Kóshpendi ne jartylay otyryqshyly qauym­dardyng qonystaryn anyqtauda otyryqshy memle­ketterding ólshemimen keluge әste bolmaydy. Orys ghalymdarynyng búl oraydaghy enbekterinen eshtene týsinip bolmaydy, ózderi de shatysyp, oqyrmandy shatystyrghannan basqa bereri shamaly. Óitkeni jaghyrafiyalyq jaghynan kóshpeli - bir kýn oida, bir kýn qyrda, ýnemi qozghalys, terbelis ýstindegi qauym. Onyng ýstine Noghayly Qyrym, Astrahani, Qazan, Sibir, Qazaq handyqtarynyng naq ortasynda ornalasqandyqtan, tórt tarappen tyghyz qarym-qatynasta boldy. Keybir jyldary Noghayly júrtynyng Qazan handyghy jerinde nemese qazaq arasynda otyrghanyn kóru - kóshpeliler ýshin daghdyly jaghday. Soghan qarap Noghaylynyng shekarasy turaly pikir tújyrymdau asyghystyq bolmaq.

Noghaylynyng jeri men eli

Kóshpendi ne jartylay otyryqshyly qauym­dardyng qonystaryn anyqtauda otyryqshy memle­ketterding ólshemimen keluge әste bolmaydy. Orys ghalymdarynyng búl oraydaghy enbekterinen eshtene týsinip bolmaydy, ózderi de shatysyp, oqyrmandy shatystyrghannan basqa bereri shamaly. Óitkeni jaghyrafiyalyq jaghynan kóshpeli - bir kýn oida, bir kýn qyrda, ýnemi qozghalys, terbelis ýstindegi qauym. Onyng ýstine Noghayly Qyrym, Astrahani, Qazan, Sibir, Qazaq handyqtarynyng naq ortasynda ornalasqandyqtan, tórt tarappen tyghyz qarym-qatynasta boldy. Keybir jyldary Noghayly júrtynyng Qazan handyghy jerinde nemese qazaq arasynda otyrghanyn kóru - kóshpeliler ýshin daghdyly jaghday. Soghan qarap Noghaylynyng shekarasy turaly pikir tújyrymdau asyghystyq bolmaq.

Noghaylynyng jeri men eli

Mәselen, A.IY-M.Sikaliyevting XIV-XVI ghasyrlarda noghaylardyng jaylaghan jeri Manannan (Dunaydan) Ertiske deyingi dep kórsetui syn kótermeydi (Sikaliyev A.IY-M. No­gayskiy geroicheskiy epos. Cherkessk, 1994, 78-b.). IYә, Noghayly ydy­rap, bet-betine bytyraghan kezde qaysybir jekelengen toptary atal­ghan ólkelerde bolghany ras. Bi­raq ol Noghaylynyng shekara mejesi bola almaydy. Al Shoqan Uәlihanov­tyn: «Noghaylar osy shamada (Mo­ghol hany Túghlyq Temir kezinde) Syrdariya men Shuda, Ystyqkól men Jetisuda boldy» dep (Valihanov Ch. Sobr. sochiyneniya. I tom. Alma-Ata, 1961, 358-359-bb.), eshbir derekkózge iyek artpay, halyq jadyna sýienip jazghanyndaghy «Ystyqkól» bir qaraghanda kýdikti kóringenmen, No­ghay shejirelerindegi «Qyrghyz Ala­tauynda» bolghandary turaly mә­limetpen qabysady. Muin ad-din Natanzy olardyng qonysyn «Úlytau, Sengiraghash, Qaratal, Jent, Barshyn kent» dep, noghaylynyng osy tarapta jasaghan bir kezeninen habar beredi (Trepavlov V.V., 56-b.).
Búl orayda san-saqqa salghan әngime jetkilikti. Noghayly shekarasy әr kezde әrtýrli bolghan: birde kenip, birde tarylyp otyrghan. Olardyng ózgermegen tiyanaqty ash ózek, altyn dingegi - Jayyq ózenining úzyna boyy. Jan-jaqtan jau tyqsyrghan qiyn-qystauda osynda toptalyp, kýsh jiyp, sap týzep, qaytadan attanystargha shy­ghyp otyrghan.
Sondyqtan Noghaylynyng shekarasy men qonystaryn Jayyqtan bas­tap syrtqary taraptargha keney­tip otyrsaq, qatelespeymiz. Orda­nyng irgesi qalanghan Edige zamanynda batys shekara Edilge, shyghys shekara Jemge tireldi. Al ontýstik Kas­piy tenizining týstik jaghalauymen kómkerilip, teristik Búlghar men Kamagha deyin jetti. Tatardyng «IYdegey» jyrynda Núradyn ókpelep Horezmge ketip qalghan әkesine sәlem aitqanda, Noghaylynyng kindik qany tamghan topyraqtardy atap-atap kórsetedi: «Edil, Jayyq, Búlghar, Saray, Núranyng Qara qúmy, Oiyl, Qyiyl, Elek, Qarghaly» (Idiygey. Tatarskiy narodnyy epos. Kazan, 1990, 121-b.). Azdy-kemdi talasty tústar bolghanymen, alghashqy jyldardaghy Noghaylynyng jer aumaghy osy shamada.
