Músylmandar euro-palyqtar jasaghan aqparattyq órkeniyet salasyna biraz keshiginkirep endi. Gazet-jurnal, radio, teledidar, ghalamtor jelileri islam memleketterinde batys әlemine qaraghanda bayau damydy. Búl kóptegen islam elderining ekonomikalyq túrghyda artta qalularyna baylanysty edi. Al Europada alghashqy búqaralyq aqparat qúraldary, yaghny túnghysh qarapayym gazetter osydan 400 jylday búryn ómirge kelgen bolatyn.

Osy aqparat qúraldary arqasynda batys әlemi óz azamattary men ózge de elderge yqpalyn jýrgize otyryp, býkilәlemdik ýstemdikke jetti. Alghashqy músylman gazetterining payda bolu tarihyna qarap otyryp, múnday quatty da aghartushylyq әri sayasy kýshi bar resursty iygeru jaghynan músylmandardyng batys әleminen edәuir artta qalghanyn kóru qiyn emes.

GAZETTERDING ÓMIRGE KELUI

Qazirgi zamanghy gazetter - europalyqtardyng oilap shygharghan qúraly. Eng alghashqy gazetter qolmen janalyqtar jazylghan paraqshalar týrinde HVI ghasyrda Venesiyada keninen taraghan. Europanyng Venesiya sekildi iri qalalary әlemdik sauda ortalyq-tarynyng biri edi, sondyqtan olar sayasy әri ekonomikalyq mәni joghary aqparattar ortalyghyna da ainaldy.

Músylmandar euro-palyqtar jasaghan aqparattyq órkeniyet salasyna biraz keshiginkirep endi. Gazet-jurnal, radio, teledidar, ghalamtor jelileri islam memleketterinde batys әlemine qaraghanda bayau damydy. Búl kóptegen islam elderining ekonomikalyq túrghyda artta qalularyna baylanysty edi. Al Europada alghashqy búqaralyq aqparat qúraldary, yaghny túnghysh qarapayym gazetter osydan 400 jylday búryn ómirge kelgen bolatyn.

Osy aqparat qúraldary arqasynda batys әlemi óz azamattary men ózge de elderge yqpalyn jýrgize otyryp, býkilәlemdik ýstemdikke jetti. Alghashqy músylman gazetterining payda bolu tarihyna qarap otyryp, múnday quatty da aghartushylyq әri sayasy kýshi bar resursty iygeru jaghynan músylmandardyng batys әleminen edәuir artta qalghanyn kóru qiyn emes.

GAZETTERDING ÓMIRGE KELUI

Qazirgi zamanghy gazetter - europalyqtardyng oilap shygharghan qúraly. Eng alghashqy gazetter qolmen janalyqtar jazylghan paraqshalar týrinde HVI ghasyrda Venesiyada keninen taraghan. Europanyng Venesiya sekildi iri qalalary әlemdik sauda ortalyq-tarynyng biri edi, sondyqtan olar sayasy әri ekonomikalyq mәni joghary aqparattar ortalyghyna da ainaldy.

Venesiyadaghy «avizi» nemese «gazete» dep atalghan aqparat paraqshalary Italiya men Europadaghy soghystar men sayasy ómir turaly habar taratyp otyrdy. 1566 jyldan bastap olar apta sayyn shyghyp, keybireuleri tipti Londongha deyin jetken. HVII ghasyrdyng basynan bastap baspa gazetteri býkil Europa aimaghyna taraytyn boldy.

Keyin baspasóz aptalyqtary Bazelide (1610), Frankfurt pen Venada (1615), Gamburgte (1616), Berlinde (1617) jәne Amsterdamda (1618) payda boldy. Al Angliyada alghashqy gazet 1621 jyly dýniyege keldi. Fransiya 1631 jyldan óz gazetin shyghara bastady. Italiyada 1639 jyldan, Ispaniyada - 1641 jyldan bastap ózderining baspasóz qúraldary dýniyege keldi.

Búl uaqyttarda músylmandyq Shyghys búqaralyq aqparat qúraldary degendi bilmeytin edi. Al Europa qúrlyghynda alghashqy gazet payda bolghannan keyin jiyrma-otyz jyl ishinde BAQ europalyq sayasy damugha, demokratiyalyq nyghaigha, sauattylyqtyng taraluyna jәne qoghamdyq aqparattyq kenistikting artuyna birden-bir sebepshi kýshke ainaldy.

