Álimjettik pen әdilet

Afrika jaghalaularyna Europa tenizshilerining kózi orta ghasyrlarda týsipti. Indiyagha jana jol izdegender "qara qúrlyqty" ainalyp ótip barugha tyrysypty. Sonday saparlarynda toqtaytyn aimaqtaryna myqty bekinister ornatyp ta kórdi. Onyng ýstine, Jana Dýniyening ashyluy qúl saudalaytyndardy da solay qaray aghyltty. Biraq, búnyng bәrinen seskene qoyghan afrikalyqtar bolghan joq. Basqa qúrlyqtan kelgen beytanys jolaushylargha súraghandaryn tauyp berip, ózderine zәru búiymdargha qaryq bolghandaryna mәz-mәiram bolyp jýrdi. Onyng ýstine alys eldermen qarym-qatynas ózdi-ózdi qyrqysyp qyrghiqabaq otyrghan jergilikti biyleushilerding bedelin júrt aldynda kóterip tastaytynday kórindi. Óitkeni, olar ózderine tónetin qauipti ózge qúrlyqtan emes, ózderindey kórshi taypalardan kýtti. Qayta alystaghy beytanys eldermen de qarym-qatynastary barlyghyn maqtanysh tútty. Sol arqyly óz bәsekelesterine qyr kórsetip qalghylary keldi.

Álimjettik pen әdilet

Afrika jaghalaularyna Europa tenizshilerining kózi orta ghasyrlarda týsipti. Indiyagha jana jol izdegender "qara qúrlyqty" ainalyp ótip barugha tyrysypty. Sonday saparlarynda toqtaytyn aimaqtaryna myqty bekinister ornatyp ta kórdi. Onyng ýstine, Jana Dýniyening ashyluy qúl saudalaytyndardy da solay qaray aghyltty. Biraq, búnyng bәrinen seskene qoyghan afrikalyqtar bolghan joq. Basqa qúrlyqtan kelgen beytanys jolaushylargha súraghandaryn tauyp berip, ózderine zәru búiymdargha qaryq bolghandaryna mәz-mәiram bolyp jýrdi. Onyng ýstine alys eldermen qarym-qatynas ózdi-ózdi qyrqysyp qyrghiqabaq otyrghan jergilikti biyleushilerding bedelin júrt aldynda kóterip tastaytynday kórindi. Óitkeni, olar ózderine tónetin qauipti ózge qúrlyqtan emes, ózderindey kórshi taypalardan kýtti. Qayta alystaghy beytanys eldermen de qarym-qatynastary barlyghyn maqtanysh tútty. Sol arqyly óz bәsekelesterine qyr kórsetip qalghylary keldi.
Alayda, múnday ashyq auyzdyqtyng aqyry orgha jyqpay qoymady. Sheteldikter Afrikany qay qúrlyqtan da tezirek basyp aldy. Oghan mynau dәlel bola alady: 1880 jyly Afrika aumaghynyng 80 payyzyn jergilikti biyleushiler basqaryp otyrdy. Olardyng bireuleri patsha, bireuleri taypa basshysy, al bireuleri qarapayym ghana rubasy dep ataldy. 1914 jyly Efiopiya men Liyberiyadan basqalary Europa otarshylarynyng qol astyna ótti. Eskeretin bir nәrse: búghan Afrika basshylary týgel derlik jan-tәnderimen qarsy shyqty. Óz egemendikteri men tәuelsizdikterin tezdetip qaytaryp alu jolynda, neden de bolsa, tayynbaytyndaryna qatty sendi.
1883 jyly fransuzdar qazirgi Senegaldyng jerinde temir jol salghylary keldi. Rúqsat súray barghanda, olargha súltan Kayora Lat Dior: "Búl joldyng qúrylysyna kózimning tirisinde qolymnan keletinning bәrin istep, qarsylasyp baghatynyma esh kýmәndanbauynyzgha bolady. Eger men joq bolsam, minip jýrgen atym Maklav ta ýzildi-kesildi "joq" dep kisinep, basyn shayqaydy", - dep jauap beredi.
Qazirgi Tanzaniyanyng sol kezdegi koroli Machemba nemisterding әskery basshysy German fon Vissermangha: "Ángimenizdi ynty-shyntymmen tyndadym, biraq mening esh týsinbegenim - men nege sizge baghynugha tiyistimin... Siz óz jerinizde, men óz elimde biylikshimiz. Biraq, men sizge baghyn dep talap qoya almaymyn ghoy. Óitkeni, siz azat adamsyz... Men de azat adammyn.
Al maghan kýsh kórsetkiniz kelse, meni basyp alyp kóriniz", - deydi. Oilanyp kórinizshi, búl eki mәjilistesting qaysysyn "taghy taypanyn" kósemi, qaysysyn "bir últ - bir memleket" deytin qisyndy aldymen shygharghan liyberal IY.G.Garderding otandasy deuge bolady?
Mozambik kósemi Makombe Hanga 1895 jyly ózine kelgen elshini: "Mening elim de ózgeristerge inkәr... Men de bizding elde jaqsy joldar men temir joldar bolghanyn jaqsy kóremin. Biraq, babalarym qanday bolsa, men de sonday Makombe bolyp qalghym keledi", - deydi.
