Qazaqtyng qasiyetin tanu — Abaydy tanudan bastalmaq. Halqymyzdyng sóz ónerin zerdeleu — Abay taghylymyn baghamdaudan bayqalmaq. Abay — qazaq tarihyndaghy qaytalanbas som túlgha. Abay biyigi — halqymyzdyng kórkemdik oi-tanymynda eshkim jetpegen zanghar. Uniyversiytet qabyrghasynda dәrisin tyndap jýrgen kezimizde úly jazushy Múhtar Áuezovting ózinin: "Mening tilimde Abay tilining mәdeniyeti bar", — dep balasha maqtanghany kókeyde qalypty. Ol kezde "Abaytanu" deytin arnayy kurs bar edi, "Abaytanu" atalatyn óristi ghylym bar edi. Múhang dýniyeden kóshkeli otyz jylgha oiysty. Mәdeniyettin, ónerdin, ghylymnyng barlyq salasynda birdey óskenimizge kýmәn joq. Biraq úly shәkirt — úly ústaz negizdegen ghylymynyng "tanuy" ketip, Abayy ghana qalypty. Aramyzdan "sonyng ózi qalay..." deytinder de tabylatyn siyaqty. Búl, sypayylap aitsaq, bayaghy "itke temir ne kerektin" keri. "Tenizden tauday tolqyn soqsa-daghy — Jaghadaghy jartasty jygha almaydy", — dep edi hakim Abay. Uaqyt dauyly, zamana tolqyny, silkinis pen dýrligis, tónkeris pen apat — ghalamdaghy eshbir hikmet túghyrynan qozghay almaytyn alyptar bolady desek, qazaq mәdeniyetining tarihyndaghy myzghymas túlghalar — Abay men Ahmet. Ahannyng ózgeshe qyzmetin, bizding halyqtyng ótken taghdyr-talayyndaghy ghana emes, býgingi jetken bolmys-bitisindegi biyik túrghysyn әli baghamdap bolghamyz joq, búl — alpys jylghy temir qapastan song týsinikti de jaghday. Al Abay... Abaydy da tanyp-biluimiz kemis jatyr. Kóldeneng sebepterden, yqylas-niyetting azdyghynan emes, óremiz jetpegennen. Búl — eng aldymen elding ziyalylary sanatyndaghy, tipti qalam ústau kәsibindegi aghayyndargha — bәrimizge qatysty sóz. Abay tolyq tanylghan joq. Ádebiyetshi qauym ýshin syn emes, min. Sonyng bir kórinisi - Abay prozasy tóniregindegi úghym-talghamymyz. Abaydyng úly reformator aqyn ghana emes, qazaq prozasyn negiz-deushilerding biri ekendigi, tipti әdebiyet oqulyqtarynyng ózinde eskerile bermeydi. Osy orayda, qazaq prozasynyng tuyp, qalyptasu tarihyndaghy kóp kýngirtting betin ashatyn, әri úly klassiygimizding qymbat múrasyn molyqtyra týsetin sony derekke nazar audarghan edik: Shәkerim alghash aqtalghan kezde jazylghan bir maqalamyzda ("Júldyz", N 8, 1988), odan song Shәkerimning "Jolsyz jaza" atty jinaghyna ("Jalyn" baspasy, 1988) berilgen alghy sózde Abaydyng ózining kózi tirisinde baspasózde jariyalanghan, osy uaqytqa deyin eleusiz qalyp kelgen bir әngimesin atap kórsettik. Kóp úzamay, atalmysh әngimening teksti de jaryqqa shyqty ("Júldyz", N1, 1989). Halqymyz ýshin quanysh bolar, bәlkim, әdebiyetshi qauymnyng әr týrli pikirin tughyzar dep oilaghan edik. Tysyr etken dybys joq. Tym-tyrys. Janghyryq... janghyryq shyqty. Ángime sol búrynghy qalpynda, yaghni, kimdiki ekeni belgisiz kýiinde "Dala uәlayatynyng gazeti" atty ýlken toptama qúramynda qayyra basylypty. Múnday kitaptyng dayyndaluy — óte kýrdeli is, al halyq aldyna jetui — iygilikti oqigha. Jinaqtyng mәni, qúny jónindegi әngime bir basqa. Biz búl arada Abaydyng atalmysh әngimesining sol iyesiz qalpynda beriluine ghana tanyrqap otyrmyz. Bizding Ghylym akademiyasyndaghy aghayyndardyng sóz ynghayyna (dәlirek aitsaq, mýlde ýnsiz otyruyna) qaraghanda, búl әngime úly aqynnyng kezekti kitaby basylghanda da qaperge ilinbey qalatyn tәrizdi. Sondyqtan, "Dala uәlayatynyng gazetinde" búdan jýz jyl búryn (1892, N29, 31-32, 34-40) jariyalanghan "Qazaqtardyng esterinen ketpey jýrgen bir sóz" atty hikayanyng avtory kim degen mәselege arnayy toqtalugha tura kelip otyr.

