Basy: Egeuhan Múqamәdiqyzy: Etnografiyalyq әngimeler

Jalghasy: Sәuletti kósh

Qazaq halqy jaratylysynan kóshpeli el. Áueli qystaudan jaylaugha kóshse, jaylauda otyrghannyng ózinde otyrghan jerining shóbining sonysy basylyp, mal ayaghy shiyrlaghan son, saryjúrt bola bastaghanda, auyl ýy jyljyp, júrt janalap qonady. Odan kýzeuge, kýzeuden qystaugha degendey ýnemi kóship-qonyp jýretin halyqpyz. Eng aldymen jaylaugha kóshuge bozdaqtanyp qalghan qondy týieni shaylandyrmau ýshin kýn ilgeri bir apta búryn baylap jaratady. Sel kelsede selt etpeytin senimdi atangha bala salatyn eki kebejeni tendep, ekiden bala salady. Jýkting ýstine tógiltip qaraala syrmaq jauyp, tartu arqan men tartqan son, eng ýstine qara shanyraghyn bastyrady. Búl týieni jal-qúiyryghy shúbalyp jerge tógilgen, úsynsa jalyna qol jetpeytin, jýrisi mayda, ayanshyl әsem qúla attyng basyna kýmis jýgenin jýgendegen. Ómildirik-qúiysqany qúbyla jaltyldap, pystanyna deyin kóz tartatyn kýmis erin erttep mingen. Qyzyl kestemen tigip, jaqtauyn týrli týsti meruert, marjanmen shettiktegen kiymeshegin kiyip, týniliktey appaq shylauyshyn shashaghyn tógilte basyna tartyp, ýstine qara qatipa shapanyn, ayaghyna kógala bas kebisin kiygen. Bir qolyna saryala qamshysyn, bir qolyna attyng tizgini men týiening búidasyn ústap, manghaz bәibishe ýsh-tórt týie tirkelgen kóshting basyn jeteleydi. Jol jorghalay basatyn kertóbelge eki basyn taldan iygen yqsham besikke bólengen balany besigemen aldyna óngerip, sylana kiyingen sylqym kelin de jýk artylyp, tirkelegen tórt-bes týieni jetelep, kósh shúbyryp keledi. Qazaqtyng keng dalasynda kósile kóshken el. Aydalghan aqtyly qoyy kýngeyge jabyla, qaulap ósken kýreksheni, betegeni talasa-tarmasa kýrt-kýrt oryp, jotany jondap saulaydy. Ayghyr ýiiri jylqysy da tay-qúlyny qúldyrandap taudyng tasyn júmyr túyaqtarymen tasyrlatyp,jele-jortyp qyrattan qylpy ghana qylt etip, asyp barady. Juan juas shombal tory attyng bel ortasynda otyrghan otaghasy osy kórinisterdi qyraghy kózimen jiti qarap qoyady. Taygha eki-ekiden mingesken bala, qonyraulary synghyrlap elpek qúnan-dónenge qyz-bozbala minip shúbyrghan kósh yrghaghymen yrghala terbelip, bireuleri bir-birimen sybyrlasyp, bireuleri әzildesip, synghyrlay kýlisip týie ayanymen shúbatylyp jónkilgen kóshting ajaryn asha týskendey. Joldaghy auyldyng qyz-kelinshekteri kósh sonadaydan kórine sala yqsham tegesh, ýlken sharagha qúiylghan airandy ala jýgirip, kóshte shanyrqap shóldep kele jatqan kósh adamdarynyng shólin qandyryp, ýlkeninen bata alyp, kishisining iltipatyna bólenedi.