Olay deytini: 1880 jyly planetadaghy 952 million adamnyng 630 milliony (62,2%) Aziyada, 200 milliony (21%) Europada, 90 milliony (9,4%) Afrikada, 30 milliony (3,2%) Amerikada, 2 milliony (0,2%) Avstraliya men Okeaniyada qonystanatyn. Jer betindegi halyqtyng 3 payyzy ghana qalalarda túratyn. Damu dengeyleri de bir-birinen atshaptyrym alshaq edi. Avstraliya men Okeaniyada tas dәuiri әli túyaq serpe qoyghan joq edi. Afrika elderining keybiri tas dәuirinde, keybiri dayyn yrzyq aiyrudan óndirmeli sharuashylyqqa endi qadam basyp, keybiri órkeniyetting әrqily dengeyinde jýr edi. Soltýstik Amerikada plantatorlyq pen erte kapitalizm, al Ontýstik Amerikada plantatorlyq qúldyq pen feodaldyq basybaylylyq qatar dәuirlep túrghan-dy. Aziyada tas dәuirinen erte kapitalizmge deyingi barlyq ýrdisting bәri de tabylatyn. Múnday jaghdayda ónerkәsip tónkerisin jýzege asyrghan Europa eshkimning de әi-shәiine qaramaytynday kýide edi.
Sondyqtan da, olar 1880 jyly әlemdegi ónerkәsiptik tónkeristing jemisin jep, jaghalaularmen shekteletin bumen jýretin kemelermen qosa, búryn iyen jatqan jana qýrlyqtardyng ishterine dendep kiretin temir joldar salyp, telegraf ornatty. Biraq ony bodandarynyng qamyn oilap emes, jat aimaqtaghy óz otandastarynyng jaghdayyn jasau ýshin istedi. Ýirenshikti saudany mise tútpay, basqa elderdegi sayasy biylikti de óz qoldaryna alyp alugha súghyna kiristi. Al búl sayasat tilinde imperializm dep ataldy. Óz aumaghynyzdan tysqary aumaqqa da óz biyliginizdi jýrgizu degen sóz. Múnday jaghdayda afrikalyqtardyng әlgi jauaptary olargha Shekspirding әli kóp nәrsege týsine qoymaghan Kalibanynyng qiqandaghanynday jelbastyq kórinui әbden mýmkin edi. Shynynda, europalyqtargha afrikalyqtardyng әlgindey qiqarlyqtary - naghyz izdegenge súraghan edi.
Múnday qolaysyzdyqqa bolashaqta da jolyqpau ýshin onsyz da ózara yryldasyp otyrghan jergilikti biylikshilerdi bir-birimen odan әri atystyryp-shabystyryp, shekaralaryn qayta belgilep, aumaqtaryn ii-qii shatystyryp, halyqtaryn qoyyrtpaq qylyp aralastyryp jiberdi. Óitkeni, ol kezde Afrika memleketterining kópshiligi jana-jana qalyptasyp jatqan edi. Oida joqta asa quatty bógde memleketterding basa-kóktep kirip kelui ol ýderisterdi daghdartyp tastady. Onymen de qoymay, basqynshylar kóp úzamay jana bastalyp jatqan ózgeristerding tizginin óz qoldaryna alyp aldy. Búryn jinaqy otyrghan, bir tilde sóilegen taypalardy qyryq bólip, әldeneshe tilde sóiletip, qaytadan újymdastyrylghan әr tekti jana taypanyng adamdary birin-biri týsinbey qaralay púshayman bolady. Sóitip, olar kómekti bir-birinen izdemey, otarshyldardyng ózderine jýginuge mәjbýr etildi.
Solay qúralghan taypalyq memleketter әr basqynshy elding qarauyna taratylyp, búryn da bolmaghan jalpy afrikalyq birlik odan әrmen joghalyp ketti. Sóitip, búghan deyin jýrgizilip kelgen jergilikti etnostyq, lingvistikalyq, sayasy újymdasudyng nәtiyjeleri bir kýnde kókke úshty. Ár taypanyng tarihy tútastyghy týgili býkil Afrikanyng tarihy qalyptasqan kelbeti ayaq astynan qaytadan ala-qúlalanyp shygha keldi. Ontýstik Amerikany jappay budandastyryp, Soltýstik Amerikany jappay rezervasiyalap janalyq ashqan europalyq otarshyldyq Afrikada taypalardy qalaghandarynsha hantalapaygha salyp, ii-qii bytystyryp, taghy bir tapqyrlyq tanytty.
Búl әdisterding týrleri aluan-aluan bolghanymen, kózdegen maqsaty bir edi. Ózderining tarihy qalyptasqan etnostyq tútastyghynan aiyryp, birin-birine jatsyndyryp, aidaladan kelgen basqynshylargha óz erikterimen boyúsyntyp, tezdetip ózdi-ózderin jatbauyr qylyp, ózara jauyqtyrtyp jiberu edi. Múnday alauyz elderdegi ahualdy kóz jazbay qadaghalap, miz baqtyrmay baghyndyryp, óz uysynan shygharmay ústap otyru qiyn emes edi.
Aqqaptal Europa búl maqsatynan Aziyany jaulap alghanda da ainyghan joq. Biraq, Aziya memleketterining kópshiligi Europa memleketterinen búryn payda bolghan edi. Sondyqtan onda әlgindey ala býlik sayasatyn Ontýstik Amerika men Afrikadaghyday basqa-kózge qaramay, tópelep, ashyq istemey, kólegeylep, kólkeshtep isteuge tura keldi.