Aldymen eskerte keteyik, atalmysh hikaya әdebiyet tarihynda mýlde belgisiz dýnie emes. Búl shygharmanyng avtory turaly da sóz aitylghan. Biraq Abay esimi atalmady. Shәkerim tuyndysy dep shamalanady. Basty dәlel — hikayanyng baqytsyz ghashyqtar Enlik — Kebek pen Qalqaman— Mamyr taghdyryna arnaluy. Shәkerimning aty jalada jýrgen kezding ózinde onyng dәl osy taqyrypqa jazylghan, halyq arasyna keninen taraghan poemalary baryn eshkim teriske shyghara almaytyn edi... Búghan qosymsha dәlel — әngime avtorynyng laqap aty. Bayyptap qaraghanda, búl eki jaghday da shygharmany kim jazghanyn naqtylaugha negiz bola almaytynyna kóz jetedi. Anyzdyq nemese derekti bir sujetting әldeneshe qalamger nazaryna ilinui — әdebiyet tarihynda jii kezdesetin qúbylys. Onyng ýstine, Abaydyng óz shәkirtterine keybir taqyryptar tónireginde arnayy tapsyrma berip otyrghany, al Enlik — Kebek oqighasyn jazudy Shәkerimge mindettegeni belgili. Ekinshiden, "Dala uәlayatynyng gazetindegi" әngimege qol qoyghan — "Úmtylghan", yaghny -"talaptanushy", "izdenushi" bolsa, Shәkerim de óz ómirining songhy kezenindegi biraz shygharmasyna "Úmy-tylghan", yaghny "esten shyqqan", "eskerusiz qalghan" (dәlirek aitsaq, "Mútylghan") dep qol qoyady. Arab jazuynyng kiltipany kóp, әngime avtory — "Úmytylghan" bolghan kýnning ózinde, búl — 1892 jyly otyz tórt jasqa jana shyqqan Shәkerimnen góri, sóz ónerining asqar biyigine jetken, alayda "qalyng eli — qazaghyna" әli tanyla almay, tar qapasta kýnirenip otyrghan Abaygha kóbirek ýilesedi. Áytkenmen, әzirshe ekeuin teng ústayyq. Mýmkin, әngime avtory Shәkerim de, Abay da emes, mýlde basqa bireu shyghar? Joq. Ýstirt qaraghannyng ózinde hikaya avtory — Shynghystau qazaghy ekenine kýmәn qalmaydy.

Negizinen bayandau ýlgisimen jazylghan kólemdi hikayany shartty týrde ýsh bólimge jikteuge bolady: birinshi — Shynghystau ónirining tarihi-etnografiyalyq sypattamasy, ekinshi — Enlik — Kebek oqighasy, ýshinshi — Qalqaman — Mamyr oqighasy; hikaya avtordyng óz zamanyna kózqarasynan eles beretin jәne bolashaqta jazbaq, osyghan jalghas enbegining mazmúnyna núsqaghan sózdermen qorytyn-dylanady.

Ángimening әlhamynda "qazaqtyng kәri shaldarynyn" ótken jәne osy zamangha kózqarasy bayyptalady. "Solardyng aitularynsha, qazaqtyng jýrip-túru sharuasy búrynghy zamanda osy kýngiden artyq eken. Mәzikýr bishara shaldar ózderining balalaryna, úrpaqtaryna qasirettenip aityp otyrady: "Osy kýnde bilimdi, ghylymdy halyqtarmen aralasqan son, qazaq halqy búzyldy jәne kýn de bir týrli boldy — qys qatty bolatyn boldy, búrynghy zamanda múnday emes edi", — dep". Búdan ary jazushy osy negizdegi týiindi mәselelerdi naqty talday otyryp, zaman jәne ekologiya, geografiya men tarih tónireginde kenes qozghaydy. Búl rette biz avtordyng ýlken oishyl ghana emes, jay ghana ghúlama emes, europalyq bilimdi erkin iygergen oqymysty ekenin kóremiz.

"Adamnyng bir ghadeti — búrynghy ótken uaqytty onsha maqtaghanday bolmasa da maqtau", — deydi avtor. Sóite túra qariyalardyng sózin týgelimen teriske shygharmaydy. Endeshe aua rayy nege búzyldy? "Búrynghy zamanda taularda orman kóp bolyp, ormanda qar kóp bolyp, qardyng sebebinen su kóp bolyp, ala jazday tau-taudan ózen-sular tartylmaydy eken"... Al orman-toghaydyng qyrqyluy, ot pen sudyng azangy, jerding tozuy — adamnyng tabighatqa keri әserining nәtiyjesi. Jәne búl — toqtaghan, túiyqtalghan prosess emes. Áli jýrip jatyr. Yaghny hikaya avtory biz endi ghana sóz etip, qolgha alyp otyrghan ekologiya mәselesi turaly ótken ghasyrdyng ózinde-aq dabyl kóteripti. Búl, әriyne, kózben kórip, kónilge týn negizinde ghana jasalghan qorytyndy emes, batys ghylymymen jaqsy tanystyq nәtiyjesi.

Ekologiyagha jalghas ekinshi mәsele — geografiyalyq ortagha qatysty. Búrynghy zamanda qazaqtardyng atameken qonysy suly, nuly, shúrayly bolghan, sharuashylyqqa qolayly eken. Endi jer azghan, "qyrda búrynghyday ormandy, jaqsy jerler joq". "Búrynghy ózen-búlaqtar tartylghan son, birdeme qylyp qúdyq qazghan bolysady, kóbinese sulary ashy bolady". Al qazaqtar ýzdiksiz soghystarda dúshpannan aruaghy asyp, qorghap qalghan keng baytaq dala sol eski kýnderde qaynaghan ómir ordasy bolghan. Oghan dәlel — "búrynnan qalghan symtastar, qorghandar"...
Búdan song avtor, sóz ynghayyna qaraghanda, el auzynan estigen, sonymen qatar, batys pen shyghys tarihynan oqyp bilgen derekterine jýginedi. Ol - Shynghys hannyng qazaq jerine kelu jayy, han kóterilui. Shynghystau ónirining tarihy, múndaghy kóptegen toponimder ataqty hangha, onyng qolbasy batyrlarynyng esimderine tikeley qatysty ekeni aighaqtalady.

