(Sýgir Áliúlynyng tughanyna 130 jyl toluy qúrmetine arnayy jazyldy)

(Sýgir Áliúlynyng tughanyna 130 jyl toluy qúrmetine arnayy jazyldy)

Sýgirding shejirelik bayany turaly naqty zertteuler A.Júbanov, U.Bekenov, A.Seydimbek, G.Omarovalardyng enbekterinde bar, biraq soyy men ruynyng arydan kele jatqan shejiresi anyqtalghan emes. Onyng sebebi kishi jýz qúramyndaghy jetirudan taratylatyn tama ruynyng tarihy beriden taratylyp jýr, jәne ol zertteuler kóbinese auyzsha jetkizilgen anyzdar men epostyq jyrlar sujetterine sýiene jasaldy. Tama atauy ejelden týrki halqynyng soyynan taraghan úlystardyng bәrinde derlik bar. Qazaqtarda -qara túma, aq túma, altaylyqtar men qyrghyzdarda (Alataulyq) -qara túma, túmat, tuvalarda tumat dep atalghan. Tama ruy túma, túmat ataularymen HII-HIII ghasyrlarda belgili bolghan, Altyn Orda zamanynda Shynghys joryghyna qatysqany, jeke taypa retinde yqpaldy úlystardyng biri bolghany turaly tarihy derekter mol, Rashiyd-ad-dinning «Jylnamalar jinaghynda» Shynghys zamanynda ejelgi Tumat taypasy boldy degen jazba kezdesedi.Italiyandyq Plano Karpiniyding jazbalarynda da Tumalar nemese Tumattar Shynghysqa baghynghan taypalardyng biri retinde atap kórsetilgen (Puteshestvie v vostochnye strany Plano Karpiny y Gilioma de Rubruka. Almaty: Ghylym, 1993). Ábilghazy «Týrik shejiresinde» Tamany Oirattyng bir bútaghy dep kórsetken, jәne olardyng naymanmen aralas bolghany jazylady. (Ábilghazy. Týrik shejiresi. Almaty: Ana tili, 1991-208 bet.) Tarihshy P.A.Panovtyng shaghatay tilinen audarghan ortaghasyrlyq «Shynghyshan turaly batyrlyq anyzdarynda» týrki taypalarynyng biyleri Shynghysty han kótergeni turaly derek bar. Shynghysty han saylaghan biylerding attary qazir belgili - Mayqy bi, Tama bi, Kereyit bi, Qonyrat bi, Temir-Qútlyq bi, Tulaq bi, Telengi bi. (Tama. I tom, I kitap. Qazaq ru-taypalarynyng tarihy seriyasy. Almaty, 2005) Tama by Shynghystyng qolynan «aghash belgi» (tal, biylikting belgisi) alady, osy derekting tatar núsqalarynda búl oqigha basqasha bayandalady. Múnda Shynghys han bylay deydi: «Áy, Tamiyan bi, sening aghashyng terek, qúsyng qargha, úranyng «Tútyya», tanbang ilgek bolsyn!» Osy ilgek tanba Bókey ordasyndaghy Tamalarda saqtalghan, qazir de sol qalpynda. Arqa men Ontýstik Tamalarynyng tanbasynyng ózgeshe boluy qypshaq qauymdastyghynan qalghan belgi bolyp tabylady (múnday tanba qazirgi Qypshaqtarda da saqtalyp otyr). Rashiyd-ad-dinning jazbalarynda «tolay jyly (qoyan jyly, hijra boyynsha 603 jyl, bizding jyl sanauymyz boyynsha 1206 jyl) Túmattardyng Shynghys hangha bas iygen әmirshisining aty Taytula Sokar (Taytuly soqyr) edi» degen derek bar (Rashiyd-ad-diyn. Sbornik letopiysey. T.1. Kn.1. 150 str.)