Óitkeni, úly geografiyalyq janalyqtar dәuirine deyin batys-shyghys qatynastaryna batystan góri shyghys kóbirek mәn berip edi. Arabtar IYberiya týbegine deyin, parsylar Jerorta tenizi aumaghyna yqpal ete aldy. Qytay tenizshisi Chjan He Min әuleti (1368-1644) biylegen dәuirde on jyldap múhit sharlap Persiyagha, Arabiyagha, Afrikanyng shyghys jaghalaularyna baryp qaytypty. (Ensiklopediya Novogo Kitaya. M., 1989, 49-bet). Ejelgi Qytay tenizshileri Amerika jaghalaularyn da kóripti deytin derek bar. Biraq, múnyng bәri bireu bilip, bireu bilmeytin epizodtar edi. Planetany tútas bir dene retinde qarastyrugha tek atalmysh kezende ghana mýmkindik tughan týri bar. H.Kolumb pen F.Magellan bastap bergen jer sharyn shyr ainala jýzudi Dj.Kuk, J.F.Laperuzder jalghastyrdy. Europalyqtar Amerikany ashyp, Soltýstik Afrika men Tayau Shyghysqa ayaq basqan song Qytaygha, Japoniyagha, Koreyagha jetip alugha úmtyldy.
Biraq, Aziyany otarlau Amerika men Afrikany otarlaudan góri әldeqayda úzaqqa sozyldy. Onyng әr bóligine әrtýrli tәsil qoldanyldy. Mәselen, Resey Edil boyy men Oral taulary halyqtaryn shyghys feodaldarynyng alauyzdyghyn paydalanyp, olardy bir-birine aidap salyp, bireuin jaqtaghan bolyp, qaruly kýshpen basyp kirip, moyynúsyndyrdy. Al Oraldyng shyghysyndaghy halyqtardy әueli diplomatiyalyq ailakerlikpen iyliktiruge kýsh salyndy. Eki mentaliytetting aiyrmashylyqtaryn paydalana otyryp, terminologiyalyq jansaqtyqtar tughyzyldy. Shyghystanushy N.IY.Veselovskiyding aituynsha, Aziya halyqtarynda әleuetti әmirshilerge óz erkimen moyynúsynyp baryp, tartu-taralghy alatyn әdet bar edi. Ol - shyndyghyna kelgende, kónilding dúrystyghyn bildiruden basqa pәlendey mindetteme jýktemeytin. Asyp ketse, odaqtastyq meziret jasalatyn. Kóbine-kóp otyryqshy Qytay kóshpendi kórshilerimen osynday diplomatiyalyq alys-beristing arqasynda irgesin tynysh ústaudy әdetke ainaldyrdy. Soghan dәndegen keybir halyqtar batys kórshilerimen qarym-qatynasta da әlgindey ýrdiske jýgindi. Al europalyqtar ondaydan atymen beyhabar edi. Olardyng týsiniginshe, bodandyq - baghynyshtylyq, moyynúsynushylyq edi. Sondyqtan olar onday ynghay bayqatqandardy dereu ózderine jýgindirip, kiriptar etuge tyrysty. ("Jurnal narodnogo prosvesheniya". 1884 g. SSHHHIII, otd.2. 138, 255-256-better). Reseyge osynday ynghaydy aldymen bayqatqan Sibir handyghy boldy. Onyng nege úryndyratynyn keyin angharyp, irgesindegi Oral taularyna kelip, óndiris asha bastaghan Stroganovtargha úrynghan Kóshim handy patsha ókimeti túraqty әskerdi emes, әueli Kavkazben eki aradaghy dalalardy óz erikterimen jaulap alyp, óz betterimen sharuashylyq qúryp dәndegen, krepostnoylyqqa moyynúsynbay, alamandyqpen kýn kórgen qazaqtardy paydalanyp auyzdyqtady.
Sibir handyghyn jaulaudaghy jaqsy kózge týsken qaruly sharualardyng óz erkimen shyghysqa qaray aua kóshuin patsha ókimeti odan әri qauzay týsti. Sibir halyqtary osy әdispen baghyndyryldy. Ermak joryghynan keyin kazaktar ainalasy 55 jyldyng ishinde Ohot tenizine jetti. Orys bodandyghyna kóngisi kelmegen nenes-nraktar, chukchalar men koryaktar boldy. Sibir tarihshysy Miller múny olardyng "jabayylyghynan" kórip, Baykal many halyqtaryn jaulap alugha kómektesip, eki jarym ghasyr boyyna búl aimaqta ýstemdik jýrgizgen Gantimurovtar әuletin maqtaydy. Amur boyy halyqtaryn baghyndyruda V.D.Poyarkov (1645-1646), E.P.Habarov (1649-1653) basqarghan qaruly toptar adam kórmegen qatygezdikterge barghandyghy sonsha, Sibir әkimshiligi olargha búl aimaqtargha qayta keluge tyiym salugha mәjbýr boldy ("Voprosy istorii" №2, 2001, 159-bet). Tarihshy M.K.Lubavskiyding payymdauynsha, orystardyng XVII-XX ghasyrlardaghy óz erikterimen shyghysqa jyljuy qosaqtas eki baghytta óristegen synayly. Shyghys Europa jazyghynyng soltýstik bóliginen shyqqandar, negizinen, teriskey Sibir jaziralaryna, al ontýstik bóliginen shyqqandar kýngey Sibir men Qiyr Shyghysqa jetip qonys teuipti ("Voprosy istorii" №3, 1998 g., 166-bet). Búl eki aimaq búryn terimshilikpen shúghyldanghan teriskey slavyandary men eginshilikpen ainalysqan kýngey slavyandaryna jana mekenderinde atakәsipterimen shúghyldanugha asa ynghayly edi. Onyng ýstine, ózderi de úzaq uaqytqa deyin mәjusy bolghan orystargha әli sol ýrdiste jýrgen Sibir halyqtaryn óz dәbine, óz dinine kirgizu onsha qiyngha týspedi.