Osy ólkenin, osy mekenderding Shynghys han dәuirinen songhy, biraq óz zamanynan kóp búrynghy ahualy, minez-qúlyq, dәstýr-salty turaly әngimege auysa kele, avtor hikayanyng negizgi bóligine kóshedi. Ol — el esinen ketpey jýrgen Enlik — Kebek әngimesi. Avtor baqytsyz ghashyqtar turaly halyq jadynda saqtalghan kóne hikayany eshbir oqighasyn ózgertpey, qaz qalpynda bayandaghan siyaqty. Biraq búl — qaradýrsin jazba emes, asa kórkem jasalghan, ozyq mәdeniyetti proza ýlgisi. Ángimedegi tragediyalyq situasiya, shiyelenisken drama, tereng psihologizm — tәjiriybeli de sheber, әri shyghystyng dәstýrli prozasy men batystyng jana әdebiyetin erkin iygergen bilimdargha ghana tәn qalam tanbasyn tanytady. Osyghan oray, senimdi qolmen syzylghan ren-boyau, bederli suretter men ózgeshe iyirimder — tolyqqandy realizm nәtiyjesi. Ángimening óz zamanynan ozyq, tipti, qazirgige de ýlgi bolar bir sypaty osynda.

Biz shartty týrde hikayanyng ýshinshi bólimi dep otyrghan Qalqaman — Mamyr oqighasy óte qysqa, shaghyn aqpar týrinde beriledi. Avtor búl әngimeni ótken zamannyng rәsim-saltyn, minez-qúlqyn naqty tanytatyn derekti, illustrasiyalyq material retinde paydalanghan.

Endi osy bólikting fabulalyq erekshelikterin qaras-tyralyq.

Qalqaman — Mamyr oqighasy kópke belgili poemadan mýlde ózgeshe sypatta. Birinshiden, búl oqigha Kengirbay zamanynda, әri Enlik — Kebek tragediyasynan kóp keyin bolady. Qalqaman — Kengirbaydyng ózining aghayyny; Mamyrdyng aty atalmaydy, Qalqaman әiteuir bir qyzdy alyp qashady. Bar shataq jesir dauynan tuyndaytyn siyaqty. Kengirbay eki el arasyndaghy barymtany toqtatu ýshin "Qalqamandy atqa mingizip qoyyp, dúshpandarynan bir mergen" shygharyp atugha búiyrady. Oq tiymey, aman qalghan Qalqaman aghayyndaryna ókpelep, Búharagha ketip qalady. Qyz taghdyry turaly eshqanday derek joq. Avtor Qalqaman jónindegi el әngimesin shala bildi, nemese sanaly týrde búrmalady dep aitugha qiyn. Anyzdyng keybir núsqalarynda Qalqaman - Mamyr oqighasy Enlik - Kebek oqighasynan sәl ghana búryn, biraq Syr boyynda emes, Bayan-Aula tónireginde bolady. Yaghny biz sóz etip otyrghan әngimede Qalqaman oqighasy tolyq bolmasa da (qyz ben jigitting aghayyndastyghy turaly derekti avtordyng býgip qaluy zandy) әuelgi, shyndyq qalpyna jaqyn ýlgide mazmúndalatyn siyaqty. Sonymen qatar, búl — kezdeysoq, bógde epizod emes. Derbes jýk arqalamaghanymen, aldynghy tragediyany bederley týsu, oghan ýsteme reng beru ýshin engizilgen kórinis.
Enlik — Kebek oqighasy da negizgi túrghylarynda el әngimesining naqpa-naq tanbalanghan kórinisi dep biluge tiyispiz. Ómirlik, әdebiy-foliklorlyq dini ortaq, bolghan sebepti, fabulalyq ózegi keyingi poemamen naqpa-naq kelip jatuy zandy. Biraq búl — eki tuyndy bir adamnyng qolynan shyqty degen qorytyndygha negiz bermese kerek. (Múhtar Áuezovting әigili tragediyasy da qalyptasqan soraptan auytqymaydy ghoy). Sonday-aq, biz taldap otyrghan hikayadaghy Qalqaman, Enlik — Kebek oqighalarynyng әigili poemalar jelisinen aiyrym belgileri de búlardyng avtory bólek dep aitugha dәlel bola almaydy. Óitkeni ómirlik material әr qily eksheuden ótedi, tipti naqty bir avtordyng naqty bir shygharmasynyng ózinde әuelgi jәne songhy núsqalardyng arasynda týbegeyli aiyrmashylyqtar úshyrasuy mýmkin. Sondyqtan biz búl mәseleni avtordyng daralyq túlghasy, dýniyetanymy, qalamgerlik túrpaty, bilim-tanym dәrejesi, jazu mashyghy túrghysynan qarastyruymyz kerek.
Hikaya avtorynyng óz zamanynan ozghan bilimdarlyghy turaly aittyq. 1892 jyl qarsanynda tek Shynghystau óniri ghana emes, býkil kazaq dalasynda múnday órege jetken jalghyz Abay bolatyn. Shәkerimning әli jas, talanty tolyssa da, bilimi tolyqpaghan, batysty tanugha endi ghana bet koyghan, negizinen shyghys әdebiyetine ýnilip jýrgen kezi. Tariyh, sosiologiya, ekologiya, etnografiya — adam qoghamynyng damu zandylyghy turaly tolghamdar búl kezende Abay boyyna ghana shaqtasar sypat.

Halyq keshken jol, kóne ghasyrlar kelbeti turaly aitsaq, hikaya avtory ótken kýndi dәriptemegenimen, ony el tarihyndaghy búla dәuir, ózgeshe kezeng dep biledi, qatal zandaryn aiyptay túra, baghzy zaman boyynan, halyq túrmysy, onyng salt-dәstýrlerinen kóptegen qasiyet tabady. "...Shaldardyng sózderining jarymyna nanghan mezgilde de, búrynghy uaqytta... halyq ghadiletti, qulyq-súmdyq joq eken. Halyqtyng rәsim-ghadetteri búzylmay ornyna kelip túrady eken, halyqtyng minezi aqpeyil, meylinshe tabighatty eken..." Búl — qarttardyng әngimesin qayyra bayyptau ghana emes, belgili mólsherde jazushynyng tól pikiri.

