Darhan Kaletaev. Sayasy modernizasiya jasau emes, ony jetildiru jayy sóz boluy tiyis
Songhy kezderi erinbegenning bәri sayasy modernizasiya jayly әngime qylatyn boldy. Búl ýrdis Memleket basshysynyng eldegi sayasy reformalardy jalghastyru qajettigi turaly tapsyrmasynan keyin tipti kýsh alyp ketti. Degenmen, qoghamdyq oy men pikirge tórelik etip otyrghandardy tyndasanyz, olardyng sayasy modernizasiya turaly ústanymdary keyde óz ynghaylaryna layyqtalghan, keyde mýlde kereghar kózqarastar ekenin kóresiz. Múndaydy modernizasiya dep ataugha bola ma? Búl sayasy instrumentterdi ondy-soldy auystyrudyng amaly ghana emes pe...
Modernizasiyanyng mәni nede?
Sayasy modernizasiya teoriyasy, basqasha aitqanda, sayasy damu teoriyasy sayasatty taldaudyng derbes baghyty retinde ótken ghasyrdyng 50-jyldarynda ghana ainalysqa endi. Ol dәstýrli sayasy jýiening jana zamangha, jana jaghdaylargha beyimdelu ýrdisterin, memlekettik jýie men qoghamdy ózgertuge sep bolatyn sayasy ózgeristerding ishki mehanizmderin zerttedi.
Songhy kezderi erinbegenning bәri sayasy modernizasiya jayly әngime qylatyn boldy. Búl ýrdis Memleket basshysynyng eldegi sayasy reformalardy jalghastyru qajettigi turaly tapsyrmasynan keyin tipti kýsh alyp ketti. Degenmen, qoghamdyq oy men pikirge tórelik etip otyrghandardy tyndasanyz, olardyng sayasy modernizasiya turaly ústanymdary keyde óz ynghaylaryna layyqtalghan, keyde mýlde kereghar kózqarastar ekenin kóresiz. Múndaydy modernizasiya dep ataugha bola ma? Búl sayasy instrumentterdi ondy-soldy auystyrudyng amaly ghana emes pe...
Modernizasiyanyng mәni nede?
Sayasy modernizasiya teoriyasy, basqasha aitqanda, sayasy damu teoriyasy sayasatty taldaudyng derbes baghyty retinde ótken ghasyrdyng 50-jyldarynda ghana ainalysqa endi. Ol dәstýrli sayasy jýiening jana zamangha, jana jaghdaylargha beyimdelu ýrdisterin, memlekettik jýie men qoghamdy ózgertuge sep bolatyn sayasy ózgeristerding ishki mehanizmderin zerttedi.
Qazaqstan 1991 jyly óz tәuelsizdigin jariyalap, sosialistik jýieden bas tartqan uaqytta-aq sayasy modernizasiyanyng jolyna týsken bolatyn. Sayasy ómirde jýielik, sapalyq ózgerister qarqyn aldy. Dәstýrli qoghamnan (sosialistik) jana jaghdaylargha beyimdelu, ótu prosesteri ýzdiksiz jýrgizildi. Memlekettik jýie týbegeyli ózgerdi, jeke menshik payda boldy. Ózin-ózi enbekpen qamtamasyz ete alatyn túrghyndardyng sany kóbeydi, naryqqa erik berildi (liyberalizasiya). Sheteldik investisiyanyng kelui qoghamnyng sayasy sanasyna da ondy yqpal etti. Osynday jaghdayda jana sayasy jýie sanaluan mýddelerding basyn qosyp qana qoymay, jana әleumettik toptardyng talaptarynyng ýddesinen shyghyp, әleumettik jaghynan әrkelki qoghamnyng tútastyghyn qatamasyz etui kerek bolatyn.
Sol bir tarihy kezendegi qazaqstandyqtardyng samarqaulyghy, postkenestik bolmys pen minez, sonday-aq, kenestik qazaq elitasynyng ózin-ózi saqtap qalugha talpynghan әreketteri ózgeshe qazaqstandyq joldy tandaugha mәjbýrlegen edi. Sayasy reformalardy tómennen emes, jogharydan retteuge tura keldi jәne ol talpynys sәtti shyqty.
Sayasy modernizasiyagha baylanysty G.Almond pen L.Paydyng klassikalyq anyqtamasyna sýiensek, Qazaqstandaghy sayasy damudy ýzdiksiz jetiluding ýlgisi retinde kóruge әbden bolady. Ong ózgerister memlekettik aghzanyng túraqtylyghy men tiyimdiligine kepil bolyp otyr.