GAZETTERDING REFORMALARDY TUDYRUShY RÓLI

Islam әlemi gazetpen europalyq derjavalardyng Shyghysqa belsendi týrde әskeri, ekonomikalyq jәne sayasy joryqtar jasaulary bastalghannan keyin tanysqany belgili. Europanyng búl janalyghyn ózine alghysy kelgen alghashqy músylman eli - sol kezdegi Osman súltandyghynyng provinsiyasy sanalatyn Egiypet edi. Europalyq basqynshylyqqa qatty úshyraghan da osy memleket bolatyn.

HVIII ghasyrdyng sonynda Egiypetti fransuz әskerleri basyp aldy. Sheteldikterding jana rejiymi el halqy arasynda narazylyq tudyryp, Egiypetti partizandyq soghys sharpydy. 1801 jyly fransuzdar aghylshyn-týrik әskerinen jenilis tauyp, Egiypette belgili bir dәrejede Osman súltandyghy biyligi qalpyna keltirildi.

1804-1805 jyldary Kairde týrik әskerleri men mәmlýk feodaldaryna qarsy halyq kóterilisteri búrq etti. 1805 jyly bolghan bir kóterilis kezinde týrik әskerining bir bóligin basqarghan albandyq Múhammed-Áliyding qoldauymen kóterilisshiler jeniske jetip, sol jyly mamyr aiynda ol Egiypetting basqarushysy bolyp saylanady.

Múhammed-Áliyding Egiypet basqarushysy bolyp saylan-ghanynan keyin, memleket ekonomikalyq jәne mәdeny salada edәuir ilgeri basty. Ol memlekettik apparatty qayta qúryp, europalyq ýlgidegi ministrlikter ashty (әskeri, qarjy, sauda, aghartu jәne t.b.). Jana memlekettik apparat, әskery qyzmet jәne damu ýstindegi ónerkәsip ýshin bilimdi adamdar kerek edi.

Osy maqsatta birqatar zayyrly jalpy bilim beretin jәne arnayy mektepter ashylyp, jas egiypettikterdi Europagha oqugha attandyru jolgha qoyyldy. Europanyng ghylymy jәne tehnikalyq jetistikterin Egiypet topyraghyna jetkizu bastaldy. Sol kezderi alghashqy baspahananyng negizi qalanyp, kitap shygharu isi dýniyege keldi. Al 1827 jyly túnghysh Egiypet gazeti jaryq kórdi.

GAZETTERDING SÚLTANDYQTY QÚLATUY

Týrkiyada túnghysh músylman gazeti HIH ghasyrdyng 30-jyldary payda boldy. Ol bar bolghany súltannyng zandary men jarghylarynyn, sonymen qatar, saray many meyramdarynyng tizimi jazylatyn aqparat qúraly ghana edi. Al qazirgidey týrik gazetteri tek HIH ghasyrdyng 60-jyldary London qalasynda, týrik emigranttarynyng úiytqy boluymen jaryq kórdi.

Olar Týrkiyada biraz jetis-tikterge jetip, eldegi birqatar jaghdaylardyng ózgeruine yqpal jasady. Sol kezderi «Pikir», «Uaqyt», «Shyndyq» dep atalatyn satiralyq baspa paraqshalary, «Ádeby múraghat», «Balalar oquy», «Mektep» atty әdeby jәne balalar jurnaldary payda boldy. HIH ghasyrdyng 70-jyldary Stambulda barlyghy 81 gazet shyghyp túrdy.

Onyng 16-sy týrik tilinde, arab, parsy, nemis, aghylshyn jәne italiyan tilderinde bir-birden, grek tilinde - 12, armyan tilinde - 13, bolgar tilinde - 4, fransuzsha - 29 jәne evrey-ispan tilinde - 2 gazet tarady. Osy baspa jelisining arqasynda halyq arasyna jana sayasy aghym men pikir tarap, súltandyq әkimshilik óz biyligin әlsirete bastady.