Al Aziyanyng shól jәne shóleyt aimaqtaryna orys sharualary óitip jan úshyra qoymady. Oghan Tәuekel hannyng elshilikteri dәlel bola alady. Orta Aziya handyqtary men qalmaqtargha qarsy kýreste orystan qaru aludy kózdegen han patsha amanatynda otyrghan tuysqany Orazmúhamedti bosatudy syltauratyp, Qúlmúhanbet degen elshisin 1594 jyly Mәskeuge júmsap, "Resey proteksiyasyn" súraydy. 1559 jyly patsha Qúlmúhanbetke ertip, Veliyamin Stepanov degen elshisin jiberip, Úlytauda otyrghan Tәuekel hangha arnayy gramota tapsyrady. Tәuekel inisi Orazmúhamedting ornyna bir úlyn, V.Stepanovqa ertip, Qúlmúhanbetti taghy da Mәskeuge attandyrady (V.V.Vasiyn. Rossiya y Kazahskie hanstva v XVI-XVIII v.v., 1971 g., 94-bet). Osylay qyzu bastalghan diplomatiyalyq baylanystyng kóp úzamay izi suyp qalady. Aragha 128 jyl salyp, sol baylanystardy tiriltpek bolghan Tәuke hannyng әldeneshe ret jibergen elshiligi de esh nәtiyje bermedi. Oghan ilese Qayyp pen Ábilqayyrdyng birneshe elshilikteri de qúr qol qaytty. Tek Ábilqayyrdyng 1731 jylghy elshiligi Resey ýshin naghyz izdegenge súraghan boldy. Búl joly qazaqtar bir kezdegi Sibir handyghynyng kebin kiydi. Óitkeni, búl joly Resey attary jer jara bastaghan Jarkent pen Hiua altynyna jeter amal izdep, alaqandary qyshyp otyr edi. Onyng ýstine, Europa ekonomikasyn biylep alghan kapitalizm óz en-tanbasyn Resey ekonomikasyna da sala bastaghan-dy.

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Kapitalizmge ayaq basqan Resey de ózge europalyqtar siyaqty shyghys bazary men shyghys resurstaryna qol sozbay túra almady. Endi halyqtyq migrasiyalardyng betperdesin jamylghan qaruly reydterden tyiylyp, ashyq ekspansiyagha jýgine bastady. Óitkeni, shyghysqa qaray aranyn ashqan jalghyz Resey emes edi. Patsha ókimeti shyghys joryqtaryna ótkendegi ókinishterin jeleu etti. Sibirdegi Ermaktyng "erligin" Orta Aziya handyqtaryna da isteuge qúmartqandar az bolmaghan-dy. 1603 jyldyng kókteminde 17 hiualyq kópes Reseyge sapargha shyghady. Jolda Jayyq kazaktaryna tap bolyp, qyrylyp qalady. Tiri qalghan ekeuding bireui Ýrgenishtin, qazir qorghanyssyz túrghanyn, han men әsker basqa tarapta joryqta jýrgenin aityp qoyady. Sony estigen Nechay degen ataman 500 kisi qolmen Ýrgenishke basyp kiredi. Myndaghan adamdardy qyryp, bir myng qyz ben jigitti tútqyn qylyp aidap, arba-arba olja artyp, keri qaytady. Arab-Múhamed han Ýrgenishke oralsa, әlgi oirannyng izin kórip, sondarynan quyp jetip, kazaktardy qorshap alyp, qyryp tastaydy. Tek tórteui ghana Jayyq boyyna aman baryp, әlgi habardy jetkizedi. 1620-1625 jyldary 300 kazakpen Hiuagha attanghan ataman Shamay da osynday kepke jolyghady. Adasyp ketip, Aral tenizindegi Qúlandy týbegine tap bolady. Ashtyqtan birin-biri jey bastaydy. Tiri qalghandary Hiua qolyna tútqyngha týsedi. Ásirese, 1717 jylghy Bekovich-Cherkasskiy ekspedisiyasynyng qyryluy patshalyq Reseyding esinen ketpeydi. Onyng ýstine, olar kópten ansap kele jatqan Ýndistan altynyna Angliya búryn qol sozyp qoydy. Búl Reseyding Hiuagha joryghyn jedeldetti. Ony aqtau ýshin әlgilerding bәri syltau etildi. Atyrau tenizinde balyqshylarymyzdy úrlap, Hiuagha satty, keruenderimizdi tonap, sayahatshylarymyzdy tútqyn etti dep, pәlening bәrin Hiua әskerining denin qúraghan týrkimen rularyna japty. General-gubernator K.P.Kaufman 1873 jyly 10 shildede jәumit týrkimenderdi qyryp-talaugha búiryq berdi. 1879 jyly polkovnik Grodekov bas shtabtyng aldyna teke týrkimenderdi de jappay qyryp-talau jóninde mәsele qoydy. "Týrkimender - jer betindegi qara tanba, olardyng jer basyp jýruine tózu - adamzatqa úyat. Eger negr satushylyq barlyq últtar ýshin zangha jatpaydy dep tabylsa, týrkimender de tap sonday jaghdayda boluy kerek", - dep baybalam saldy Grodekov.