Tamalardyng ata qonysy Altay, Sayan taulary bolyp sanalady, Olar týrki halyqtarynyng ýlken kóshuimen birge orta ghasyrlarda qazirgi Jetisu jerine odan Qarataudyng kýngeyi men teriskeyin jaylay otyryp, Syrdariyagha deyin kóship-qonyp túrmys keshken. Bir bóligi Shaybany úlysyndaghy Alshyn taypalyq qauymdastyghyna kirgen, bir bóligi qypshaq qauymdastyghymen birge Saryarqany da jaylaghan, qazirgi mekenderi de osy jerler. Tamalardyng Altayda túrghany turaly arheologiyalyq derekter mol, beyitterdegi tastarda týrkilerding tanbalarymen birge tamalardyng tanbalary kezdesip otyrady.

Qarahan memleketin qúrghan úlystardyng ishinde de Tama taypasy atalady, Qara Buranyng bir aty Burahan, týrikshe  Boghrahan, anyzdar Qarahan jerine alghash barghan din ókili retinde osy Boghrahandy megzeydi, dinbasy әri jauynger bolghan Qarabura Tamanyng úranyna ainalady. Tama taypasy Altyn Ordanyng ydyrauynan keyin týrli tarihy dýrbelenderdi bastan ótkerdi, Joshy biyligining kýshi әlsiregen song derbes handyqtar qúryldy, Tamalar sonyng saldarynan ózbek, bashqúrt siyaqty tuysqan halyqtardyng qúramyna kirdi. HIÝ ghasyrdyng sonynda Jayyq pen Jem ózenderining aralyghynda Noghay Ordasy qúryldy, onyng basynda Qonyrat taypasynyng Manghyt ruynan shyqqan Edige by boldy, Noghay ordasy Altyn Orda hany Toqtamystan derbes ómir sýruge tyrysty, salyq ta tólemeuge bel budy. Osy egesting sony Altyn Ordanyng shanyraghyn shayqaltqany belgili, Edige Aqsaq Temirmen odaqtasa otyryp Altyn Ordanyng kýireuine yqpal etti, Kavkazdaghy qypshaqtar men Osman týrikteri de osy egesting qúrbanyna ainaldy, osy azamattyq qyrghynnan keyin týrik úrpaghy qayta bas kótere almady, ózara qyrqystyng kesiri orystyng bodandyghyna alyp kelgeni tarihtan belgili. Alty júrttan túratyn alashtyng birligi kelmeske ketti, qazaq pen noghaydyng býlgeni bir últtyng ekige airylghany boldy, noghaylynyng da qazaqtyng da júrty (ruy, atasy) bir bolatyn.

Á.Qonyratbaev «Noghayly júrty kimder?» atty maqalasynda noghaydy tórtke bóledi:

Sary noghaylar -búlar 1380 jyly batysqa kóship Qazan, Qyrym, Kasimov (Edil) handyghyn jasaghan, olar ózderin tatar dep ataghan.

Qara noghaylar -HÝI ghasyrda búlar on san noghay handyghyn ornatqan, Ormanbet by qazaqtardyng qolynan ólip, qazaq pen noghay aiyrylysqan, olardyng eli -Baraby tatarlary.

Manghyt noghaylary -búlar Manghystau, Daghystan, Jayyq, Jem, Saghyz, Oiyl jerlerin qonystanghan. Áz Jәnibekting túsynda manghyt Oraq batyr Qypshaq Qobylandyny óltirgen song qazaqtan bólingen. Búl  jóninde:

Qazaq pen Noghay airyldy,

Qazaq sartqa qayryldy.

Noghaylynyng nu eli

Kýnirendi, qayghyrdy...

Jylau, jylau, jylau kýi,

Jylaghan zarly mynau kýy -

degen epikalyq óleng saqtalghan. Asan qayghynyng «El airylghan» kýii osy ólenning buyndaryna say keledi, kýy men óleng ertede qosyla oryndaluy da mýmkin, bolmasa jyr boluy da ghajap emes.