Týrkiya orys-týrik soghysynda jenilis tapqan son, súltandyqta baspasóz qúraldarynyng shyghu tәrtibin qatandatugha baghyttalghan sharalar jýrgizile bastady. Óitkeni, jalpy halyq pikirin qalyptastyryp otyrghan da osy gazetter edi. Memleket olargha qatal senzura qoigha tyrysty. Alayda, olar aqparat qúraldarynyng damu aghymyn toqtatu mýmkin emestigin, tek olardan da myqty әri yqpaldy gazetterdi ómirge әkelu arqyly ghana ýstemdik etuge bolatynyn týsindi. Alayda, soghystan jenilip túralaghan súltandyq múnday qadam jasaugha qauqarsyz edi.

GAZETTERDING AGhARTUShY RÓLI

Reseydegi islam dinin ústanushy halyqtar arasynan tatarlar alghashqy bolyp gazet isine aralasty. Imperiyadaghy «Tәrjiman» atty túnghysh músylman gazetining birinshi sany 1883 jyly jaryq kórdi, sodan 20 jyl boyyna ol Reseydegi jalghyz músylmandyq aqparat qúraly bolyp túrdy. Redaktory - kórnekti oishyl әri aghartushy Ismail Gasprinskiy edi.

Búl baspasóz qúraly, sonymen birge, úzaq jyldar boyyna Reseydegi jalghyz týrkitildi gazet bolatyn. Ol 35 jyl ómir sýrip, 1918 jyly 23 aqpanda jabyldy.

«Tәrjiman» gazeti kishigirim kólemmen jәne azdaghan danamen aptasyna 1-2 ret jaryq kórgenmen, osy kishigirim qaghazdyng el ishine jýrgizgen yqpaly zor edi. Sonyng yqpalymen Reseyding әr aimaghynda jana mektepter, qayyrymdylyq qorlary ashylyp, әdebiyet isi jolgha qoyyldy.

Gasprinskiy óte myqty sóz sheberi bolatyn, onyng jetek-shiligimen gazetting qarapayym, qysqa da núsqa әri aiqyn stiyli qalyptasty. Gasprinskiy osy til arqyly býkil músylman әlemin biriktirgisi keldi. Ol ózining búl armanynyng oryndalaryna óte qatty senetin. Gazetti Qyrym, Ystambúl, Tәshken, Baku men Qazan halqy erkin oqydy.

«Tәrjiman» gazeti betterinde sayasi, ekonomikalyq jәne mәdeny saladaghy aqparattar men maqalalar jazyldy. Gazette «óz qúqyndy qorghau», «Qyrym tatarlarynyng Týrkiyagha ketui, óz otandarynda olar ýshin jer joq pa» degen sekildi ótkir de ózekti mәseleler kóterilip túrdy. Baspasóz betinde әiel adamnyng bilim beru isine aralasuy syndy ol kezdegi siyrek kezdesetin jaghdaylar basylyp otyrdy.

Mәselen, «Tәrjimannyn» 1892 jylghy bir nómirinde Ámina Batyrshinanyng «Músylman qyzynyng haty» basyldy. Maqalanyng basyna redaksiya: «Búl músylman qyzy Tәshken gimnaziyasynda bilim alghan jәne bizding halqymyz arasynda bilim nәrin taratugha degen qúlshynysymen bizdi asa quantyp otyr» degen pikir jazdy.

«Tәrjimannyn» keybir nómir-lerinde últaralyq qatynastar mәselesi de aitylmay qalghan joq. 1905 jylghy bir sanynda 6-12 aqpan kýnderi Baku qalasynda bolghan iri qaqtyghystar turaly maqala jariyalandy. Bir-birine qoqan-loqqy kórsetken armyandar men músylmandardy (әzirbayjandardy) ymyralasugha shaqyrghan Gasprinskiy qaqtyghys-tyng naqty sebepterin bilmese de, búl jerde imansyz adamdardyng arandatu әreketterining bolghan-dyghyn aityp ótti.

Gasprinskiy óz gazeti bette-rinde aghylshyn imperalisterining jaulap alu sayasatyn da qatty syngha alyp otyrdy. 1887 jyldan bastap «Tәrjiman» gazetinde basylghan «Shattyq eli» dep atalatyn hat týrindegi povesinde redaktor bilimdi sayahatshy, Tәshkendik molda Abbastyng atynan sóileydi. Keyin Parijge kelgen sayahatshy «Egiypetti jaulap alghan aghylshyndardyng biz ýshin diny de, tuystyq ta jaqyndyghy joq. Olardyng bar oiy - jaulap alu. Búghan beyjay qaraugha bolmaydy» dep jazady.

