Orynbor gubernatory: «hanym josparynsha... Núralyny Bas han saylau, yaghny Kishi jýzge túraqtap barlyq qazaqtardy basqaru, Erәlini Orta jýzge bekitu, al Qojahmet súltandy Hiuagha han etip, ondaghy Batyr súltan úly Qayypty almastyru» dep jazady. Qújattyng sonyna gubernator óz oiynyng qorytyndysy retinde: «Ábilqayyr tegi búdan әri әlsiremesin, biraq Ábilqayyr han tәrizdi endi eshqashan kýsheymesin» dep jazyp jiberedi [KRO, s.417-424].
Búl kezende Ábilqayyr han otbasy Qayyndy–Yrghyz jaghalauyn jaylaytyn. Bopay ana ainalasyna Reseydegi amanattaghy Ayshuaqtan basqa úldaryn – Núraly, Erәli, Qojahmet, Ádil jәne Shynghys súltandy jinaqtady. Al Qaraghay súltan derekterde kórinbeydi. Han otbasy Ábilqayyr han ólimine Reseydin, IY.Nepluevting qatysy baryn tolyq sezetin. Mine sondyqtan da hanym orys gubernatoryna «Jesir bolyp qaldym, kózim jasqa toldy, jýregim qayghy jútty, onyng ýsine kishkene qyzymyz qaldy, endi ne aitugha bolady» dey kele, keler kýnge ýmitpen qarady [KRO, s.450; RISSM 122 q., 122/1 t., 1749, 4 is, 86 p.]. Búl kezende hanym aldyna birneshe manyzdy memlekettik mәseleler ret-retimen shyqty.
Jogharydan bayqaghanymyzday Bopay hanym ýshin basty mәsele Núralynyng han saylanuyn Reseyge moyyndatu edi. Sol maqsatta Resey astanasyna Núraly hannyng kýieu balasy Jәnibek súltannyng bastauymen elshilik jiberiledi. Qazaq elshiligi 1749 jyly 26 aqpanda Sankt-Peterburgke jetip, keyin Orynborgha shilde aiynda oralady. Nәtiyjesinde Núraly han ózi súraghan qazaqtyng Bas hany retinde moyyndalmaghanymen qyrghyz-qaysaqtar hany retinde Resey memleketi moyyndaydy. Búl arada Resey birtútas qazaqqa «bir Bas han qajet emes» degen qorytyndygha kelip, óz sayasatyn jýrgize bastaydy.
Hanym han saylaumen qatar Baraqty jazalaudy bir sәt esten shygharmaydy. Ol turasynda tynshy S.Abdrezyakov habarlaydy. Hanym josparyna nayman ruynan Ótepbay, Shoraq bi, Qabanbay batyr, qarakesek Qazybek biyler qoldau kórsetken [KRO, s.434; RISSM 122 q., 122/1 t., 1748, 4 is, 354-359 p.]. Olardyng qatarynan Abylay súltan, Eset Kókiúly, Shaqshaq Jәnibek bayqaldy. Bopay hanym oiyn jýzege asyru ýshin Kishi, Orta jýz qazaqtarynyng qatysuymen birneshe Kenes ótkizedi, Jonghar qontayshysymen Ábilqayyr han túsynda bastalghan qúdandalyq mәselesin (Núralynyng qaryndasyn qontayshygha beru) jandandyrady. 1750 jyldyng aqpan-nauryzynda Baraq súltan eki úlymen Qarnaq qalasynda óltiriledi. Resey uaqyt sozyp Baraq súltandy ólimge qimasa da, qazaqtyng ishki mәselesi osylaysha sheshimin tabady [Erofeeva IY.V. Han Abulhaiyr; polkovodes, praviyteli, politiyk. Izd. 3-e, ispravlennoe y dopolnennoe.-Almaty: Dayk-Press, 2007. – s.404].