Sóite túra, Resey әlgi qylyqtaryn halyqtargha azattyq әperushilik, óner-bilim әkelushilik retinde sipattady. Ózderin órkeniyet dýniyesin qútqarushylar retinde marapattady. Búl rette, әsirese, sol kezdegi kansler knyazi Gorchakov erekshe kózge týsti. Ol úly derjavalardyng bәrine nota joldap, "Týrkistan dep atalatyn jabayy elge órkeniyet sinirip", "keruen tonaudan góri sauda jasaudyng tiyimdi ekenin ýiretuge" sóz berdi ("Proshloe Kazahstana", Alma-Ata-Moskva, 1936 g. 114-117-better). Al Angliya ózining kýngey Aziyadaghy sayasatyn islamdy orys shapqynshylyghynan qorghaytyn arashashyldyq retinde surettep baqty. Áueli ejelden bergi elaralyq saudany óristetu maqsatyndaghy Ost-Indiya kompaniyasyn Ýndi múhitynyng jaghasyna әkep ornatyp, birtindep onyng yqpalyn soltýstikke qaray jaya týsti. Olar әueli jergilikti biylikshiler - súltan, әmir, nauap, mehtar, sardarlargha qaryz berip, aularyna týsirdi. Sosyn Ýndistan aumaghyn anneksiyalay bastady. 1858 jyly Ost-Indiya kompaniyasy taratylyp, Ýndistan britan imperiyasynyng qúramdas bóligine ainaldy. Kóbine-kóp kollaborasionist kýshterge iyek artyldy. Jergilikti bayyrghy aristokratiyanyng auyzyn alyp, jana imperiyalyq burokratiyagha sinistirdi. Olargha óz dәstýrlerin tezdetip úmytatynday qylyp, aqpa-tókpe artyqshylyqtary bar europalyq statustar berildi. Jergilikti knyazidar men brahmandardyng balalary ýshin aghylshynsha kolledjder ashyldy. Ony bitirgender Oksford, Kembridj, t.b. uniyversitterge oqugha jiberildi. Otarshyldyq әkimshilik solardan irikteldi. Aghylshyndar búl ýderisterin Aughanstan men Týrkistangha da taratugha tyrysty.
Múnday aldap-arbau ishki alauyzdyqtan tityqtap otyrghan Aldynghy Aziya elderinde tabysty jýzege asqanymen, birtútas araldyq memleket bolyp tabylatyn Japoniyada jýzege aspay qoydy. Eldi eki ghasyrday biylegen segun Tokugava әuleti 1639 jyly japon ailaqtaryna shetel kemelerin toqtatpady. Nagasaky tek Qytay kemeleri men golland kemeleri ýshin ghana ashyq boldy. Katolik missionerleri quyldy. Sol arqyly feodaldyq ýrdisti úzaq saqtap qalu kózdeldi. Alayda, múnday feodaldyq despotiyagha qarsylyq ta az bolmady. Tokugava әuleti ýstemdigi túsynda 1500 kóterilis shyqty. Keybireuine 200 mynnan astam sharualar qatysty. Narazylyq qoghamnyng qalghan bólikterinde de qaulay týsti. 1854 jyly Japoniya óz ailaqtaryn ashugha mәjbýr boldy. Sheteldik kapital samuraylardy burjuaziyalandyrugha tyrysty. Segundar biylikten quyldy. 15 jastaghy bala imperator Meydzy 1868 jyly japon burjuaziyasynyng yqpalymen "revolusiya" jasady. El kapitalizm jolyna týsti. Al alyp Qytaydy jaulap alu europalyq memleketterding qay-qaysysyna da qiyngha tiydi. Áytse de, ol da tәuelsizdigin saqtay almady.
