Qazaq halqynyng jalpy alghanda Orta Aziya men Soltýstik Kavkazdyn, Edil men Oraldyn, Qyrym men Ontýstik-batys Sibirding týrki tildec jәne basqa da halyqtarynyng mәdeniy-ruhany bolmysyn jasaugha qatysqan «noghayly fenomeni» turaly ne aita alamyz? Jalpy osy «noghayly» úghymyn qazaqtyng ózi qalay týsinedi? Eng bastysy, osy tarihiy-órkeniyettik fenomenge belgili bir dәrejede sipattama beruge bola ma?

Noghayly atauy bizding әngimemizde naqty sipat berilip otyrghan úghym (osy atau jóninde degen qosymsha maqalany qara). Oghan býgingi etnikalyq noghaylardan basqa býkil qypshaq tildi halyqtardyng 14-17 ghasyrlarda jekelengen halyqtargha ainala bastaghan balausa shaghynyng úrpaqtary da kiredi.

16 ghasyrdan keyin býkil Ortalyq Evraziyagha yqpal etushi basty kýshke ainalghan Reseyding әskery quaty men oghan ilesken orys mәdeniyeti bastapqy ataudy qoldanystan shygharyp, ornyna «ordynsy», «tatary» degen jalghan ataudy bayandy etti. Al qypshaq tildi orta óz tarihy bolmysynda ózderin eshqashan da «tatar» dep atamaghan. Biraq orystyng aqparattyq kenistiginde qalghan qypshaq superetnosy ózderin «tatar» deuge әuelde qarsylassa da, keyin kóndi, artynan eti ýirenip, ózderin «tatarmyz» deudi qalypty daghdygha ainaldyrdy. «Ózinning týie emes ekendigindi dәleldep kórdin» keri - osy.

Qazaq halqynyng jalpy alghanda Orta Aziya men Soltýstik Kavkazdyn, Edil men Oraldyn, Qyrym men Ontýstik-batys Sibirding týrki tildec jәne basqa da halyqtarynyng mәdeniy-ruhany bolmysyn jasaugha qatysqan «noghayly fenomeni» turaly ne aita alamyz? Jalpy osy «noghayly» úghymyn qazaqtyng ózi qalay týsinedi? Eng bastysy, osy tarihiy-órkeniyettik fenomenge belgili bir dәrejede sipattama beruge bola ma?

Noghayly atauy bizding әngimemizde naqty sipat berilip otyrghan úghym (osy atau jóninde degen qosymsha maqalany qara). Oghan býgingi etnikalyq noghaylardan basqa býkil qypshaq tildi halyqtardyng 14-17 ghasyrlarda jekelengen halyqtargha ainala bastaghan balausa shaghynyng úrpaqtary da kiredi.

16 ghasyrdan keyin býkil Ortalyq Evraziyagha yqpal etushi basty kýshke ainalghan Reseyding әskery quaty men oghan ilesken orys mәdeniyeti bastapqy ataudy qoldanystan shygharyp, ornyna «ordynsy», «tatary» degen jalghan ataudy bayandy etti. Al qypshaq tildi orta óz tarihy bolmysynda ózderin eshqashan da «tatar» dep atamaghan. Biraq orystyng aqparattyq kenistiginde qalghan qypshaq superetnosy ózderin «tatar» deuge әuelde qarsylassa da, keyin kóndi, artynan eti ýirenip, ózderin «tatarmyz» deudi qalypty daghdygha ainaldyrdy. «Ózinning týie emes ekendigindi dәleldep kórdin» keri - osy.

Al ýshten biri, tipti jartysyna juyghy osy noghayly ortasynan shyqqan qazaqtar ózderining teristigi men batysyndaghy orystyng tatar degen júrttaryn tútasymen «noghaylar» dep ataghan, yaghny etnikalyq noghaydan basqa qazandyq, astrahandyq, barabalyq, qyrymdyq tatarlar da qazaq ýshin «noghay» bolghan. Qazaqtiki orystikine qaraghanda jóndirek bolatyn, óitkeni atalghan úlystardyng barlyghy da noghaydan tikeley órbigen, noghaydyng etnikalyq substratyn boyyna sinirip qana qoymay, noghaylynyng ruhany qaynarynan nәr alghan júrttar edi.