Kavkaz noghaylary -búlar adygey, qarashay, peshen (pecheneg), búlghar, abhaz,  qúmyq, Derbent mamlukteri men alannyng bir tobynan qúralghan qauymdastyq, týbi manghyttan taraydy. Áriyne múndaghy manghyttardyng tamagha tuystyghy joq, degenmen kishi jýzding kóp qanaty noghay ordasyna kirgeni ras. Búl bizge HÝI ghasyrda tamalardyng Edildi qonystanghanynan mәlimet bere alady. Auyz әdebiyetindegi derekterding ishinde Asan qayghygha baylanysty anyzdardyng qaysysy bolmasyn tarihy shyndyqqa janasa keledi, Áz Jәnibek qaradan (noghaydan) qatyn alghan song biylik qayyn júrttyng qolyna kóshedi, olar kishi jýz rularyn toptastyryp ony deshti qypshaqtan derbes ordagha ainaldyru mýddesin kózdeydi, soghan nazalanghan Asan qayghy shyghystan qonys izdeydi, jerúiyq degen úghym osy kezde shyqqan. Asan qayghy «jelmayasyna minip» (osy attas kýii de bar) Deshti Qypshaqtyng biyleushisi, tarihta Aq Orda degen atpen qalghan memleketting negizin qalaghan Orda Ejen hangha (Shaybany hannyng aghasy) barady. Aq Ordanyng sol kezdegi astanasy - Ertis ózenining jogharghy aghysy boyynda, Alakólding manynda boldy. Orda Ejen han Sarysu, Shu boyynan manghyt pen tama taypalaryna jer berip qayyrly is qylady. Asan qayghynyng «El airylghan» kýii osy bir dýrbelenning eskertkishi. Asan qayghynyng jerúiyqty izdegen anyzy da osy dәuirding foliklory, Asan qayghy qazaq pen noghaygha birdey bedeldi by bolghandyqtan elding býlingenin qalamaydy, «Qúiryghy joq, jaly joq, qúlan qaytip kýn kórer?» dep zarlanady. Onyng sonyna ergen taypalardyng ishinde tamalardyng kóp boluy zandylyq, sebebi ol kezende olar ózderining shejiresin noghayly júrtynan taratqangha úqsaydy. «Shora» eposynyng Múryn jyraudan jazylyp alynghan (1942 jyly M.Hәkimjanova jazyp alghan) núsqasynda qalmaqtyng hany Músahangha Shora ózin bylay dep tanystyrady:

Noghaylynyng ishinde

Asylym artyq Arghynmyn

Osy jyrda taghy da mynaday tirkester bar:

Mening elim súrasan

Noghayly degen el edi

Al «Tama batyr» jyrynda (Múryn jyraudyng núsqasy) Kókisting batyr úly Tama ózi turaly:

Men bir noghay balamyn,

IYesimin dalanyn...

- deydi. Al «Arghynmyn» degen sózding maghynasy arqyly noghay ordasynda arghyn men tamanyng bir qauymdastyqta bolghanyn boljaugha bolady.Sayasy qúrylym retinde noghayly ordasyna qaraghan rulardyng bәri ózderin noghaymyz dep eseptegen, sondyqtan epostaghy keltirilgen jyr tirkesteri tamalardyng geneologiyalyq daraghyn anyqtaytyn faktor bola almaydy. Noghayly ydyraghanmen Tama taypasynyng tútastyghy saqtalyp qalghany tarihtan belgili. Yaghny Tama taypasy orta ghasyrdan tarihta belgili bolghan irgeli ru, al noghayly atauy tek Altyn Orda Aq Orda men Kók Ordagha bólingen kezende Noghayly ordasynyng qúryluyna baylanysty payda bolghan.

