Qúrmetti oqyrman, ótken joly Abai.kz aqparattyq portaly arqyly Túrarbek Qúsayynovtyng «Jas Alash» gazetindegi maqalalar toptamasyndaghy Qoja Ahmet Yassauy babamyzgha  qarsy pikirlerining negizsizdigin kórsetip jauap bergen bolatynbyz. Alayda, búl maqala Túrarbek «myrzany» oilandyrmapty. Kerisinshe, mәseleni odan ary ushyqtyryp, Yassauiydey úly túlghany qazaq sanasynan mýlde ysyryp tastamaq niyeti barlyghyn kórsetti.

Ol aldymen Yassauy babamyzgha qarsy ózining әreketinde QMDB-nyng 2011 jylghy sopylyqqa qarsy shygharghan pәtuasyn jariyalay otyryp, sol pәuanyng negizinde sopylyqtyng Islamgha mýlde jat ekenin dәleldemek boldy. Odan keyin «Feysbukte» «Ataqty tarihshy-arabist Áshirbek Muminovtyng ghylymy zertteuleri boyynsha Ahmed Yassauy babamyz shighalyq "mubayyida" sektasynyng ókili. Búghan Zikiriya Jandarbek yassauitanushy retinde ne aitasyz?

QMDB/ mýftiyattan da jauap kýtemiz

Odan ary qaray «Álimsaq» júrnalynda jariyalanghan maqalany ózining osy súraghynyng túzdyghy retinde oqyrman nazaryna úsynady. Ol maqalany sizderding nazarlarynyzgha da úsynyp kórelik.: « Iasauy ilimining negizi "mubayya-dun" jәne "karmattyq" doktrinder degen kóz-qarastar bar. Mysaly, tarihshy R.Nelson, tarihshy-arabist ghalym Á.Muminov Baghdat jәne Horasan sopylyq aghymdarynyng Iasauiyya tariqatynyng qalyptasuyna aitarlyqtay yqpaly bolmaghanyn aita kelip, Yassauy ilimi birneshe ghasyrlyq tarihy bar jergilikti Týrkistan aimaghyndaghy dualistik baghyttaghy maniyhey ilimi men dәstýrli toptar negizinde qalyptasqan mubayyiditterding ilimi men dәstýrining tabighy jalghasy retinde payda bolghan degen pikir aitady. Ataqty týrik tarihshysy Z.V.Toghan Iasauy ilimining manihaizm men shafiiylik negizinde qalyptasqandyghyn, sonymen qatar Qoja Ahmet Iasauiyding de Qarahan әuletinen shyqqan-dyghyn aitady. Irandyq M.Sanayy Iasauy ilimi Horasan sopylyq aghymdary men Syr boyyndaghy shiiylik aghymdary negizinde qalyptasqandyghyn aitady. Týrkiyalyq belgili iasauitanushy-tarihshy A.Yashar Ojak, "Iasauiyding músylmandyghy Horasan sufizmi men qamdyq jәne mistikalyq-maniyheylik mәdeniye-tindegi kóshpeli jәne jartylay kóshpeli týrik taypalarynyng dәstýrli dýniyetanymy eleginen ótken músylmandyq bolatyn. Jәne Qoja Ahmet Iasauy Iranda dýniyege kelgen shighalyq Mansúr al-Hallajdy islam әuliyelerining piri retinde tanyghan. (ALIMSAK.KZ).

Mynaday «qomaqty» dәlelderi bar, qazaqtyng myng jylgha juyq ústanyp kelgen jolynyng «qatesin» tauyp, «adasqan» qazaqty qayta «tura jolgha» salmaq bolghan batyrdyng múnday «enbegin» baghalamau, ony eskerip jauap bermeu bizding tarapymyzdan kórgensizdik bolar edi. Sondyqtan uaqytymyz az bolsa da, jauap beruge mәjbýr bolyp otyrmyz.

«Adasqan» qazaqty týzetpek bolyp jýrgen Túrardyng myna qoyghan súraqtary, búl «azamattyn» Islam tarihynan da, mazhabtardyng shyghu sebebinen mýlde habarsyz ekenin kórsetti. Islam dinining Týrkistan jerine taralu tarihy men sopylyq jol pen tariqattyng shyghuy turaly aitpasa da bolady. Ónsheng mazhabsyz músylmandardyng jeteginde jýrip, solardyng soyylyn soqqan, Qoja Ahmet Yassauy týgil, Múhammed payghambardyng ózin Allagha serik qosu dep biletin «neodindardan» ne súrarsyn! Ózining tanym-týsinigine say kelmeytin qazaqy bolmysty, onyng ruhaniyatyn jalpy mәdeniyetin ne qylsyn?! Sondyqtan Túrardyng ózine neden habarsyz ekenin jiktep kórsete otyryp, onyng qazaqqa eshqanday qatysy joq, bar arman-múraty qazaqty ishtey býldiruge baghyttalghan, qazaqtyng júlynyna týsken júlyn qúrt ekenin dәleldep kórsetu kezegi keldi. Endi maqalany islam tarihynan bastaghandy jón kórip otyrmyn.

