Sopylyq ilimning tarih sahnasyna shyghu kezenin kóptegen sopylyqty zertteushiler Múhammed payghambar zamanynan bastau alatynyn algha tartady. Ol shyndyghynda solay. Jalpy sopylyq joldyng Islamdaghy manyzynyng qanshalyqty joghary ekendigin zamandasymyz Osman Nury Topbash bylay dep tújyrymdaydy: «Tasavvuf – Islamnyng sanasy. Onyng jýrektegi ómiri. Onyng asyly men ruhaniaty. Múnda eshbir shýbә joq. Yaghni, Islam ishki syryndaghy búl asyldyghy men ruhaniaty qabileti bar adamdarda kórinis tauyp, mumin kónilderdegi ruhaniat pen fәiiz, mahabbat pen shattyq erekshelikterin óz shynyna jetkizedi. Demek, tasavvuf – Islam baghyndaghy úly bilim men parasat bәiteregining eng jemisti bútaqtarynyng biri.»[ii] Demek, sopylyq ilim bolmasa, Islam dini tolyq din bola almaydy. Óitkeni, sopylyq ilim óz bastauyn Múhammed payghambar negizin salghan ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyqtan alady. Payghambardy ózgelerden erekshelep, payghambarlyq dәrejege kótergen osy ruh әlemimen baylanysqa týsui bolatyn. Sopylardy Múhammed payghambardyng osy kiyeli qasiyetin jalghastyrushylar dep aitsa bolady.   Biraq, búl aitylghandardy tolyghymen moyyndap, sene qoy qiyn. Sondyqtan búl mәselege keninen toqtalyp, taratyp aiqanymyz dúrys.

Sonymen, sopylyq jol degenimiz ne? Sopylyq joldyng sharighat jolynan qanday ereksheligi bar? Sopylyq jol qalay shyqty? Búl súraqtargha jauap beru onshalyqty onay emes. Sopylyq jolgha týsu degenimiz, Múhammet Payghambardyng (s.a.s.) ruhany әlemine ótu, Payghambar (s.a.s.) ruhymen sabaqtastyqta bolu degendi bildiredi. Sopylyq ilim әr kezde adam balasyndaghy oi-pikir men is-әreketining tazalyghyn, jýregining tazalyghyn talap etti jәne sopylyq ilim ózining maqsat–múratyna jetu jolynda әr kezde Qúran ayattaryna arqa sýiedi. Onda sopylardyng qalay jýrip-túruy anyq kórsetilgen. Qúran ayattarynda bylay delinedi: «Qiyamet kýni Mening aldymda senderge mal-mýlik, perzent, baq-dәuletterinnen eshqanday payda joq. Tek, ol adam Maghan taza jýregimen kelse ghana payda bar» [(88:89) ]. Payghambar hadiysinde de jýrek tazalyghyna kóp mәn berilgen. Ol bylay deydi: «Denede júdyryqtay bir kesek et bar. Eger ol taza bolsa – býkil dene taza bolyp, óte kórkem bolady. Eger ol búzylyp, haqtan tayyp, jaman jolgha ketse, býkil dene búzylady. Bilinder jәne óte múqiyat bolyndar, onyng aty – jýrek!». Endi bir hadiysinde «Aqiqatynda Alla Taghala sizderding týrlerinizge jәne baylyqtarynyzgha  nazar salmaydy, biraq ta jýrekterinizge qaraydy» - deydi. Qúrannyng ayattary men Payghambardyng hadisterine sýiengen  sopylyq ilimning negizgi maqsaty adam jýregin jamandyqtan saqtap, taza ústaugha baghyttalghanyn, sol jýrek tazalyghy arqyly adamzat qoghamyn shyndyq pen әdilet jolyna, ruhany tazalyqqa tәrbiyeleytinin, baghyttaytynyn kóruge bolady. Demek, sopylyq jol islam dinindegi halyqtardy Múhammed payghambar negizin salghan ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyqty jalghastyratyn jol. Al, endi osy sopylyq joldyng týrli tariqattargha bólinu sebepteri men olardyng arasynda erekshelikterding barlyghyn osy salany zerttep jýrgen mamandar da, halyq ta moyynday bermeydi. Sopylyq joldyng barlyghy birdey, tariqattar arasynda eshqanday aiyrmashylyq joq dep esepteydi. Óitkeni, sopylyq joldyng negizgi maqsaty ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyq bolghandyqtan, ol barlyq tariqattargha ortaq. Sol sebepti, tariqattar arasynan erekshelik izdep qajeti joq degendi algha tartady. Shyndyghynda solay ma? Sonda sopylyq tariqattardyng dýniyege keluine yqpal etken ne jәne qay kezende qalyptasty?- degen súraqtargha jauap beruge tura keledi.