B.-A.B.Kochekaev Noghay Orda­sy­nyng Qazan handyghynda, Bash­qúrtta, Sibir handyghynda «noghay júrty» dep atalatyn qonys­tary bolyp, olardan salyq jinalyp túrghanynan habar beredi (Koche­kaev B.-A.B. Nogaysko-russkie otnoshe­niya v XV-XVIII vv. M., 1981, 98-b.). Ghalym Bashqúrttaghy «noghay júrtyn» Ýfә ózenining boyyndaghy estekter, al Sibir handyghyndaghy qonysy Tómen tóniregi ekenine derekter keltiredi.
Shamalauymyzsha, Qazan han­dyghyndaghy «noghay júrty» - Búl­ghar-Samar aralyghy. Sonday-aq ózge derekkózderden biletinimiz - Daghystandaghy Terek ózeni bo­yyndaghy «qara noghaylar». Ol Núradynnyng әu bastan-aq enshi júrty bolghan. Jogharyda Núra­dynnyng әkesine joldaghan sә­lemindegi «Núranyng qara qúmy» degenge kónil audarmay jәne bolmay-
dy. Ilgeride Muin ad-din Natanziy­ding noghaylardyng alghashqy qonys-
tary qatarynda Úlytaudy ataghany­na derek keltirgenbiz. Úlytaudyng bir sengiri Edigetau atanyp, Edigening osynda jerlenui jaydan-jay emes, asylynda. Levshin Núra boyynda­ghy Tataghaydy Noghaylynyng qalasy dep baghalaghanyn eskersek, endeshe, Núra óniri Noghaylynyng qazaq arasyndaghy bir iyeligi bolghanyn angharghandaymyz.
Músa, Janbyrshy biyding kezin­de Noghaylynyng shyghys shekarasy tómengi Syr, Qarataugha jetkeni belgili. Músa Syr boyyn jaylap, qystap, Orta Aziyadaghy әulettik tartystardyng bel ortasynda boldy. Osy shamada Noghaylynyng sheti Tobyl men tómengi Esilge jetip, Sibir handyghymen qoyan-qoltyq astasty.
Shoqan Noghaylynyng shyghu tegi men qonystaryna erekshe mәn bergen. Birde: «Qazaqtar Esil dalasynda adasyp qalghan noghaylardan shyqqan degen әngime bar. Olar músylman dininde joq chegen degen halyqtan әiel alyp, sol aralas qannan qa­zaq payda bolghan» (Uәlihanov Sh., I tom,107-b.) dese, enbegining ekinshi bir túsynda qazaq dalasynda eski qala men meshitterding orny kóp ekenin, olardyng noghaylardan qal­ghanyn eske salady (Sonda, 212-b.). Millerding derekterine sýienip, Merzlyy gorodok, Túrash, Malogorod, Buzukov bolystary (Chan kólining tóniregi), Tunus qalasy (Kóshimning shekaralyq beketi), Barabydaghy, Oba kólindegi bolystar: Shanghúl, Luguy, Kelema jәne basqalar 1594 jyly noghayly Áley myrzagha salyq tólep túrdy dep (Sonda, 209-b.) Noghaylynyng soltýstik-shyghys shekaralarynan habar beredi.
Al Noghayly eli degende onyng qúramyna engen úlystar men taypalardy jәne Noghayly halqynyng sany siyaqty mәselelerdi attap óte almaymyz.
Noghayly júrtyna alghashqy tiyanaqty ghylymy barlau jasaghan
M.G.Safargaliyev onyng úiytqy toby dep 18 taypany ataghan. Olar: alshyn, as, bayghúr, borgan, borlaq, gublaq, kangly, keneges, kerey, qypshaq, qytay, qiyat, kolgiyn, qonyrat, manghyt, nayman, taydjut, tanguchiyn, týrikmen (Safargaliyev, 1960, 230-b.). Noghayly tarihshysy Kochekaev ta osy tújyrymgha iyek artady. R.H.Kereytov Noghaylynyng úiytqy tobyna bay, qanly, qataghan, kereyt, qypshaq, qonyrat, majar, manghyt, nayman, tama, silijdjgut, ýisin taypalaryn jatqyzady (Kereytov R.H. Nogayskaya Orda y voprosy ee etnicheskogo sostava// IGARNO, 19-28-bb.).
Irge kóterip, dәuirlegen XV ghasyrda Noghayly 64 taypadan qúralyp, al XVI-XVII ghasyrlarda olar ózderin «140 tanbaly noghay» ataghan (Trepavlov V.V., 440-b.). Týrik sayahatshysy Evil Cheleby de «140 ruly noghay júrty» dep kórsetedi.
Birtútas Noghaylyda ydyrau­shy­lyqtyng alghashqy nyshandary shang bergende-aq Úly Noghay, Kishi Noghay, Edisan, Edishkól, Toghyz, Jem­boylyq, Budjak úlys­tary kórinis tapty. Búl qys qystau, jaz jaylaularyna qaray, qandastyq jaghynan jaqyn, tarih bel-belesterinde bir-birinen kóz jazbay, qatarlas, qanattas jýrgen taypalyq qauymdastyqtar edi. Al­ghashqy kezende etekti kenge jayyp, daliyp bara jatqan Noghaylyny basqarugha septigi tiydi, kóshi-qon, jer-su, úlys ishindegi dau-damaylar jergilikti jerde sheshildi, onyng lәshker qúramalaryn jasaqtargha, soghys jaghdayynda tez әreketteuge kómegi az bolmady, alayda kele-túra úlystyq qúrylymdar kýsh alyp, ózara qyrqys bastalghanda Noghaylynyng bólshektenip, bytyrauyna әkep soqtyrdy.