Islam dinining Týrkistan jerine taralu tarihyna qatysty qalyptasqan pikirlerding tarihy shyndyqtan alshaq ekendigi býgingi kýni aiqyn sezile bastady. Óitkeni, eger islam dinin týrkiler Qarahandyq biyleushi Satuq Boghra han Abd al-Karimnyng kezinde 951 jyly qabyldaghan bolsa[1, 315], onda Abu Nasyr al-Faraby siyaqty ghúlamalar Otyrardan qalay shyqty degen zandy súraqty tudyrary anyq. Onyng ýstine qojalar әuletining shejiresi bolyp tabylatyn «Nasab-nama» núsqalarynda islam dinining Týrkistan jerine 150/766-67 jyldary kelgendigi bayandalady. [2, 88] Sondyqtan «myna eki tújyrymnyng qaysy dúrys?» - súraqqa jauap beru islam dinining Týrkistan jerine taralu tarihyn zertteushi mamandardyng sheshui tiyis mәselelerining birine ainalyp otyr. Óitkeni, osy eki pikir, eki kózqarastyng astarynda ýlken diny tanymdyq, konsepsiyalyq erekshelikter jatqanynan kópshilik týgil islam tarihymen ainalysatyn mamandardyng habar joq. Biz ony qazirgi kýni kóptegen dintanushy mamandardyng sopylyqqa, qazaq halqynyng tarihy jadyndaghy islamdyq diniy-tanymdyq týsinikterine qatysty kózqarastarynan kóruimizge bolady. Mysaly, osydan eki jyl búryn QMDB-nyng ýgit-nasihat bólimining qyzmetkerinin  qazaq halqynyng diniy-tarihy jadynyng kólemdi bóligin qúraytyn diny dastandardyng barlyghyn shiʻalyq baghyttaghy shygharmalar retinde baghalauy, bizdegi din qyzmetkerlerinin, әsirese, shetelderde diny oqu oryndaryn bitirip kelgen mamandardyng qazaq halqynyng dәstýrli diny tanymynan da, qazaq jerindegi islam dinining taralu tarihynan da mýlde habarsyz ekendigin kórsetti. Búl qazirgi kýni Týrkistan jerine islam dinining kelu tarihyna qatysty mәselelerdi zerttep, «aqty aq, qarany qara» dep kórsetu ózekti mәselege ainalyp otyrghandyghyn kórsetedi. Anyghyraq aitsaq, "Qazaqtyng dәstýrli diny tanymynyng shiʻalyqpen qanshalyqty baylanysy bar? Nemese, ahl al-sunna jamaʻdan nesimen erekshelenedi?" degen súraqqa ashyq jauap berilui kerek. Osy mәselening aq-qarasy ajyratylmayynsha búl tartysty toqtatu mýmkin emes. Búl mәselelerge jauap beru ýshin «Nasab-nama» derekterinde bayandalatyn oqighalardyng tarihy shyndyghy men anyzdyq sipattaryna taldau jasap, olardyng arasyndaghy sabaqtastyqty ashyp kórsetuimiz kerek jәne tek osy negizde ghana tarihy shyndyqtyng qalay bolghanyn aiqyndalu mýmkindigi bar. Sondyqtan aldymen «Nasab-nama» núsqalaryndaghy bayandalatyn oqighalardan bastayyq.