Qazaq anyzdary men epostaryndaghy derekter tamalardyng alghashqy astanasy Qazan qalasy degenge sayady, shyndyghynda Sibir handyghynyng qaramaghynda bolghan Qazan qalasynda tamalardyng bolghany ras, ol tatar-bashqúrt tarihynyng derekterinde naqty kórsetilgen. Yqylastyng «Qazan» kýii sol zamannyng tragediyasynan qalghan múra. Degenmen onda tamalarmen birge qypshaqtar da, arghyndar men jalayyrlar da boldy, sondyqtan tamanyng jeke ordasy boldy dep úigharugha bolmaydy, sebebi olar «Qazandy kәpir alghan» kezende resmy noghay ordasyna qaraghan.

Tamalardyng batystan shyghysqa kóshuining shejiresin Asan qayghy zamanynan bastalghan dep sanauymyzgha negiz bar. Asan qayghygha erip shyghysqa kelgen Manghyt pen Tamanyng ataqonysy qazirgi kezende bir ólke bolyp sanalady, ol zamanda da birge edi, mysaly Qarabura da Edige de Qaratau bauyryndaghy Sozaq ónirinde tuylghan, negizinen Úlytau jeri men Ontýstiktegi iri qalalardy orta jýz ben kishi jýz rulary jaylady. Noghayly memeleketining qúramynda arghyn, nayman, qonyrat, qypshaq rularynyng bolghany belgili, soghan qaraghanda ol kezende jýzdik, rulyq birlestikten taypalyq birlestikting belsendi bolghany bayqalady. Shash pen Samarqanda Shaybany zamanynan beri biylik qúryp kelgen Alshyndar (Jalantós bahadýrding Samarqandy biylegen kezeni)  noghaylylardyng әsirese Manghyt pen Tamanyng shyghysqa kóshken taypalarynyng kýshengine mýddeli boldy. Keyinnen Tamalar Alshyndarmen myqty qauymdastyq qúrdy, jәne Syr men Ámuding boyynda yqpaldy taypalyq odaq qalyptastyrdy. Noghayly Ordasynyng negizgi taypasy Manghyt pen Tama boluy da kezdeysoqtyq emes, Edigening tughan jeri Jylybúlaq (qazirgi Ontýstik Qazaqstan oblysy, Sozaq audany, Qúmkent auyly) pen Sozaqtan Saryarqagha deyin jaylaghan tamalardyng jaz jaylauy men qys qystauy birge bolghan, keyin Edige ólgennen keyin Tamanyng bir bóligining mekeni Saryarqa bolsa, bir bóligining mekeni batystaghy Elek ózenining boyy boldy. Noghay Ordasynyng Ábilhayyr handyghymen bolghan qyrqysynan keyin Tamalar Manghyttarmen birge atalghan handyqtyng (Sibir handyghy) qúramyna kiruge mәjbýr boldy. Noghaylyda búlardan basqa arghyn, qonyrat, alshyn, qypshaq, jalayyr, ýisin, kereyit, nayman siyaqty rular da boldy. Noghay ordasynyng úiytqy ruy bolghan Tamalardyng bir bóligi Qazan men Qyrym jerine deyin bardy, keyinnen Qazaq handyghy kýsheyip Noghay ordasy әlsiregende Tamalar birneshe úlystyng qúramyna bólinip ketti jәne sol úlystardyng negizin qalaghan beldi rulardyng birine ainaldy. Qazir tamalar Qyrym tatarlary, Daghystan noghaylary, Oral men Jayyq bashqúrttary ishinde kóp kezdesedi, ózbek pen tәjik jerinde de bar.

Tamanyng bayyrghy úrany «Tútyya» ekenin jogharyda keltirdik, al noghayly kezeninen osy uaqytqa deyin saqtalghan úrany -Qarabura, «Qyrymnyng qyryq batyry» qissasynda Qarabura atynyng qaharman retinde de úran retinde de atalyp otyratyny bizge noghayly kezeninde tamalardyng derbes ru bolyp qalyptasqandyghyn kórsetedi. Búrynghy tanbasy ilgek bolsa qazirgi tanbasy II (qos jebe). Eng kóp taraghan shejire boyynsha Tamanyng geneologiyasy bylay tarqatylady: Kishi jýz, Jetiru, Tama, Qarabura, Nәrik, Shora, Burahan (Qarabura). Burahannan Álip pen Jógi tuady. Patshalyq Resey kezindegi bolystyq sanaghynyng jazbalaryna sýiensek, Shymkent pen Áulieata uezderindegi Tamalardyng shejiresinde azdaghan ózgeshelik bar, osy kezendegi shejire boyynsha Sýgirding ruy Búzau Tama bylay taratylady: Tama, Qarabura, Nәrik, Shora, Shotqara, Esenkeldi, Dәuletkeldi, Derbis, Búzau.

