Qoja Ahmet Yasauy islam dinining әlsirep, músylman qauymynyng ruhany sayasy daghdarysqa týsken kezeninde tarih sahnasyna shyqty. Búl kezende Islam әlemindegi jaghday kýrdelenip, biylik ýshin talas órship túrdy. Búrynghy islamgha tireu bolghan iri memleketter ishtey irip, bólshektenip mayda iyelikterge ainaldy. Islam әlemining әlsiregenin sezgen Evropa músylmandargha qarsy krest joryghyn bastady. Jerorta tenizi jaghalauyndaghy kóptegen jerler krestishilerding qolastyna týsti. Shyghysta qaratqytaylar Qarahandyq biyleushilerdi tize býktirip, ózderine jartylay tәueldi etti. Islam әlemine tireu bolady degen Horezmshahtar memleketi Mekkeni basyp alugha, ózine tәueldi etuge úmtyldy. Múnyng bәri islam qoghamyndaghy etek alghan ruhany daghdaryspen tikeley baylanysty boldy. Qoja Ahmet Yasauy sol kezennin  basty mәselesi - músylman dinindegi halyqtardan imannyng kóterilui, halyqtyng kóbi imansyz tobyrgha ainaluynda ekenin kóre bildi. Ol ózining basty qyzmeti Imandy Islamgha qaytaru dep týsindi jәne ózining bar kýsh-quatyn osyghan arnady. Ol dinning negizgi tiregi iman ekendigin anyq týsindi jәne ózgelerdi de imannyng qúdiretin ózindey týsinuge, sezinuge shaqyrdy. Qoja Ahmet Yasauy imandy dindegi bar amaldyng aldyna shyghardy. Iman joq jerde din de joq. Ol ózining osy talabyn ózining sonynan ergenderge amanat etip qaldyrdy.

Qoja Ahmet Yasauy islam dinining әlsirep, músylman qauymynyng ruhany sayasy daghdarysqa týsken kezeninde tarih sahnasyna shyqty. Búl kezende Islam әlemindegi jaghday kýrdelenip, biylik ýshin talas órship túrdy. Búrynghy islamgha tireu bolghan iri memleketter ishtey irip, bólshektenip mayda iyelikterge ainaldy. Islam әlemining әlsiregenin sezgen Evropa músylmandargha qarsy krest joryghyn bastady. Jerorta tenizi jaghalauyndaghy kóptegen jerler krestishilerding qolastyna týsti. Shyghysta qaratqytaylar Qarahandyq biyleushilerdi tize býktirip, ózderine jartylay tәueldi etti. Islam әlemine tireu bolady degen Horezmshahtar memleketi Mekkeni basyp alugha, ózine tәueldi etuge úmtyldy. Múnyng bәri islam qoghamyndaghy etek alghan ruhany daghdaryspen tikeley baylanysty boldy. Qoja Ahmet Yasauy sol kezennin  basty mәselesi - músylman dinindegi halyqtardan imannyng kóterilui, halyqtyng kóbi imansyz tobyrgha ainaluynda ekenin kóre bildi. Ol ózining basty qyzmeti Imandy Islamgha qaytaru dep týsindi jәne ózining bar kýsh-quatyn osyghan arnady. Ol dinning negizgi tiregi iman ekendigin anyq týsindi jәne ózgelerdi de imannyng qúdiretin ózindey týsinuge, sezinuge shaqyrdy. Qoja Ahmet Yasauy imandy dindegi bar amaldyng aldyna shyghardy. Iman joq jerde din de joq. Ol ózining osy talabyn ózining sonynan ergenderge amanat etip qaldyrdy.

Qoja Ahmet Yasauy týrkilerge imandy, islamdy ghana qaytaryp qoyghan joq, sonymen birge, týrkining kóneden kele jatqan mәdeniyetin, tilin, әdet-ghúryp, salt-dәstýrin týgelimen qalpyna keltiruge mýmkindik berdi. Óitkeni, VIII ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda islam dinin qabyldaghan týrkiler X-XII ghasyrlargha kelgende ózining dәstýrli mәdeniyetinen, tilinen, memlekettik jýiesinen tolyghymen tolyghymen ajyraghan bolatyn. Alghashynda islam dinin qabyldau tek dindi emes, býkil arab bolmysyn qabyldau dep týsingen týrkiler arabtanyp, parsylanyp ketken edi. Qoja Ahmet Yasauy islam dinining basty talaby Iman ekendigin týsindirui, imany bar adamnyng músylman bolyp sanalatynyn sezindirui, arabtyng salt-dәstýri men әdet-ghúrpyn qabyldamay-aq әrbir músylmannyng óz mәdeniyetin saqtauy mýmkin ekendigine kózin jetkizui týrkilerding ózining dәstýrli mәdeniyetine qaytadan  bet búruyna mýmkindik berdi. Qoja Ahmet Yasauy týrki mәdeniyetin saqtap qalu ghana emes, ony qayta janghyrtu jolynda da kóp enbek etti. Ol týrki tilin din tiline, ghylym-bilim tiline, әdebiyet mәdeniyet tiline, memleket tiline ainaldyrdy.