Aqiqatyn aitar bolsaq, qypshaq tildi halyqtardyng birde-bireui osynday jalpylyq yqpal etu mýmkindigi jaghynan noghaylymen, noghaymen tenese almaydy. Qazaq halqynyng jartysyna juyghy alshyndar, qonyrattaghy manghytaylar, arghyndaghy besmeyramdar, uaqtar, ýisindegi sirgeliler t.b. is jýzinde noghaylydan shyqsa, qazaqtyng 17 ghasyrgha deyingi ruhany mәdeniyetining basym bóligi osy noghayly mәdeniyetining jalghasy bolyp tabylady. Asan qayghydan bastap Dospambet jyraugha deyingi sóz iyeleri, yaghniy  1-den 10-gha deyingileri osy noghayly ortasynyng túlghalary bolyp tabylady. Býgingi qazaq múny moyyndaugha qúlyqsyz da bolar, biraq aqiqaty solay.

Qaraqalpaq halqy da óz bastauyn noghaylydan alady. Mәdeniy-әdeby qabaty is jýzinde taza noghaylylyq bolyp tabylady. Tatarlardyng barlyghy da osy noghaylyq mәdeniyetten bastau alghandar. Soltýstik Kavkazdyng halyqtary da osy mәdeniyetting yqpalyn kórdi. Ony әsirese, adygh, daghystan halyqtarynyng foliklorynan bayqaugha bolady.

Kóshpeli ózbekter de osy noghaylylyq mәdeniyetten nәr alghan, olardyng izi býgingi ózbek mәdeniyetinen qylang beredi. Ózbekke singen qypshaq, qytay, nayman, manghyttar jәne el biyleuge qatysqan ashtarhanidterge ilesken júrttar a osy izding terenirek, anyghyraq boluyna ýlesterin qosty.

Noghayly ortasynyng ruhany búlaghynan bashqúrttar da, etnikalyq noghaylymen baylanysy joq deuge bolarlyq qiyrdaghy qyrghyzdar da, noghayly týgili, qypshaq tiline qatysy joq týrikpender de qalys qala almaghan. Ásirese, qyrghyz folikloryndaghy noghayly dәuiri әngime etuge túrarlyq. Orys pen ukraindar da noghayly bastauynyng yrzyghyn kórgen. Orys aqsýiek qauymynyng qalyptasuyndaghy noghaylylardyng yaghni, «tatary», «ordinsylardyn» sheshushi rólin aitpaghan kýnning ózinde orystyng әskery ónerinde de noghayly tәjiriybesining róli qomaqty. Tek atalghan halyqtardyng birde-bireui ózderining foliklorlyq tarihynda noghayly kezenining bolghanyn bir-eki auyz sózben aityp ótkenimen, tikeley damuyndaghy noghayly fenomenining bolghandyghyn moyyndaghysy kelmeydi.

Noghayly fenomenin sóz etu ne ýshin kerek boldy?

Eng aldymen biz osy úghymdy abstraktyly bos úghym retinde emes, naqty tarihy uaqyty bar, qalyptasu jәne taralu sebepteri men geografiyasy bar, payda bolu sebepteri bar qúbylys retinde qarastyramyz. Ol naqty praktikalyq ghylymy mәselelerdi sheshuimiz ýshin kerek.