Sóitip, Aziya europalyqtar әbden dәndegen assimilyasiya men akkuliturasiyagha Amerika men Afrikaday birden des bere qoymady. Osydan kelip "Batys pen Shyghys" antinomiyasy ýrdiske endi. Rediyard Kiplingtin: "Batystyng aty - batys, Shyghystyng aty - shyghys, ol ekeui eshqashan bola qoymas tuys" deytin әigili sózi de osy Aziyany otarlau barysynda tudy. Búl, bir jaghynan, Aziyany jaulap aludy aqtau bolsa, ekinshi jaghynan, onyng aldynghy eki materikti baghyndyrghandaghyday emes, tym úzaqqa sozylyp ketkendiginen aqtalu edi. Qaytken kýnde de, kýlli Aziyanyng da europalyq otarshyldyqtyng aldynda tize býkkeni tarihy aqiqat edi. Ákki otarshyldyq Aziyany iyemdenu barysynda әrqily amal-aylagha kóbirek jýgindi. Mәselen, orystar ózderimen tikeley shekaralas aimaqtarda bayyrghylardy akkuliturasiyalaudan da, assimilyasiyalaudan da esh shimirikpedi. Al britan iyeligindegi Indiya Aughanstanmen shektes aimaqtardy rezervasiyalaugha basa mәn berdi. Búl taraptaghylar "Jarym patsha" atanghan K.P.Kaufman: "Pravoslaviyelikterdi de, músylmandardy da Reseyge birdey paydaly azamattar etu sayasatyn jýrgizdi. Ol ýshin bayyrghylar qyrda mal baqty, ishki betten qonys audaryp kelgender qúnarly jerlerde otyryqshylyqpen shúghyldandy. Ol ýshin olar ózara aralaspady. Birge kóship kelgender júptaryn jazbay birge qonystandy. 1868 jyly sonday Voronejden birge kóship kelgen 242 otbasy Vernyigha kep oryn tepti. Kalugadan kelgender ejelgi Mervten oryn tepti. Áueli osylay syzdyqtap bastalghan aghylu keyin qarqynday týsti. 1896-1916 jyldary tek Aqmola, Semey ónirlerine qonystanghan orys sharualarynyng sany millionnan asyp týsti (Loginov G. Rossiya v Sredney Azii. T.4, 149-bet). 1906-1912 jyldary Stolypin reformasy túsynda Týrkistangha 438 myng otbasy kóship keldi. Olargha bayyrghy halyqtyng 17,4 mln. desyatina jeri kesip berildi. 1911 jyly Jetisuda - 155, Syrdariyada - 108, Ferghanada - 23, Samarqanda 13 orys poselkesi boldy ("Voprosy istoriiy". 1/1998. 44-bet). Kenes ókimeti ornaghan jyldary búl ýderis odan әrmen ýdey týsti. Týrikburo mýshesi G.IY.Safarov Leninge: "Týrkistanda otarshyldyqty qalpyna keltiru qyzu qarqynda jýrip jatyr", - dep shaghyndy. Onyng aituynsha, jana qonys audarushylargha jer tartyp әperu saldarynan Jetisuda qazaqtardyng ýshten biri qyryldy (Búl da sonda, 45-bet). Búdan Resey otarshyldyghynyng shyn kelbeti aiqyn bayqalady. Alghashqyda ol aldap-sulaugha kóp kýsh salyp edi.
Búl búrynghy irgeli elderge uaqytsha istelgen jymysqy sayasat edi. Al shaghyn jәne ortasha elderde onday emes, kónseng de kóndiretin, kónbeseng de kóndiretin latynamerikalyq jәne afrikalyq tәjiriybeler keninen paydalanyldy. Biraq, әrkim bayqay bermeytindey qyp, kólegeylep, jymysqylap paydalanyldy. Onyng kóbisin juyrda ghana óz bastarynan ótkizgen bizding otandastarymyz aitpasaq ta jaqsy biledi dep senemiz. Sóitip, otarshyldyqtyng jana týri - kapitalistik imperializm dәurendey bastady.
"Úly geografiyalyq janalyqtar" ashu túsynda ainalasy 6-7 el kózge týsti, al kapitalistik imperializmge XX ghasyr basynda syrtta otarlary bar 15-16 memleket atsalysty. Olar: Avstro-Vengriya, Beligiya, Britaniya, Germaniya, Daniya, Ispaniya, Italiya, Qytay, Niyderlandy, Portugaliya, Resey, AQSh, Týrkiya, Fransiya, Shvesiya jәne Japoniya. Búlardyng metropoliyalary jer shary aumaghynyng 20 million sharshy kilometrge juyghyn nemese 15 payyzyn, halqynyng 825 million adamyn nemese 50 payyzyn qamtydy. Al otarlary planeta aumaghynyng 80 million sharshy kilometrin nemese 60 payyzyn, halqynyng 625 millionyn nemese 38 payyzyn iyemdendi. XIX ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda búl elder basqalardy otarlaghandaryn mise tútpay, bir-birine kóz alarta bastady. Ásirese, planeta aumaghynyng - 33, túrghyndarynyng 35 payyzyn iyemdenip otyrghan Qytay, Resey, Týrkiyagha qatty súqtandy.
Múnday jaghdayda bylayghy halyqtardyng kýii ne bolmaq?
Jer sharyn oikumenalau barysynda anshy, terimshi, malshy taypalardyng arasynda yrzyq kózi bolyp tabylatyn aumaqty kóbirek iyelenu qúshtarlyghyn qalyptastyrghan ekspansionizm keshegi "Úly geografiyalyq janalyqtar" zamanyna qanday mýltiksiz qyzmet etse, imperialistik kapitalizmge de sonday mýltiksiz qyzmet etti. Búdan basqa aumaqtardyng tabighy jәne moralidyq resurstary qanday kerek bolsa, endi óz búiymdaryn ótkizetin bazarlary men satyp alushylary, resurstyq baylyqtary men qarjylary sonday kerek boldy. Búryn tabighy baylyqtargha qanday kózqaras bolghanyn jaqsy bilemiz. Ol imperialistik kapitalizm túsynda ózgerdi me? Joq, ózgermedi.
Oghan aghylshyn zangeri G.Vitonnyng "Halyqaralyq qúqyq negizderi" degen 1936 jyly shyqqan kitabynda keltirilgen myna bir derek dәlel bola alady. Onyng aituynsha, býkil europalyq memleketter X. Kolumb ashqan Jana Dýniye, basqa tenizshiler ashqan Aziya men Afrika aumaqtaryn iyemdenuding ortaq qaghidalaryn qalyptastyrghan. Al ol qaghidalardyng túrghysynan, atalmysh elder atalmysh aumaqtardy, birinshiden, alghashqy ashqandar, ekinshiden, alghashqy iygergender (dúrysy: alghash basyp alghandar - Á.K.), ýshinshiden, búl jerlerdi elu jyl boyy beybit týrde ýzdiksiz biylep kele jatqandar retinde iyemdenetin bolyp, ózderinshe, múrttaryn balta shappaytynday qylyp, "órkeniyetshildik túrghysynan" "jan-jaqty" zandastyrylypty.