Klassikalyq teoriya boyynsha sayasy modernizasiyanyng ýsh belgisin bóle-jara ataugha bolady:
1) Sayasy jýie instituttarynyng qúrylymdyq aiyrmashylyghy jәne olardyng mindet bólinisi (Qazaqstandaghy memlekettik jýie ornyqty, basqarushy ortalyqtardyng mindetteri men ókilettikteri aiqyndalghan. Biylik bútaqtary bólingen, negizgi zandyq bazasy jasalghan. Memlekettik basqaru týri anyq - kýshti preziydenttik biylikke basymdyq beretin preziydenttik-parlamenttik respublika);
2) Sayasy jýiening ómir sýru jәne toptasa bilu qabiletining ósui (Qazaqstandaghy biylik 20 jyl ishinde, ózi tap bolghan týrli kedergiler men tәuekelderge qaramastan, ómir sýru qabiletining asa joghary ekenin dәlelep keledi);
3) Teng qúqylyqqa, tepe-tendikke úmtylys (zandyq túrghydan azamattardyng tendigine kepildik berilgen, alayda, jemqorlyq, jershildik, zandardyng óz dengeyinde oryndalmauy narazylyq tughyzary anyq. Dese de memlekettik iydeologiya zang aldynda barlyghy teng әri jauapty degen ústanymnan auytqyghan emes).
Bir sózben aitqanda, Qazaqstanda sayasy modernizasiya jýrgizilip jatyr. Biz endi ony qaytsek jetildiremiz degen әngimeni qozghauymyz kerek. Óitkeni, jogharyda aitqanday, qoghamdyq oy men pikirge tórelik etip otyrghandardyng san týrli pikir-dolbarlary kereghar, qayshylyqty. Olardyng jana sayasy modernizasiyasy memlekettik qúrylymdy ózgertuge alyp kelui de mýmkin ghoy...
Kóppartiyalyq em bola ma?
Sayasy modernizasiya taqyrybyna jazylghan otandyq sayasattanushylardyng saraptamasyna sholu jasasanyz, әngimening bәri kóppartiyalyqqa kep tireletinin bayqaysyz. Dәlirek aitqanda, týrli partiyalardyng parlamentte otyru jayy ghana. Keneytilgen partiyalar tobyn nemese bәsekeles qos partiya jasau turaly pikirler bar. Últshyl-patriottar partiyasyn qúru, tipti diny ereksheligine qaray partiya qúru mәselesi qozghalyp jýr. Múnyng arty nege әkep soqtyraryna eshkimning basy auyrmaytyn siyaqty.
Bәrimiz de qazaq últy, memleketi ýshin qyzmet isteuge dayynbyz, qolymyzdan kelgenshe istep te jatyrmyz. Biraq, últtyq belgisine qaray partiya qúru jayly iydeyany alayyqshy. Qazaqstannyng jetistigi dep jýrgen polietnikalyq faktor erteng onyng problemasyna ainalmasyna kim kepil? Kópúltty qoghamda onsyz da týrli qayshylyqtar bolady. Al, etnikalyq partiya ol qayshylyqtardy jenildetpesi belgili. Búl óz kezeginde iri diasporalardyng da partiya qúru tilegin tughyzyp, subavtomizasiya mәselesin kóldenendetui mýmkin.
Biz 2000-jyldary Qazaqstannyng orystar partiyasyn qúru turaly talpynysty úmyta qoyghan joqpyz. Jana memleketterding tәjiriybesin saraptasaq, últtyq belgisine qaray partiya qúru әreketi jappay últaralyq arazdyqqa alyp kelgenin de kóruge bolady. Bir jyldary Týrkiya kýrd mәselesin kýrdter partiyasyn qúryp, olardy parlamentke ótkizu arqyly sheshpek bolghan. Nәtiyjesinde atalghan sayasy úiymnyng qyzmetine tyiym saldy, zang shygharu organynan qudy.
Qazaqstannyng sayasy sahnasyndaghy jekelegen túlghalar últshyl-patriottar partiyasy jobasyn janalyq, nou-hau retinde kórsetkisi keledi. Al, búl jobalar tәuelsizdikting jiyrma jylynda da ómir sýrgen. Biylik múnday onay, ynghayly jobadan tәuelsizdikting alghashqy jyldary sanaly týrde bas tartqan. Qazirgi tanda da últtyq mәseleni sayasilandyrudyng sony boljap bolmaytyn qiyndyqtargha soqtyrady. Sondyqtan, osy iydeyanyng avtorlary óz jobalaryna ýstirt, jauapsyz qaraydy nemese múnyng artynda eldi ishten býldirgisi keletin mýddeli toptar túruy mýmkin dep qana oilaugha bolady.
Diny negizde qúrylghan partiyalardyng qanshalyqty qauipti ekenin barlyq sauatty sayasattanushylar biledi. Alysqa barmay, ony «Hizb-ut-tahriyr» men Tәjikstanda tyiym salynghan Islam qayta órkendeu partiyasynyng mysalynan-aq kóruge bolady.
Jaghymdy mysal retinde bireuler Europadaghy hristian demokrattaryn algha tartar. Alayda, búlardyng aty ghana bolmasa, zaty zayyrly, ziyaly sayasy kýshter. Búl jerdegi hristiandyq atauynyng ózin europalyq dәstýrli modeliding mulitikulituralizmge qarsylyghy dep qabyldaugha bolady. Ras, songhy kezderi Europadaghy onshyl kýshterding últshyl-sosialistik mazmúngha jaqyn úrandar kótere bastady. Búl týpting týbinde Europadaghy ózge últ pen úlystardyng ashyq narazylyghy men qarsylyghyn tudyratyny anyq.