Ol — qazaq jyryna negiz bolghan sujettik-esimdik kompleksting payda bolghan nemese olardyng bir jerde toghysyp, tútastanghan orny naq Manghystau men Ýstirt arealy ekendigin dәleldeu. Sol arqyly býkil noghayly fenomenining qalyptasqan nýktesining de osy Manghystau-Ýstirt jәne oghan japsarlas kenistik ekendigin dәleldeu. Al osylardy dәleldeu ýshin mynaday praktikalyq mәni bar mәselelerdi sheship alu kerek:

§1. Noghayly ortasynan tikeley órbigen qazaq, qaraqalpaq, astrahan tatarlary, barabalyq tatarlar, noghaylar siyaqty júrttarmen qatar, búl ortagha tikeley qatysy joq qyrghyzdardyng foliklorynda «Bayaghyda, noghayly júrtynda» dep bastalatyn, sonday-aq «Ormanbet by ólgen kýn» de aitylumen órnektelgen tirkesteri bar mifopoetikalyq uaqyt kezenin kórsetetin mysaldyng bolu sebebin týsindiru.

§2. Noghayly aqparatynyng býgingi halyqtar foliklorynda taralu uaqyty men joldaryn kórsetu.

Ol dәuirdi qysqasha týrde bylay kórsetuge bolady:

Birinshi kezeng — noghayly fenomenining bastapqy formasynyng qalyptasqan jeri men uaqyty. Búl — Ýstirt pen Manghystau jәne oghan japsarlas aimaqtar, uaqyty — 1340-1390 jyldar aralyghy, 14 ghasyr; a) Altyn Ordanyng býkil qypshaq tildi dýniyening mәdeniy-ruhany ortalyghy boluy; ә) jana din — islamnyng ýstemdikke jetui, noghayly fenomenining belsendi jasampazdarynyng biri — islam dinining sufiylik baghytyndaghy din taratushy mashayyqtar edi; b) әrtýrli ru-taypalar men júrttardyng toghysuymen birge olardyng búrynghydan qalghan mәdeniy-ruhany dýniyelerining de toghysuy. Ýstirt pen Manghystaugha shyghandap shyghyp ketkender passionarlyq quatqa ie túlghalary basym júrttar bolatyn. Mine, osy tústa Edil men Jayyq ortasy resmy Altyn Ordanyng ortalyghy bolyp, din men mәdeniyetting resmy jaghyn shoghyrlandyrghan bolsa, Ýstirt pen Manghystau qazaqtyng esil erleri men mashayyqtardyng túraghyna ainalyp, din men mәdeniyettin, qara halyqtyq, resmy emes andergraundyq formasyn shoghyrlandyrghan aimaq boldy. Osylaysha, bir-birine oppozisiyada bolghan ortalyq pen shalghay dualizmi negizinde noghayly fenomeni qalyptasty.

Ekinshi kezeng — noghayly fenomenining býgingi formasynyng qalyptasu arealy men uaqyty. Kenirek alghanda uaqyty jaghynan búl kezeng 15-16 ghasyrlardy, yaghny Noghay ordasynyng ómir sýru, gýldenu jәne qúldyrau dәuirin, territoriyalyq jaghynan Edil men Jayyq, Ertis aralyghyn qamtyghanymen, búl 1560-1600 jyldardaghy Noghay ordasynyng kýireui jәne territoriyalyq túrghyda býgingi Shynghyrlau — Múghaljar — Temir ýshkilin qamtyghan qúbylys bolatyn. Bastapqy manghystaulyq-ýstirttik material negizinde jalpy noghaylylyq jyrlar men esimdik, kelbettik kompleksting qazirgi núsqalary qalyptasty. Búl oiran bolghan zamangha, yaghny Noghaylynyng ydyrauyna, ishki qyrghyngha — Alshyn Ysmayyl men Jýsipting tuystaryn óltirui, kenistikting taryluy — Qazan men Ashtarhannyng qúlauyna degen qoghamdyq ruhany jauap retinde jasalghan shygharmashylyq dýmpu bolatyn.