Ángime barysynda atalmysh qauymdardyng payda boluy men joghaluyna arnayy toqta­latyn­dyqtan, qazir olardyng tirlik-tynys, ishki qúrylymdary men No­ghayly ishindegi on-teris әreket­terine kidirip jatpaymyz.
Qanday memlekettik qúrylym bolmasyn onyng aibar-quaty hal­qynyng sanymen ólshenedi. Europa sayahatshylary Euraziya kenis­tigindegi jeri ken, halqy kóp birden-bir qúrylym Noghayly júrty dep bildi. Biraq sany qansha ekenin kesip-piship atamaydy. Búl orayda Noghayly jyrlarynda «tenizdey tolqyghan Noghayly», «tenizding qúmynday sansyz No­ghayly», «on san», «otyz san», «qy­ryq san» tirkesteri jii kezigedi. Biraq búl menzeulerden halyq mólsherin shamalaghanmen, anyqtau mýmkin emes. Noghay zertteushisi A.IY-M.Sikaliyev Noghaylynyng sa­nyn 2 milliongha jetkizedi. Al A.A.Tortika, V.K.Miyheev, R.N.Kortiyevter Edil men Esil, Kama men Syrdariya aralyghynda 1 mln. 700 myng halyq túrdy, al No­ghaylynyng ataqonysy Edil, Jem, tómengi Syrdariyada 750 myng dep kórsetip, Noghaylynyng sanyn osy mólshermen shekteydi. Búl orayda pikir bildirgender kóp. Onyng deni qisyndau bolghandyqtan, toqtalyp, bosqa uaqyt aludyng qajeti shamaly.
Noghayly jeke shanyraq kó­tererde Deshti-Qypshaqta bolyp, Edige turaly qúndy derekter qaldyrghan Klaviho Edigening lәsh­keri 200 myng dep kórsetken. Al «Qazan jylnamasy» Edigening úldarynyng әrqaysysynda 10 myng jasaq baryn ataghan. Endeshe, Ibn Arabshahtyng Edigening 20 úly turaly mәlimeti shyndyq desek, Noghayly lәshkerining sany 400 mynnan kem bolmaghan. Al lәshkerdi jalpy halyqtyng tórtten biri dep eseptesek, Noghayly ótenindegi halyq sany 1 mln. 600 myng bop shyghady.
1551 jyly Jýsip biyding IV Ivangha joldaghan haty da búl taqyryptaghy әngimege dәiek bola alady. «Mening tizimdegi lәsh­kerimning sany - 300 myn. Al se­giz úlymnyng әrqaysysynda 10 mynnan jasaq bar» (Trepavlov V.V., 497-b.). Búl Noghayly men Rusi arasy shiyeleniskende IV Ivandy yqtyrmaq bolghan qoqan-loqy hat edi. Asyly, Jýsip lәshkerining sanyn asyryp kórsetse kerek. Óitkeni ol 1552 jyly orysqa qarsy jasaq jighanda lәshkeri 120 mynnan aspay qaldy. Songhy derek - Noghaylydaghy orys elshisining naqty mәlimeti. Olay bolu sebebi: Noghaylynyng 480 myngha juyq halqy bar Ysmayyl, Arslan myrzalar bastaghan ong qanat joryqtan ýzildi-kesildi bas tartty. Oghan qosa Seyidahmet úlysy Maurennahrgha úzap, Alshaghyr úry­ghy da Noghaylydan tysqa ketke­nin qosynyz. Sonda Noghaylynyng halqy 1200-1400 myng shamasynan aspaghan synayda.
Songhy ólshem kelege keletin siyaqty. Qasym han túsynda Qazaq handyghynyng lәshkeri 300 myngha (Babyr mәlimetinshe), halqynyng sany 1 mln.-gha (Múhammed Haydar mәlimetinshe) jetkende, Europa jihankezderining «atalmysh kenistiktegi eng irgeli memleket» dep Noghaylyny atauy - osynday tiyanaqqa iyek artugha iytermeleydi.

Noghaylynyn basqaru jýiesi

Noghayly ózining ishki qúrylym, basqaru jýiesi túrghysynan kóshpe­li memleketterding klassikalyq ýl­gisindegi orta, on, sol bolyp týzildi. Shyndyghynda, osy tәrtippen qo­nystanu - lәshkery sheppen bara-bar edi. Jau bir qanattan kiylikse, aldynan eki lek tosqauyl kezigetin. Al ortadan kiylikse, eki qanat­pen qausyryp qorshap alugha óte qolayly edi. Ornalasu tәrtibimen kóshpeli ómirde әbden synalghan tәjiriybege iyek artsa, al ózderining ishki qúrylymdary men basqaru jýielerin qalyptauda búryn bol-
maghan sonylyq tanytty. Mәselen, bi, núradyn, keyquat, taybúgha, qa-ra-duan, toqa-duan - múnday ataular ghúnda da, týrkide de, mongholda da, tipti ózderi aralas-qúralas, irge sybay kórshi otyrghan Altyn Ordada da bolghan emes. Búl orayda Noghayly tyn, tóltuma ýrdispen erekshelene bildi.