Sýgirding shejiresi alty ata Álipten taraydy, Álipten Dәuletkeldi, odan Búzau ata bolyp bólinedi. HÝII-HÝIII ghasyrlarda Dәuletkeldi ruy Aqmola okrugine qarasty Toqyrauyn, Sarysu ózenderining boyyn jaylady, qazirgi Qaraghandy oblysy, Janaarqa audanynyng territoriyasy Dәuletkeldining bayyrghy qonysy bolyp sanalady. Al Shu ózeni arqyly olar mal qystatu ýshin Betpaqdalany tike kesip Sozaqty qystaytyn bolghan.  HIH ghasyrdyng basynda patsha ýkimetining bolystyq sanaghynda Dәuletkeldi ruynyng qonystanghan jerleri - Batys Qazaqstandaghy Bókey Ordasy jәne Aqtóbe uezi dep kórsetiledi, Dәuletkeldiler ol jaqta Noghay ordasynyng kezeninde qonys tepken, jalpy tama ruynyng Noghayly dәuirinde Jayyqty jaylaghany tarihtan belgili.

Álipting bir tarmaghy Qyzylqúrttan taraghan ataqty Tiney baqsy (HÝII gh.) Dәuletkeldige de ortaq túlgha bolyp sanalady, Tiney baqsy tuystyghy jaghynan Sýgirge Sýttiabyzdan taraytyn Yqylastan da jaqyn bolady, al Yqylas Tiney baqsyny ózining piri sanaghan degen anyz әngime el arasynda әli bar. Olay bolsa Sýgirding de Tiney baqsynyng túlghasyn qúrmet tútqanyn joqqa shyghara almaymyz. Bayyrghy baqsylar Qorqyt, Dombauyl, Qoylybay saryndary Yqylasqa ýlgi bolsa Sýgir de kezeginde sol ýrdisti jalghastyrushy bolyp qalghanyn onyng shygharmashylyghynan bayqaugha bolady.