Al bayyrghy túrghyndardyng qúqy әlgi jerlerdi janadan ashqan hristian halyqtarynyng qúqyqtarynday emes, qosalqy, "ekinshi" manyzgha ie bolghandyqtan, moyyndalmaydy (Aziya y Afrika, №8-9, 1994, 8-10 betterin qaranyz - Á.K.) Osydan-aq kórinip túrghanday, bayyrghy túrghyndar adam sanatyna jatqyzylmaydy. Memleketteri memleket sanatyna qosylmaydy. Hristiandardyng múnday astamshylyq kózqarasyn XX ghasyrdaghy eki dýniyejýzilik soghys qatarynan jenilis tapqangha deyin eshkim myzghyta almady. Býgin de adam qúqyqtary men bas bostandyqtarynyng birden bir joqshylary bolyp sóileytinderding keshegi otarshyldyq zamanyndaghy shyn keypi - mine, osynday edi.
Búl rette jana otarshyldyq baghzy rimdikterdikinen de asynqyrap týsti. Olar keyingi kezenderinde ózderine baghynghan barlyq shetaymaq túrghyndaryn rimdikterge balay bastaghan-dy. Jana otarshyldar ózderine úqsamaytyndardyng bәrine ózderinen tómen dep qarap, olardy ózindik tól sipattarynan týgeldey bas tartyp, ózge bolyp kórinuge iytermelep baqty. Mәselen, latynamerikalyqtardyng bәrin basqa halyq ókilderimen budandastyryp, atymen basqa últ qylyp jiberdi. Analarynyng tilinde sóiletpey, bәrining de әkelerining tili - ispan tilinde sóileuin talap etti. Jýzdegen tilder úmytylyp, ornyna qoldan jasalghan kreol tili paydalanyldy. Aytalyq, aqyn Nikolas Gilienning ólenderi sol kreol tilinde jazylghan. Eger jogharyda aitylghanday, konkistadorlar múnday sayasatty Latyn Amerikasy halyqtaryna ashyqtan ashyq jýrgizse, keyingi otarshyldyq әrtýrli amalmen kólegeylep, qymtalap jýrgizildi. Ol, әsirese, otarshyldar ústanghan til sayasatynan anyq bayqalady.
Búl arada osy zamanghy etnologiyanyng adamdardyng mәdeniyetin psihologiyalyq beyimdeluding (adaptasiyanyn) basty qúraly dep sanaytynyn aita ketken jón. Al til sol mәdeniyet qalyptasuynyng eng basty alghysharttarynyng biri ekendigi belgili. Otarshyldyq otarlaushyny da, otarlanushyny da jana ortagha tap qylatyny sózsiz. Alayda, osy zamanghy imperialogiya búl dihotomiyada otarlaushygha basym manyz beredi. D.Filidhauzdyn: "Imperiyalyq biylikting negizi otarshyldyq mentaliytetting ústanymdaryna sýienedi", - deui de sodan. Al otarshyldyq psihologiyanyng otarlanushy ortagha birjolata beyimdelip, týgelimen "erip ketuge" qúmarta qoymaytyny aitpasa da týsinikti. Sonday-aq, olar otarlanushylardyng da otarshyldar mәdeniyetimen birjolata sinisip ketkenin qalamaydy. Mәselen, aghylshyndar óz bodandarynyng aghylshynsha oqyghandaryna, aghylshyn dәbine kóshkenderine kekesinmen kýle qaraydy. Olardyng qanday jaghdayda da ózderimen teng adam retinde baghalanghandaryn qalamaydy. Alayda, aghylshyndargha óz iyelikterin basqarugha, ondaghy túrghyndardyng mәselelerimen shúghyldanugha tura keletinin týsinedi. Biraq, múnymen tikeley ózderi shúghyldanugha arlanady. Sondyqtan da olar búl ýderisterdi aghylshynsha oqyghan búratanalardyng kómegimen jýzege asyrugha mәjbýr ekendikterin biledi. Biraq, sóite túra bodandarynyng ózderin ózderi úmytyp, atymen aghylshyn bolyp ketkendigin tipti de qalamaydy. R.Kiplingting "batys pen shyghystyng til tabysyp ketui" mýmkindigin atymen joqqa shygharatyndyghy da sondyqtan edi.