Qoja Ahmet Yasauy Qúran ayattary men Payghambar hadisterin hikmetterinde ghana jazyp qoyghan joq, sonymen birge halyq arasyna keng taralghan maqaldargha da engizdi. Búl Qoja Ahmet Yasauiyding týrki halyqtarynyng mәdeni, ruhany bolmysyndaghy ornynyng qanshalyqty joghary bolghandyghyn kórsetedi. Shyndyghynda onyng osynday әreketteri týrki әlemindegi týbegeyli betbúrystargha әkeldi. Týrki memlekettigining qayta janghyruy Shynghys han shapqynshylyghymen baylanysty bolsa, kóne týrkilik memlekettik jýieni qayta qalpyna keltiru  Yasauiya tariqatynyng týrki halyqtarynyng arasyna keninen taraluymen baylanysty boldy. Joshy úlysynda qalyptastyrylghan jana rulyq, taypalyq jýieler men jýzdik qúrylymdar yasauiya tariqatynyng qúrylymdyq jýiesimen birlikte qalyptastyryldy. Bir jaghynan әrbir ru, taypa yasauiya tariqatynyng tarmaqtarymen baylanysty bolsa, jýzdik qúrylymdar yasauiya tariqatynyng silsilalarymen baylanysty boldy. Árbir rulyq, taypalyq jýieler men jýzdik qúrylymdargha biyler osy yasauiya tariqaty ókilderinen taghayyndaldy. Joshy úlysyn Ózbek han biylep túrghan kezende yasauiya tariqatynyng ókideri Payghambar zamanynan keyingi eng әdiletti qoghamdy ornatty. Han da, by de, qara da zangha baghyndy. Memlekette absoluttik biylikke tek zang ghana ie boldy. Búl Yasauy jolynyng ortaghasyrlarda týrki júrtynyng ruhani, mәdeny bolmysymen qosa memlekettik jýiesin qalyptastyrghan negizgi úiystyrushy kýsh bolghandyghyn, qazaq halqynyng diny tanymynyng ózegi bolghandyghyn kórsetedi. Sonymen birge, týrki balasyna Yasauy jolynan tys islamda jol qalghan joq. Týrki balasy ýshin Yasauy jolynan sheginu týrki mәdeniyetinen, bar bolmysynan bas tartu bolatyn. Ortaghasyrlarda Yasauy jolynan sheginuding qúny qansha ekendigin tarih ózi dәleldep berdi. Altyn Orda memleketi kýiredi, Ózbek úlysy ýshke bólindi, Qazaq handyghy ydyrady. Búl memleketter ydyrap, bólinip qana qoyghan joq, sonymen birge týrki halyqtary etnikalyq jikteluge týsti. Alghashqy Altyn Orda memleketi ydyraghan kezde tatar, bashqúrt, Kavkazdaghy týrki halyqtary bólinse, Ózbek úlysy ydyraghanda qazaq, ózbek, noghay halyqtary bólinip shyqty. Qazaq handyghy kezinde qazaq pen qaraqalpaq halyqtary bólindi. Qazaq handyghy biyleushilerining Yasauy jolynan bas tartuy Qazaq handyghyn kýiretti. Búl Yasauy jolynyng qazaq halqynyng ruhany mәdeny bolmysynda salmaghynyng qanshalyqty ekendigin bayqatady.

Qoja Ahmet Yasauy syndy Úly túlghanyng týrki halyqtary tarihy men mәdeniyetindegi orny qanday, nege onyng esimi týrki halyqtarynyng jadynan erekshe oryn alady degen súraqqa әli eshkim jartymdy jauap bere alghan joq. Ol zandy da. Óitkeni, Qoja Ahmet dәuirinen keyingi 800 jyl halyq jadyndaghy kóptegen mәlimetterdi shayyp ketti. Al, jazba derekter bolsa, joqqa tәn. Tek, "Diuany Hikmet" qana kónilge medeu. Songhy jyldardaghy izdenister nәtiyjesinde Qoja Ahmet Yasauiyding "Diuany Hikmetten" ózge de shygharmalary bolghandyghy belgili bolyp otyr. Mysaly, Shayh Húdaydad ibn Tashmúhammed azizan al-Búhary jazghan "Bustan al-Muhibbiyn"1 atty shygharmada Qoja Ahmet Yasauiyding "Fatava-y tanbiyh" atty shygharmasy bolghandyghy turaly derek bar. Odan basqa "Mirat al-qulub", "Risala" siyaqty shygharmalar da Qoja Ahmet Yasauiyding qalamynan shyqqandyghy anyqtalyp otyr. Biraq, búl shygharmalardyng ishinde "Mirat al-qulub" Qoja Ahmet Yasauiyding beldi shәkirti Múhammed Danyshmand Zarnuqy tarapynan jazylghandyghy turaly aitylatyn derekter barlyghyn da eskeruimiz kerek. Áriyne, búl shygharmalarda negizinen sopylyq turaly, ústaz ben shәkirt ara qatynasy taghy basqa sopylyqqa qatysty mәseleler aitylady da,  tarihy mәlimetter joqqa tәn.

Qoja Ahmet Yasauy men onyng shәkirtteri, ol salghan sopylyq jol - yasauiya tariqatynyng silsilalary (tarmaqtary) turaly derekter bizding tarapymyzdan jaqynda ghana ghylymy ainalymgha engizilgen "Nasab-nama" núsqalarynda, Ótemis qajynyng "Shynghys-nama", "Temir-nama" siyaqty shygharmalarda ghana kezdesedi. Qoja Ahmet Yasauy turaly búlardan ózge shygharmalardyng barlyghy derlik XV ghasyrdan song naqshbandiya tariqaty shayhtary tarapynan nemese solardyng yqpalyna týsken yasauiya tariqaty ókilderi tarapynan jazylghan dýniyeler. Búl shygharmalardaghy búrmalaular Qoja Ahmet Yasauy turaly tarihy shyndyqtyng betin býrkemelep, ol turaly qate kózqaras qalyptastyrdy. Mysaly, Qoja Ahmet Yasauy tәlim alghan ústazdary men ruhany qaynarlary turaly qazirgi kýni kópshilikke belgili derekter tarihy shyndyqqa say kelmeydi. Sondyqtan, Yasauy turaly zertteuler baghytyn janadan aiqyndau - býgingi kýnning ózekti mәselelerining birine ainalyp otyr. Óitkeni, Yasauiyding ruhany múrasy XII-ghasyrdan bastap týrki halyqtarynyng tarihy taghdyrynda sheshushi roli atqarghan ruhany kýshke ainaldy.