Hikaya avtorynyng óz kózqarasyn tikeley aitatyn, etkendi býgingimen shendestire otyra, halyq qasiyetin ashugha úmtylatyn tústary da bar. "Búrynghy uaqytta halyqta batyrlardyng qúrmetti ekeni belgili. Sebebi, búryn batyrlar әrdayym halyqty qayrat qylady eken hәm jay uaqytta halyq arasynda ghadiletti, hýkimshi de eken. Batyrlar halyqtyng paydasyn tastap, óz paydasy ýshin qimyldamaydy eken." "Nysan... qobyzymen oinaghanda... tyndaghandardyng kózderine jas kelip otyrady eken. Búl kýnde olarday qobyzshy joq. Búrynghy qobyzshylar qayda, esitken kisilerdi eritip jiberushi edi. Qazaqtardyng baqsylary búrynghydan qalghan bir múrasy, sonda da búrynghyday emes".

Batyrgha, baqsygha, zaman adamyna kózqaras osynday bolghanda, sol kezdegi el ústaghan biyler basqasha sypatta beynelenedi. Mәselen Kengirbay — "halyq oghan auyp ketedi" dep, yaghny týptin-týbinde biylikti almasa da, hýkimine tejeu salar degen kauippen Kebekten qútylugha tyrysady. (Keyingi interpretasiyada Kengirbaydyng para aluy — zamana keypi, obraz tabighatymen ýilespeytin jalghan sheshim.) Qolgha týsken Kebek pen Enlikti ózi tergeydi, ólimge óz qolynan beredi, olardyng besiktegi jas balasyn dalagha tastap ketedi. Hikaya avtory Kengirbay Qalqamangha da sharasyzdyqtan emes, sanaly týrde qatal biylik qyldy dep biledi. Sonymen qatar, Kengirbay jalghyz bolmaghany, basqa biylerding de ony qoldaghany bayqalady. Biyler tek únamsyz keyipte ghana kórinip qoymaydy, avtorlyq kózqaras túrghysynan túpa-tura aiyptalady: "Osynday ýsh kisini bir jerde óltirse de biyler týzele qoymapty, biraq ózderin halyq sýimeytinin bilipti. Olardy neghyp sýisin, adamgha erkimenen esh nәrse istetpegen son, ayaghyn olay-búlay bastyrmaghan son."

Ata qazaq: "Elge bay qút emes, by qút", - dep edi. Eski zamanda ata-tegine emes, asyl jetesine qaray, mal baylyghy ýshin emes, parasat baylyghy ýshin halyqtyng ózi saylap otyrghan biyler — ru úitqysy, memleket tiregi qyzmetin atqarady. Tarihta oghan qanshama mysal bar: Sýtemgen, Ánet, Tóle, Taykeltir, Qazybek, Áyteke... Qazaq derbestikten airylghannan songhy dәuirdegi, patsha ókimetining núsqauymen bekitilgen biylerding jóni bólek (qyzmeti túrghysynan alghanda búlar hýkimshi by emes, dau-damay tarqatar qazy, bizding býgingi tilimizben aitqanda sot qana). Álde sol jalposh, jebir biylerding әseri me, әlde ótken zamandaghy belgili bir adam — Kengirbaygha baylanysty júrt arasyndaghy әngime salqyny ma, — kóne dәuirden birtalay ýlgili sypat tapqan hikaya avtorynyng aituynsha sol kezdegi kelensiz jayyttardyng barlyghy da biylerding kinәsinen bolyp shyghady.
Al poemalar avtory Shәkerim qazaqtyng eski kýni turaly tym biyikten sóileytin, ejelgi salt-dәstýrlerding kóbin "nadandyqqa", "taghylyqqa" teliytin. Biraq aqynnyng biylerge kózqarasy basqasha. Kengirbay tek el mýddesin oilaydy, "qara qazan, sary balanyn qamy" ýshin, "malgha toyyn, jayly qonys" ýshin kýresedi, qansha qayyssa da, tragediyagha tosqauyl bola almaydy. Arydaghy Ánet Baban, Kengirbay-Qabekennen bastap, beridegi Qúnanbaygha deyingi shonjarlar jóninde tegis únamdy pikir aityp ótken Shәkerim ataqty bi, aruaqty aghayyn turasynda katang sózge baruy mýmkin emes.