Álipting Arqa men Qarataudaghy tarmaghy Dәuletkeldiden taraytyn Búzau tama ruynan shyqqan bedeldi adamdar kóp boldy. «El súraghan- Erubay» atanghan Erubay biy men Tasybay batyr tarihy túlghalar bolyp tabylady. Búzaudan shyqqan atyshuly adamnyng biri - әnshiligi men dombyrashylyghy eren bolghan, kórik ústaghan zergerligimen aty shyqqan Myrzabay degen ústa, ol Sýgirding tughan atasy bolyp keledi. Sozaqta «Myrzabay aqqoqannyng tilin biledi» degen eski sóz mәtel bop ketken, aqqoqan degeni kýmisting eng baghalysy, aq patsha biylegen zamanda auqatty ústalar Sozaqta altyn men kýmisting keni bolghanyna qaramastan baghaly metall shiykizatyn Qoqannan arnayy aldyryp otyrghan. Qoqannyng kýmisinen saqina, bilezik soqqan zerger Myrzabaydyng ýlken úlynyng aty Ály (el auzynda Áli dep te atala beredi), ol da Arqa men Sozaqqa deyingi elge syily adam bolghan, negizgi tughan jeri Búrynghy Asan qayghy audany (Qaraghandy oblysy, Janaarqa audany). Búzau tamanyng atqaminer adamy bolghan Ály turaly derek Sýgirding Maqpuzamen (Mafruzamen) kýy tartysqan anyzynda bar. Sýgirding shәkirti Ergentay Borsabaevtyng aituynsha atastyrghany bola túra Sýgirding Maqpuzamen sharttasuyna (Maqpuza «meni kýiden kim jense soghan tiyemin» dep shart qoyghan ) qazaqtyng qúdandalyq salty boyynsha jol berilmeytin bolghan, biraq Ály kópting aitqanyna qúlaq qoymay balasyna batasyn berip naymandar jaylaghan Úlytaugha sapargha attandyrady. Keybir derekterde Áliydi el aghasy Qúltas by de qoldaghan degen anyz bar. Ály Arqada Jetiqonyrdy jaylaghan, Shudy qystaghan, tórt týlik maldan týiesi, ýiirli jylqysy mol bolghan, baquat túrmysta ómir keshken. Balasy Sýgirge qúlyny soyysqa týsken biyeni iyitu ýshin «telqonyrdy» shygharugha yntalandyrghan osy Áli, búdan biz onyng kýiding qúdiretine bas iyetin mәrttik minezin angharamyz, sonymen birge «asha túyaq qaldyrmaghan» kollektiv kezinde de maldy bolghanyn bayqaymyz. Sýgirding jas kezinde serilik qúryp Úlytaugha barghany, Týrkistandaghy kýishiler sayysyna qatysqany, arqadaghy Saydaly sary Toqagha sapar shekkeni әkesining dóngelengen dәuleti bolghanyn kórsetedi. Ály dombyrany әues etpegen adam, biraq balasynyng darynyn ashu ýshin manaydaghy kýishi-әnshilerdi ýiine shaqyryp otyrudy daghdy qylghan. Bala Sýgir týsinde kýy daryp oyanghanda órikten dombyra  shaptyryp bergen, «balama kýy qondy» dep   qauymdy shaqyryp toy jasaghan.

Sýgirding qystauy Moyynqúmdaghy Shu ózenining boyyndaghy Qazmoyyn degen jer, betpaqtan Arqagha baratyn Tekey jolynyng ýstindegi «Týsipting ashy qúdyghyn» da qystaghan. Jaylauy Sozaqtyng qasyndaghy «Talapty» kolhozynyng eski orny, Yntymaq auyly. Sýgir Arqadaghy «Jetiqonyrdy» da jaylaghan, arysy Úlytaugha deyin kóship qonyp jýrgen. Keybir zertteulerde (A.Seydimbek, I.Jaqanov) Sýgirdi Qaraghandy oblysynda tuylghan degen derekter bar, onyng sebebi Sýgirding atalarynyng arqany da qonys etkenine baylanysty, al Sýgirding jaqyn tuystary onyng tughan jeri dep Jetiqonyr (Qaraghandy oblysy, Úlytau audany) jaylauyn ataugha beyil. A.Júbanov Sýgirdi Shymkent oblysy, Sozaq audanynda tuylghan dep jazdy (Ghasyrlar pernesi), U.Bekenov te osy derekke sýiendi Kýy tabighaty, al A.Seydimbek Sýgirding tughan jeri Qaraghandy oblysy, Janaarqada tuylghan degen derek keltiredi (Kýy shejire). Sýgirding tuylghan jeri jayly naqty derek retinde ólketanushy S.Tәbrizovtyng zertteuleri shyndyqqa jaqyn, sebebi avtor Sýgirdi kózimen kórgen, tuystyq (sheshesi jaghynan) qarym qatynasy da bar, onyng ýstine Sýgirding denesin jerge tapsyrghan, janazasyn shygharghan avtordyng әkesi Tәbriz ishan bolghan. Sozaq tamalarynyng atamekenin dәl anyqtau ýshin tarihi-arheologiyalyq eeskertkishterge sýiengen dúrys siyaqty. Búl jerde Qaraburanyng denesi jatqanyn eskerer bolsaq onda Sozaq tamalardyng orta ghasyrlardan jaylaghan jeri dep boljaugha negiz bar.

«Abay-aqparat»