Sopylyq joldyng XI-XII ghasyrlargha deyin tariqat dengeyine kóterilmegeni tarihtan belgili. Sopylyq tariqattar tarihyn zertteushi Dj. S. Trimingem, sopylyqtyng alghashqy satysy, úiymdasu kezeni-hanakalardyng qalyptasuy IX ghasyrda, al tariqattardyng qalyptasuy XIII ghasyrdan bastaldy dep esepteydi.[1] Búl jerde sopylyqty zertteushilerding Týrkistan jerindegi sopylyq joldyng damu erekshelikterin eskermegendigin bayqaymyz. Týrkistan jerindegi sopylyq joldyng damuy men úiymdasu kezeni Islam ortalyqtaryna qaraghanda jyldamyraq jýrgendigin sopylyq tarihyn zertteushiler onshalyqty sezine bermeydi. Mysaly, XI ghasyr tuyndysy bolyp tabylatyn Jýsip Balasaghúnnyng «Qútty Bilik» shygharmasynda basty keyipkerding biri-Oghdýrmishting sopy boluynyng ózi sopylyq joldyng Týrkistan jerinde búrynnan bar ekendigin kórsetedi.[2] Onyng ýstine Týrkistan jerine islam dinin taratushy túlghalardyng Aly ibn Abu Talib úrpaqtary boluynyng ózi, búl jerdegi diny oi-pikirding dengeyi Islam ortalyqtarynan joghary bolmasa, tómen bolmaghandyghyna dәlel bola alady. Oghan dәlel retinde Týrkistan jerinen shyqqan ghúlamalardyng aty Islam әlemine X ghasyrdyng ózinde-aq belgili boluy, búl jerdegi islamdyq ghylymdardyng damu qarqyny joghary bolghandyghyn dәleldeydi. Yasauiya tariqatynyng tarihy bolyp tabylatyn «Nasab-nama» núsqalarynda qyryq kýn shildege otyru (chilla-hana), zikir salu dәstýrining sol IX-X ghasyrlardyng ózinde bolghandyghy, Áulie Qarahannyng qanshamma ret shildege otyryp shyqqandyghy bayandalady.[3] Búl Týrkistan jerindegi Islam dinining ózindik ereksheligi bolghandyghynan habar beredi. Oghan qosa, «Nasab-nama» núsqalarynda Ishaq babtyng Týrkistan jerine «sufra tútu» dәstýri men «hikma iylәhiya» ilimin әkelgendigi, Hzyr aleyhisalammen 90 jyl súhbaty bolghandyghy, sol ýshin kýnine on soghym, jýz qoy soyghandyghy jazylghan.[4] Demek, Payghambar ruhymen sabaqtastyq, Payghambar ruhy arqyly ruhtar әlemimen sabaqtastyq Týrkistan jerine islam dinin taratushy Ishaq bab, Abd ar-Rahim bab, Abd al-Jalildermen birge VIII ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynan jalghasyp kele jatqandyghyna aighaq bola alady. Búl Týrkistan jerindegi sopylyq tәjiriybe islam dinining Týrkistan jerine alghashqy taralu kezeninen beri bar dep esepteuge bolady. Óitkeni, Týrkistan jerinde alghash «sufra tútqan» kisi Ishaq bab. Ol «sufra tútu» dәstýrin óz úrpaqtaryna qaldyrady. Qoja Ahmet Yasauiyding әkesi Ishaq babtyng onynshy úrpaghy Ibrahim shayh. Ibrahim shayh óz úly Qoja Ahmetti «sufra tútu» ýshin Yasygha attandyrady. Búl kezeng Islam әlemindegi imannyng әlsirep, músylman qoghamynyng toqyraugha týsip, músylmandardyng ruhany azghyndyqqa týsken kezeni bolatyn. Qoja Ahmet Yasauy óz dәuirining tarihy shyndyghyn bylaysha suretteydi:

Oraza, namaz, iman, islam qoldan ketti,

Kýnnen kýn beter degen hadis jetti.

Payghambar aitqandary kelip jetti.

Búl dýniyeni qaranghylyq basty dostar.

Ghalymdar bar ilimin malgha satty,

Bilip, kórip ózderin otqa atty.

Ózi amal qylmay halyqqa ilim ýiretti,

Dýnie ýshin dinderin satty kórgin.

Ústaz, dinsiz qúldar boldy hakim,

Menmendik dýkenin ashyp boldy zalym.

Halyq ishinde qor boldy dәruish ghalym,

Kópshiligi halyqtyng kәpir boldy kórgin.

Dinsiz ústazdargha esh qauip joq.

Dýnie malyn jiyp, esh toyary joq.

Úshyp-qonyp, ólimnen esh habary joq.

Ol jannyng dýnie dini boldy kórgin.[5]

Múnday azghyndaghan, imansyz qoghamdy qayta qalpyna keltiru sharighat shenberinde jay uaghyzben mýmkin emes bolatyn. Ol ýshin sharighat shenberinen shektelmey, ruhaniatty kóteru qajettigin, sopylyq ilimdi halyq sanasyna siniru, sol arqyly ghana halyqty imangha bet búrghyzugha bolatyndyghyn týsindi. Qoja Ahmet Yasauy óz Hikmetterin myna joldardan bastaydy:  Bissmilla dep bayandayyn hikmet aityp,

Tәlipterge dýr men gauhar shashtym , mine.