Noghayly Ordasynyng bas­shy­sy - by dep ataldy. Oghan ha­lyq qúryltayynda saylanu ar­qyly qol jetkizdi. Biyding biylik jýrgizu merzimi uaqyt jaghynan shek­tel­megen siyaqty. Biyler taqtan ólip ne quylyp qana ketken. Ádette, by saylaushylar rular men úlys basshylary dep týsinip keldik. Noghayly Ordasynyng keyingi kezenin qamtityn derekkózder basqa aujay anghartady. Dinahmet by ólip, ornyna 1578 jyly Orys saylanarda «barlyq úlystyng myr­zalary jәne qosbasylary men qara halyq jinaldy» dep jazghan (Ros­siyskiy gosudarstvennyy arhiv drevnih vekov. NNKS, d. 8., 211 //Tre­pavlov V.V., 545-b.). Demek, qú­ryl­taygha býkil halyq jinalghany - shy­nayy demokratiyalyq ýrdisting kórinis bergeni. Álbette, úlysbasy myrzalardyng halyqqa yqpaly kýshti bolghany, sayyp kelgende, so­lardyng degenderi jýzege asqany belgili.
By Sarayshyq qalasynda túryp, tek jazghy kýnderi jaylaugha shyq­ty. Biyding qúqy kýshti bolghanmen, shekteusiz bolghan joq. Manyzdy mәseleler turaly myrzalarmen kenesip baryp sheshim qabyldady. «Biyge kәri myrzalar aghasynday, jas myrzalar әkesindey baghyndy» (Kochekaev B.-A.B., 39-b.).
Ordanyng lauazym jóninen ekinshi túlghasy - núradyn, núradyn myrza dep ataldy. Búl ataudyng shyghu tegi Edigening úly Núradynmen baylanysty ekeni dausyz. Onyng mindeti ong qanatty, yaky Qyrym betti jaudan qorghau boldy. Núradyn jasaghymen Edilding jayylma suly, oty shýigin әri jaypaq sol qanatyn úzyna boyyna jaylap jatty. No­ghayly Qyrymmen bәseke bop, ýrgin-sýrgindi ghúmyr keshti.
«By ólgen jaghdayda ýlken úly әke ornyna by saylanyp, ekinshi úl - núradyn lauazymyn iyelendi» (Peretyatkovich G. Povoljie v XV y XVI vv., 140-b.). Noghayly biy­leushilerining alghashqy bunaghy - Edige men onyng úldaryna qa­tystyra aitylghan búl pikir birshama naqtylaudy qajet etedi. Noghaylynyng alghashqy biyleushileri kezinde biylik joralary әli bir izge týsip jýielene qoyghan joq-ty. Noghayly tizgini Núradyn úly Uaqas qolyna kóshkennen bastap, búl iske anyqtyq endi. Uaqas ólgende biylik onyng inisi Abbasqa tiydi, Abbas ýlkeygen son, tizgindi aghasy Uaqastyng balasy Músagha, Músa inisi Janbyrshygha berdi. Búdan keyin Músa úldary aghalyq-inilik jolmen kezegimen biyledi. Noghaylynyng biylik jýiesinde tә­jiriybe qalyptastyrghan jol-jo­ralghy negizinde: biylik aghadan inige auysty, ol jýie sarqylyp bitken­de kelesi buynnyng ýlkenine, yaky ýlken aghanyng ýlken úlyna auysty dep tújyrymdaugha dәlel jetkilikti. Jol-joralghy osylay bolghanmen, qúryltayda bas qosqan halyq tandauy búl joralghyny ózgertip jibergen kezderi az bolmaghan. Noghaylynyng ainala tónirektegi memlekettik qúrylymdardan basty aiyrmashylyghy - biylik jýiesin­de Shynghys túqymy qatyspa­ghan, jergilikti halyqtyng ózi qúryp, ózi biylegen sayasy jaralym bolghandyghynda jәne onyng tynys-tirliginde dala demokratiyasynyng ozyq ýlgileri kórinis tapty.
Ordadaghy ýshinshi lauazym iyesi - keyquat. Onyng mindeti sol qanatty jaudan qorghau boldy, geosayasy naqty jaghdayda Noghayly iyelikterin Qazaq handyghynan qalqalap túrdy.
Tórtinshi lauazym iyesi - taybúgha. Orys qújattarynda osy lauazym iyesi ýnemi tórtinshi bolyp atalady. 1626 jyly aq patsha Mihail Fedorovich Noghaylygha atauly syilyq jibergende, biyge - 54 rubli, núradyngha - 36, keyquatqa - 34, taybúghagha - 28 rubli dep kórsetken (SGADA, 127. Nogayskie dela za 1626 g. Kn. I., l. 440). Orys múraghatynda jinaqtalghan qatynas qaghazdary da, ony saraptap, ghylymy ainalymgha engizgen ta­riyh­shylar da búl lauazymdy ata­ghandary bolmasa, anyq-qanyq pikir aitpaydy. «Taybúgha» - Sibir han­dyghyna shaybandar ýstemdik etkenge deyingi Kerey handarynyng әulettik esimi. Demek, taybúgha Sibir handyghymen baylanysqa jauapty lauazym bolghan.