Hikayanyng kórkemdeu jýiesine kelsek, búl rette de Shәkerimge jat sypattar molynan kezdesedi. Jogharyda eskertkenimizdey, obraz tabighaty, keyipkerlerding is-әreketine baylanysty qayshylyqtardy sóz etpey-aq qoyayyq. Kez kelgen qalamgerding ózining әuelgi shygharmasyn qayta qarauy, ózgertui, jetildirui mýmkin dedik. Áytkenmen, keybir detalidargha nazar audarmay bolmas. Sonyng biri — portret bolsa, biri — jandy peyzaj.
Hikayadaghy Enlik portretine zer salayyq. Enlikti Nysan Abyzdyng eles arqyly kórip suretteui: "Úzyn boyly, aq kiyiktey, shashy qarghanyng qanatynday qara, mandayy jazyq, kózi qara hәm ótkir..." Kebekting kózben kórip týisinui: "...qalypsyz súlu qyz úshyrasa ketedi, búryn kórgen rәuishli bolyp. Ábden esi ketkennen amandasugha múrshasy kelmepti. Atynyng jalyna qonyp, búrynghy baqsynyng aitqandary kóniline tegis keldi deydi. Sol qyzdyng barsha sypattary aitqanday bolyp kórindi deydi". Al poemadaghy Enlik "biyik qabaq, súrlau qyz" ghana. Kebekti súlulyghymen emes, minezimen, qylyghymen bauraghanday. Búl arada tek poemalary ghana emes, basqa shygharmalarynda da Shәkerimning dәiekti portretke kónil bóle qoymaytynyn, al Abay alghashqy ólenderinen bastap-aq jandy portret jasaugha mәn bergenin eskerte ketken artyq bolmas. Áuelgi dәiekti portretting mýlde mansúq etilip, jalghyz-aq shtrihpen almasuy, eki Enlikting ózara úqsamauy kezdeysoq emes. Jalpy, hikayadaghy sәtti suret, útymdy kórinisterding poemada mýlde nazardan qaqas qaluy — әdepki jaghday. Mәselen, Nysan Abyz - "týsi suyq, qart kisi". Poemada abyzdyng naqty jas mólsheri, týr-týsi turaly sóz joq. Tek bal ashqan sәti ghana beynelenedi. Bal ashu epizody hikayada da bar. Eki kórinis te óte әserli, sheber jazylghan. Ortaq sypat — baqsynyng bolashaqty boljauy, jas batyrdy qaterden saqtandyru desek te, búl eki suret birin-biri qaytalamaydy. Hikayadaghy bederli detali, minezdik aishyqtardyng eshqaysysy da poemagha enbey qalghan. Kerisinshe, poemada hikayadaghy kórkemdeu tәsilderinen aulaqtaugha tyrysushylyq bayqalady.
Hikayada Kebekting Nysan Abyz balynan songhy kónil tolghanysy batys prozasyna tәn ýlgide, tabighat suretimen astas berilgen: "Aytqandarynan eshbir qoryqpay, jay ýiine qaytypty. Sol uaqytta әr týrli oy týsip, kónili bosap, aqyryn ilbip otyrdy deydi. Sonda Kebekting kónilindegi qasiret ketip, kókiregi ashylghanday boldy deydi. Manayyna qarasa, biyik jartas, qalyng orman-aghash hәm sarqyrap aghyp jatqan búlaq deydi. Sonda Kebek batyr oilady deydi: "Mening ghýmyrym da osy dýniyemen birdey-au, - dep. - Myna jartas bolsa, bir qalyppen túratyn dýniye; samsyp túrghan orman ótken ghúmyrgha úqsas, aghyp jatqan su ótip bara jatqan ómir ghoy", - dep. Jastyqta adam oy oilaushy bolady ghoy". Al qyzdyng ózimen kezdesken kezinde abyz sózi esine týsse de, ólim turaly mýlde oilamaydy.

Poemada Kebek qatal taghdyr turaly boljam shymbayyna batqanmen, "jynnyng sózin" qolma-qol úmytyp ketedi; Enlikpen alghash kezdesken sәtinde de oiyna eshtene oralmaydy. Tek ertenine, qyzben taghdyry qosaqtalghan son,abyz aitqan qara jartasty kórgende ghana bәri esine týsedi; qatty tolqyghanmen, tez bekinedi. Búl arada qara jartas — shartty belgi ghana; qúz keypi nemese ózen, toghay reni — eshqanday jandy boyau joq. Búl zandy da. Shәkerim — tabighat suretine zer salmaghan qalamger, "Jolsyz jazada" ghana emes, býkil Shәkerim tvorchestvosynda peyzajdyng keybir elementteri ghana úshyrasady. Búl — býkil klassikalyq shyghys poeziyasyna tәn sypat. Al batys pen shyghysty tel emgen, beyneleu tәsilderinde orys jәne Europa klassikasyn ýlgi tútqan Abay qazaq әdebiyetine (býkil shyghys poeziyasyna) peyzajdyq lirikany engizgen birinshi suretker bolyp tabylady.

Órnekteu, bederleu, dәiekteu (detalizasiya) jaghy da osy sypatta. Poemada Kebekting angha shyghuy jalpylama aqpar arqyly beriledi, al býrkitting týlkige qalay týskeni mýlde aitylmaydy. Al hikayada búl kórinis batys prozasynyng dәstýrinde tәptishtep surettelgen.
Álbette, taqyryptas eki tuyndynyng biri — proza, biri — poeziya ýlgisinde. Sózbe-sóz, naqpa-naq kelui mýmkin emes. Biraq óz jazghanynan ózi qashqan, әuelgi әdemi suretterdi birjola mansúq etip, jana órnek izdegen kim bar eken?!
Endi Shәkerim prozasynyng ýlgilerin qarastyralyq. Iriktep ilmes ýshin kez kelgen shygharmasynyng basqy sóilemderin-aq alayyq.

"Ádil - Mәriya":

"Kәri Shynghystau! Adam jerge ie bolghannan beri qaray sening kórmegening joq. Shynghys, Temir siyaqty talay-talay syiypqyrandardy da qolynnan jónelttin. Sende talay adamnyng qúmary qanyp, quanghany da bolady, jýregi janyp, sualghany da boldy. Talay-talay talpynghan jas jýrek múratyna da jetti"...
"Újdan":
"Qytay patshalyghy — eng eski patshalyq. Otyryqty ómirge erte týsken qauym. Eski zamanda qytaylar raqatty ómirde bolghan..."
"Ýsh saual":

"Bir patsha: "Ýsh týrli nәrseni kýni búryn bilgen adam baqytty bolar edi, — dep, sony tauyp bergen kisige kóp syy beremin", — dep jariyalapty..."

"Bәisheshek baqshasy" toptamyndaghy әngimelerding bastamalary:

"Ataqty Atymtay jomart alghashqy kezde bir júmada ónkey bilgish sheshenderdi qonaq qylyp, keler júmada jastardy qonaq qylyp, endigi júmada qarip-qaserlerdi qonaq, qylady eken..."
"Ótken zamanda Mekke, Mәdiynege Qújaj degen adam patsha bolghan. Elge meyirimsiz, qatty jýrektiginen "Qújaj zalym" atanghan..."

"Arabtyng bir patshasyna bir uәziri Lәili men Mәjnýnning jayyn әngime qylypty..."
"Bir baydyng qyzyna sheshek shyghyp, betin tyrtyq qylghandyqtan eshkim almay, ayaghynda eki kózine aq týsken bir soqyrgha beripti..."