Qiyndyqty qatty tartyp, qandar jútyp,

Men ekinshi dәpter sózin ashtym, mine.[6]

Búl jerdegi Qoja Ahmet Yasauy babamyzdyng «ekinshi dәpter» dep otyrghany ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyq. Ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyq bolghanda ghana adamnyng ruhany bolmysy damidy, órkendeydi, imany bekiydi. Iman bolmasa, din de joq. Dindi aqylmen emes, jýrekpen qabyldau qajet. Olay bolmaghan jaghdayda iman kәmil bolmaydy. Yasy elinde Qoja Ahmet óz ilimin-sopylyq joldy taratu jolynda otyz jyl boyy kýresedi. Sonynda, jeniske jetip, Yasauiya tariqatyn qalyptastyrdy. Endigi kezekte Yasauy jolynyng ereksheligi men ol joldyng qalyptasuyna negiz bolghan ilimderding shyghu tarihyna qasqasha taldau jasaymyz.

Qoja Ahmet Yasauiyding óz tariqatyn qalyptastyruda ghylymy negiz bolghan Abu Hanifa Núghman bin Sәbitting «Fiyhq al-Akbar» jәne «Kitabu-l Alim ua-l mutaaliym» atty shygharmasy boldy. Búl shygharmalargha nazar salatyn bolsaq, onda Abu Hanifanyng tek qúqyqtyq mәselelermen ainalyspaghanyn, aldymen dindegi senim mәselelerine kónil bólgendigin kóremiz. Mysaly, «Al-fiyhq al-Akbar» atty enbegi Islamnyng negizgi mәselesi – Iman negizderin taldaugha arnalghan. Ol kitapta Alla Taghalanyng birligi men Alla Taghalanyng sipattaryna, Qúrannyng qoldan jaratylmaghandyghy men Payghambarlardyng Alla tarapynan jiberilgendigine, Payghambarlar múghjizasynyng shyndyghy men Alla Taghalanyng búl jaratylysty jaratpas búryn da Jaratushy bolghandyghyna, «Iman» men «Islamnyn» mәni turaly mәselelerge taldau jasalady. Al, qúqyqtyq mәselede Abu Hanifa Qúran ayattaryna sýiene otyryp, islam dinin qabyldaghan  әrbir halyq arabtyng dәstýrlerin qabyldamay-aq, Qúrangha qayshy kelmeytin salt-dәstýrlerin saqtap qalugha qúqyly degen prinsipti ústandy. Onyng búl tújyrymdary onyng «Kitabu-l Alim ua-l Mutaʻaliym» degen kitabynda bayandaldy. Eng bastysy Abu Hanifa Qúran ayattaryn taldauda aqylgha basa mәn berdi.  Onyng sebebin biz jogharyda atap óttik. Endi osy mәselelerge kenirek toqtalyp, Abu Hanifanyng hanafy mazhabyn qalyptastyrudaghy ústanghan negizgi ústanymdaryna toqtalyp óteyik. Abu Hanifanyng qúqyqtyq mәselelerdegi negizgi ústanymdaryna taldau jasau ýshin, onyng «Al-Alim ua-l Mutaalliym» atty shygharmasynda kóterilgen mәsele óte kýrdeli jәne islam dinin qabyldaghan halyqtardyng islamda bola túryp, ózderining ruhani, mәdeny bolmysy men ózindik erekshelikterin saqtap qalu mýmkindigi barlyghyn Qúran ayattaryna sýiene otyryp, taldap kórsetip bergenining kuәsi bolamyz. Ol kisi Qúranda jazylghan dinning bir, sharighattyng kóp ekendigin algha tarta otyryp, әr halyqtyng ózining әdet-ghúryp, salt-dәstýrinde qalu qajettigine mәn beredi.  Qoja Ahmet Yasauy Abu Hanifanyng osy ústanymdaryn negizge ala otyryp, aldymen iman negizderin qalyptastyrugha kýsh saldy.

Qoja Ahmet Yasauy ózine deyin jinaqtalghan sopylyq ilim tәjiriybelerin jinaqtap, sopylyq ilimdi jetildire otyryp, sopylyqty tariqat dәrejesine, ýlken doktrina dengeyine kóterdi. Búl adam balasynyng tanym ayasyn keneytti. Yasauiyge deyin Abu Hanifa, Imam Maturidy Allany tanuda naqyl men aqyldy, sezim mýshelerin qúral etse, Qoja Ahmet Yasauy búlardyng qataryna jýrekti meken etken ruhty qosty. Ol ózining «Mirat al-Qulub» atty enbeginde «Sharighat syrt aghzalarmen amal etu bolsa, tariqat – «qalb-jýrekpen», yaghny kónilmen amal etu degen sóz, al haqiqat degeniniz – syrmen (jýrekting týbindegi substansiya, kónil) amal etu bolyp tabylady, - deydi.[7]Al, jýrekti amal ettiretin jol -  bireu. Ol – Allanyng zikiri. Yasauy zikir ghibadaty turaly bylay deydi:

Alla jady núryn kimge tartu qylsa,

Qu nәpsi, memendikpen qalady eken.