Biyding janyndaghy ýzbey qyzmet isteytin kense basshysy - qara-duan dep ataldy. Elshilik qarym-qatynas, qarajat, kelim-ketimdi shet júrttyqtardy qarsy alyp, shygharyp salu, elshilik qarym-qatynas hattaryn jazu, by kenesining jadtamasyn jýrgizu, keden salyghyn jinau, ishki salyqtyng tólenuin qadaghalau, daulargha qazylyq etu siyaqty asa manyzdy ister osy kense arqyly jýzege asyryldy.
Qara-duan biyding birinshi uәzirine úqsas mindet atqardy. Mәselen, by orys elshisin qabyldaghanda óte kýrdeli halyqaralyq mәsele «Baraq qaraqshylyghy» turaly egjey-tegjeyli týsinik berip, orys tútqyndaryn qaytaru mәselesining qyr-syryn úqtyrghan. Orys derekkózderining habarlauynsha, qara-duan birde Mәskeuge qún daulaghan elshilikti bastap kelip, 200 myng altyn tólem alyp qaytqan.

Osy kensening taghy bir jauap­ty qyzmetshisi - toqa-duan. Ol by sarayynyng sharuasymen shú­ghyl­danyp qana qoymay, biyding qabyldauyna baratyn elshilerge qabyldau kezindegi rәsimderdi de týsindirgen. 24 qazan 1536 jyly Seyidahmetke berilgen kuәlikke sol tústa toqa-duan mindetin atqarghan Mamay myrza «Úly toqa-duan» dep belgi soghyp, qol qoyghan. Kense mýshelerine beriletin by jarlyqtary da osy toqa-duan arqyly jýzege asqan. Onyng biylik dәrejesining moldyghy sonshalyq - Sarayshyqtaghy orys elshiligine kelgen baylanysshyny óz erkimen qoya bergen.
Orda jerin basyp ótetin sauda keruenderinen salyq jinau isin qara-duangha baghynyshty toqa-duan basqarghan. Al qarjy ainalymyna qazynashy jauap bergen. Songhy lauazym iyelerine abyzdar, baqsylar, mollalar jәne elden salyq jinaytyn darughalar baghynyshty boldy.
Saray janynda By kenesi júmys istedi. Onyng qúramynda qarashylar, oryndarynan ketken búrynghy úlys basshylary jәne rubasylary boldy. Ordada úzaq uaqyt bolghan orys elshisi Danilo Gubinning Mәskeuge hat arqyly: «Iri rulardyng qarashylary biydi tastap ketti» (Ángime Seyidahmet by turaly) degen habarynan qarashy - jergilikti taypa kósemderining biylik jýiesining salmaqty bir taqtasy bolghanyn angharu qiyn emes.
Qaysybir tarihshylardyng әr taypanyng basynda manghyt ruynan shyqqan myrza otyrdy deuleri shyndyqqa janasa bermeydi.
Ishki-syrtqy manyzdy mәse­leler jóninde ne saltanat jagh­day­larynda, bolmasa joly erekshe shetel elshilerin qabyldaghanda úly kenes shaqyryldy. Ony «kórinis» dep atady. Biydi tóni­rektep jayghasuda ýlkendik-ki­shilik jora qatang saqtaldy. Jarty shenber tәrizdi birinshi qatarda kenes mýsheleri, memleket tetigi qoldaryndaghy joghary mansap iyeleri otyrdy. Ekinshi shenberdi biyding qyzmetshileri, saray tóniregindegi shonjarlar jәne irgeli qauymdardyng rubasylary - qarashylar qúrady. Kókeyli mәsele turaly sóz sóilendi, by bәrin de mú­qiyat tyndap, úsynystardy da­uysqa qoyatyn boldy. Sheshim da­uystau arqyly maqúldandy. Al kelisim bermey, qarsy bolghandar oryndarynan túryp, onashalanyp bólek otyrdy (Akty vremeny mejdusarstviya... (1610-1613 gg.). Pod re­­dak­siey S.K. Bogoyavlenskogo y IY.S.Rya­binina. M., 1915, 13, 26-27-bb.).

