XIII ghasyr yaghni, Birikken Monghol memleketi qúrylghangha deyin kiyiz tuyrlyqty kóshpendiler әdebiyeti әdettegidey halyq auyz әdebiyeti formasynda damyp keldi. Auyz әdebiyetining negizgi týrleri jyr, anyz ertegiler, baqsylyq domdary, ósiyet-qaghidalar, bata, soghys pen ang aulau kezinde aitylatyn úrandar sipatynda  boldy. Tarihy derekter boyynsha kóshpendilerding eng alghashqy jyry - bizding jyl sanauymyzdan búrynghy I ghasyrda Ghún  (Hýnný) elinde әn bolyp aitylghan  4 joldyq qasiretti óleng bolyp tabylady. Keyin múnday ólender mongholdar ortasyna keng taralyp býginge deyin «urtyn duu» (úzaq, sozylynqy әn degen maghynada) degen jeke janr retinde saqtalghan.

Kóshpendi mongholdardyng kóneden jetken ertegi, anyzdarynyng ishinde Orta Aziya halyqtarynyng jәne Amerika ýndisterining arasynda aitylatyn núsqalarmen ýndesetindigin zertteushiler atap kórsetude.  Sonday-aq, Ejelgi Grek filosofy Ezoptyng mysal ertegileri,  «Injilde» jazylghan anyzdar da monghol auyz әdebiyetinde  kezdesedi jәne Eskendir turaly bayandalatyn  «Sulharnayn tuuj» (Zúlharnay jyry) atty ertegi de bar. Olardyng ishinde tandy tangha, kýndi kýnge úryp әndetip aitylatyn jyrlardyng orny aiyryqsha. Aytalyq, Batys Mongholdyng ataqty jyry «Janghyr»-dy tolyq núsqasymen jyrlap shyghu ýshin 60 tәulik uaqyt ketetindigin zertteushiler anyqtap otyr.

XIII ghasyr yaghni, Birikken Monghol memleketi qúrylghangha deyin kiyiz tuyrlyqty kóshpendiler әdebiyeti әdettegidey halyq auyz әdebiyeti formasynda damyp keldi. Auyz әdebiyetining negizgi týrleri jyr, anyz ertegiler, baqsylyq domdary, ósiyet-qaghidalar, bata, soghys pen ang aulau kezinde aitylatyn úrandar sipatynda  boldy. Tarihy derekter boyynsha kóshpendilerding eng alghashqy jyry - bizding jyl sanauymyzdan búrynghy I ghasyrda Ghún  (Hýnný) elinde әn bolyp aitylghan  4 joldyq qasiretti óleng bolyp tabylady. Keyin múnday ólender mongholdar ortasyna keng taralyp býginge deyin «urtyn duu» (úzaq, sozylynqy әn degen maghynada) degen jeke janr retinde saqtalghan.

Kóshpendi mongholdardyng kóneden jetken ertegi, anyzdarynyng ishinde Orta Aziya halyqtarynyng jәne Amerika ýndisterining arasynda aitylatyn núsqalarmen ýndesetindigin zertteushiler atap kórsetude.  Sonday-aq, Ejelgi Grek filosofy Ezoptyng mysal ertegileri,  «Injilde» jazylghan anyzdar da monghol auyz әdebiyetinde  kezdesedi jәne Eskendir turaly bayandalatyn  «Sulharnayn tuuj» (Zúlharnay jyry) atty ertegi de bar. Olardyng ishinde tandy tangha, kýndi kýnge úryp әndetip aitylatyn jyrlardyng orny aiyryqsha. Aytalyq, Batys Mongholdyng ataqty jyry «Janghyr»-dy tolyq núsqasymen jyrlap shyghu ýshin 60 tәulik uaqyt ketetindigin zertteushiler anyqtap otyr.