Alayda, otarshyldardyng kópshiligi bodandarynyng óz yqpaldarynan tysqary, ózderimen ózderi bolyp qalghanyn da únatpaydy. Tilin, mәdeniyetin tezirek úmytyp, otarlaushylardyng ýrdisine tezirek kóshkenin qolay kóredi. Sondyqtan da, assimilyasiya men akkuliturasiyagha kóbirek jýginedi. Mәselen, Resey Senatynyng hatshysy IY.Kirillov 1734 jylghy 1 mamyrdaghy imperatrisa Annagha joldauynda Qazaqstandy óz qúramyna kirgizu arqyly birtindep iyliktiriletin Orta Aziyany "gishpandar men portugaldar" ashqan Amerikagha teneydi. Solar siyaqty orasan zor baylyqqa kenelgeli túrghanyn aityp quanady. Tek reseylikterding de "gishpandar men portugaldar" sekildi jana ólkeni kóp әsker tartpay, beybit týrde iyemdenip aluyna sәttilik tileydi. Ol ýshin atalmysh ólke halyqtaryn "gishpandar men portugaldar" әdisimen baurap alugha kenes beredi ("Russko-kazahskoe otnosheniya v XVI-XVIII vekah", 1961 g., 111-bet). Onyng oiynsha, búratana júrttardy túiyqtap óz mandarynan shygharmaudyng joly - oqu-bilim. Búl - dәmin bir tatyp alghan son, qyr-sondarynan qaldyrmaytyn әzәzil jem. Kirillovtyng oiynsha, orys emes júrttardyng balalaryn "ózderining tabighy tili" men orys tilinde birdey oqytqan dúrys. Sonda óz tilderining qanshalyqty jútan, orys tilining qanshalyqty bay ekendigin tezirek úghady. Onyng búl optimizmin atalmysh aimaqtyng alghashqy general-gubernatory K.P.Kaufman da qoldady. Syrt kózge bayyrghy halyqtardy orystandyrugha qúmar emes siyaqty kóringenmen, olardyng músylman dýniyesining bólinbes bir bóligi bolyp qalghandaryn qalamady. Olardyng jana jaghdaylargha boylary ýirenetindikterine, orystarmen til tabysyp, pravoslavie әlemimen qoyan-qoltyq aralasyp ketetindikterine sendi. Indiya men Aughanstandaghy aghylshyndargha eliktep, dәstýrli biylikti, sharighat jolyn qaz-qalpynda qaldyrugha kýsh saldy (L.Kostenko. Srednyaya Aziya y vodvoreniya v ney russkoy gosudarstvennosti, Spb., 1870 g., 30-bet). Sóite túra, iri ru-taypalar aumaghyn jana әkimshilik aumaqtarymen sәikes keltiruge olardyng búrynghy basshylaryn óz oryndarynda saqtap qalugha erekshe manyz berdi (Búl da sonda. 87-bet). Sol kezdegi Týrkistandaghy bilim beru tәjiriybesin kóp zerttegen N.K.Ostraumov orys ýkimetining jergilikti halyqtardy ózderine sinistiruge, ol ýshin orys-tuzemdik mektepter ashugha kóp kýsh júmsalghanyn ashyp kórsetti ("Lichnye vospominaniya". Tashkent, 1891. 98-111-better). Kaufman orystar men tuzemdikterding birge oquy olardyng bir-birimen tez jarasyp, kózqarastarynyng jyldamyraq jymdasyp, úqsas bolyp ketuine sebepshi bolady dep sanady. Onyng ornyna kelgen Rozenbah ta 1886 jyly orys mektepterinde pravoslaviyelik Qúday zanymen birge Islamdy da oqytugha núsqau berdi. Búl jergilikti halyqty assimilyasiyalandyrudy tezdetedi dep oilady. Alayda, 1903 jylghy 1 qantardaghy mәlimet boyynsha, әlgindey jýzdegen tuzemdik mektepterde bar bolghany 3 myng shәkirt oqypty. Al músylman mektepterinde 80 myng bala oqypty. Búl orys ýkimetine orys tilin biletin bayyrghy júrt ókilderine aqshalay syilyq beru tәrtibin engizuge mәjbýrledi (Likoshin N.S. Polojenie v Turkestane. Pg. 1917 g., 31-bet).
Otarshyldyq qanday aila-sharghygha jýgingenmen, bәribir bayyrghy tilderdi qúrtyp, jergilikti halyqtardy ýstem tilge kóshiru jolynda jantalasyp baqqandyghy aitpay-aq kórinip túr edi. Orta jәne Aldynghy Aziyany jaulap alugha belsene atsalysqan, general әri belgili etnograf ghalym A.E.Snesarevting atalmysh jaghdaydy eskere otyryp, "Ermak pen Chernyaevtyng arasynda eshqanday aiyrma joq" deui әbden oryndy edi.
Alayda, jaghday ózimen eseptesuge bәribir mәjbýr etti. "Biz búl jerde qaynap jatqan vulkannyng ýstinde otyrmyz", - dep jazdy jana general-gubernator S.M.Duhovskiy әieline (Duhovskaya V. Turkestanskie vospominaniya. Spb. 1913 g. 37-bet). Assimilyasiyalau algha baspay qoydy. Tuzemdikterge pravoslaviyeni ýiretuding ornyna europalyq últshyldyqqa úqsaytyn gumanitarizmdi oqytugha tura keldi. Alayda, orys-tuzemdik mektebi Resey últ sayasatyndaghy túraqty úghym bolyp qaldy. Kenes kezindegi aralas mektepterding dәurendeui - sonyng aiqyn dәleli. Ol halyqtardyng tabighy tilderining damuyn qoldan tejep, aghartu isin últtyq damudan góri últsyzdandyrugha qyzmet etkizuding birden bir tәsili edi.
Osy zamanghy ghylym әdette adamnyng óz ana tilinde jaqsy úghyp, jaqsy sóiley alatyndyghyn, sondyqtan balalardy óz ana tilderinde oqytqan asa tiyimdi ekendigin dәleldep otyr. Sonday-aq, adamdy qay tilde de, qanday ghylymgha da, qay nәrsege de ýiretuge bolatyny anyqtaldy. Búl, әsirese, ekonomikalyq ezgide otyrghan bodan elderge, әli tynayyp bolmaghan jas tәuelsizdikterge óte-móte tiyimdi ekendigi sózsiz. Alayda, otarshyl sosiolingvistika búghan kesirin tiygizetin әrtýrli kedergilerdi qarastyryp baghuda.

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