Kәsibi, túrmysy

Noghaylynyng negizgi kәsibi, túrmysy - mal sharuashylyghy ekeni aitpasa da týsinikti. Tórt týlikti: jylqy, týie, qoy, siyrdy týgelimen ósirdi. Ásirese, asyl soyly shanyraq mýiiz ógizder auyl manynda qaptap jýrdi. Olar, negizinen, ógizben kóshetin. Kiyiz ýiler qazirgidey qara jerge emes, tórt, alty, segiz tegershikti «telegen» arbalardyng ýstine tigildi. Ony búzyp jinau, qayta qúru degen bolmady, tozsa, arba arqasynda tozdy. Aqsýiekter, iri baylar telegenge on eki ógizge deyin jekti. Al Noghay­ly qoylary shetel jihankezderin tanghaldyrmay qoymady. Biraz jyldar Tana (Azaq) kentinde túryp, Noghaylyny jii aralap sauda jasa­ghan venesian kópesi (XV gh.) bylay dep jazady: «Atalmysh halyqtyng ósiretin tórtinshi týligi - jýni úzyn, ayaghy sereygen, qúiryqtary kem degende 12 funt tartatyn qoylar. Jatsa túra almaytyn bolghandyq­tan, olardyng qúiryghyna donghalaq baylap qoyghandaryn kórdim. Auyz­gha qatpaytyn osy qúiryq maydy asqa paydalanady» (Barbaro y Kontarini, 149-b. // Klyashtornyy S.G., Sultanov T.I. Letopisi treh tysyachiyletiy. Almaty, 1992, 352-b.). XVI ghasyrda Aral ónirinen jýrip ótken aghylshyn A.Djenkinson da qúiryghy óte ýlken Noghayly qoylaryn atap ótip, olardyng salmaghy 60-80 funt dep kórsetken. Ángime, shamasy, Edilbay qoylary turaly bolyp otyr. XIX gh. bas kezinde qazaq dalasynda birneshe jyl bolghan A. Levshin de atalmysh qoy túqymyn airyqsha atap ótken: «Olardyng salmaghy - 4-5 pút, 2 pút shamasynda may týsedi, әlgilerding biyiktigi, kýshtiligi sonshalyq, 10-12 jasar balalar qyzyq ýshin qoygha minip oinaydy» (Sonda, 32-b.).
Tórt týlikten, qoydan keyingi kóp ósirgenderi - jylqy. Manda­yyn­daghy kekilden siraghyndaghy túyaghy­na deyin birde-bir qyl-qybyry shashau shyqpay paydagha asatyn, ishse - asy, kiyse - kiyimi osy jylqy edi. Jabymen qatar neshe týrli asyl túqymdy sәigýlikter, jortuylgha jaramdy qazanattar ósirdi. Ásirese, qazanattargha súranys kóp edi: batysta Orys, Qúral (Koroli), Bolgar, shyghysta Búhar, Horezm, tipti Ýndistangha deyin qa­nyn jerge tamyzbay, pyshaq ýsti bólisip alyp jatty. Noghaylynyng halyqaralyq sauda tauary osy jau-jaraqqa ja­ramdy qazanattar boldy. IX gha­syr jihankezi әl-Djahizding jyl­qy men týrki turaly keltirgen әdemi deregi Noghayly kezinde de baz bayaghy qalpy ózgermegen edi: «Eger sen týrkining ómirining úzaq-qysqalyghyn esepter bolsang - onyng jer basqanynan góri, at arqasynda kóbirek otyrghanyna kóz jetkizer edin». Qasym hannyng da jylqy turaly aitqan ghajap sózin eske týsirgenning artyqshylyghy joq: «Bizding basty baylyghymyz - jylqy: onyng eti men terisi biz ýshin eng qymbat tagham men kiyim, al onyng sýti - eng sýikimdi taghamymyz. Bizding jerimizde baq ta, kóz tartar ghimarattar da joq, bizding kóz susynymyzdy qandyratyn - daladaghy jylqy tabyny, sonyng qyzyghyn qyzyqtaudan artyq quanysh joq» (Múhammed Haydar, 22-b.).
Moghol hany Said 1513 jyly qazaq eline kelip, Qasym handa qonaq bolghanyn eske alyp, jii әngimeleydi eken. Sonyng auzynan jazylyp alynghan myna bir derekting tarihy mәni zor: «Mening eki atym bar, - deydi Qasym han Said hangha, - onyng qúny tútas bir tabyngha tatyrlyq. Týz túrghynyna atsyz ómir - ómir emes, mening eki atym - eng qymbat baylyghym. Ekeuin birdey ústatyp jibere almaymyn, kóniling qalaghan bireuin al». Qasym hannyng syilaghan ol ghajap sәigýligining esimi - «Oghlan-Tory» edi.
Dominikan jihankezi d'Askoly degen (XVII gh.) bylay dep jazady: «Noghaylar túqym seuip, egin ormaydy». Onyng aituynsha, noghaylar arasynda nan shaynap kórmegender bar, Ordanyng shet-qiyrlarynda túratyndar nan degen sózdi bilmeydi (Opisanie Chernogo morya y Tatariy sostavlennye dominikansem Dor­telly d'Askoly protektorom Kafy, Tatariy y pr. 1637 g.// Zapisky Odesskogo obshestva istoriy y drevnostey Rossii. Odessa, 1902, T. 24, 130-131-bb.).
Múnday aua jayylghan ýstirttikke Noghayly kezining kóne derekterimen jauap beruge tura keledi: «Sarayshyqtyng jyrtylatyn jerlerin su basyp ketti. Bizge bir keme túqymdyq dәn jiber» (PDRV. Ch. 9, 284-b.; Ch. 10, 195-b.). Noghayly bii bir hatynda orys patshasyna osylay dep jazghan. Demek, Noghayly eginshilikti atymen bilmedi degen jay sóz. Noghaylynyng jer óndeumen ainalysqanyn N.M.Karamzin de maqúldaydy: «Ysmayyl by Jayyq jaghasynda, Sarayshyqta túrdy, al qaramaghyndaghy el jer jyrtyp, egin egumen shúghyldanady» (Karamzin N.M. Istoriya gosudarstva Rossiyskogo. SPb., 1821, T. 9, priym.78). A.A.Geraklitov bolsa: «Barbaronyng mәlimetterine qaraghanda, Qazy úlysynyng noghaylary XV ghasyrda-aq egin ekken» dep jazady (Geraklitov A.A. Istoriya Saratovskogo kraya v XVI-XVIII vv. Saratov, 1923, 105-b.). XIV ghasyr qalamgeri әl-Omary Deshti Qypshaq júrtynyng tary egetinin aitqan. IY.Barbaro osy oidy damyta týsip, bylay dep naqtylaydy: «Osy syndy jәne ózge de tarihy derekterden Sarayshyq júrty ózderin birynghay at arqasyndaghy júrt qataryna qospaghanyn», yaky otyryqshy bolyp, eginshilikpen de ainalysqanyna kóz jetkizemiz.