Ýshinshi kezeng — taralu zamany 16-17 ghasyrlar. Noghayly ortasynan shyqqan iri rulyq-taypalyq toptar men jekelegen ru-taypalar osy uaqyt ishinde Qazaqstannyng basqa aimaqtaryna, Orta Aziya men Soltýstik Kavkazgha taralyp, býgingi týrki tildes halyqtardyng qalyptasu dәuiri bastaldy. Olar búrynghy noghayly aqparatyn, eng aldymen, noghayly jyrlarynyng bastapqy núsqalaryn janadan qalyptasa bastaghan qazaq, qaraqalpaq, noghay, t.b. halyqtardyng folikloryna bastapqy material retinde syigha tartty.

Tórtinshi kezeng — qayta qorytu kezeni. Búl — 17-19 ghasyrlar. Jana halyqtar ýshin «bayaghyda, noghayly júrtynda...» dep bastalatyn uaqyt pen kenistik endi naqty tarihy noghay men noghaylyny bildiretin emes, әr halyqtyng ózining bayaghy, batyrlyq dәuirin bildiretin qaharmandyq nemese mifopoetikalyq bastau uaqyt kórsetkishine ainaldy. Osy sózdi paydalanghan júrt endi noghayly esim-túlghalyq kompleksin tek «óziniki», últtyq dep týsindi. Noghayly aqparatyndaghy bastapqy jer-su attary men oqighanyng tarihilyghy joyylyp, obrazdar sipaty jalpylanyp, naqtylyghy joq bolyp ketti.

Búl — tezistik týrde berilip otyrghan, aldyn ala habarlau bolyp tabylady. Ár kezenge qatysty naqty dәleldemelerge toqtalu — keyingi әngimelerimizde oryndalmaq.

Eng bastysy, noghayly fenomenining qalyptasqan jeri Manghystau jәne Ýstirt ekendigin ghylymy aqiqat retinde kórsetkendey boldyq.

 «Esen-qazaq» kitabynan ýzindi. 37-40 better.

– Almaty. «Arys» baspasy. 2006 jyl

Abai.kz

Serikbol Qondybay

(1968 – 2004)

Ghúmyryn  qazaqtyng tarihyn, mәdeniyetin, salt-sanasyn janghyrtugha arnap, sýbeli ýles qosqan jәne týbegeyli zertteude zor enbek etken qazaqtyng ólketanushy, geograf, publisist, etnograf-ghalymy.

1991 jyly Qazaq últtyq uniyversiytetin bitirip, 1991 – 1997 jyldar aralyghynda Manghystau, Ýstirt múrajay-qoryghynda, oblystyq ekologiya jәne bioresurstar basqarmasynda qyzmetker, orta mektepte múghalimi, ólketanu, turizm, landshaft estetikasy mәseleleri salasynda zertteu júmystaryn jýrgizdi. Sonymen qatar, bayyrghy qazaq shejiresi men әfsana anyzdary, geografiyasy túrghysynda maghlúmattar jinastyryp, birneshe kitap jazghan ghalym. Ghalymnyng «Manghystau geografiyasy», «Qazaq mifologiyasyna kirispe» (1997), «Manghystau men Ýstirtting kiyeli oryndary» (2000), «Esen-qazaq» (2002), «Giyperboreya: týs kórgen zaman shejiresi» (2003), «Arghyqazaq mifologiyasy» (2004), «Estetika landshaftov Mangistau» (2005), «Manghystaunama» (2006), «Qazaq dalasy jәne german tәnirleri» (2006), «Jauyngerlik ruh kitaby» (2006) syndy zertteu enbekteri bar.

Serikbol Qondybaydyng jaryq kórgen enbekteri:

•   «Manghystau geografiyasy»,

•   «Qazaq mifologiyasyna kirispe» (1997),

•   «Manghystau men Ýstirtting kiyeli oryndary» (2000),

•   «Esen-qazaq» (2002),

•  «Giyperboreya: týs kórgen zaman shejiresi» (2003),

•  «Arghyqazaq mifologiyasy» (2004),

•  «Estetika landshaftov Mangistau» (2005),

•  «Manghystaunama» (2006),

•  «Qazaq dalasy jәne german tәnirleri» (2006),

•  «Jauyngerlik ruh kitaby» (2006)

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