"Bir adam qayyr súrap, kól aqsha jiyp, әbden bayysa da, qayyr jighan әdetin qoymapty..."
Boylay oqysaq, ózindik sypaty bar óreli qoltanba kóremiz, Abay әseri, shyghys әseri bayqalady. Biraq ótken ýlgiden góri býgingi qalypqa beyim. Bastauysh pen bayandauysh óz ornynda, anyqtauysh, tolyqtauysh, pysyqtauyshtar tiyesili jerinde. Qazirgi qalyptasqan proza mashyghyna jat, birden kózge úrar aiyrym belgiler bayqalmaydy.
Endi hikayany qayyra oqylyq. Sóilem qúrylym-darynyng qalypty joba, ýirenshik ýlgiden mýlde bótendigi birden tanylady. Odaghay bitim, tosyn tirkes, erekshe jýie. Ýstirt kózge (turasyn aitsaq, dýmshe bilgishterge) sauatsyz bolmaghan kýnning ózinde, tym anayy, kedir-búdyr, kibirtik kórinui de mýmkin. Biraq múnyng bәri mashyqty qoltanba, ejelgi dәstýr jemisi, tek biz úmytqan, mýlde derlik qoldanudan shyqqan ózgeshe stilistika. Jogharyda biz oy retine, sóz orayyna baylanysty keltirgen (yaghny stilidik túrghydan iriktelmegen) mysaldargha zer salynyz. Hikayanyng kez kelgen túsyna ejeley ýniliniz. Óz tolqyny, óz qisyny bar, tabighy da bayypty, әsem qúrylymdar.

Hikayanyng basynan týseyik.

"Osy mysal búrynghy uaqyttan qalghan. Qazaqtyng kәri shaldary búrynghy ótken uaqyttaryn aityp otyrady, ózderining ata-babalarynan qalghan sózderin..."

Hikaya dәl osy qalpynda qazirgi baspasózding tegershigin ústap otyrghan redaktor — tәjiriybeli jurnalistin, tәp-tәuir jazushynyng aldynan ótti deyik. "Týzelip", "óndelgen" song myna qalypqa týspek: "Búl — búrynghy uaqyttan qalghan mysal. Qazaqtyng kәri shaldary búrynghy ótken uaqyttaryn, ózderining ata-babalarynan qalghan sózderin aityp otyrady..." Bәri dúrys. Biraq búla sóilemder ózining qan-sólinen airylyp, jansyz kepke týsti.

Ary qaray sýzip oqynyz, attamalap týsiniz, әr jerine kóz salynyz. Ózgeshe kýrmeu, qyzghylyqty konstruksiya.
"Endi búrynghyny aityp otyrghan qarttar bayqay ma eken, búryn kýnning jyly bolatyny — sol zamandaghy orman-aghashtyng kóptiginen ekenin. Osy kýnde sondaghy aghash taularda az, qyryp bitirisipti".
"Osy kýnde qyrda búrynghyday ormandy, jaqsy jerler joq, tym bolmasa jolaushy sapar shegip talghanda túra qalyp kónil kótergendey. Sonday jaqsy esh nәrse qalmasa da bilinip túr, búrynghy qalghan symtastargha, qorghandargha qaraghanda bayaghyda bú dalalarda túru jaman bolmaghany. Búlardy bayqamaghan adamdar bile qoya ma hәm kónilderine ala ma!"

"Sonda Kebek kónilin kóteruge býrkit alyp shyqty deydi. Dalada aulap jýrse de hesh týlki jolyqpady deydi. Sóitip otyryp matay taypasy meken etetin Han tauyna sheyin bardy deydi."
"Sonda Kebekting moynyna arqan taghyp, attyng qúiryghyna baylap óltirdi deydi. ...Sonan song búl beysharany da erindey qylyp óltirip, sýiekterin qazuly túrghan bir orgha tastay berip, sóilesip qoyghanday tús-túsyna jóneldi deydi. Jas balagha eshkim qaramay tastap ketti deydi, besigimen. O da sol jerde jylap ólse kerek".
Qazirgi proza týgili, XX ghasyrdyng bas kezindegi qara sóz ýlgilerine mýlde ýilespeytin qúrylym. Birshama mashyqty prozashy Shәkerimning kórkem tuyndylarynda, tarihi, filosofiyalyq enbekterining eshqaysysynda búl túrpattas stilistika atymen úshyraspaydy.

Orta ghasyrlarda, "Qissas-ýl-әnbiya" men "Babúr-nama" kezinde qalyptasqan, keyingi úrpaqtary mýlde úmytqan ejelgi týrik prozasyn zerdeley oqyp, boyyna sinirgen Abay,últtyq foliklordaghy, halyq tilindegi kórkem mashyq, qalypty ýlgilerdi paydalana otyryp, jana qazaq әdebiyetine ózgeshe jazu mәnerin әkelgen edi. Qaytalap aitayyq, Abay stilistikasy — kóne týrik órnegin ýlgi túta otyra, halyq әdebiyetinin, dilmar sheshenderdin, әngimeshi, ertegishilerding sóileu mashyghynan tabighy nәr alghan ózgeshe qúrylym. Keyin Múhtar Áuezov damytqan, qazirgi keybir jazushylar qoldanyp ta jýrgen, oy aghymyna, sóz әuenine oray týziletin, kitaby jasandylyqtan ada, osy taqylettes sóilem jýiesi Abay "Ghaqyliyalarynyn" kez kelgen betinen úshyrasady.
"Búrynghy qazaq jayyn jaqsy bilgen adamdar aitypty: "By ekeu bolsa, dau tórteu bolady", — dep". ("Ýshinshi sóz").
"Ótirik, kórmegenin kórdim deushi kuәler da әldeqashan dayyndalyp qoyylghan, baghanaghy jaqsy adam saylaugha jaramasy ýshin". (Sonda).

"Árbir bayqaghan adam bilse kerek: kýlki ózi bir mastyq ekenin, әrbir mas kisiden ghafil kóp ótetúghynyn da, әrbir mastyng sóilegen kezinde bas auyrtatúghynyn". (Tórtinshi sóz").