Orta ghasyrlarda "Piyr-y Týrkistan", "Yasauy Ata" atanghan Qoja Ahmet Yasauiyding týrki halyqtarynyng tarihy men mәdeniyetindegi ornyn anyqtau ýshin, islam dinin qabyldaghan týrki halyqtarynyng XI-XII ghasyrlardaghy mәdeniy-ruhany damu ýrdisine kónil audaru, olardy taldau qajettigi tuady. Olay etpeyinshe, Yasauiyding týrki halyqtarynyng tarihy taghdyryndaghy ornyn anyqtau mýmkin emes. Týrki dýniyesining ruhany damu baspaldaqtarynda "Yasauiyge deyingi kezen", "Yasauiyden keyingi kezen"- degen kezenderding bolghany anyq. Ony myna mysaldardan kóre alamyz.

VIII ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda islamnyng oppozisiyalyq baghyty - qaysaniya-mubayyidiya aghymyn qabyldaghan týrkiler, ózderin sol kezennen bastap músylman sanaydy.2 Odan keyingi kezenderde islam ortalyqtarynan shegingen basqa da ruhany aghymdar da týrkiler arasyna tarala bastady. Olardyng ishinde isma'iliya aghymy, islam ortalyqtarynan shettetilgen shafi'iyler de bar edi. 951 jyly Satúq Búghra Abd al-Karim hannyng islamnyng tradisionaldyq baghytyn qabyldauy әr týrli ruhany aghymdar arasyndaghy ghylymy bәsekelestikti kýsheytti3. Ol ghylym men bilim damuynyng negizgi qozghaushy kýshi boldy. Ásirese, mubayyidiyler tarapynan ashylghan janalyqtar býkil islam әleminde moyyndalyp jatty. Birinshisi, mubayyidiylerding Qúrandy simvoldy-allegoriyalyq jolmen týsindiru turaly ilimdi jasauy boldy ('ilm ta'bilat al-Qúran). Búl ilimdi rasionaldyq negizde týsindiru arab filologiyasy pәnderining damuyna ýlken әserin tiygizdi. Ábu Nasr әl-Faraby búl qiyn jaghdaydan shyghudyn  basqa jolyn tapty. Ol Allanyng danalyghyn tanudyng rasionaldyq joly - Hikma iylәhiya ilimin jasady. Ol ýshin әl-Faraby mubayyidiyler arasynda "Ekinshi ústaz" atandy4. Týrkiler islam dinin tek tútynushy emes, sonymen birge islam ghylymy men mәdeniyetin jasaushy kýshke ainaldy. Syr boyy qalalarynan shyqqan ghúlamalar islam ghylymy men mәdeniyetine ózderining qomaqty ýlesterin qosty.

Týrkilerdegi islamdanu prosesi, ghylym men bilimning damuymen birge týrkilerding dәstýrli mәdeniyetinen, tilinen ajyrau prosesteri qatar jýrdi. Din tili men ghylym, bilim tilining arab tili, memleket tli men әdebiyet, mәdeniyet tilining parsy tili boluy, parsy mәdeniyeti yqpalynyng artuyna әkeldi. Oghan dәlel retinde týrkiler arasynan shyqqan jýzdegen ghúlamalardyng óz shygharmalaryn tek arab tilinde jazghanyn keltiruge bolady. Óz enbekterin týrki tilinde jazghan sanauly ghana kisiler bar. Olar - Jýsip Balasaghuni, Mahmud Qashghari, Ahmet Yýgneki, Qoja Ahmet Yasaui. Mahmud Qashgharidyng "Divan lughat at-týrk" atty enbegining jazyluy, týrki tilining joyylyp ketu qaupinen tughan siyaqty. Býkil Ortalyq Aziyadaghy biylikting týrkiler qolynda boluyna qaramastan, halyq arasyndaghy parsylanu prosesi toqtamady. Onyng ýstine X ghasyrdan bastalghan býkil islam әlemindegi toqyraushylyq, Týrkistan jerine de jetken bolatyn. Ár týrli ruhany aghymdar yqpalynda bolghan Qarahandyqtar memleketi birneshe mayda iyelikterge bólinip ketti. XII ghasyr basynda Qarahandyqtar memleketterining qaraqytaylar biyligin moyyndauy - osy toqyraushylyqpen tikeley baylanysty edi. Osynday týrki halyqtarynyng ruhani, sayasy daghdarysqa úshyraghan kezinde Qoja Ahmet Yasauy tarih sahnasyna shyqty.5 Óz dәuirining býkil auyrtpalyghyn, týrki halyqtarynyng ruhany daghdarysqa úshyrau sebepterin tolyq sezingen Qoja Ahmet Yasaui, týrik halyqtaryn islam dini ayasynda  óz ruhaniy-mәdeny derbestigin saqtap qalugha mýmkindik beretin jol -sopylyqtyng týrkilik baghytyn dýniyege keltirdi. Halyq Yasauy ilimin birden moyynday qoyghan joq. Týrkistan qalasynyng búrynghy imam-hatiby Abd al-Qadyr qary qolyndaghy kóne qoljazbada Yasauiyding Týrkistanda 30 jyl boyyna óz zamandastarynan qorlyq kórgeni, halyq ony kórgen jerde taspen atqylaghany aitylady. Tek ,jalghyz úlyn óltirgennen keyin ghana halyq onyng jolynyng dúrystyghyn moyyndap, sonyna eredi.6 Biyleushiler de qoldau kórsete bastaydy. "Nasab-nama" núsqalarynda jergilikti biyleushi Qayu Teginning Qoja Ahmet Yasauiyding shәkirti Múhammed Danyshmand Zarnuqy hankasyna Ógiz tau men Qarashyq arasyndaghy 200 qostyq jerdi uaqyf etip bergendigi turaly aitylady.7 Al, shәkirtteri bolsa, sol dәuirding ózinde týrki әlemining kóp jerine jayylyp ýlgeredi. Sýleymen Baqyrghanidy Ýrgenish ualayatyna, Múhammed Danyshmand Zarnuqidy Otyrargha jiberedi. Ózimen attas shәkirti Ahmet sopyny Qayalyq eline attandyrady.8 Halyq qaytadan týrkilikke bet búra bastaydy. Din tili de, memleket tili de, mәdeniyet tili de qaytadan týrkilik sipat ala bastaydy. Búl turaly Qoja Ahmet Yasauy hikmetterinde mynaday joldar bar:

Qoshtamaydy ghalymdar bizder aitqan týrkini.

Bilgenderden esitkil, ashar kónil mýlkinin.

Ayat, hadis maghnasy týrki bolsa muafiyq.

Maghynasyna jetkender jerge qoyar bórigin.9

Qoja Ahmet Yasauy din tilin týrikshe sóiletip qoyghan joq, jolynda kezdesken qanshama qiyndyqtargha qaramastan, týrki halyqtarynyn  dәstýrli mәdeniyeti men әdet-ghúryp, salt-dәstýrin islam dinining talaptaryna say qalyptastyrdy. Týrkining órshil ruhyn Qúran syrlarynyng túnghiyghy men Payghambar hadisterining asyldarymen tolyqtyrdy. Sóitip, Yasauy týrki ruhyn islam ruhymen ajyramastay etip, qayta órip shyqty. Osylay Yasauy joly týrkining bar ruhany bolmysyn qanaghattandyratyn ilim esebinde dýniyege keldi. Sol sebepti islam әlemi ony sol kezenning ózinde «Shayh ul-mashayh-y turk», «Piyr-y Týrkistan», «Qtub al-aqtab» dep atady. Basqasha aitqanda, Qoja Ahmet Yasauy ilimi týrki dýniyesining «Temirqazaghy» boldy. Yasauy jolynan tys islam qabyldaghan týrki halyqtary mәdeniyetinin  ómir sýrui mýmkin emes edi.

Qoja Ahmet Yasauy ilimi týrki halyqtarynyng tek ruhani, mәdeny derbestigin ghana qaytadan qalpyna keltirip qoyghan joq. Sonymen birge, týrki halyqtarynyng memlekettik jýiesin qaytadan qalpyna keltiruge yqpalyn tiygizdi. Ony yasauiya tariqaty tarmaqtarynyng qúrylymdyq jýiesin taldaghanda kózimiz jetedi.

Qoja Ahmet Yasauiyding kózi tirisinde onyng shәkirtteri qatarynda 12 myng súltan men 99 myng jay halyqtyng bolghany aitylady.  Yasauiyding osy shәkirtteri ýsh tarmaqqa bólinip, yasauiya tariqatynyng ýsh tarmaghyn qúrady. Birinshi, tarmaqty Ishaq babtan taraytyn әulet ókilderi; ekinshi tarmaqty - Abd ar-Rahim bab-Satuq Búghra han әuleti; ýshinshi tarmaqty Ishaq babtyng inisi Abd al-Jalil bab úrpaqtary qúrady. Ishaq bab úrpaqtary XI ghasyrgha deyin taza diny mәselemen shúghyldanghan әulet ókilderi bolsa, Abd ar-Rahim bab-Satúq-Búghra han úrpaqtary XIII ghasyr basyna deyin Qarahan memleketin biylep kelgen әulet ókilderi boldy. Al, Abd al-Jalil bab әuleti dep VIII ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda Syrdyng tómengi aghysynda Oghyz memleketining negizin qalaghan әulet ókilderin aitady.  «Nasab-nama» núsqalaryndaghy derekterge qaraghanda Qarahandyq jәne Oghyzdyq biyleushi әulet ókilderi qoldaryndaghy sayasy biylikten aiyrylghan song ruhany salagha kóshkenge úqsaydy. Oghan jogharydaghy yasauiya tariqatynyng ýsh tarmaqtyng ekeuining Qarahandyq jәne Oghyzdyq  biyleushiler әuletinen bastau aluy dәlel bola alady.10

Qoja Ahmet Yasauiyding sopylyqtyng týrkilik baghytyn jasauy, týrkilerding ruhany derbestikke úmtyluy islam әlemining barlyq jerinde qoldau taba qoyghan joq. Ásirese, Horasan men Ýrgenish ghúlamalary Yasauy jolyna qatty shýilikti. "Diuany Hikmet" pen "Nasab-namanyn" Qoqan núsqasynda Horasannan Baba Machin men Ýrgenishten Imam Marghuzy kelip, búl joldan qaytudy talap etkendigi, biraq ózderi Yasauiymen bolghan ilim jarysynda jenilip, ózderining sonynda Yasauiyge shәkirt bolghandyghy aitylady. Búl ruhany tike-tiresting sony XIII ghasyr basynda Horezm shah Múhammedting Týrkistan men Mauarannahrdy biylegen Qarahandyqtar biyligin joyyp, óz memleketi qúramyna qosyp alumen ayaqtaldy. Arab tarihshysy Yaqut Hamauy ózining "Mu'jam al-buldan" atty enbeginde Múhammed bin Tekeshting Týrkistan men Mauarannahrdy jaulap alghanyn, Qarahandyqtar biyligin tolyghymen joyghanyn jazsa, al, "Nasab-nama" núsqalarynda Otyrardyng Qarahandyq biyleushisi Hasan ibn Abd al-Halyq Bilge handy Ýrgenish súltany Múhammed súltan kelip óltirgeni, onyng ornyna Qayyr handy han qoyghany, Qayyr hannyng nәsili qanly ekeni jazylghan.11