Anshylyq týzdikterding әri sauyghy, әri kәsibi edi. Qarshygha, lashyn, qyran baptap, it jýgirtip, qús salu - mashyqty tirlik. Ayaq izi siyrek sary bel, keng dalada aqbóken, kiyik, qaraqúiryq jyrtylyp aiyryla­dy. Qúlan, tarpan, tautaylaq aulau da - batyldyqty qajetsinetin kәsip­ting bir parasy. Qúlannyng dombay degen bir týri derekkózderde auyzgha alynady. Shyrsha mýiiz búlandar da josyp jýrdi. «Alghidyng qúba jonynda arystan oinar sharq úryp» degen óleng joldaryna qaraghanda, ang atasy arystanmen alysyp, aila asyru tang bolmaghan siyaqty. Syrdyng týleyinen «túran jolbarysyn» keziktiru daghdyly jaghday-dy. Týlki, qarsaq, qoyan, qasqyr terisi ishki qajettilikti óteumen qatar syrtqa da shygharyldy. Ásirese, Qama, Bashqúrt, Tómen ormandarynan aulaytyn tiyn, búlghyn, qama, qúndyz terileri aiyr­bas saudanyng eng ótimdi tauarlary qataryna jatty. Ton, ishik, tayjaqyny orystar qajetsinse, qamzol, ýki, qayyng jaq pen sadaq­qa Besqala bazarynyng súrany­sy mol boldy. Endi әngimelenip otyrghan kez tarihy jazbalaryna sóz berelik. Ibn Ruzbihan Deshti Qypshaqtaghy anshylyq taqyrybyn bylay suretteydi: «Qydyr qonghan búl elding shóldi dalalary qúsqa toly. Shýigin jayylymdarda byr bop semirgen kiyikter maygha jatqan siyr siyaqty maymandap jýgire almaydy. Qonaq kýtu degen olar ýshin jazylmaghan zan, ýy iyesi qonaq aldynda jayylyp tósek, iyilip jastyq. Alda-jalda et kerek bolyp qalsa, otaghasy jaq, sadaghyn asynyp, angha shyghady. Bel asysymen qúlan atyp alyp, qonaghyn keshki tamaqqa qaryq qylady».
Dininde, tilinde, túrmysynda, óneri men әdebiyetinde, taypalyq-rulyq qúramynda bótendik joq Altyn Orda tónireginde qalyptasqan tarihy jaghdaylargha baylanysty ómirge kelgen Noghaylynyng Qazaq handyghynan aiyrmashylyghy shamaly edi. Kәsip, óner, túrmys-salt jóninen biri turaly aitylghan kóne derek, ekinshisine de aina-qatesiz kele beredi. Osy orayda Úlytau dalasyndaghy Aqsaq Temirding ang aulau tәsilin eske salu týz tirligin terenirek týsinuge septesedi. «Sol­týstikke bet alghan lәshker tórt ay boyy jolda kezikken jabayy eshki (qaraqúiryq), kiyik, qús jәne dalanyng shópterimen qorek­tenedi. Búl dalada ang aulau - soghys kórinisterinen bir kem emes. Qalyng lәshker ailapat dalany au ghyp qorshap alyp, myltyq gýrsili, kerney dabylymen ang bitkendi biyleushining shatyryna qaray qudy. At arqasyna qonghan Aqsaq Temir qarsy shyghyp, kózine kóringen an, januardy ondy-soldy atty. Aqyry qajyp, shatyryna oraldy. Búdan song erik ózderine tiygen jauyngerler an-januarlargha tap berip, jamsatyp saldy da, týnning bir mezgiline deyin ot jaghyp, toy toylady» (Karamzin N.M., kniga II, tom V, gl. II, 83-b.).
Deshti Qypshaqta ang aulaudyng búl bir týri desek, ekinshisin A.Lev­shin jazyp qaldyrdy. Kiyikter su ishetin suattardyng irgesine qamystan sharbaq túrghyzghan. Sharbaqtyng ishki jaghynan úshtalghan shy qadap qoyatyn bolghan. Sugha kelgen kiyikterdi ýrkitkende olar sharbaqtan qarghimyn degende ótkir shiyler kiyikting qarnyna, shaptaryna qadalady. Jaraly januar­lardy úryp alady. Kiyikterdi arangha jyghu әdisining taghy bir týri Á.Kekilbaydyng «Ýrker» romanynda este qalatynday ghyp surettelgen. Tauly-qyrly dalanyng biyik jarly jerine kiyikterdi quyp әkelip qamaytyn bolghan. Al jardyng tómengi etegi qaptaghan aran, yaky jerge qadalghan shi. Kiyikter jardan qarghyghanda osy arangha úrynyp, jayrap qalady.