Euraziya halyqtarynyng arasynda epostyq jyrlar keng taraumen qatar, tarihy oqighany әdebiy-kórkem tәsilmen úrpaqqa jetkizgen auyz әdebiyetining erekshe bir janry retinde qalyptasqany barshagha ayan. Mongholdyng iri epostarynyng arasyndaghy eng kónesi - «Han Haranhuy» atty jyr әri ol kóshpendi monghol taypalyq aimaqtarynyng odaghy qúrylardan әldeqayda búryn shygharylghandyqtan «epostardyng hany» nemese «epos atasy» retinde qarastyrylady. Álem әdebiyettanushylarynyng eng kóp zerttegen «Geser jyry»  X ghasyrlyq oqighalardy beyneleytindigi ghylymy týrde dәleldengen. Atalmysh jyr túnghysh ret Mongholiyada basylyp shygharylghangha deyin  Tiybet, Buryat syndy  Ortalyq Aziya halyqtary arasynda auyzsha taraghan әigili tuyndy bolghan.  «Janghyr» jyry - qalmaqtar arasynda keng taraumen qatar olardyng Monghol Altay ónirinen auyp, Jayyq ózenin mekendeuinen búryn shygharylghandyghy anyqtalghandyqtan 1940 jyly 500 jyldyghy atalyp ótken.

Jalpy, «Geser», «Janghyr», «Han Haranhuy» ýsheui - monghol auyz әdebiyetining shyny nemese oshaqtyng ýsh taghany sanalady. Ýsheui de últ batyrlarynyng erligin, jasaghan iygilikti isterin, soghys tarihyn bayandaytyndyqtan batyrlyq jyrlargha jatqyzylady.

1240 jyly jazylghan «Mongholdyng Qúpiya Shejiresi» - kóshpendiler әdebiyetining eng ataqty eskertkishi. Sondyqtan da әlemde eng kóp zerttelgen, kóptegen tilderge audarylghan tendessiz shygharma. Avtory kýni býginge deyin ghylymy týrde naqtylanbaghan atalmysh tuyndyda Shynghys han Temýjinning shyghu tegi men ómirbayany, dala kóshpendilerining birikken memleket qúrghan tarihy, Monghol imperiyasyna qatysty barlyq oqigha men ýrdister kórkemdikting joghary dengeyinde tartymdy bayandalady. Onda poeziya, proza, shejire, tarihy derekpen birge baqsy domy men jyn shaqyru, anyz ertegi syndy barlyq janrlar boyynsha jazbalar kezdesedi. Qysqasy, әmbebap shygharma. «Mongholdyng Qúpiya Shejiresi» - Bayan-Ólgiydegi qazaq jazushysy Maghauiya Súltaniyaúlynyng tәrjimasymen qazaqshagha tәrjimalansa, al, týrli elderding ataqty mongholtanushy ghalymdarynyng atsalysuymen qytay, orys, nemis, fransuz, aghylshyn, majar, polyak, cheh, bolgar, japon, týrik, ispan, kәris syndy әlem tilderine audaryldy.

«Qúpiya Shejire»-ning yqpalymen keyin HIII-HYIII ghasyrlar aralyghynda birneshe tarihy shygharmalar jazylyp, jaryqqa shyqqan. Atap aitqanda, «Huraanguy altan tovch» (Toptastyrylghan altyn topshy), Luvsandanzannyng «Altan tovch» (Altyn topshy), Saghan sheshenning «Erdeniyn tovch» (Asyl topshy), Jambynyng «Asragch nertiyn týýh» (Asyraushy esimdining tarihy), Raashpunsagtyng «Day Yuani ulsyn bolor eriyh» (Ortalyq memleketting inju marjany) sekildi shygharmalar boldy. Orta ghasyrdaghy monghol әdebiyetinen  «Qos sәigýlik jyry», «Shynghystyng toghyz kenesshisimen jetim balanyng aitysy», «Argasun horchiyding anyzy» sekildi shygharmalar býginge jetken.

HIII-H1H ghasyrda Monghol imperiyasy qytay jerin ortalyq etip taghayyndap, Yuani memleketi atalghan tústa  Qúbylay hannyng janynda bolghan Agay, Bayan syndy aqyndar ólenderin qytay tilinde jazghan. Býginde qytay әdebiyetining klassikalyq eskertkishi sanalatyn «Búrynghy men qazirgining tanghajayyp oqighalary» atty romannyng avtory Pu Sun Lin (1640-1715) monghol últynyng ókili bolghandyghy dәleldenip otyr.

Qytaydaghy kóshpendiler biyligi qúlatylghannan keyin Monghol handyghy buddizm dinin qabyldady da  keshikpey Manj-Chin memleketining bodanyna ainaldy. Sol tústaghy otarlaushylardyng qiytúrqy sayasatynyng saldarynan monghol erkekterining basym bóligi lama bolyp, oqymystylary jappay tiybet tilinde jazyp-syzugha kóshken.  Múnyng tiyimdi jaghy qytay mәdeniyetining yqpalynda qaludan mongholdardy saqtap qaldy. Al, saldaryna kelsek, HIH-HH ghasyrdaghy monghol әdebiyeti Ýndi-Tiybet mәdeniyetining qúramdas bóligine ainalghandyghy edi.