Búdan keyingi kezenning Shynghys han shapqynshylyghyna úlasqany, ol býkil Evraziya qúrlyghyn týbegeyli ózgeristerge úshyratqany tarihtan belgili. Osy sheshushi kezende yasauiya shayhtary Shynghys han jaghynda boldy. Oghan dәlel retinde Qoja Ahmet Yasauy shәkirti Múhammed Danyshmand Zarnuqidyng Shynghys han kenesshisi bolghanyn, ózining tughan qalasy Zarnuqty Shynghys han әskerine qarsylaspay beriluge  kóndirgenin aitugha bolady. Shynghys han ol qalagha "Qútlygh balygh"- dep, at qoyady.12

Osydan aragha jýz jyl salyp, Yasauy joly Altyn Orda memleketining memlekettik iydeologiyasyna ainalady. Ol memlekettin  tek memlekettik iydeologiyalyq baghyt-baghdaryn ghana emes, sonymen birge memleketting býkil qúrylymdyq jýiesine ózgerister engizedi.  Qazirgi qazaq halqy qúramyndaghy rulyq, taypalyq, jýzdik qúrylymdardyng basy osy Yasauy jolynyng Altyn Orda memleketinde memlekettik iydeologiyagha ainaluymen baylanysty ekendigin qazaq shejirelerinen aiqyn kóruge bolady. Shejirelerde qazaqtyng ýsh jýzining arghy atasy - Ózbek han. Ózbek hannyng ýsh úly - Bayshora, Janshora, Bekshora. (Basqa shejirelerde - Aqarys, Janarys, Bekarys).13

Altyn Orda memleketinde Yasauy jolyn memlekettik iydeologiya dәrejesine kótergen Ózbek han. Ózbek handy islam dinine moyyn búrghyzghan yasauiya tariqatynyng shayhtary, Zengi Ata shәkirtteri - Sadr Ata -Baba Tuklas(Baba týkti Shashty Áziyz), Badr Ata, Sayyid Ata, Úzyn Hasan Ata.14 Tarihshy Qúrbanghaly Halid bolsa, Ózbek han men onyng úly Jәnibek hannyng Altyn Ordany ýsh úlysqa bólgenin aitady. Demek, búl keltirilgen mysaldar qazirgi qazaq halyqy qúramyndaghy jýzdik, taypalyq rulyq qúrylymdardyng payda boluy Altyn Ordanyng islamdanuymen, yasauiya tariqatynyng memlekettik iydeologiyagha ainaluymen tikeley baylanysty ekendigin kórsetedi. Búl qúrylymdardyng payda boluy Altyn Orda memleketining islamdanuymen baylanystylyghyn qazaq rulary men taypalary basyndaghy "sopy", "qoja", "shora" ataularynan da, ol qúrylymdardyng jay etnikalyq birlikter emes, iydeologiyalyq ruhany birlikke negizdelgenin kóruge bolady.

Yasauiya tariqatynyn  memlekettik iydeologiyagha ainaluy, memlketting qúrylymdyq jýiesin ózgertui, memleketti basqaru jýiesine de týbegeyli ózgerister әkeldi.

Búrynghy mongholdardyng ýkimet konsepsiyasy boyynsha memlekettegi bar biylik han qolynda boldy jәne ol  Shynghys han úrpaqtarynyng qolyna múragerlikpen keletin. Handyq biylik Shynghys hannyng ýlken әieli Bórteden taraghan - Joshy, Shaghatay, Ýgedey, Tóle úrpaqtaryna ghana tiyesili edi. Olardy "altan úrúq" "altyn әulet" -dep atady. Jogharghy biylikke jetuding basty sharty - osy "altyn әulet ókilderining qoldauy bolatyn. Olar ózderining pikirin han saylanatyn jiyn - qúryltayda aitatyn. Osy qúryltay qoldaghan "altyn әulet" ókili ghana qúqyly boldy. Qúryltay kelisiminsiz taqqa otyrghan han jazalanugha tiyis boldy. Yasauiya tariqaty memlekettik iydeologiyagha ainalghan song han saylau jýiesi týbegeyli ózgerdi. Endi han jýz, taypa, ru basylarynyng qatysuymen, solardyng tandauymen saylanatyn boldy. Hannyng absoluttik biyligi shekteldi. Han tek sharighat shenberinde әreket etuge tiyis boldy. Qoghamda biyler instituty qúryldy. Búryn aimaqtardy Shynghys han úrpaqtarynan shyqqan biyleushi әulet ókilderi basqaratyn bolsa, endi biylik ru, taypa, jýz biylerining qolyna ótti. Joshy úlysynyng batysynda biyler óz úlystarynyng tolyq biyleushilerine ainaldy. XV ghasyr qarsanynda biyler qolynda sheksiz biylik boldy. Joshy әuletinen kimning han saylanatynyn manghyt biyleri sheshetin. Biraq, ol kezende biylerding eshqaysysy han taghyna talasyp kórgen emes.