Pende eger, zikirshi bolyp, Alla dese,

Kirlegen kónil tatyn ashar eken.

«Fәzkuruny әzkurkum» esitip nada.

Zikirin aityp, әmirin ústap mushahada,

Kirip kórge, tartyp týrli mujahada,

Ghashyq jandar syr sharabyn isher eken[8].

Osy zikir ghibadaty jýrek kózin ashty, imannan ajyraghan halyqty imangha qaytardy. Ol da Abu Hanifa siyaqty imandy bar ghibadattyng aldyna shyghardy. Ol iman turaly aitqan myna Hikmeti imannyng manyzynyng dindegi orny qanshalyqty ekendigin kórsetedi:

Hikmet birlәn әuual adam din bar ailady,

On segiz myng qamugh alam qayran erur.

«Qalu bala» degen qúldar ýles aldy.

Sakut etken qúldar dini oiran bolur.

Haq taghala iman ata (syilady) qyldy bizga,

Auual Mústafa rasuly aidy bizge.

Drud etsak quuat berar dinimizga,

Yoq ersa, qylghanlarym oiran erur[9].

Iman bolmasa, din de joq. Dindi aqylmen emes, jýrekpen qabyldau qajet. Olay bolmaghan jaghdayda iman kәmil bolmaydy. Qazaq halqynyng iman-senimi Yasauiyding osy ústanymy negizinde qalyptasty. Imandy bәrinen joghary baghalady. Qazaqta «Malym janymnyng sadaghasy, janym arymnyng sadaghasy» degen ataly sóz bar. Demek, iman-ar qazaq ýshin iman malynan da, janynan da artyq. Al, Abay bolsa:

Alla degen sóz jenil,

Allagha auyz jol emes.

Yntaly jýrek, shyn kónil,

Ózgesi Haqqa qol emes,[10]-deydi.

Nemese

Aqylmen oilap bilgen sóz

Boyyna júqpas syrghanar.

Yntaly jýrek bilgen sóz

Bar tamyrdy qualar.[11]

Búl joldar qazaq halqynyng ne nәrse bolsa da, jýrekpen qabyldaytynyn kórsetedi. Demek, búl qazaq halqynyng diny dýniyetanymy tariqat joly arqyly qalyptasqandyghynyng aighaghy. Mysaly, ruh, әruah, әulie turaly týsinikter negizinde Yasauy dýniyetanymy jatqanyn angharu qiyn emes. Qoja Ahmet Yasauy әuliyeler turaly bylay deydi:

Shyn ghashyqtar dәiim tiri ólgen emes,

Áruaqtary jer astyna kirgen emes.

Zahiyd, abid búl maghynany bilgen emes,

Shyn ghashyqtar halayyqtyng Qyzyry bolar[12].

Nemese

Alla ýshin janyn bergen zaya qalmas,

Eki әlem oghan bostan, әrkez ólmes.

Shyn ghashyqtyng syry qúpiya halyq bilmes,

Kóz jasyn kuә qylyp jýrer bolar[13].

Yasauiyding búl Hikmetteri әuliyeler turaly Qúran Kәrimning «ngunus» sýresindegi «Allanyng dostaryna esh qauip-qater joq, әri olar qayghyrmaydy»[14], -degen Qúran ayatymen maghynalas ekendigin kóruge bolady. Sonday-aq, Yasauy Hikmetterinde әuliyelerding Allamen baylanysa alatyny turaly da aitylady:

Haq uәsiline jeteyin deseng zary qylghyn,

Zikirin aityp, jarandargha jary bergin.

Japa tartyp, jarandardan ýles alghyn,

Ýles almay didaryn kórer me eken?[15]

Búl Hikmet te әuliyelerding Alla men adam arasyn baylanystyra alatyn quaty barlyghyn kósetip túr. Al búghan Qúran Kәrimning «Maida» sýresining otyz besinshi ayatynda «Ey, iman keltirgender! Alladan qorqyndar jәne oghan jaqyn bolatyn joldy izdender jәne onyng jolynda kýresinder, sonda, әriyne qútylasyndar», - deydi. Olay bolsa, qazaq halqynyng kóne dәuirlerden beri jyr-dastandarynda jyrlanyp kelgen, әli kýnge deyin jalghasyp kele jatqan әuliyelerge ziarat jasau, olardan jәrdem súrauy Islamgha qayshy kelmeydi. Osylay sopylyq jol týrki halyqtarynyng diny tanymynyng negizine ainaldy.

Tariqat – músylman dinin qabyldaghan halyqtardyng Islamnyng negizgi bes paryzyn qabyl etip, qalghan diny jol-joralghyny sopylyq jol-ruhany tanym negizinde qalyptastyra otyryp, qoghamdyq qatynastardy retteudi tolyghymen әr halyqtyng ózining tabighy ereksheligine qaray qalyptasqan salt-dәstýrine beru dep aitsa bolady. Endi osy mәselelerdi Qoja Ahmet Yasauy babamyz qalay sheshti, soghan qysqasha toqtalyp kórelik.