Deshti Qypshaq júrtynyng kiygen kiyimderi turaly kóne derek­ter keshegimizdi tanyp-bilip, dúrys baghalaugha septesedi. «Ghajap órnekteri bar týrli týsti kiyizder, bylgharydan oiyp istelgen beldikter әdemiligimen tanghaldyrady» dep tamsanady Ibn Ruzbihan. «Olarda qoy, jylqy, týie óte kóp, - dep jazady XVI ghasyr týrik jihankezi Seyfy Chelebi, - al mekenjaylary arba arqasynda. Qoy terisinen istep, neshe týrli týske boyaghan shekpenderi atlastan aiyrghysyz. Olardyng әdemiligi sonshalyq, Búhar bazaryna aparyp satqanda, atlas shekpenmen baghasy birdey. Al sol qoy terisinen istelgen syrttan jamylatyn jelbegeylerinen su ótpeydi, dymqyl tartu degendi bilmeydi. Ol terini óndeytin boyaugha baylanysty, boyau ózderinde ósetin shóp­ten alynady» (Klyashtornyy S.G., Sultanov T.IY., 338-b.). Osman týrik sayahatshysyn tanghaldyrghan te­rini óndeu tәsilderi 1769 jyl­dyng kókteminde Jayyq ózeninde bolghan P.Pallas enbekterinde bar. A.Levshin de búl taqyrypqa erekshe kónil audarghan: «Qoy ne eshki terisinen iylenip tigilgen syrt kiyimdi «daha» dep ataydy. Onyng óndelu tәsili tómendegidey: terining jýnin qyrqyp, shiratyp oraydy da, jýnning týbi jiydip, týtip alyp tastaugha kelgenshe jyly jerde saqtaydy. Qyldan arylghan terini pyshaqpen qyryp, taghy da tazartady. Sosyn ilip keptiredi. Kepken song ýsh-tórt kýn ashyghan airan toly ydysta ústaydy. Ayrannan shygharyp, kólenkede taghy da keptiredi. Sosyn qolmen uqalap júmsartyp, týtinge ystaydy. Taghy iylep, әbden júmsartady da, sary ne qonyr boyaumen boyaydy. Al boyaudy raughash, tasshay ósimdikterinen alyp, sarysu, qoy mayyn qosyp isteydi. Búl boyau botqa siyaqty qoi. Terini eki jaghynan boyap, keptiredi. Kepken song qayta iylep, taghy da boyap tastaydy. Kebu, boyau, iyleudi kezektep, búl isti eki-ýsh kýnde tә­mamdaydy. Osylay istegende teriden dymqyl ótpeytin bolady. Kirlese, mata qúsatyp jusa da óni taymaydy» (Levshin A., ch. 3, 210-211-bb.).
Deshti Qypshaq júrtynyng ýi-kýii, kóshi-qony turaly bayangha kezek berer sәt te kelgen siyaqty. Ádette, aghash keregeli, kiyiz tuyrlyqty qazaq júrty dep, kiyiz ýidi túrmystyq en-tanba ereksheligimizding qataryna jatqyzamyz. Alayda kiyiz ýilerimiz qazirgi úghymymyzdan basqasha bolghan. Sózimiz dәleldi bolu ýshin tarih qoynauynan syr tartalyq.
XVI ghasyrdaghy aghylshyn jiy­hankezi Sarytaudaghy Perevoloky degen jerden Jayyqqa bettegende maldaryn jayyp jýrgen Noghayly túrghyndaryna kez keledi. Ol búryn kórmegen kózge tosyn kórinisti bylaysha suretteydi: «Bir myngha juyq týie telegen sýirep keledi, telegenning ýstinde kýmbezdi shatyrlar, alystan qaraghanda qala jyljyp kele jatqanday әser qaldyrady» (Klyashtornyy S.G., Sultanov T.IY., 331-334-bb.). Shyndyghynda da, biz әngime etip otyrghan kezde kiyiz ýiler arbagha tigilgen. Jyljymaly kiyiz ýiler ghún-týrki júrtynyng túrmystyq ereksheligi retinde ghún zamanynan belgili. Qytaylar jetegine on eki ógiz jegilgen telegen ýstindegi osynday jyljymaly saraydyng suretin salyp, onyng istelu tәsilin de egjey-tegjeyli jazyp qaldyrghan. Olardyng aituynsha: búl ýiler kiyizben túmshala­nyp, syrtynan qayyspen qaptalghan. Qozghalghanda bylqyldamau, dauyl­da jel úshyr­mau maqsatynda әri sәndik ýshin syrtynan altyn ne kýmis shegelermen әdiptelgen. Qytay de­rektemelerinen múnday saltanatty kóshterdi týrki dәuirinde de jii keziktiremiz. Túra-kele ghún-týrkilerding dymqyly kóp, qarly, ormandy Altaydy tastap, qysy ayazdy, jazy aptap Euraziyanyng dalalyq alqaptaryna auysuymen kiyiz syrtyn bylgharymen qaptau dәs­týri sayaqsyghan. Bylghary kýn men jelge tilinip shydamaghan, shamasy.
(Jalghasy bar)

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