Ru, taypa, jýz biylerine múnday sheksiz biylik bergen yasauiya tariqatynyng qúrylymdyq jýiesi bolatyn. Murshid - mýrid (pir - múrt) ýlgisinde qúrylghan múnday jýie ru biyine qoghamnyng әr bir mýshesin baghynyshty etti. Islam әlemining ózge aimaqtarynda sopylyq tandaulylar enshisinde bolsa,  týrki dalasynda sopylyq jol jalpy halyqtyq sipat aldy. Rudyng әr bir mýshesi yasauiya tariqatynyng da mýshesi bolyp esepteldi. Rulyq, taypalyq, jýzdik qúrylymdar qandyq, etnikalyq birlikke emes, ruhani-iydeologiyalyq birlikke negizdeldi, sol negizde toptastyryldy. Qandyq birlik qyz alyspaytyn shenberde ghana qaldyryldy. Ru bii taypa biyine, taypa bii jýz biyine, jýz bii hangha baghynatyn. Múnday qoghamda qoghamnyng әr bir mýshesining erkin ómir sýruine mýmkindigi boldy.

Ádet-ghúryp, salt-dәstýr de eleuli ózgeristerge úshyrady. Rulas, qandas adamdar arasyndaghy nekelik qatynastargha tyiym salyndy. Ol óz kezeginde әielderding qoghamda erkin jýrip-túruyna mýmkindik tughyzdy. Ár auylda rulas, qandas adamdar túratyn bolghandyqtan, ol auyldyng әiel qyzdary birining әpkesi, birining qaryndasy, birining kelini, birining jengesi edi. Sol sebepti, әiel balasyna qatynas tek syilastyqqa negizdeldi. Qoghamda әielge degen erekshe syi-qúrmet qalyptasty, әieldi, apa qaryndasty halyq aryna balady. Sol dәuirden bizge deyin kelip jetken "Auru astan, dau qaryndastan", "Jesir dauy - jer dauy" degen maqaldar búl aitylghandardyng dúrystyghyna tolyq dәlel bola alady.

Yasauiya tariqatynyng Altyn Orda memleketining memlekettik iydeologiyasyna ainaluy sol dәuirdegi eng ozyq qoghamdyq qatynastardy qalyptastyrdy. Sheshendik, jyraulyq dәstýrding qalyptasuy da osy Altyn Orda dәuirinde bolghan dep aitugha negiz bar. Óitkeni, tek, jalpy halyqqa arqa sýiegen qoghamda ghana, hangha shyndyqty býkpesiz ashyq aitu mýmkin bolatyn. Jalpy Altyn Orda memleketi Ózbek han túsynda ózining eng gýldengen kezenin basynan keshirdi.

Altyn Orda memleketinde qalyptasqan múnday jaghday Shynghys hannyng keybir úrpaqtaryn qanaghattandyrmady. Ózbek hannyng óz úly Jәnibek hannyng ózi búl sayasatqa qarsy boldy. ­Ózbek hannyng kenetten qaytys bolyp, onyng ornyna Jәnibek hannyng taqqa otyruy Altyn Orda memleketining dini-iydeologiyalyq sayasatyn, memleketti basqaru jýiesin tolyghymen ózgertti. Asan Qayghy bastaghan biylerding Jәnibek handy rayynan qaytarmaq bolghan әreketi nәtiyjesiz ayaqtaldy. Jәnibek han parsylardyng absoluttik biylik ýlgisine úmtyldy, demek absoluttik biylikti qalady. Absoluttik biylikti qamtamasyz etedi degen basqa diny aghymdargha iyek arta bastady. Nәtiyjesinde 1356 jyly Jәnibek han ózi qúrghan burokratiyalyq apparattyng tarapynan óltirildi. Orda da berekesizdik bastaldy. Yasauiya shayhtary-biylerdi jau tútqan Shynghys hannyng sol úrpaqtary Altyn Orda memleketining irgesin shayqaltty. Handardyng múnday ozbyrlyghyna shydamaghan keybir taypalar Altyn Ordany tastap, basqa jaqqa kóshe bastady. Orys zertteushisi V. V. Trepavlov manghyttardyng 1350-1360 jyldary ontýstik-shyghysqa jappay kóshkenin aitady.

Ámir Temirding Altyn Ordany, Toqtamys handy talqandauynyng ózi olardy toqtata almady. Memlekette tynyshtyq ornatpaq bolyp, baryn salghan Edige by ýmiti aqtalmady. Ol sonynda Horezimge qashugha mәjbýr boldy. Ol kezdegi Orda ishindegi jaghday turaly "Anonim Iskandera" atty jazbada bylay dep jazylghan: "Toqtamys hannyng úly Jalal ad-din zamanynda... Ordada bar biylik tәjikter qolynda boldy. Monghol әmirleri shetke ysyryldy. Olar onyng /hannyn/ inisi Súltan Mahmudty handyq biylikti qolyna alugha ýgittedi ... Bir jyldan keyin ol týnde aghasyn taqta otyrghan jerinde óltirdi.

Osydan keyin kóp úzamay Altyn Orda memleketi birneshe iyelikterge ydyrap ketti. Ydyraudyng basty sebebi bolghan Altyn Orda memleketi halqynyng ruhany birligin qamtamasyz etushi kýsh, týrkilik mәdeniyet ózegi bolghan Yasauy jolynan bas tartu bolatyn. Ókinishke oray, búl qasiretti tarihtan keyingi biyleushiler sabaq almady.