"Teginde oilaymyn: bú da jaqsy, óler kezde әttegen-ay, sonday-sonday qyzyqtarym qaldy-au dep qayghyly bolmay, aldynghy tileu bolmasa, artqa alang bolmay óluge". ("Toghyzynshy sóz").

"Pәndede bir is bar jalyghu degen". ("Jiyrmasynshy sóz").

"Kózdi, múryndy auyzgha jaqyn jaratypty, iship-jegen asymyzdyng tazalyghyn kórip, iyisin bilip iship-jesin dep". ("Jiyrma jetinshi sóz")

"Júrttyng bәri biledi óletúghynyn, jәne ólim ýnemi qartaytyp kelmeytúghynyn, bir alghandy qayta jiber-meytúghynyn". ("Otyz tórtinshi sóz").

"Adamnyng adamshylyghy isti bastaghanynan bilinedi, qalaysha bitirgeninen emes". ("Otyz jetinshi sóz").

"Endi búl sózden bilindi, úyat ózi imannyng bir mýshesi eken. Olay bolghanda, bilmek kerek, úyat ózi qanday nәrse?" ("Otyz altynshy sóz").

"Biz janymyzdan ghylym shyghara almaymyz, jaralyp, jasalyp qoyghan nәrselerdi sezbekpiz, kózben kórip, aqylmen bilip". ("Qyryq besinshi sóz").

"Dala uәlayatynyng gazetinde" jariyalanghan hikaya men Abay prozasynyng stilidik birligine ondaghan, jýzdegen mysal keltiruge bolar edi. Al oy tuystyghyna kelsek, jalghas, ýndes tolgham, týiinder de birshama. Hikayada qazaq halqynyng ótken kýnderdegi túrmys-jayy, minez-qúlqy, zamannyng janaruyna say ózgerister jayynda keyde turalap, keyde túspaldap biraz aitylghan. Sonymen qatar, avtor sóz úshyghyn keyinge qaldyrady. Hikayadaghy osy mәnzildes týiinderding birazyn Abaydyng "Ghaqliyalarynan" úshy-ratamyz. Áriyne, hikayanyng tikeley jalghasy emes, biraq ózegi bir, oiy ortaq, әr kezde jazylghan qaraylas, qabattas, ýsteme baylamdar. Búl arada qazaqtyng erkin zamandaghy әdet-ghúrpy men keyingi kezendegi minez-qúlqy salghastyryla bayyptalghan "Otyz toghyzynshy sózge", halyqtyng tirshilik kebi turaly kenes qozghaytyn Ýshinshi, Segizinshi, On birinshi, Jiyrma altynshy, Otyzynshy, Qyryk ekinshi "Sózderge" silteme jasaugha bolady. (Kóne zaman sureti, qazaqtyng ótkendegi iygi minez, abzal qasiyetteri, ruhynyng biyiktigi, әn-kýiining әsemdigi, keyingi úrpaq dәstýrli salt, últtyq minezderden airyla bastaghany turaly tolghamdar Abay poeziyasynda da molynan kezdesedi).
Bajaylay teksersek, ýilestik, úqsastyq qana emes, naqpa-naq qaytalau faktileri de úshyrasady eken.
"Dala uәlayatynyng gazetinde" basylghan hikayada Shynghystau ónirining eski tarihy turaly mynaday derekter keltirilipti:
"Búryn ótken ataqty Temuchin han Kór handy qaratyp joly bolyp kele jatyp, Shynghystaugha jaqyn bir jerge toqtady deydi... Qazaqtar sol Temuchin hangha baghynghan on ekinshi halyq eken, bú jaqta qaramaghan eshkim qalmaydy. Sonda Temuchinning kóniline: "Býtin dýniyeni alasyn, Shynghys han dep atalasyn", — degen payghambardyng sózi týsip, ózine janadan at qongha oilapty. Sonda hangha qaraghan on eki halyqtan bir-bir jaqsy kisi shyghyp, Han tauynyng basyna bir-bir qada ornatyp, soghan aq shatyr qúrdy deydi. Sol on eki kisining biri — Mayqy edi. Temuchindi aq kiygizge kóterip, taudyng basyndaghy shatyrgha alyp keldi deydi... Osydan song sol han kótergen jer Han tauy atanyp, manayyndaghy auyldar Shynghys atandy deydi..."

Endi Abaydyng óz atynda túrghan, barlyq jinaqtaryna enip jýrgen "Biraz sóz qazaqtyng qaydan shyqqany turaly" jazbasyna ýnileyik:

"Qashan manghúldan Shynghys han shyqqanda, qazaqtar qútty bosyngha barypty. Biraq qay jerde barghany maghlúm emes, sóitse de osy Shynghys tauynda, әsker Qarauyl ózenining boyynda jatyp, on eki rudan on eki kisi manghúldyng óz zany boyynsha "Han" degen ýlken biyikting basynda, aq kiygizge Shynghysty otyrghyzyp, han kótergen deydi. Tauynyng Shynghys atalyp, biyigi Han atalmaq sebebi de sol bolsa kerek. Sol on eki kisining biri - qazaqtan Mayqy by degen kisi eken... Áuelde Kór handy óltirip úighyr júrtyn alypty..."
Búl arada artyq týsinikting qajeti bolmas.

"Dala uәlayatynyng gazetinde" basylghan hikaya: Biz de shaldardyng aitqanyn qostayyq: qazaq ishinde bәri de ózgerip ketti - minezderi de, jer-suy da. Jaqsy boldy ma, jaman boldy ma - endigi jazghanymyzdan kóriner", - degen sózdermen tәmamdalady.