«Nasab-nama» Qoja Ahmet Yassauy negizin salghan Yassauiya tariqatynyng tarihy bolyp tabylady. Qazirgi kýnge búl «Nasab-nama» núsqalarynyng 70-ten asa qoljazbasy tabyldy. Jәne olardyng arasynda belgili dәrejede erekshelikteri bar. Olaryng barlyghynda derlik bayandalatyn oqigha keyipkerlerding ortaqtyghy men Týrkistan jerine islam dinin әkelushi túlghalardyng Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiya úrpaqtary boluy jәne olardyng hijranyng 150-jyly «Týrkistan jerine islam asha kelgendigin» bayandauy bolyp tabylady. «Islam asha kelgen» úrpaqtarynyng aty-jónderi Abd ar-Rahim bab, Ishaq bab, Abd al-Jalil bab. Keyinnen HII ghasyrda qalyptasqan Yassauiya tariqatynyng tarmaqtary osy ýsh túlghanyng atymen baylanystyryldy. Osy «Nasab-nama» núsqalarynda attary atalghan túlghalardyng Islam ortalyghynda belgilisi de, ol jerdegi tarihy oqighalargha aralasqany da Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiya. Alayda, ol kisi turaly tarihy derekterge qaraytyn bolsaq, onda ol kisi turaly jazylghan mәlimetterding bir jaqty emestigin, kóbine teris pikir qalyptastratynyn kóruimizge bolady. Mysaly, an-Naubahtiyding «Shiʻa toptary» atty enbeginde «Ol (Huseyn) ólgen song onyng jaqtastary ýsh topqa bólinip ketti. Olardyng biri Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiya imamatyn jaqtady jәne olar Hasan men Huseynnen keyin músylmandar әmirshisine Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiyadan jaqyn eshkim qalmady. Imamat ókilderi ishinen odan ózge eshkim joq bolatyn.» «Ekinshi bir toby aitty: Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiya – Allanyng oghan rahmeti bolsyn!» - imam, mahdi, Aly ibn Abu Talibtin  ósiyetin qabyldap alushy. Onyng ýiinen eshkim oghan qarsy keluge qúqy joq jәne onyng imamatynan bas tartugha nemese qylyshyn onyng rúqsatynsyz qynabynan shygharugha qaqy joq. Tek, sonyng rúhsatymen ghana al-Hasan b. ʻAly Muaviyagha qarsy shyqty, sonyng rúsatymen ghana onymen beybit kelisimge keldi. Tek, onyng rúqsatymen ghana al-Huseyn Yazidke qarsy shyqty. Egerde onyng aitqanymen jýrmegende ekeui de adasar edi. Kim de kim Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiyagha qarsy shyghatyn bolsa, ol – kәpir, kópqúdayshyl» [3, 131-132]. Búl jerde avtordyng Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiyany asyra maqtap jibergenin jәne shiʻalyqtar ókili retinde esepteytinin kóruimizge bolady. Al, ekinshi bir jaghynan Múhammad ibn al-Hanafiyany imam sanaytyndardyng shekten shyqqandyghyn, olardyng Múhammad ibn al-Hanafiyany tipti barlyghynan habardar imam, Payghambarmen teng dәrejede boldy» [3, 151] - dep esepteytindigin aitady. Al, kópshilik derekterde  Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiya barlyq adasqan aghymdardyng basynda túrghan túlgha dep esepteydi. Mysaly, qaysaniylerdi shiʻalardyng eng jauynger toby dep al-Fahry jazghanymen [4, 31],  qaysaniylerding adasqan aghym bolmaghandyghyn sol kezendegi tarihi, ruhany ýderisterge taldau jasaghanda kóruge bolady. Olar sonyna ergen Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiya bastaghan ghúlamalar Islamdaghy naqyl men aqylgha basymdyq berip, islam dinin toqyraudan aman alyp qalghan, Ahl ar-Ray baghytynyng qalyptasuyna yqpal etti. Búl Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiyanyng jalpy Islamdaghy ghylymy baghytty qalyptastyrghan tarihy túlgha bolghandyghyn derekter aighaqtaydy.

Biz ony týrik ghalymy Huliya Alperding «Maturidiyde aqyl men naqyl baylanysy» atty shygharmasyndaghy myna joldargha sýiene otyryp, kórsete alamyz. Ol bylay deydi: «Omeyyadttar kezeninde  maydangha kelgen sayasy qayshylyqtarmen qatar taghdyr, qalau, ýlken kýnәlәr, kýpir týsinikteri jayly talas-tartys jýrdi. Búl tartys airyqsha islam dini jana tarala bastaghan aimaqtarda basqa din ókilderine qarsy Islamnyng senim negizderin ashyq jәne dindi jana qabyldaghandargha týsine alatyn dengeyde týsindiru jәne olargha tatymdy pikirmen qarsy shyghu qajettigi tudy jәne búl kýres Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiya (81/700 q.b.), Maʻbet al-Juhany (83/702 q.b.), Geylan ad-Dimashqy (120/738 j.q.b.) t.b. kalam bilgirerin ortagha shyghardy. Nәtiyjesinde birinshi ghasyrdyng sondarynda Islamnyng senim negizderin (Qúran ayattary men Payghambar hadisterin aqyldy paydalana otyryp, taldau jasaytyn, ayattardyng ishki mәni men mazmúnyn halyqqa tereng týsindire alatyn,) qorghay alatyn yqpaldy toptyng qalyptasu kezeni boldy. Búl ýderis múʻtazila jәne olardyng alghashqy izasharlary bolghan qadariya jәne jahimiya baghyttarynyng qalyptasuyna yqpal etti.» [5, 21]. Demek, búl ýzindiden Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiyanyng birinshiden, shiʻalyq baghyt ókili emestigin; ekinshiden, Abu Hanifa Núghman bin Sabit negizin salghan mazhabtyng әr halyqtyng ózining dәstýrin ústanu qúqy barlyghyna qatysty pikirining tórkini Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiyadan bastau alatynyn kórsetedi.  Olay deytinimiz Abu Hanifa ózining «Kitabu-l ʻalim ua-l Mutaʻaliym» atty enbeginde Qúrannyng «Maida» sýresining besinshi ayatyndaghy «Senderden әrbir halyq ýshin jeke sharighat jәne jol jasap qoydyq, Eger Alla qalasa barlyghyndy bir ýmmet jasar edi,» - ayatqa sýiene otyryp, Tәnirding әrbir halyq ýshin ózine ylayyq sharighat bergenin, odan bas tartugha bolmaytynyn naqtylap kórsetip bergen bolatyn [6, 8-11]. Biz búdan, Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiya eshqanday shiʻalyq baghyttyng ókili emestigin kóremiz jәne ony ózge derekter de naqtylay týsedi. Biz ony Hulia Alper atap kórsetken Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiyanyng qasyndaghy pikirles bolghan ghúlamalardyng ústanghan baghyttarynan bayqauymyzgha bolady. Mysaly, an-Naubahty muridjitterding qataryna al-Fadl ar-Rakkashi, Abu Shimr. Gaylan b. Marvan, Djahm ibn Safvandy qosady. [3, 118]  Osy tizimning ishindegi Gaylan b. Marvannyng Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiyamen pikirles bolghandyghyn Hulia Alper kórsetken bolatyn. Olay bolsa, Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiya shiʻalardyng ókili emes, murdjilar ókili bolyp shyghady. Al búl baghytty ústanghan Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiya bastaghan toptyng Halifattyng ishki taq talasyna aralasqannan kóri, odan da kýrdeli, Islamnyng negizderine taldau jasap, halyqtyng diny tanymyn qalyptastyru baghytynda qyzmet etudi maqsat etkenining kuәsi bolamyz. Islam dinining arabtardan tys jerlerge taraluy din negizderin týsindirude jana izdenister qajettigin kórsetti. Sol kezendegi Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiya bastaghan toptyng dindi týsindiru jolyndaghy izdenisteri  Qúran men sýnneti týsinude aqyldy keninen paydalanugha jol ashqanyn kórsetedi. Ol alghash ret Islam tarihynda dindi aqylmen tanudy ýiretetin oqu orny-medreseni ashty [5, 22]. Búl medrese ókilderining Islamdaghy oi-pikirding damuyna, olardyng Qúran men sýnnetti tanuda aqyldy qoldanu tәjiriybesi  keyinnen Ahl-iy-Ray  mektebining qalyptasuyna yqpal etken negizgi qaynar boldy. Jalpy biz búl jerde myna mәseleni naqtylap ótuimiz kerek. Abu Hanifa ózining ústanghan baghyty jaghynan  shiʻalyq baghyttaghy zaydiylerge jaqyn boluy jәne murijiyler ishinde ʻAliyding Talha men Zubayrgha qarsy kýresin dúrys dep esepteui, onyng ʻAly әuletine ishi búratynyn kórsetedi [3, 121]. Búl aitylghandar Ahl ar-Ray baghytynyng qalyptasuy óz bastauyn Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiyadan negizin salghan aqylshylyq baghyttan alatynyn kórsetedi.

Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiya murjiʻany qabylday  otyryp, ahl-y sýnnetting qabyl etken sharttar men ústanymdardy tolyghymen qabyldady dese bolady. Biraq, onyng diny kózqarasynyng ahliy-sýnnetten ereksheligi ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyq ýzilgen joq dep eseptedi. Shyndyghynda onyng boyynda әkesi, ʻAly ibn Abu Talibten qalghan ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyq bar edi. Búl jerde myna bir mәseleni eskeru kerek. Ruh әlemimen baylanys degen úghymdy ʻAly ibn Abu Taliybing ózi «imamat» dep eseptegenin, «imamattyng dúshpadarynan bas tartatynyn, qarsylastaryn әshkereleytini jazylady. Alayda, onyng qarsylastary ʻAliyding búl pikiri yudeylerden alynghan dep esepteydi [3, 128]. Demek, búl ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyq ʻAliyding ózinen qalghan jәne onyng úrpaqtarynda jalghasyn tapty dep aitugha negiz bar.

Jalpy Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiyanyng ústanghan baghyty, aqyl men naqyldy qoldanu arqyly din ilimin, qasang qaghilar jiyntyghy emes, halyqtyng ruhany bolmysynyng sarqylmas qaynary retinde dәleldey bilui halyq arasynan qoldau tapty. Ásirese, Iraq jerindegi halyqtyng arasynda Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiyanyng imamatyn jaqtaushylar kóp boldy.  Solardyng biri  Múhammad ibn al-Hanafiya imamatyn jaqtap, sol ýshin kýreske shyqqan Qaysan atty laqaby bar al-Múhtar b. Abu ʻUbayd as-Saqafy bolatyn [3, 128].  Egerde osy kezende Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiya sayasy biylik ýshin kýreske aralasyp, biylikke keluge úmtylghanda, onda onyng jenip shyghu mýmkindigi de bar edi. Al-Múhtar kóterilisin bastaghan kezende Halifatta biylik ýshin omeyadtar men Abu Bakrding nemeresi Abdulla ibn Zubayr arasynda kýres jýrip jatqan bolatyn. Al-Múhtar aldymen omeyadtargha qarsy kýresip, olardy jeniliske úshyratqannan keyin Abdulla ibn Zubayr onyng kýshenginen qorqyp, oghan qarsy soghys ashyp, talqandady [7, 101-103]. Al, al-Múhtar b. Abu ʻUbayd  Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiya iydeyasyn qoldap kýres jolyna shyqqan bolatyn. Aliyden qalghan ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyq iydeyasyn tu etken kóterilisshilerdi arab dәstýrshildigin jaqtaytyn Omeyyadtar da, Abdulla ibn Zubayr da qoldamady. Búl osy kezenning ózinde arab qoghamy ishtey tek naqylmen jýremiz deytin baghytty qoldaytyndar men naqyl men aqyldy qatar qoldanyp, Islamdy algha sýireymiz degen baghyt qalyptasqandyghyn jәne olardyng arasynda bәsekelestik bolghandyghyn kórsetedi.