14 ghasyrda dýniyege naqshbandiya tariqaty keldi. Búl tariqat ózining dәstýrlik ereksheligi jaghynan soghdy-tәjik, parsy mәdeniyetine negizdeldi. Ol qoghamdyq qatynastardy retteude X-XII ghgh. konformistik baghyttaghy ghúlamalar tarapynan jasalynghan sharighat ýkimderin basshylyqqa alghan tariqat retinde tarih sahnasyna shyqqanyn bildiretin edi jәne ol ghasyrlargha sozylghan Evraziya kenistiginde biylik iyesi bolghan týrkilerge, týrkilerding ruhany tiregi Yasauy jolyna qarsy baghyttalghan edi. Naqshbandiya tariqatynyng Mauarannahrdaghy XVI ghasyrdaghy ókili Qoja Ahrar «Shynghys han Yasasynyng kýlin kókke úshyramyn»- deuining ózi naqshbandiylerding basty qarsylasy kim ekenin anyq anghartady. Eng bastysy rulas, qandas adamdar arasyndaghy nekelik qatynastargha salynghan tyiym alynyp tastaldy. Kerisinshe, halyq arasynda qandas adamdar arasyndaghy nekege qoldau kórsetildi. Búl memleketting negizgi tiregi bolghan rulyq, taypalyq jýielerdi ydyratugha tikeley yqpal etetin faktor edi. Ol óz kezeginde memleketti basqarudyng týrkilik jýiesin, biyler institutyn kýiretetin, handy absoluttik biylikke jetkizetin birden-bir qúralgha ainaldy. Búl handar ýshin asa qajetti iydeologiya bolyp kórindi. Óitkengi, handargha Yasauy joly týrkilik memleketti basqaruda eshqashan absoluttik biylik bermeytin. Sondyqtan olar naqshbandiya tariqatyna qoldau kórsete bastady. Ózbek úlysynyng ýshke bólinui, Ábilhayyr hannyng naqshbandiya tariqatyna qoldau kórsetuimen tikeley baylanysty boldy. Osy oqigha nәtiyjesinde Qazaq handyghy men Shaybaniyler memleketi, Noghay Ordasy bolyp ýshke bólindi. Múhammed Shaybany hannyng kóshpeli ózbekterding bir bóligin alyp, Mauarannahrgha ketui, eki tariqat arasyndaghy shiyelenisti odan әri ushyqtyryp jiberdi. Mauarannahrgha barghan ózbekter ýshin eki tariqat arasynda ýlken tartystar jýrdi. XVI ghasyrdyng birinshi shiyreginde Búhara biyleushisi Ubaydulla hannyng kómegimen naqshbandiyler yasauiya shayhtarynan basym týsip, biyleushilerge yqpalyn ótkizdi. Uaqyt óte kele Mauarannahrda naqshbandiya tariqaty sheshushi ruhany kýshke ainaldy. Mauarannahrlyq ózbekter ózderining salt-sanasy, әdet-ghúrpy jaghynan ózderining Týrkistanda qalghan qandastarynan ajyray bastady.

Búl kezende qazaq dalasynda Qazaq handyghy boy kóterip, qazaq halqynyng birigu prosesi jýrip jatty. Búl halyqqa "qazaq" atauynyng beriluining ózi - ózgening jetegine ermey, ózining ruhani, mәdeny derbestigin saqtap qaluymen baylanysty boldy. Týrkining órshil ruhy - Yasauy jolyn qadir tútqan bar halyq Qazaq handyghy tuynyng astyna jiyldy. Ókinishke oray, Qasym hannyng ózi búharalyq naqshbandiyler shayhy Abu Bakr Sa'dqa (970/71 -1561/62 j. q. b.) shәkirt boluy, al balalaryn 1512 jyly Búqaradan, Babyr әskerinen  qashqan ataqty juybariylik shayh Hoja Islamgha tәrbiyege berui, Qasym han balalarynyng taqqa otyrghannan keyin naqshbandiylerge iyek artuy, el ishindegi ruhany birlikti taghy búzdy. Absoluttik biylikti kózdegen Qazaq handary rulyq, taypalyq, jýzdik qúrylymdardy búzugha, biyler institutyn joigha, sóitip handyq biylikti nyghaytugha kýsh saldy. Ol әreket naqshbandiyler jolyn qazaq arasyna taratu arqyly jýrgizildi. Naqshbandiya tariqatynyng jolyna tolyq bet búrghan qaraqalpaq taypasy 1616 jyly býlik shygharyp, qazaq halqy qúramynan shygharylyp tastaldy. Oghan deyin Úly jýzding beldi taypasynyng biri bolatyn.

Naqshbandiyler salt-dәstýri men әdet-ghúrpyn, iydeologiyalyq yqpalyn tolyq qabyldaghan rular qazaq jýzderi qúramynan shygharyldy. Qazirgi qazaq jýzderi qúramyna kirmeytin sunaq, shalaqazaq, Týrkistan, Shymkent, Taraz manyndaghy ózbekterding payda boluy, osy ruhany prosesterding tikeley jemisi. Mysaly, Týrkistan manyndaghy Qarnaq aulynda 100% ózbek túrady. Tegi jaghynan olardyng 95% keshegi qazaq rularynan shyqqandyghy anyqtaldy. Qarashyq aulyn mekendep otyrghan halyq ta solay. Ol jerge ýsh jýz ýy Kókmúryn qypshaqty otyrghyzyp, 200 qos jerdi handar arnayy bólip bergendigin aitady. Al, sunaqtar qúramyndaghy atalargha qaraytyn bolsaq, onda olardyng ýsh jýz qúramyndaghy rulardan qúralghanyn bayqaugha bolady.

Búl keltirilgen mysaldar týrki halyqtarynyng ishtey etnikalyq jikteluine sopylyq aghymdardyng da belgili dәrejede yqpaly bolghandyghyn kórsetedi. Sonymen qatar, qazaq halyqy qúramyndaghy ru, taypa, jýzdik qúrylymdardyng qazaq halqynyng halyq bolyp qalyptasuynda sheshushi roli atqarghan basty faktor ekendigine kózimiz jetti. Egerde ol jýzder, rular arasynda alauyzdyq tuyp jatsa, ol alauyzdyqtyng negizgi sebebi biz jogharyda aityp ótken ruhany qayshylyqtarda, sopylyq aghymnyng ózgeruimen baylanysty bolghanyn esepke almaymyz.