Endigi mәsele Ábilqayyr hannyng jerlengen jerine qatysty tuyndady. 1749 jyly 23 qarashada IY.Nepluev Resey Syrtqy ister kollegiyasyna joldaghan hatynda «qazaqtardyng han molasyn kiyeli meken sanaytynyn» jasyrmaydy. Ony 1750 jyly 8 sәuirdegi Orynbor kensesine joldaghan hatynda Ya.Gulyaev te moyyndaydy[Erofeeva IY.V. Han Abulhaiyr; polkovodes, praviyteli, politiyk. - s.411]. Ya.Gulyaev han molasy turaly Ábilqayyr әuletining josparyn asha týsip, «hanymnyng han sýiegin alyp Týrkistangha ketip, qalghan ómirin sol jaqta ótkizudi josparlaghanyn, biraq Reseyding han molasy basyna layyqty kesene salamyz degenin estip oiyn ózgertkenin» jazyp alady. Ya.Gulyaevpen kezdesu barysynda Bopay anagha injener-podporuchik IY.Riygeliman tanystyrylady. Orys mamany Ábilqayyr jerlengen jer qolaysyz, qúrylys materialdary ol manda joq, sondyqtan han sýiegin Elek, iә Jemge kóshirudi úsynghan. Tipti, Resey ýkimeti Ábilqayyr janúyasy kelisse, orys shekarasyna jaqyn jerge eskertkish túrghyzudy da oilastyra bastaydy. Oghan qazaqtar «orystar bizding tómengi jaqtaghy qystauymyzgha qorghan túrghyzudy bastasa, al jogharghy jaqtaghy jaylauymyzgha Ábilqayyr hangha eskertkish túrghyzamyz dep qorghan oilastyruda, múnymen ata qonysymyzdy taryltpaq. Sóitip, bizdi bashqúrttar siyaqty jan-jaqtan qorshaudy armandauda, biraq bashqúrttarday kóne qoymaspyz» dep ashyq oilaryn bildirgen [Múqtar Á.Q. Azattyq tany jolynda. -86 b.]. Degenmen uaqyt óte han jerlengen jerge kesene túrghyzylghan.
Osy jyldary Bopay anany Jәnibek hannan taraytyn Ýseke-Jәdik úrpaqtary arasyndaghy qarym-qatynas ta tolghandyrady. Dәlirek aitsaq hanym Ábilqayyr – Batyr úrpaqtaryn óz tóniregine jinaqtaugha úmtylady. Ol ýshin әulettik qúdandalastyqty jalghastyrady. Búl kezende Batyr hannyng úrpaqtary Hiua hany Qayyp ta, inisi Qarabay súltan da Núraly hangha kýieu bala bolady. Nәtiyjesinde olar Ábilqayyr han ólimine qatysy bar qaraqalpaqtardy da jazalau ýshin Batyr han, Ayshuaq súltan, Jәnibek, Óteuli tarhandar 3000 sarbazben attanady. Ol turasynda Ya.Gulyaev: «1750 jyly 23 mamyrda Núraly hanmen birge Temir ózenindegi Bopay hanymgha keldik. Han ózin tyndamay qaraqalpaqtardy shapqan Erәli men Ayshuaqqa jәne anasyna qatty renjidi» dep habarlaydy[KRO, s.514]. Mine osydan song Bopay ana qoghamdyq-sayasy ómirden alystay bastady. Búl kezende ol payghambar jasyna jetip, úldary Núraly, Erәli, Ayshuaq, Qaraghay jalpaq júrtqa tanylyp, naghyz biyleushilerge ainalady. 1780 jyly 31 mamyrda hanym jýz jasap dýnie salyp, qazaq-orys shekarasyndaghy Tatiyshev qorghanyna jaqyn Shiyeli ózeni jaghasyna jerlenedi. Onyng izin kóp úzamay Uәly hannyng júbayy Ayghanym, Arynghazy hannyng júbayy Jaqsy hanymdar jalghasyrady.
Bopay ana tarihynda zerttele týser mәseleler de barshylyq. Sonyng biri onyng shyqqan tegi. Beldi tarihshylar IY.Nepluevtin 1743 jylghy qyrkýiektegi Resey Syrtqy ister kollegiyasyna joldaghyn hatynda orys qorghandaryna shabuyldaushylardyng «predvodiytelem byl nastoyashey jeny evo brat rodnoy, Derbshaliy-saltan» degenin algha tartyp[KRO, s.304], hanymdy tóre túqymynan Derbisәli súltannyng qaryndasy dep anyqtasa [Erofeeva IY.V. Han Abulhaiyr; polkovodes, praviyteli, politiyk. -s.385; Esmaghambetov K. Tarih tandaqtary. Birinshi kitap. – Almaty: «Arys» baspasy, 2008, 212 b.], ekinshileri 12 ata Bayúlynyng aday bóliminen han janyndaghy Myrzatay batyrdyng qaryndasy eken degen pikirdi úsynady. Olar A.Tevkelevting 1748 jylghy kýndeligindegi «Abulgaiyr-hana shuriyn, a hanshy evo Popay rodnoy brat adayskogo rodu Murzatay Satyraldy-biyev» degenin negizge alady [Múqtar Á., Sydyqov E. HÝII-HIH ghasyrlardaghy Qazaq handyghy. - Almaty: «Merekening baspalar ýii» JShS, Mereke baspasy, 2015. -688 b.]. Múnyng ózi zertteudi jalghastyrudy qajet etedi. Ekinshiden, býginde hanymnyng sýiegin elge әkelip, qayta jerleu mәselesi kóterildi. Bizding oiymyzsha ol jýzege assa, qúday qosqan qosaghy barsha qazaqtyng danqty úly, Bas han Ábilqayyr janynan oryn aluy tiyisti. Múnyng ózi shynayy ruhany janghyrudyng ýlgisi bolmaq.
Ábilseyit Qapiyzúly Múqtar
tarih ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor
Abai.kz