Orta ghasyrdaghy monghol әdebiyetindegi lirikalyq poeziyanyng kórnekti mysaly retinde zertteushiler Sogt tәijinin  (1581-1637) Tóv aimaghynyng Delgirhan eldi mekenindegi Duyt tauynda tasqa qashaghan ólenderin keltiredi.

«Alystan aidap, jaqynnan jymqyrghan pende,

Qoradaghy qoygha tasadan tiygen qasqyr

Ekeuining syrt beynesi basqa demesen,

Ashylghan arany men aram niyeti birdey» - dep, kóshpendi halyqtargha tәn filosofiyalyq oidy tolghaghan óleng joldary qazaq oqyrmanyna jat kórinbesi ayan.

XIX ghasyrdyng Monghol әdebiyetindegi qayta dәuirleu kezeng dep ataluy kezdeysoqtyq emes. Osy tústa biylik iyelerining arasynda «esti tentek» atalghan Danzanravjaa (1803-1856), «zanshyl» atymen tanymal Sandag (1825-1860), tereng oishyldyghymen, telegey teniz bilimimen  kózge týsken Injannash (1837-1892) syndy sóz ónerining tendessiz zergerleri tughan.

Govi dalasyndaghy halyqqa «Noyon hutagt» (әulie tóre) atymen әigili bolghan Danzanravjaa dini, filosofiyalyq jәne lirikalyq jýzdegen ólendermen qatar «Saran hóhóóning ómirbayany» atty әn men sazdan túratyn piesa jazyp, ony ózi sahnalaghan. Sahnany ýlken jәne kishi dep ekige bólip, әrtisterdi oinatqan degen tarihy derek bar.

Aqyn Sandag mongholdyng klassikalyq әdebiyetinde  «Sóz» dep atalatyn jana janrdy dýniyege әkelgen. Onyng mәni - mal, an, januarlar jәne jansyz zattardy da adamgha úqsatyp sóiletip, solardyng oilary arqyly qoghamdaghy kelensizdikterdi ashy syngha alghan, sheber jazylghan mysal ólenderdi múra etip qaldyrghan.

Aqyn Injannash - monghol tuyrlyqty halyqtar ishinde túnghysh ret jazbasha romandy dýniyege әkelgen adam. Qazirge deyin onyng qalamynan tughan «Hóh sudar» (kók shejire), «Bir qabat shatyr», «Ulaanaa jylaghan kense» degen ýsh romany ghana tabylghan. Injannashtyng tughan aghasy Gýlrans (1820-1851) ta óz túsynda Mongholdyng ataqty aqyndarynyng biri bolghan.

1921 jyly Mongholiyada Halyq revolusiyasy jeniske jetip, shetel basqynshylarynan tolyqtay tәuelsizdik aldy. 1924 jyldan bastap elde Kenestik Reseyge sýiengen kommunistik ýlgidegi memleket ornady. Osy tústan bastap monghol әdebiyetinde M.Gorikiyding núsqauymen sosialistik realizm baghyty tuyndy jasaudyng basty tәsili retinde qabyldandy. 1990-jyldargha deyin klassikalyq dәstýrli әdebiyetting ozyq ýlgileri tasada qaldy.  Ishinara oqyrmanyn eleng etkizgen tәuir tuyndylar jasalghanymen kóbinese kompartiyanyng sayasatyna qaltqysyz qyzmet kórsetetin úranshyl әsire madaqshyl shygharmalar jazyldy. Erkin shygharmashylyq pen әdeby azat oidy qatang baqylaytyn burokratiyalyq apparat júmys istedi.

Sosializmning jetpis jylynda kenes elderindegidey jazushylar odaghy qúrylyp, әdeby әuesqoylardan ekining biri jazushylyqpen ainalyssa da D.Nasagdorj (1906-1937), B.Yavuuhulan (1929-1982) bastaghan aituly azghana aqyndar, D.Namdag (1911-1984), S.Erdene (1929-1999), P.Luvsanseren (1934-1972), D.Batbayar (1940-) sekildi sanauly jazushylar ghana auyzgha iligip jýrdi.