Tәuke han taqqa otyrghan song ruhany tútastyghy ydyrap, әrtýrli sopylyq tariqattar sonyna ergen ru, taypalardyng arasyndaghy auyzbirlikti qaytadan qalpyna keltiruge úmtyldy jәne ol «Jeti jarghy» zanynda tolyq kórinis tapty. Búl zanda syrttay qaraghanda, qoghamdyq qatynastardy retteu joldary da, nekelik qatynas ta ózgergen joq. Ózgergen tek diny iydeologiya men sol diny iydeologiyany jýrgizushi qojalar әuleti boldy. Basqasha aitqanda, yasauiya tariqaty memlekettik din retindegi rolinen ajyrap, ornyn naqshbandiya tariqaty ókilderine bosatugha mәjbýr boldy. Nәtiyjesinde qazaq qoghamynyn    qúrylymdyq jýiesi ózgerdi. Búrynghy biyler institutynyng iyesi bolghan qojalar ruhany biylikten shettetilip, qazaq halqynyng qúrylymdyq jýiesinen shygharylyp tastaldy. Búryn qúqy han әuletimen teng bolghan, halyqtyng ruhany jetekshisi, qazaq halqynyng ruhani, mәdeny tútastyghyn qalyptastyrghan, memlekettegi zang biyligi men handy saylap qoy qúqyn qolynda ústaghan biyler jay halyqtyng qataryna qosyldy. Búryn әdet joly da, din joly da yasauiya tariqaty ókilderining qolynda bolghan bolsa, endi din naqshbandiya tariqatynyng ókilderining qolyna berilip, әdet joly әr rudyn, taypanyng óz ishinen shyqqan, әdet jolyn jetik mengergen túlghalargha berildi. Basqasha aitqanda, ruhany biylikting kiyeligine (sakralinosti duhovnoy vlasti) auyr soqqy berildi. Búryn halyq erekshe ruhani, kiyeli kýshke iye, Jaratushynyng erkimen halyqqa basshylyqqa kelgen әuliyeler úrpaqtarynyng sonyna ergen bolsa, endi ózderi siyaqty  jәy kisilerden saylanghan biyge moyynúsynugha mәjbýr boldy. Búryn  ru, taypalargha ruhany jetekshi-by bolatyn kisiler, osy qoja әuletterining ókilderi bir belgili ortalyqtarda tәrbiyelenip, halyq arasyna ilimi jetilgen kezde jiberiletin. Sodan keyin ghana olar halyq arasyna baryp biylik jýrgizetin. Barghan jerinde ol biyding tughan-tuysy, aghayyn jek-jaty joq bolatyn. Búl biyge әr kezde kez-kelgen daudy sheshude tek әdilin aittyratyn. Osyghan baylanysty qazaq arasynda saqtalghan «Qojada bauyr joq» degen ataly sóz bar. Búl bir jaghynan әdildik prinsipterining búzylmauynyng kepili bolsa, ekinshi jaghynan enshisi bólinbegen qazaqtyng ruhani, mәdeny tútastyghy  myzghymastyghynyng kepili boldy; ýshinshiden, memlekettik sanany halyq sanasynan óshirmeuding kepili boldy. Ár ru, taypanyn  «qazaq» degen býtinning bólshegi ekendigin olar ruhany birlik arqyly halyqqa sezindire bildi. Sol sebepti, nekelik qatynastaghy jeti ata joly qatang baqylaugha alyndy. Búl joldy búzghan jeke adamdar ólim jazasyna kesilse, ruymen, taypasymen búzghandardy jýzding qúramynan shyghartyp sart atandyrdy.

Býgingi kýni qazaq halqy qaytadan óz memlekettigin qalpyna keltirip, tәuelsiz el bolghanda Qazaq halqynyng ruhani, mәdeny tәuelsizdigi qajet. Sonda ghana Qazaq halqy ózining ótkenine bagha berip, jenisimen maqtanyp, jenilisinen sabaq alatyn dәrejege jetedi. Ókinishke oray, qazirgi kýni elimizdegi qoghamdyq ghylymdardyng eshbiri - qazaq halqyn úiystyrghan, halyq etip tarih sahnasyna shygharghan qanday kýsh, qanday qúdiret degen saualgha jauap bergen joq. Búl súraqqa jauap berilmeyinshe qazaq halqynyng ruhani, mәdeny tәuelsizdigi qalyptaspaytynyna  zertteushilerding kóbining sengisi kelmeydi. Yasauy joly dese tek din dep týsinedi. Yasauy joly tek islam dinining sopylyq baghyty emes, sonymen birge, týrkining ruhany әlemining islam negizderimen tútastyra órilgen býkil bolmysy ekendigin sezine almay keledi. Týrkilik dýniyetanym, din, mәdeniyet, әdet-ghúryp, salt-dәstýr, rulyq, taypalyq jýie men jýzdik qúrylymdar, memleketti basqaru jýiesi tolyghymen «Yasauy joly» dep atalatyn ruhany arnanyng qúramdas bólikteri ekendigi, bizding tarapymyzdan songhy jyldary jýrgizilgen zertteu júmystary barysynda tolyq anyqtaldy. Sondyqtan, Yasauy jolyna tek din dep qarau, jalpy dindi qoghamdyq ýderisterden bólek qarastyru tarih ghylymynda kóptegen mәseleler betining ashylmay qaluyna sebep bolyp otyrghan faktor ekendigin úghynatyn kez jetti.

Zikiriya Jandarbek, t.gh.k., Qoja Ahmet Yasauy atyndaghy HQTU-i Týrkologiya GhZIY-ning agha ghylymy qyzmetkeri

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14 Utamiysh-hadji. Chingiyz-name. -Almaty: Ghylym: 1992. 105-107 ss.

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