JOYYLGhAN ÓRKENDER

1905-1907 jyldardaghy orys tónkerisining bastaluymen tatar jәne kavkaz merzimdik baspasózderi birinen song biri kóptep payda bola bastady. Alayda, búghan deyin-aq, 1903 jyly Daghystannyng Choh auylynan shyqqan Múhammed-Mirza Mavraev Tómengi Kazaniyshe auylynyng belgili ghalymy, pedagog әri aghartushysy Ábusufiyan Aqaevtyng bastamasymen «әl-Matbaa әl-Islamiya» (Islam baspahanasy) dep atalatyn baspahana ashady. Sol jerde ol Daghystan jәne Soltýstik Kaukaz halyqtary tilderinde, sonymen qatar arab jәne orys tilderinde kitaptar shygharudy qolgha aldy.

Osylaysha, daghystandyq tón-keris qayratkeri Said Gabiyev aitqanday, ótken zamandardan býkil Kavkaz aimaghynyng músylmandyq mәdeniyet ortalyghy, kóptegen diny bilimi bar tau halqynyng ziyalylaryn shygharghan Daghystan HH ghasyrdyng basynda Soltýstik Kavkazdyng arab-grafikalyq kitap shygharu ortalyghyna ainaldy.

Múnda kitaptardyng kórkem-dik bezendiriluine airyqsha kónil bólingen. 1955 jyly Ýndistannyng Kalikutta qala-synda ótken bayqauda kórkemdik bezendirilui jaghynan 1913 jyly Mavraev baspahanasynan shyqqan Qúran kitabyna birinshi oryn berildi. Búl jerden shyqqan әrbir kitapqa tanymal ghalymdar alghysóz jazyp túrdy. Keyin baspahana janynan gazet redaksiyasy ashylyp, 1913 jyly arab tilindegi «Djaridatu Dagestan» (Daghystan gazeti) degen atpen músylman gazeti shygha bastady.

1917 jylghy aqpan tónkerisinen keyin әrtýrli últtar tilindegi: mәselen, qúmyq tilinde «Musavat» («Tendik»), avar tilinde «Avaristan», lak tilinde «Chanka sunu» («Tanghy júldyz») gazetteri shyqty. Búl merzimdik baspasózderding shygharushysy men redaktory Múhammed-Mirzanyng ózi boldy. Búdan ózge, daghystandyq revolusioner Mahach Dahadaevtyng әieli Nafisat Dahadaev (Shәmil imamnyng nemeresi) avar jәne qúmyq tilderinde «Zamana» gazetin shygharyp túrdy. Sonymen birge, Tatarstanda, Qazaqstanda, Ortalyq Aziyada kóptegen últtyq-músylmandyq gazetter ashylyp jatty.

Alghashqy músylman gazetterin shygharu kezindegi Gasprinskiy men Mavdeevting tәjiriybeleri músylmandardyng ózderin qorshaghan qoghamy turaly tiyisti dengeyde bilimdi bolghandaryn, ózderi kezdesip jatqan problemalargha týsinistikpen qaraghanyn, sonymen qatar, músylmandyq bilim beru men aghartushylyq júmystarynyng basymdyghyn sezingendigin anyq anghartady.

Olardyng basyp shygharghan gazetteri men kitaptary islam ilimderin taratudyng myqty qúraly men arnasyna ainalyp, reseylik músylman ýmmetining biriguine, ózderi ómirge әkelgen reformatorlyq bastamalardyng damuyna yqpal etti. Osylaysha, Reseyding músylman baspasózi alghashqy qalyptasyp jatqan shaghynda-aq músylmandar qauymyn algha jeteleytin kýshke ainaldy. Alayda, ókinishke oray, osynday danqty bastamalar Reseyde sayasy tәrtipting auysuyna baylanysty toqtatylyp, endi boy kótere bastaghan islamdyq qoghamdyq әri sayasy sana órkenderi qandyqol bolisheviktik tәrtipting qúrbandyghyna ainaldy. Elde din ataulygha tyiym salynghandyqtan, barlyq diny basylymdardy da shygharu dogharyldy.

Kenester Odaghynda músyl-mandyq búqaralyq aqparat qúraldaryn damytu isi tek qayta qúru jyldary ghana qolgha alyndy.

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