Jalpy VIII ghasyrdyng basyna qaray Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiya bastaghan Islamdy ghylymy baghytta damytamyz degen toptyng iydeyalyq baghyty Halifattyng Shyghysynda keng kólemde qoldau tabady. Ásirese, al-Múhtar as-Sakafy kóterilisine qatysyp, qaysaniyler degen ataq alghan toptyng әrketi belsendi bolghandyghyn, olar ózderine imam retinde Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiyanyng úly Abu Hashimdi tanyghandyghy aitylady. Abu Hashimning qaysaniylermen baylanysqanyn esitken halif Sýleymen ibn Abd al-Malik ony ózine shaqyryp sóilesedi. Abu Hashim ýiine kelgen song jaghdayy nasharlap, qaytys bolady. Halyq arasynda Abu Hashimdi halif ulap óltirdi degen әngime taraydy. Abu Hashim haliftan shyghyp, Abbas әuletining ókili Múhammed ibn Aly ibn Abdullanyng da ýiine barady. Oghan memleket biyligi ózderine tiyesli ekendigin, ol ýshin kýresu kerektigin jayyp salady. Abu Hashim qaytys bolghan song qaysaniylerge basshylyqty osy Múhammed ibn Aly jýrgize bastaydy. Búl qozghalystyng sony 132/750 jyly Abbasiyler әuletin Halifat taghyna otyrghyzumen ayaqtaldy.

Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiya ústanghan baghyttyng dúrystyghyn tek qaysaniyler emes, Huseyn әuletining ókilderining de moyyndaghanyn kóruimizge bolady. Oghan mysal retinde Zayd b. Aly b. Al-Husayndy atap kórsete alamyz [3, ]. Ol jәne onyng jaqtastyry Abu Bakir men Omar ibn Hattabtyng halifalyghyn moyyndady. Zaydtyng múnday ústanymgha kelui onyng da Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiyamen pikirles bolghandyghyn dәleldeydi. Al onyng úly Yahiya ibn Zayd 743 jyly Horasanda óltirildi [3, 217]. Al, onyng úly Ishaq bab Týrkistan jerine «islam asha» kelushilerding biri boldy. Demek, Týrkistan jerine «islam asha kelgen» túlghalardyng eshqanday shiʻalyq baghyttyng ókilderi emes, Islamnyng aqyl men naqyldy qatar ústanghan, dindi adamnyng ruhany bolmysynyng sarqylmas qaynary retinde tanu joldaryn qalyptastyrghan Múhammed ibn al-Hanafiyanyng jolyn әkelgen túlghalar bolghandyghyn kórsetedi. Ishaq bab bolsa sol toptyng ókili. Ishaq babtyng anyq kim ekendigin Ibn an-Nadim ózining «al-Fihrist» atty kitabynda naqtylap jazghan bolatyn. Ol Mauarannahr mubayyiylerining basshysy Ishaq at-Týrikting shyqqan tegi jayly bylay deydi: «Basqa bir qauym Ishaq ʻAliyding úrpaghy ekendigin aitady. Shyndyghynda ol eki toptyng atyn jamylyp, tyghylyp jýr. Ol Yahiya ibn Zayd ibn ʻAliyding úrpaghy. Keybireulerding aituynsha, ol omeyyadtardan qashyp týrkiler eline ketedi. «Kitab Mauarannahr» avtorynyng jazuynsha, (ol) Horasannan shyqqan» [8, 115].  Búl derek bir jaghynan «Nasab-nama» núsqalarynda jazylghan tarihy oqighalardyng anyzdyq sipaty basym bola túra, tarihy shyndyqqa negizdelip jazylghan shygharma bolghandyghyn kórsetse, ekinshi jaghynan Týrkistan jerine kelgen islam dinining baghyt-baghdarynda eshqanday adasushylyq bolmaghandyghyn, kerisinshe, sol kezendegi islam dinindegi ozyq oi-pikirdi týrkiler arasyna jetkizgendigin kórsetedi. Búl óz kezeginde Týrkistan jerindegi islam dini Halifat ortalyghyndaghy Islamgha qaraghanda basqasha, ghylymy negizde damyghandyghynan habar beredi.

«Nasab-nama» núsqalarynda Týrkistan jerine Ishaq bab pen onyng serikterining 150/766-67 jyly «islam asha» kelgendigi bayandalady. Olardyng Týrkistan jerine keluining basty sebebi, Horasanda Abbasiyler biyligine qarsy kýresting jeniluimen baylanysty boldy. Kezinde Horasan halqynyng omeyyadtar biyligine qarsy kýresin bastaghan, Abbasiyler әuletin taqqa otyrghyzghan Abu Muslimning 755 jyly Abu Jaʻfar al-Mansur tarapynan óltirilui  halyqtyng jappay narazylyghyn tughyzdy. Halyq jappay kóteriliske shyqty. Biraq jeniliske úshyrady. Mine, osy Horasanda jenilis tapqan kóterilisshilerding Ishaq bab bastaghan bóligi Týrkistan jerine ketti.