Úly oishyl búl taraptaghy tolghamdaryn baspasózge jibere qoydy degen pikirden aulaqpyz. Abay jәne sol zamandaghy baspasóz — bizde әli tekserilmegen mәsele. Kitap shygharu qazaq arasynda qalyptasqan iske ainalghan kezde, niyet etken ekining biri ólenderin bastyryp, ejelgi anyz, jyrlar el arasyna myndaghan danamen taralyp jatqan kezde úly aqynymyzdyng baspa isinen shettep qaluy — mәn-maghynasy mol, tereng syrly, әri arnayy sóz etuge túrarlyq mәsele. Búl arada atalmysh hikayadan songhy, qazaq arasyndaghy ózgerister turaly jazbanyng jariyagha shyqpay, tipti, mejeli múratyna jetpey toqtauy turaly ghana aitpaqpyz. Oghan da sebep kóp. Eng bastysy - úly aqynnyng jana zamangha ózgeshe kózqarasy. Biz búl mәselening de bir ghana jaghyn alyp, onda da tym jaydaqtap týsindirip jýrmiz. Abaydyng ókimet tarapynan qatang baqylau astynda bolghanyn, esh jerde kitap shygharmay-aq, ýndemes senzuradan ghúmyr boyy japa shekkenin eskermeymiz. Abaydyng barlyq qoljazba múrasy patsha ohrankasynyng aqyn aulyndaghy 1903 jylghy oirany kezinde qattaugha týskeni kýmәnsiz. Dәl osy oqighanyng Abay ómirin qysqartqany, onyng kýrt shógip, tez qartayyp, ajalynan búryn óluine sebep bolghany taghy anyq. Tәuba, kóptegen kóshirmeler qaldy, biraq úly aqynnyng óz qolymen tanbalanghan týpnúsqa diuanda taghy neler bolghanyn kim biledi? Ol — túmangha batqan is, odan songhy zamanda qanshama apat keldi — saqtaldy ma, saqtalsa kim qaydan izdemek — әiteuir ýmitimizdi ýzbeyik. Qolda bardyng ózi ólsheusiz qazyna. Abay qazirgi qalpynyng ózinde tolyq. Kólemi kóbeygennen baghasy ózgermeydi. Áytkenmen biz osy maqala arqyly úshan dariyanyng shetke shashyraghan bir tamshysy óz arnasyna qaytyp oralsa dedik.
Osy orayda, reti kelgen song aita keteyik, "Dala uәlayatynyng gazetinde" 1895 jyly basylghan, Abaygha qatysy boluy mýmkin taghy bir әngime — "Tәkappar әsker basy turasynan" — úly aqyngha tiyesili múra emes degen pikirge toqtadyq. Ras, búl әngimening týp tamyry Abay "Es-kendirine" baryp tireledi. Biraq sol poemany estigen ekinshi bir adamnyng qolynan shyqqan olaq mazmúndau demekpiz. Ángimede Abaygha tәn, kerek deseniz, ataqty poemany sózbe-sóz qaytalaytyn oralymdar, tirkester úshyrasqanymen, jazu mәdeniyeti jetilmegen qalam tanbasy aiqyn kórinip túr. Búl, tipti, Abay qolynan shyqqan әngimening býldirilgen redaksiyasy da emes. Poemamen ýstirt tanystyq nәtiyjesinde tughan әdepki әpsana. Múnday janghyryqtyng taghy bir kórinisi — Enlik — Kebek tragediyasyn ekinshi qaytara, bas keyipkerlerining esimderin ózgertip, óte olaq bayandaghan, sol "Dala uәlayatynyng gazetinde" jaryq kórgen "Qazaq turasynan hikaya". Atalmysh eki núsqa da Abay shyghar-malarynyng әr týrli jolmen el arasyna taralyp, halyq sanasyna әser etuining ózindik kuәlary bolyp tabylady.
Sóz sonynda 1892 jyly "Dala uәlayatynyng gazetinde" basylghan "Qazaqtardyng esterinen ketpey jýrgen bir sóz" atty hikaya eshqanday dausyz, Abaygha ghana tiyesili shygharma ekenin qaytalap aitqymyz keledi. Sonymen qatar, búl — jabayy aqpar, qaradýrsin maqala emes, bas-ayaghy býtin, artyq-auys mýshesi joq, mashyqty, sheber prozashynyng qolynan shyqqan, úly Abay atyna layyq tuyndy ekenine kuәlik beremiz. Hikayanyng kórkemdik erekshelikteri, beyneleu tәsilderi, stilistikalyq sypaty – býkil bolmys-bitimi turaly tútas bir zertteu jazyp shyghugha bolar edi.

Endigi kezektegi mәsele — hikayany tekstologiyalyq túrghydan qayta qarap shyghu. Ángimening "Dala uólayatynyng gazeti" atty jinaqtaghy songhy basylymy mýlde qana-ghattanghysyz dәrejede. Abay prozasynyng ózgeshe qúry-lymyn bayyptamaghandyqtan, sóilem men sóilem aralasyp ketken, sóz jýiesi búzylyp, mazmúngha núqsan kelgen. Jansaq oqylghan, qate basylghan sózder de kóp. Búl rette "Júldyzdaghy" basylymgha jýginuge bolar edi. Biraq múnda da әrip qateleri, týsip qalghan sózder úshyrasady. Kerek deseniz, týpnúsqa esepti, gazettegi basylymda da әdepki emes, tynys jәne basqa sypattaghy qatelermen qatar, redaktor qalamynyng úshy tiygen, yaghny kópe-kórneu býlingen tústar bayqalady. "Kósh jýre týzeledi" degenmen jýz jyl ótipti. Qalghan sharuany ekinshi jýz jyldyqqa jiberuge bolmas.

Eng bastysy, — Abay qolynan shyqqan, әdebiyet tarihy ýshin, ruhaniy-mәdeny qazynamyz ýshin airyqsha mәndi tuyndynyng kólenkede qalmauy. Endigi jerde úly aqynnyng jinaghy jana әngimemen tolyqqany lәzim.
1989.

Abay instituty.

Abai.kz