Kenes imperiyasynyng qúramynda bolyp, kommunizmge kózsiz sengen, onyng kýiregenin kórgen Qazaqstan ýshin dinning sayasilanuy esh jaqsylyq әpermeydi. Kez kelgen diny úiym jýre kele radikaldana bastaytyny jasyryn emes. Al, Qazaqstanda sayasy iydeyamen jәne sayasy mýmkindiktermen qarulanghan radikaldardy elestetuding ózi qaterli.
Qospartiyalyq mәselesi, sonyng ishinde, kәsipkerlerding tarapynan «Núr Otannyn» layyqty qarsylasy bola alatyn sayasy úiym qúru da qazirgi kezde jii talqylanyp jýr. Áriyne, biznes toptardyng belsendiligin arttyru ýshin búl jaqsy qadam bolar edi. Biraq, otandyq kәsipkerlik qúrylymdyq jaghynan da, toptyq, taptyq túrghyda da pisip, qalyptasa qoyghan joq. Tiyisinshe, biznesmender partiyasy qúrylghannan keyin oligarhtyq toptardyng qoljaulyghyna ainalyp ketui de kәdik. Múnyng aldyn alu ýshin partiyany biylikting ózi auyzdyqtap otyruyna da bolady. Onda biznesmender partiyasy «Núr Otangha» bәsekeles boludyng ornyna liyberaldy sattelit partiya bop shyghar edi. Parlamenttegi pluralizm turaly әngimeni de jyly jauyp qoyar edik. Búl biylik ýshin úpay әpermeytin nәrse. Óitkeni, biylik partiyasy taza partiyalyq kýresten, sayasy tartystan ótpey, ólara jaghdaylarda payda bola ketetin tәuekelderge eshqashan jauap bere almaydy.
Sondyqtan, partiyalyq qúrylysqa, partiyalyq jýiege kózqaras bir jaqty emes, sauatty, keshendi boluy tiyis. Aqorda dәl osy mәselege baylanyp qalmay, sayasy jetiluding ózge joldaryn da izdeui kerek. Aynalyp kelgende, kóppartiyalyq ta, qospartiyalyq ta sayasy modernizasiya degen sóz emes, sayasy jýiede bolugha mindetti shtrihtar ghana.
Ózgeru emes, jetilu
Jogharyda aitqanymyzday, sayasy jýieni jetildiru jayy asa manyzdy. Janarmaytyn jýiening joly túiyqqa aparady. Alayda, tolyqqandy sayasy damu basybýtin kóppartiyalyqqa da, Preziydent pen Parlamentting ókilettikterin jasandy shekteuge de tirelip túrghan joq. Qoghamnyng ózin-ózi retteytin tómengi instrumentterin qalyptastyrugha tikeley baylanysty.
Býgingi tanda Qazaqstanda jergilikti ózin-ózi basqaru instituttarynyng qyzmetin retteu men jetildiru qajet. Búl óz kezeginde azamattardyng ortaq jauapkershiligin arttyratyn bolady. Jergilikti ózin-ózi basqaru instituttarynyng júmysyn jolgha qong, eng aldymen, basty mәselening sheshimin tabugha septigin tiygizui kerek. Ol - jemqorlyq. Jergilikti basqaru organdary men qoghamnyng ózin-ózi basqaruyna mýmkindikter tughyzu jemqorlyq әreketterding azangyna alghyshart bolady. Búl mәselede neden bastau kerek dep kýrdelendiruding de qajeti joq. Mysaly, Túrghyn ýi-kommunaldyq kesheni jýiesin tolyqtay reformalau qajet. Óz ýiinin, aulasynyng damyp, gýldenuine yqpal ete almaytyn saylaushy memleketke ne beredi? Odan memleket ne kýtedi?
Sayasy reforma da, janaru men jetilu de Memleket basshysynyng bastamalaryn nauqangha ainaldyru degen sóz emes.
Preziydent strategiyalyq baghytty tandap, bekitip beredi, baqylau jasaydy. Ony memleketting bolashaghy men halyqtyng iygiligi jolynda iske asyru, oryndau - komandanyng mindeti. Komandanyng is-qimyly Esilding sol jaghasynan ghana kórinetin, qysqa merzimdi, әshekey jobalarmen týgesilmegeni abzal. Barlyq qoghamdy júmyldyratyn, eldi toptastyratyn, ýmitin oyatyp, senimin ornyqtyratyn adal enbek boluy tiyis.
Tәuelsiz Qazaqstannyng irgesin qalaushy, Elbasy alghashqy kýnnen-aq elding aldyna naqty da qarapayym maqsat qoyghan edi. Ol - liyberaldy qúqyqtyq memleket qúru. Ókinishtisi, sol maqsatty oryndau jolynda damyghan әlemdegi ozyq dәstýrlerdi ústanudyng ornyna, kóp jaghdayda múrnymyzdyng astyndaghyny ghana kórumen shektelip kelemiz.