Endigi kezekte Ishaq bab bastaghan «islam asha» kelushiler Týrkistan qanday ózgeristerge sebep boldy? Qanday diny qúndylyqtar әkeldi? Olar sol kezendegi  týrkilerding sayasy jәne qoghamdyq ómirine qanday ózgerister әkeldi? Osy mәselelerdi qysqasha tarqatyp kóreyik.

Týrkistan jerine islam dinining 150/766-67 jyly kelui alghashqy týrki- islam memleketining qalyptasuyna әkeldi. Ol turaly «Nasab-namanyn» Qaraspan núsqasynda mynaday joldar bar: «Kashghargha kelib týshtilar. Kashgharda bir tarsa bar yerdi. Laqaby Munkózluk Búghra Qara han, tarsacha aty Yuhaniyan yerdi. Shah ʻAbd ar-Rahim Yuhaniyandy imangha daʻuat qyldy. Unamady. Aydy: Mening dinim haq turur dep. Sizlar birlә toqush  qylurmyn,-tiydi. Yersa, yelik myng músylman, taqy toqsan myng tarsa cheriki birlәn atlanyb, uch kýn-týn toqush qyldylar. Haq Taʻala Islam cherikiga nusrat berib, qyryq myng tarsa ólub, Yuhaniyar qachyb baryb Aqsuf qorghanygha kigandin sun, Kashghar yellari barchasy músylman boldylar. Islam achyldy. Un yeki myng músylman shahij boldylar. Ana liLahy ana iylәiHy rajiʻun. Shah ʻAbd ar-Rahimnyng uch úghly bar yerdi. Birining aty – Shah Ahmad. Urtanchynyng aty – shah Múhammad, Uchinchisining aty – Shah Hasan. Shah Amadny Kashghargha qoydylar. Laqaby – Shay han. Shah Múhammadny Yetikend yubardilar. Laqaby – Shamsy han. ... Ul yerda yeki qorghan yasatyb, Chalysh turghan at berib, Satugh Búghra Qara han atandy.» [2, 168]. Islam dinining Týrkistan jerine taraluyn «Nasab-nama» núsqalarynda osylay bayandalady. Búl bizding tarihymyzda belgili Qarlúq memleketining tarih sahnasyna shyghuymen say keledi. Demek, biz biletin Qarlúq memleketi alghashqy týrki-islam memleketi boldy dep týsiuimiz kerek. (Biz múny kezinde dәleldep shyqqan bolatynbyz.). Syrdyng tómengi aghysyndaghy Oghyz memleketining tarih sahnasyna shyghuy da osy islam dinining Týrkistan jerine taralu tarihymen tikeley baylanysty.

Endigi kezekte islam dinining Týrkistan jerine taraluy týrki halyqtarynyng ruhaniy-mәdeny ómirine qanday ózgerister әkeldi degen súraqtargha jauap beruimiz kerek. Ol ýshin «Nasab-nama» núsqalarynda jazylatyn «ilm al-hikma» degen sózding maghynasyna mәn berip, taldap kóruimiz kerek. «Ilm al-hikma» sózin qazaq tiline audaratyn bolsaq, onda «danalyq turaly ilim» degen maghyna beredi. Danalyq ilimining Týrkistan jerine kelui týrkiler arasynda ghylym men bilimning damuyna mýmkindik berdi. Qanshama ghúlamalar Otyrardan ósip shyqty. Solardyng biri  Abu Nasyr әl-Farabiyding basty janalyghynyng biri Allany tanudyng rasionaldyq joly-«hikma iylәhiya» bolatyn. Ol ýshin Abu Nasyr әl-Faraby ekinshi ústaz degen ataq aldy. Bú uaqyt óte kele «Baqyt әkelushi ilim» degen atpen tarala bastady [9, 24]. «HI ghasyrda ómir sýrgen Jýsip Balasaghúnidyng «Qútty Bilik» enbeginde búl tújyrym tolyghymen kórinis tapty. Týrkistandyq ghalymdar men aqyndardyng enbekterinde «insan al-kamiyl» mәselesi kóterildi. Ábu Nasyr әl-Faraby ózining «Filosofiyanyng dinge qatysy» atty enbeginde  qayrymdy qala bashysynyng Jaratushy dәrejesine deyin kóterilu mәselesin qoyady. ... Alla әlemdi qalay basqarsa (qala basshysy) qayrymdy basshy qalany solay basqarady. Jaratushynyng әlemdi basqaru men qayrymdy qala әkimining qala basqaruy arasynda aiyrmashylyq bolghanymen, ekeuining arasynda ýilesim, úqsastyq bar.» [10, 185-186]  Týrkistan jerine «islam asha kelgen» túlghalar yqpalymen týrkiler otanynda islamdyq ghylymdardyng naghyz damu ortalyghyna ainaldy. Ghylym men bilimning damu dengeyi Halifat ortalyghyndaghy damudan artyq bolmasa, kem bolghan joq. Jalpy  IH-H ghasyrlarda Týrkistan jerinde ashylghan janalyqtardyng býkil Islam әlemine yqpaly boldy. Ahl ar-Ray mektebining erkin damuyna Týrkistan jeri mol mýmkindikter berdi. Tek, H ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda Qarahandyq biyleushilerding Ahl al-Hadis baghytyn qabyldaghanynsha oy erkindigine, aqylgha shekteu qoyylghan joq. Eng bastysy týrki halqynyng diniy-senimining jana satygha kóteriluine yqpal etti. Biraq, týrkilerding memleketti basqaru jýiesine, salt-dәstýr men әdet-ghúrpyna onshalyqty yqpaly bolmaghanyn, týrkilerding ózderining dәstýrli mәdeniyetin saqtap qalugha mýmkindik bergenin kóremiz. Mysaly, Qarahandyq memleket qúramynda ru-taypalardyng saqtaluy týrki mәdeniyetining Qarahandyq biyleushilerding shafiʻy mazhabyn qabyldaghanynsha ózgermegendigin kórsetedi.