Qoja Ahmet Yasauiyge deyin sopylyq jeke túlghalardyng nemese belgili shayhtyng ainalasyna shoghyrlanghan toptyng ruhany jetilu tәjiriybesi bolsa, Yasauy ony jalpy týrki qoghamynyng ortaq iman-senim ngizinee ainaldyra bildi. Qoja Ahmet Yasauy óz tariqatyn qalyptastyrghanda aldymen Islamnyng ruhany negizderine basa mәn berdi. Solargha arqa sýiedi. Búl Yasauy jolyndaghy halyqtyng iman-senimining Islamdyq negizderden ainymauynyng kepili boldy. Kóp jaghdayda Yasauy jolyndaghy halyqtyng imanynyng beriktigi jaghynan ózge halyqtargha ýlgi bolatyn dәrejede edi.

Qoghamdyq qatynastardy retteudi Qoja Ahmet Yasauy tolyghymen týrkining kóneden kele jatqan salt-dәstýri men әdet-ghúrpyna berdi. Sebebi, týrkining әdet-ghúrpy men salt-dәstýrining ózi Alla Taghalanyng búl halyqqa bergen nyghmeti bolatyn. Onyng saqtaluyn Yasauy tariqattyng basty sharty dep bildi. Biz Yasauiyding tariqat jolyna múnday qatang talap qoyghanyn mәdeniyeti Yasauy joly negizinde qalyptasqan qazaq halqynyng salt-dәstýri arab dәstýrinde qalyptasqan sharighat jolynan ózgesheligine qarap kóruimizge bolady. Mysaly, bir ghana nekelik qatynastardaghy erekshelikterding ózi sharighat pen týrkilik dәstýr arasynda qanshalyqty aiyrmashylyq barlyghyn dәleldeydi. Arab qoghamynda qalyptastyrylghan sharighatta nekelik qatynas endogamdyq sipatta, al qazaqtarda nekelik qatynas ekzogamdyq sipatta. Qazaqtardyng dәstýrinde jeti atagha deyingi nekelik qatynasqa týskender ýshin ólim jazasy belgilengen. Al, arabtarda nemere aghayyndylar arasyndaghy nekelik qatynas – Payghambar sýnneti. Búl Qoja Ahmet Yasauiyding týrkilik dәstýrge qanshalyqty mәn bergenin kórsetedi. Osy týrkilerding osy salt-dәstýlik erekshelikterin Yasauy ózining bizge deyin jetpegen «Fatava-y tanbiyh»-«Pәtualar kórsetkishi» atty kitabynda negizdep jazdy degen oidamyz. Mine, osy aitylghandardy jinaqtap kóretin bolsaq, onda Islamnyng bes paryzyn negizge alyp, sopylyq joldyng jalpy zandylyqtaryna baghyna otyryp, әr halyqtyng ereksheligine oray, islamdyq ruhany negizderdi qalyptastyryp,  ózine tәn әdet-ghúryp, salt-dәstýrin qoldanugha mýmkindik beretin joldy tariqat dep ataytynyn kóruimizge bolady. Qoja Ahmet Yasauy osylay týrkining islam dinindegi jolyn, shenberin aiqyndap berdi. Búl joldan-shenberden tys týrki balasy ýshin islam dini bolghanymen, týrki mәdeniyeti joq bolatyn. Sol sebepti, Yasauiydi kezinde Aliysher Novay siyaqty ghúlama «Týrki júrtynyng qúbylasy» dep atady. Ózge ghalymdar Yasauiyge «Qtub al-Aqtab» degen at berdi. Ol da «týrki júrtynyng Temirqazyghy» degendi bildiretin. Yasauiya tariqaty Joshy úlysynda memlekettik iydeologiya dәrejesine kóterilgen kezde memleketting basqaru jýiesin tolyghymen qayta qúrugha mýmkindik berdi. Memlekettegi býkil zang shygharu qúqy, qoghamdyq qatynastardy retteu din ókilderining qolyna berildi. Memlekettegi býkil qarym-qatynas zangha baghyndyryldy. Sóitip, memleketting qúrylymdyq jýiesi tolyghymen kóne týrkilik memleketti basqaru  jýiesimen sәikestendirildi. Memleketting qúramyndaghy rulyq, taypalyq jýieler memleketting keregesin qúrady. Keregeni shanyraqpen jalghastyratyn uyq qyzmetin rular men taypalardyng ruhany jetekshisi biyler atqardy. Osylay birine-biri  tәueldi, bir-birinsiz ómir sýre almaytyn memleketting qúrylymdyq jýie qalyptasty. Múnday qúrylymdyq jýiesi bar memlekette әdildik pen zandylyq qana absoluttik biylikke ie edi. Qoghamnyng әr bir mýshesi  ózin sol  qoghamnyng tolyq qandy mýshesi sanady. Bireuge bireuding qiyanat jasaugha eshqanday mýmkindigi  qalmady. Sebebi, әrbir adamnyng sonynda atalasy, rulasy t.b. túrdy. Ózderin Úly Jaratushynyng ókili sanaytyn әuliyelerding maqsaty oryndaldy. Olar sol ortaghasyrlardaghy eng әdiletti qoghamdy ornatty jәne  sol kezendegi Joshy Úlysy әdildik pen zandylyq biylik qúrghan Payghambar dәuirindegi qoghamgha barynsha jaqyndatylghan edi. Biylik jýiesining eshqaysysy absolutik biylikke ie emes edi. Handy Shynghys han úrpaqtary arasynan saylap qoy biylerding qolyna berildi. Mine, osy zang handardyng Yasauy jolyna qarsy shyghuynyng basty sebebi boldy.