Erulik

Ár ýy jaylaugha abyr-sabyr asyghyp ýilerin jyghyp, jýkterin artyp, talasa kóship, jarysa jýrip, bir-birine taqasa, jarasa janap qoy auyl, qozy auyl bolyp qonatyn.  Jaylaugha búrynyraq kelip, ýiin tigip ýlgergen azamattar songhy kelgen kóshke kelip, ýlkenderin attan týsirip alady. Jýkti týiesin shógerisip, jýgin týsirisip, keregesin jayysyp, shanyrghyn kóterip, uyghyn shanshysyp, ýiin tigisip bәiek bolady. Ýidegi qyz-kelinshekter ýy jihazyn jiya jýrip, ýsh ayaqty temir mosyny ot ornyna túrghyzyp, ishi qalaylauly appaq, syrtyn týtin basqan qap-qara jez shәugimdi, su toltyryp qúlaq bauynan mosynyng tómen salbyrap túrghan ilgegine ile qoyady. Astyna otty lyp etkizip jaghyp, búrq etkizip lezde qaynatyp, shay-túzyn salyp, sýt qatyp sary maydan iyisin shygharyp baptap, tabaqqa irimshik-qúrtyn salyp, tigilip jatqan ýiding kiyizi jabyla jýgirip alyp keledi. Ádettegidey erulegen ýy ot jaqty ma? dep týtinge qarap jaltaqtap otyrghan qariyalar, eresek adamdar shay kelgenin óre sala ynghaylanyp, qoralana otyra qalyp, shaydy ishe bastaydy. Ol ol ma, әr ýy qystayghy soyghan soghymnyng (jal-jaya, qazy-qarta, asyqjilik, jambas) degendey kәdeli jilikterin aldymen kishi otau iyeleri ýlkenge arnap esine alsan, eski astan saqta» degen qazaghymnyng jazylmaghan zany boyynsha saqtaghan etterin asyp, el oryngha otyrghan shaqta tabaq-tabaq etterin qyz-kelinsheter kóterip ýlken ýilerge alyp keledi. Ýlken ýy iyeleri kәdeli-sybagha nemese erulik etti jep, erteninde qyz-kelinshekterge arnap erulik әkelegen tabaqqa kóilektik, shapandyq, búl nemese bilezik, jýzik, saqina siyaqty kórkem baghaly dýniyeler salyp qaytarghan. Keybir auqatty adamdar qyz-kelinshekke tay-taylaq ataghan. Keyde at ta mingizgen. Erulik, sybagha halqymyzdyng ghasyrdan ghasyrgha jalghasqan ýlkenge degen syi-qúrmetti salt-dәstýrining eng eleuli qúndylyqtarynyng biri bolyp sanalady. Auyl ýiding aralasuynyng alghashqy baspaldaghy.

Jaylau sәni

Jadyraghan jaz. Suy syldyrap syr  sherte sylandap aqqan búlaq. Shalghyny jayqalghan ónir. Týrli-týsti gýlge qonyp jarysa úshqan órnekqanat kóbelek. Biyik-biyik jartas jalamaly taudan asa oigha qaray qúiylghan saumal aua. Taudy búzyp, tasty jaryp, kýrkirep aqqan ózen, orkestrdey qúbyla kýmbirlep jalamany janghyryqtyryp kýy tókken asau aryndy aghys. Janyndy jadyratyp, boyyndy sergitedi. Kisi boyy kók shalghynnan qylpy ghana kórinip, qaptap órgen qoy.  Toqtay qalsa birimen- biri qasynysyp,jýrse qúlyn-tayyn shúbyrtyp, ózinen ózi osyqyrynyp sanlap dóng asqan jylqy. Mimyrt óristegen siyr. Jana júrttaghy bitik ósken sony alabotany auyz toltyra asap, oty qanghan, baladay órkeshterin qazdityp qatarlasa kelesimen shógip jatqan týieler. Kók shalghynnyng ortasynda kók kólge jýzgen aqquday saghymgha shomyp appaq-appaq aq shanqan qatarlasa qonghan aq ýiler, syldyraghan búlaqqa juyq jelilep baylaghan qúlyn. Bie baugha qaraylay jayylghan biyeler. Qatarlastyra kergen kerme qosaq arqangha eki-ekiden aiqastyryp qosaqtaghan salqa qosaq qoy. Kýnde týste, keshke eki uaq kýle sóilep birin-biri әzildep qoy saughan qyz-kelinshekter. Keshki sauynnan son, qoy-qozy jamyrap, siyr móniregen azan-qazan auyl keshi. Keshki qoy aldyna shyghyp, әzil әngimeleri jarasqan qyz-bozbala – bәri-bәri jaylau sәnin jarastyryp-aq kelistirip túr.

Otamaly

Mal baqqangha bitedi.

Halyq maqaly.