Jalpy osy VIII ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynan bastap týrkilerding ruhany bolmysynan tereng oryn alghan islamdyq ghylymdar HII ghasyrda Qoja Ahmet Yassauiyge ózining sopylyq jolyn qalyptastyruyndaghy negizi qaynar bolghandyghy anyq. Eng bastysy sopylyqtyng basty belgisi bolyp tabylatyn «ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyqtyn» saqtalghan jeri Týrkistan boldy. Óitkeni, Týrkistan jerine «ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyqty әkelgen túlgha Ishaq bab bolatyn. «Nasab-nama» derekterinde ol «sufra, sufradarlik, sufra tútmaq» jәne degen termindermen beriledi. Sonymen birge,  Ishaq babtyng Hzyr, Ilyaspen súhbatta bolghandyghy jazylady. Ol turaly «Nasab-namada» bylay delingen: «Odan Ishaq bab Shashqa bardy. Shashtan Ka‘bagha bardy. Ka‘badan Sariamgha kelip, Juba meshitin saldy. 3500 altyn qarjy qyldy. Ishaq babtyng 120 jyl ómiri boldy. 90 jyl Hzyr ‘aleyhiy-s-salammen súhbaty boldy.» [11, 76-83]. Nemese «Ol jerde Ishaq bab 85 jyl padshalyq qyldy. Hzyr men Iliyas payghambarlarmen súhbatta bolu ýshin 80 jyl sufradarlyq qyldy. Bir kýnde 100 qoy, 10 soghym (jylqy) soyatyn edi». [12, 116-118].  Búl jerde ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyq Hzyr, Ilyas arqyly bolghandyghyn kórsetip túr. Búl jerde Ishaq babtyng ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyghy Hzyr, Iliyas payghambarlar arqyly bolghandyghy, ol ýshin «sufradarlyq» jasaghandyghy aitylady. Demek, Týrkistan jerindegi ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyqty Týrkistan jerine әkelushi Ishaq bab ekendigin dәleldeydi. Osy ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyq Ishaq babtan Qoja Ahmet Yassauiyge deyin jalghasyp keldi. Qoja Ahmet Yassauy babamyzdyng sopylyq ilimining negizgi qaynarlary Horasanda da, halifat ortalyqtarynda da emes, týrkiler jerinde boldy. Kóptegen zertteushiler Qoja Ahmet Yassauy ózining sopylyq jolyn qalyptastyrghanda ilimdi ana jaqtan aldy, myna jaqtan aldy degendi aitady. Alayda, Týrkistan jerindegi islam dinining taralu jәne damu baghyttaryna jasalghan taldau – búl jerdegi islamnyng damu qarqyny Horasannan da, Halifat ortalyghynan da joghary bolghandyghyn kóremiz. Demek, sopylyq ilim negizderi Týrkistannyng ózinde jasaldy. Búl turaly belgili islamtanushy Á. Muminov Yassauy ilimining shyghu negizi turaly bylay deydi: «Baghdat pen Horasandaghy sopylyq aghymdardyng Yassauiya tariqatynyng qalyptasuyna yqpaly onshalyqty kýshti bolmaghanyn bayqaymyz. Yassauiya tariqatynyng ilimi – birneshe ghasyrlyq tariyhqa ie Týrkistan mubayiditteri ilimi men әdet-ghúrpynyng tabighy jalghasy boldy» [9, 28]. Belgili islam tarihyn zertteushi ghalym S. G. Prozorov ta Yassauiya tariqaty ózining bastauyn ishakiya iliminen alatynyn jazady [13,  s. 39]. Qaysaniya – mubayyidiya ilimin Týrkistan jerine әkelushi Ishaq at-Týrik bolghandyqtan, avtor ol ilimning Týrkistan jerindegi formasyn ishakiya dep ataydy. Al, Qoja Ahmet Yassauy shejiresi osy Ishaq bab-Ishaq  at-Týrikten bastalatynyn eskersek, onda Á. Muminov pen S. G. Prozorov pikirlerining bir jerden shyghatynyn kóremiz.