Qoja Ahmet Yasauiyding sopylyq joldy tariqat dәrejesine kóterui, týrkilerding Islamdaghy jolyn  osylay aiqyndap berui ózge halyqtargha da ózderining ruhaniy-mәdeni, qúqyqtyq tәuelsizdigin qamtamasyz etetin sopylyq tariqattardy qalyptastyruyna mýmkindik berdi. Sopylyq tariqattar belgili bir halyqtyng ruhaniy-mәdeny bolmysy men kóne dәuirden kele jatqan salt-dәstýrlerine negizdeldi. Osylay tariqattar arasyndaghy erekshelikter qalyptasty. Bir tariqat pen ekinshi tariqat arasyndaghy erekshelikting boluy zandylyq dep tanyldy jәne moyyndaldy. Óitkeni, әr halyq ózindik salt-dәstýrlik erekshelikke iye. Egerde bir halyq ekinshi bir halyqtyng tariqatyna ótetin bolsa, onda sol tariqattyng dәstýrlik ereksheligin qabyldaugha mәjbýr bolady. Diny tanym negizderi ózgeredi. Óitkeni, bir tariqatta kiyeli sanalghan salt-dәstýr, ekinshi tariqatqa ótkende kiyelilik sipatyn joghaltady. Onyng ornyn jana qabyldaghan tariqattyng kiyeli sanalghan salt-dәstýri basady. Osylay halyqtyng etnikalyq bet-beynesi ózgeredi. Demek, halyqtyng bir tariqattan, ekinshi tariqatqa ótui ózining Tәnir Taghala jaratqan etnikalyq bolmysynan ajyrauyna әkeletin qasiretti qúbylys. Biz ony Ózbek úlysy men Qazaq handyghynyng ydyrauy mysaldarynda  kóre alamyz. Ózbek úlysynyng hany Ábilhayyrdyng yasauiya tariqatynan bas tartyp, onyng ornyna naqshbandiya tariqatyn qabyldauy úlysty ýshke bóldi. Osynyng saldarynan mәdeniyeti, әdet-ghúrpy, tili ýsh bólek qazaq, ózbek, noghay halyqtary osy kezende tarih sahnasyna shyqty. Ábilhayyr hannyng osy qateligin Qazaq handyghynyng handary da qaytalady. Maqsattary – han biyligin sharighat shenberimen shekteytin, absoluttik biylikti han bermeytin biyler institutynan qútylu boldy. Esim hannyng «Esim hannyng eski joly» men Tәuke hannyng «Jeti jarghysy» yasauiya tariqatyna, biyler institutyn qolynda ústap otyrghan Yasauy joly ókilderine qarsy baghyttaldy. «Esim hannyng eski joly» kezeninen bastap Qazaq jerining ontýstiginde halyqtardyng arasynda naqshbandiya tariqatynyng yqpalymen etnikalyq jiktelu bastaldy. Jeti atagha deyin qyz alyspau dәstýri búzylyp, onyng ornyn ishki neke-nemere aghayyndar arasyndaghy nekelik qatynas basty. Halyq etnikalyq jikteluge týsti. Osy mәsele әli kýnge mamandar tarapynan moyyndalmay keledi. Tariqattar arasyndaghy múnday erekshelikting barlyghyn joqqa shygharyp, halyqtyng etnikalyq bolmysyna eshqanday yqpaly joq degen synayda maqalalar da jariyalap jatqan mamandar da bar. Mysaly, M.Isahannyng «Qazaqstandaghy ózbekter tarihy» atty maqalasy «Abay.kz» saytynda 2013 jyldyng 7 nauryzynda jariyalanypty. Sol maqalanyng «Tarihy negizi әlsiz shygharma eldi býldiredi» degen bóliginde mening osy tariqattar arasyndaghy erekshelikke qatysty jasaghan tújyrymymdy synay kele M.Isahan bylay deydi: «Ásili, Ontýstik Qazaqstandaghy ózbekterding basym kópshiligi Qazaqtyng Arghyn, Nayman, Qonyrat, Qanly, Qataghan-Jayma rularynan jәne týbi arab bolyp tabylatyn Qojalar men Sunaqtardan túrady. Tarihshy Z.Jandarbek búl rulardyng ózbektenip ketu sebebin olardyng Nahshbandiya tariqatyn qabyldap, sharighatty qatang ústanyp, әdet-ghúryptaghy jeti atagha deyin qyz alyspau saltyn búzghandyghymen týsindiredi (Z.Jandarbek. Iasauy joly jәne Qazaq qauymy. El-shejire. better. Almaty, 2006. 232-233 better). Z.Jandarbekting búl tújyrymy qisyndy bolghanymen, kelise qoi qiyn. Bizdinshe, XVI ghasyrdyng basynda Múhammed Shaybany han kóshpeli ózbek taypalaryn bastap baryp Mәurannahrdy jaulap alghanda, kóshpeli taypalardyng týri men tili ózgeriske úshyrap, keyin Qoqan handyghy kezinde qayta kóship kelgen.». Osylay Múhan myrza aidy aspannan biraq shygharady.