Bizding ata-babamyz ejelden mal baqqan el. Maldy jazda jayyp, kýzde otarlatyp, qysta jeytin jem-shóbin jazdan bastap, kýzde qamdap alatyn. «Jatar oryn – jarym qúrsaq» dep qysta jatar ornyn jaylap, jyly qora, jyly ýishikpen qamtamasyz etedi. «Mal tólden ósedi» demekshi, kýzde kýiek alyp, ana maldyng tolyqtay ishtenuin óte qadaghalaghan. Óitkeni mal «otamaly» ótkensong tóldemese, otamaly óte qauipti. Otamaly kókek ainyng onynda kirip, on besinde shyghatyn erekshe amal. Halqymyz «otamaly jaqsylyghyna baqsa, ot alghansha, jamandyghyna baqsa, oiylghan jút otap-bútap malshy auylyn taqyrgha otyrghyzyp ketedi» dep odan saqtanghan. Malshylar ana malyn otamaly ótken son, tóldeuge kýiekti sәikestirip alatyn. Kýiek bite maldy kýndiz jayyp, týnde kýzetip dúrys tóldetip, әr tóldi uyzyna toyghyzyp, ayaqtandyrady. Uyzgha toyghan tól tez ottyghady. Ol tól kógende túryp-aq túsynda baylanghan kerme jiptegi shópten jep, tez shiraydy. Enesimen erip eki-ýsh ay jayylghanda qúiyryqtanady. Múnday tól jazghy sauynda enesinen bólinip sauugha jaqsy tózedi. Otamalyny úiymdastyrghan malshy tólin osylay ósiredi. Mine jaylauda qoy-qozy auyl bolyp qonghan el.

Aqirimshik sýzu

Qazaq halqy bes týlik maldyng sýtinen san týrli taghamnyng týrin jasaghan. Qoy-eshki, siyrdan sauylghan bir qazan sýtti ýsh pút oshaqqa asyp, sýtting týbin kýigizbeu ýshin astyna siyrdyng aq japasyn birkelki qalap otty bәseng jaghyp pisiredi. Sýt kóbiktenip tasugha tayap qaynaghan shaqta eki shómish qatyq airan qúiyp iritedi. Sýt irigen son, taghy da bir búrq etkizip qaynatyp jiberedi. Sodan qazandy oshaqtan týsirip alady. Qazannnyng ýstine jan-jaghy bir-bir kezden tórt búrysh toqylghan aqshy «shyttanyp» qoyady da jentek-jentek irip jýrgen aqirimshikti shómishpen shyptagha qúiyp sýzedi. Aqirimshikting súiyq sarysuyn óti tolghandar jylyday iship, ótin shayatyn emdik qasiyeti bar. Jәne búl aqirimshikting sarysuyn irkit piskende shym-shym bolghyzyp sabagha qúyady. Ol irkitti súiyltyp maydyng tez oralyp týsine kómektesedi. Sondyqtan, irkit pisuden búryn aqirimshik sýzedi. Aqirimshik te adam aghzasyna paydaly dәrumender kóp. Aqirimshikti adamdar kóptep kerektenedi. Dastarqannyng sәnin keltiretin aituly tagham.

Irkit jii

Qazaq halqy bes týli maldyng sýtinen san týrli taghamnyng týrin jasaghan. Jazda jaylaugha qoy auyl, qozy auyl bolyp qona salysymen saulyq qoy-eshkini kerme-shalma(ilme) qosaqtargha qosaqtap, kýnine eki uaq sauady. Siyrdyng búzauyn jelilep baylap, ony da eki uaq sauady. Jaz ailary malsharuashylyghyndaghy halyqtyng naghyz kiris aiy. Qoy, eshki, siyrdan sauylghan sýtting bir uaqqysyn ýlken qara qazandy toltyryp asyp, tórt ayaqty sharbaq oshaqqa tezekti qalap, sýtting týbining kýiip ketpeuin qadaghalap otty bir qalypty bәseng jaghyp pisiredi. Sýt kóbiktenip pisken son, qazandy týsirip, sýtting qaynaghan tempisi qaytyp, suyp, qanjylym bolugha tayaghanda qatyq airannan shamaly úiytqy qúiyp, jyly jauyp úiytady. Jyly jabylghan sýt eki saghatta úiidy. Qatyq airandy qalyng týptesin dep sabagha qotarady. Bir uaqqy sýtti shiykidey úityp qúyady. Sonymen qara saba ýsh kýnde irkildep tolady. Múny «irkit jii» deydi.