Qoryta aitqanda, Týrkistan jerine islam dinining taraluyna Islam ortalyqtarynda bolghan sayasi, ruhany tike-tiresting tikeley yqpaly boldy. Biylik ýshin talasta ʻAly ibn Abu Talib úrpaqtary basymdyq alyp ketu yqtimaldyghynan qoryqqan halifat biyleushileri onyng úrpaqtarynan da, olar iyelik etken ilimnen de ólerdey qoryqty. Islam dinin arab dәstýrshildigi shenberimen shektep,  ruh әlemimen sabaqtastyq turaly mýlde esitkileri kelmedi. Sol ilimdi tu etken ʻAly úrpaqtary arab jerine syimastan týrkiler arasyna ketuge mәjbýr boldy. Týrkistan jerde olardyng ilimi kóktep, alyp shynargha ainaldy. Sol 150/766-67 jyldan beri 1250 jyldan asa uaqyt ótse de, Ishaq bab әkelgen ilim әli ózining manzyn joghalqan joq. Ol ilimdi sol Ishaq babtyng úrpaghy Qoja Ahmet Yassauy sopylyq joldyng týrkilik baghytyn qalyptastyryp, týrki halyqtarynyng dәstýrli dini negizderin qalyptastyryp berdi. Yassauy joly týrkiler sanasynda ýstemdik etip túrghan zamanda týrkiler әlemge yqpalyn jýrgizgen úly halyqqa ainalghan bolatyn. Ol shegingen kezende memleketteri kýirep, ózgelerge bodan boldy. Búl Ishaq bab bastap «islam asha» kelgen túlghalardyng әkelgen ruhany ilimining manyzynyng qanshalyqty qúndy bolghandyghyn kórsetse kerek.

Mine, búl keltirilgen tarihy mәlimetter Yassauy ilimining negizgi qaynarlary qayda ekendigin, qanday ilimderden nәr alghandyghyn jәne ol qaynarlardyng jalpy Islamdaghy býkil ghylym men bilimning Halifat ortalyghynda emes, Týrkistan jerinde damuyna yqpal etken negizgi faktor bolghandyghyna dәlel bola alady. Búl tarihtyng eshbirinen habarsyz «neodindar», «neoqúranshyl» Túrardyng Yassauy babamyzgha qarsy jasap jatqan amal-әreketi qazaqty qaytsem de ózining ruhany ózeginen taydyramyn degen maqsatynan tuyndap otyr. Egerde qazaq ózining ruhany ózeginen aiyrlyp, bitútas halyq emes, tobyrgha ainalatyn bolsa, onda ony bólshektep, joigha da, memlekettiginen aiyrugha da bolady. Múnday aram pighyldy iske asyrugha belsene kirisken adamdy qazaqtyng júlynyna týsken júlynqúrt demey ne dersin? Al, ony demep, oghan qoldau kórsetip otyrghan toptyng bar ekendigi eshkimnen jasyryn emes. Olardyng kózdegeni ne? Olardyng qatarynda kimder barlyghyn qazir atap jatpay-aq qoyayyq. Kezegi kelgende olardyng da enbekterine taldau jasaymyz.

Endigi kezekte búl toptyng Qoja Ahmet Yassauiyge, Yassauy jolyna qarsy óre týregeluine ne sebep boldy? – degen súraqqa jauap beru kezegi kelgen siyaqty. Songhy jyldary qazaq arasynda sopylyqqa, sopylyq jolgha degen ong kózqaras qalyptasa bastaghany, halyqtyng jaqsy men jamandy ajyrata bastaghany aiqyndala bastady. Onyng ýstine Preziydent N.Nazarbaevtyng «Bolashaqqa baghdar: ruhany janghyru» atty baghdarlamalyq maqalasy men «Úly dalanyng jeti qyry» atty maqalalary qazaq halqynyng qayta ruhany janghyruyna mýmkindik beretin birden-bir mýmkindik boldy. Qazaqty ruhany janghyrtu, Yassauiysiz, Yassauy iliminsiz mýmkin emes. Onyng ýstine Týrkistan qalasynyng oblys ortalyghyna ainaluy, qalanyng dәrejesin kóterip, Týrki dýniyesining ruhany ortalyghyna ainaldyru maqsaty qoyyluy - Qoja Ahmet Yassauiydin, Yassauy jolynyng qayta jandanuyna aparatyn tóte jol ekendigi belgili. Múny týsingen ózge diny aghym jetegine ergen,  qazaq ruhaniyatyna qarsy toptar shoshynyp, aighaygha basyp, Yassauiyge, jalpy qazaq ruhaniyatyna shabuyldy bastady. Qazaq halqynyng ruhany tútastyghy qayta qalyptasyp, Yassauy ilimi negizinde qayta toptasatyn bolsa, onda qazaqtyng eshkimge tenlik bermesi anyq. Búl ol toptardy da, olardyng syrttaghy qojayyndaryn da qorqytyp otyrghan osy mәsele. Búl kýreste kim jenedi? Mәsele sonda.

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11. Aqqorghandyq qojalar shejiresi, A.ngldashev qoljazbasy.
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Zikiriya Jandarbek

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