Onyng oiynsha syrttan kelip jatqan din halyqtyng etnikalyq bolmysyna  eshqanday әser etpeydi. Demek, búl qazirgi syrttan kelip qazaqtyng ishki tútastyghyn býldirip jatqan uahhabiy-salafiyler de, ózge aghymdardyng da qazaqtyng etnikalyq bolmysyna eshqanday ziyany yqpaly bolmaydy degen sóz. Endi osy Múhan Isahannyng tújyrymdary qanshalyqty shyndyqqa say keledi? Osy mәselege taldau jasap kórelik.

Biz jogharyda tariqattardyng qalyptasu prinsipteri men tariqattardyng jiktelui astarynda ne jatqandyghyn, Yasauy jolynyng negizgi ereksheligin jogharyda taldap kórsettik. Tariqattardyng osynday erekshelikteri bolghandyqtan absoluttik biylikke úmtylghan Qazaq handyghy biyleushilerining naqshbandiya tariqatyn әdeyi qazaq arasyna  әkelgendigin atalghan kitapta naqty mysaldarmen jazghan bolatynbyz. Handardyng maqsaty ózderine absoluttik biylik bermeytin, barlyghyn zang shenberinde sheshetin biyler institutynan arylu bolghandyghyn, biylerden arylu ýshin aldymen sol biyler jetekshilik etip otyrghan ru, taypalardy ydyratu qajettigin, ol ýshin aldymen jeti atagha qyz alysugha tyiym salatyn Yasauy jolynan basqa tariqatty qabyldau kerektigin handar jaqsy týsindi. Naqshbandiya tariqaty sol talapqa say keletin. Búl tariqatta aghayyndy kisilerding qyz alysyp, qyz berisui Payghambar sýnneti dep esepteldi. Aldymen búl joldy qabyldaghan Esim han boldy. «Esim hannyng eski joly» atty jarghyda zandastyryldy. «Eski» dep ataluynyng ózi búl joldyng Yasauiyge deyingi arab sharighatyn qabyldau bolghandyghyn qazirgi halyq týsine bermeydi. Aghayyndar arasynda alghashqy ózara qyz alysyp, qazaq qúramynan shygharylghandar qalalardyng halqy boldy. Kiyeli sanalghan jeti ata prinsiypi laqtyrylyp tastalyp, onyng ornyn «Payghambar sýnneti» basty. Nәtiyjesinde rular ydyrady. Kiyeli sanalghan biyler instituty ózining quatynan aiyrla bastady. Esim hannyng búl sayasatyn ary qaray Tәuke han jalghastyrdy. Tәuke hannyng «Jeti jarghysy» syrttay qaraghanda, qazaq ýshin tiyimdi boldy. Biraq, búl zannyng qazaq memlekettigining taghdyryna ziyany «Esim hannyng Eski jolynan» artyq bolmasa, kem bolghan joq. Syrttay qarasan, ru, taypa da,  jeti ata prinsiypi de ornynda qaldy. Esesine olardyng barlyghyn rettep, әdilettilik prisipterin saqtap otyrghan, әuelden biyler intitutynyng iyesi bolghan Yasauy joly ókilderi biylik jýiesinen shettetilip, olardyng orny әr rudyn, taypanyng ózinen shyqqan «iygi jaqsylargha» berdi. Nәtiyjesinde, biyler instituty óz qyzmetin toqtatty. Osy kezge deyin Allanyng atynan biylik jýrgizgen, búrynghy kezde óz shejirelerin Áziret Álining Haula atty әielinen tughan úly Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiyamen baylanystyratyn (qojalar) Yasauiya tariqaty ókilderinen qúralghan Biyler Kenesi – endi, qazaq ru, taypalarynyng óz arasynan shyqqan bilimdar kisilerden qúralatyn boldy. Basqasha aitqanda, ruhany biylikting kiyeligine (sakralinosti duhovnoy vlasti) auyr soqqy berildi. Qaradan shyqqan biyler Yasauy joly ókilderi saqtap kelgen әdilettilik prinsiypin saqtay alghan joq. Ru, taypalar arasynda talas-tartys bastaldy. Múnyng sony memleketting kýireuine alyp kelgendigin qaytalap jatudyng ózi artyq. Mine, osy alasapyran kezende qazaqtan qanshama halyq naqshbandiya tariqatyn qabyldap, ózbektenip ketti. Qazir Týrkistan, Shymkent ainalasyndaghy ózbekterding qaysysy qay rudan shyqqandyghyn sanamalap beruge bolady. Mysaly, Tәuke hannyng bas Barqy atalyqtyng Týrkistanda qalghan úrpaqtarynyng barlyghy ózbek. Ózderining aituynsha, sandary 2000 ýiden asady. Al, Arqagha ketken úrpaqtarynyng barlyghy qazaq. Sol siyaqty Týrkistannyng ainalasyndaghy ózbek qystaqtaryndaghy halyqtyng 90 payyzy qazaq rularynan ózbektengen halyq ekenin kóruge bolady Jәne olar aralas  emes, sol ru-ru bolyp otyr. Mysaly, Qarashyq aulyndaghy ózbekterding deni Kókmúryn qypshaq. Qoldarynda shejireleri bar. Shipan aulyndaghy ózbekterding barlyghy derlik nayman-baltaly, baghanaly. Qazirgi kýni búlardyng barlyghy ózara qyz alysyp, qúdandaly bolyp ketken. Shymkent, Sayramdaghy ózbekterding de keshegi qazaq rularynan ekendigin kóruimizge bolady. Búl maqalanyng maqsaty – qay jerdegi ózbekterding keshegi qazaqtyng qay ruynan shyqqanyn tizbektep jazu emes, olardy basqa últqa ainaldyrghan faktordy anyqtau. Ol faktor – diny faktor. Tәuke hannyng naqshbandiya tariqatyn memlekettik iydeologiya dәrejesine kóterui otyryqshy halyqtardyng barlyghyn naqshbandiya tariqatyn, sol tariqattyng dәstýrlik negizi bolghan arab-parsy dәstýri men mәdeniyetin qabyldaugha mәjbýr etti. Búl kelip qazaqtardy etnikalyq jikteluge týsirdi. Qazirgi kýni sol ózbekter arasynda qazaq halqy qúramyna qayta oralugha niyet bildirip jatqan aghayyndar bar. Mysaly, Sayram ózbekteri arasyndaghy Sirgeli taypasynyng Qarabatyr ruy ókilderi ózderining qaydan shyqqandaryn anyqtap, shejirelerin týzip, qaytadan qazaq bolugha niyet bildirip jatyr. Qazir olardyng sany 750-dey otbasy. Al, múnyng jaqsy nyshan ekendigin joqqa shygharugha bolmas. Biraq olardyng qaytadan tolyqqandy qazaqqa ainaluy ýshin aldymen Yasauy jolyna, Yasauy mәdeniyetine bet búrghyzu kerek. Sonda ghana olar tolyqqandy qazaqqa ainalady. Onyng esesine býgingi kýni uahhabiylik-salafiylik jolgha týsken, arab dәstýrshildigin qabyldaghan jastardyng ertengi kýni qazaq bolmaytynyn da týsinuge tiyispiz. Sondyqtan qazirgi kýni elimizde jýrip jatqan diniy-ruhany ýderisterding qazaqtyng etnikalyq bet-beynesin ózgertuge, kerek dese qazaq halqyn tarih sahnasynan ketiruge quaty bar alapat kýsh ekeni moyyndaluy tiyis. Al, qazaq halqynyng ruhani, mәdeny tútastyghyn qayta qalyptastyryp, ruhyn janghyrtu ýshin aldymen qazaqtyng dәstýrli dinining negizi-Yasauy jolyn memlekettik din dәrejesine kóteru qajettigin úmytpauymyz kerek. Olay bolmaghan jaghdayda Elbasynyn  «Bolashaqqa baghdar: ruhany janghyru» atty baghdarlamalyq maqalasynda kórsetilgen prinsiptik mәselelerding iske asuy mýmkin emes.