D.Nasagdorjynyng jyl mezgilderi turaly ólenderi, «Lama kókemning kóz jasy», «Qaranghy tau», D.Namdagtyng «Kәri qasqyrdyng úluy», S.Erdenening «Qús shal», «Kýn sәuleli  tyrna», P.Luvsanserenning «Su ispetti kógildir», «Kýn batqan joq» әngimeleri, B.Yavuuhulannyng «Har-Us kólining qamysy», «Tautekening túraghy» ólenderi men R.Choynomnyng «Adam» atty óleng týrindegi romany, D.Batbayardyng «Qúighyta jortqan kiyik» povesi jәne satirikter S.Dorjgotov, Sh.Send-Aiush, J.Baramsaylardyng syqaq әngimeleri men satiralyq romandary júrt jadynda saqtalghan tandauly shygharmalar boldy.

1990 jyldardan keyin Monghol әdebiyeti kompartiya iydeologiyasynyng qatang baqylauynan,  sosialistik realizmning әperbaqandyq әsire úranshyl jasandylyghynan azat etilip, shygharmashylyq erkindikke qol jetkizdi. Jazushylar odaghy ekige bólinip, ózara shygharmashylyq bәsekelestik payda boldy.  Demokratiyalyq damudyng jana jolyna týskennen keyingi jiyrma jylda janasha oilaytyn jas aqyn, jazushylar men shygharmashylyqtyng týrli aghymdaryn ústanatyn sóz zergerleri kóptep tudy.

D.Urianhay (1939-), O.Dashbalbar (1957-1999), D.Nyamsýren (1945-2002) sekildi dara tughan aqyndardyng tyng izdenisterin qazirgi jastar janasha arnagha búryp, qazirgi әlem әdebiyetining aldynghy qatarly aghymy - postmodernizmge qaray baghyttaghany anyq bayqalady. Qazirgi kezendegi jas aqyndar arasynda «modernist» degen atpen tanymal bolghan B.Galsansýhting ólenderi tyng izdenisterge tereng boylaghandyghymen jәne «Adam tanu» (1995) jinaghy shygha sala әdebiyettanushylardy eleng etkizdegimen nazar audartyp otyr. Sonymen qatar birneshe halyqaralyq kino festivaldardyng gran-pry syilyghyn jenip alghan D.Tórmónh, P.Brosensterdin  «Itter eli» atty derekti-kórkem filimi de kinotanushylar arasynda qyzu pikirtalas tudyrdy.

Býgingi monghol poeziyasynda S.Anudardyng «Tórt emes tórt» (1996), G.Angurzannyng «Uaqyt tynyghyp jatqanda» (1998), «Filosofiyalyq jyrlar» (2001), L.Ólziytógsting «Aspanda ósken aghashtar» (2000), «Erkindik óneri nemese Jana kitap» (2002), B.Odgerelding «Beytanys meyman» (2003) sekildi kitaptary búryn sos.realizm qalyptastyrghan dәstýrding tas-talqanyn shygharyp, oqyrmandardy mýldem ózge baghytqa búryp jibergenin erekshe atap aitugha tiyispiz.

Prozalyq shygharmalardan búrynnan halyqtyng yqylasyna bólengen jazushylar: S. Dorjgotov, Ch. Galsandarmen qatar D.Batbayardyng «Memento» (2001) antiy-romany, G.Aiyurzannyng «Tósek tartqan adam» (2002)  miny romany jaryqqa shyghyp, әlemdik arenagha batyl qadam basqandyqtaryn pash etti.

Qazaq oqyrmandaryna tarihy taghdyrlas monghol jazushylarynyng shygharmalary týp núsqadan tikeley tәrjimalanghan týrinde túnghysh ret  «Álem әdebiyeti» jurnalynyng biylghy jylghy №2-de jaryqqa shygharylyp, oqyrman qauymgha úsynyldy.  «Aqtamaq», «Sýigenim mening qalada», «Aqmandaylym» syndy qazaq әnderining sózin monghol tiline audaryp, halyq arasyna keninen taratqan aqyn, úranqay úlysynyng ókili, qazaqshagha suday, býginde kózi tiri aqsaqal, belgili jazushy B.Baast-ghuaydyng jәne qazaq arasynda ósken tuva últynyng ókili, shygharmalaryn nemis tilinde jazatyn, әlemge әigili prozaik qazaq tiline jetik jan Chinagiyn Galsannyng әngimelerimen tanysugha mýmkindik tughan.

«Abay-aqparat»