Endigi kezekte aitpaugha bolmaytyn taghy bir mәsele qalyp barady. Ol – qazirgi  kezende elimizge taraghan naqshbandiya tariqatyna qatysty mәsele. Atap aitqanda, óz bastauyn Abd al-Vahid ishannan alatyn naqshbandiyler. Búl naqshbandiyler tobynyng basshysy Abd al-Vahid ishandy kezinde Qoja Ahmet Yasauy babamyz týsine ayan berip, Yasauy jolyn qaytadan qalpyna keltiru maqsatynda Tәjikstan jerinen aldyrghan bolatyn. Ol kisining Týrkistangha kelui Kenes ókimetining qúryluymen túspa-tús kelip, Abd al-Vahid ishan óz maqsatyn jýzege asyra almady. Qaytadan qúpiya zikirge kóshuge mәjbýr boldy. Biraq, tariqatta Yasauy jolynda qalyptasqan әdet-ghúryp, salt-dәstýrge qarsy, jalpy qazaq mәdeniyetine qarsy eshnәrse joq. Tek, ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyqqa baylanysty mәseleler ghana qarastyrylady. Sondyqtan, qazirgi óz bastauyn Abd al-Vahit ishannan alatyn naqshbandiylerding baghyty qazaq ruhaniatyna qarsy emes dep týsinuimiz kerek.

 Zikiriya Jandarbek

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