Saba pisu

Qazaq halqy asqan úiymshyl halyq. Qanday bir mausymdyq, aptalyq, tәuiliktik, keyde birer saghattyq sharuany da birigip atqarady. Ádette ýy iyesi tanerten  túryp, sýzuli dayyn túrghan aqirimshikting sary suyn ysytyp shym-shym qalypqa keltirip sabagha qúiyp, irkitti pise bastaydy. Sabanyng kýrpildep pisilgen dauysy shygha kórshi auyl ýiding qyz-kelinshekteri jýgirip kelip, jinalady. Sabany qoldary talghansha alqyn-júlqyn bir-bir dem kezek-kezek pisedi. Irkit demalmay tolqyn-tolqyn kýrpildep astan-kesteng aralasqan son, babynda túrghan iritke ilezde oralyp may týse qalady. Týski qoydyng sauyny bolmay-aq irkitting mayyn alyp, jer oshaqqa tayqazandy asyp, irkitti qazangha asa toltyrmay sabadan qotarady. Jer oshaqqa qúrt qaynatu ýshin qiy-tezekti toltyryp jaghady. Qúrt qaynap, qúrt kóbigi tarqaghansha úzyn sapty aghash shómishpen sapyryp otyrady. Qazandaghy qúrt sualyp ortalay bastaghanda shelektegi irkitten eselep qúiyp otyryp qaynatady. Jer oshaqty ottyng qyzuy jaqyn asylghan qazangha dóp tiyedi de qúrt ilezde búrqyl-sarqyl qaynap, qoyylghan son, qoydyng jýninen iyirip, qoldan toqylghan qaraala qaptyng eki qúlaq bauynan belaghash ótkizip, berik aghashqa ilip myqtap baylaydy. Qaptyng auzyn kergish aghashpen kerip qoyyp, qúrtty qaynap túrghan tebinin ghana bәsendetip, ystyqtay qapqa qotarady. Ystyq qúrt tez sýziledi. Sorghyp túrghan qapty keshke qaray taspen bastyryp qoyady. Sýzgen qúrt odan sayyn sorghyp, tanerteng janggha dayyn túrady.

Qúrt jasap jay

Sorghyghan qúrtty qabymen taqtaydyng ýstine qoyyp, shetinen jinishke jippen tilip-tilip tórt búrysh nemese ýsh búryshtap jaryp sәndep jasaydy. Jasalghan qúrtty jaypaq tabaq, astaushalarmen tasyp, kiyiz ýiding mandayshasyna eki jaqtauyn súghyndyryp jasaghan órening ýstine óreshe shiydi jazyp, onyng ýstine qúrtty  jayyp keptiremiz. Qúrttyng úsaghynan dóngelek jasaydy. Tobarsyp kepken dóngelekti jipke tizip әr balagha arnap kerege basyna nemese ashanyng basyna ilip qoyyp keptiredi. Mausymda әr ýy ber-eki qap qúrt, bir-eki qaryn sary may alyp, qystay jeydi. Qazaq batyrlarynyng joryqqa attanyp, kýn-týn qatyp sabylghanda azyq bolghan alty malta osy qúrt. Qúrt osylay dayyndalady.

Qyzyl jarma

El jaylaudan kóshuge tayaghanda sony pisken, eki-ýsh retki irkitti arnauly «qyzyl jarma» jasaugha arnaydy. Óitkeni, qyzyl jarma jasau ýshin qaynatqan qúrtqa búryn irkitke ese qúiyp qaynatqan bolsa, qyzyl jarma jasau ýshin shelek-shelek sýtten ese qúiyp qaynatady. Sonda sýt qúiyp qaynatqan qúrt aq óndi emes, qyzyl óndi bolyp shyghady. Ony da qapqa sýzip sorghyghan son, úsaqtap jaymaydy, kesek-kesek opyryp qoya salady. Ol júmsaq «qyzyl jarma» bolady. Búl qyzyl jarma qatty bolyp keppeydi. Qyzyl jarmany sol ýiding qart adamdary, ata-enesi jeydi. Sol ýshin arnauly jasalady. Mine, «qyzyl jarmanyn» jasalu tәsili osynday.

Qúrt qatyq

Qúrt qatyq sabagha pisken irkitti qazangha qúiyp, qúrtsha qaynatyp, qoyylghan son, qúrt sýzetin qapqa qúiyp sýzedi. Sýzilgen qúrtty túzdap, erteden ýrlep keptirip qoyghan serkening qarnyna salyp qoyady. Qaryndaghy qatyqty da órege nemese taqtay aghashtyng ýstine qoyyp, dalagha keptiredi. Qarynnyng syrty tobarsyghan sayyn, sýt pisirip, azdap túz salyp qaryndaghy qatyqqa qúiyp, qatyqty opyrylyp qaludan saqtap, sýtpen qatyqty ezip, sýtti qatyqqa siniredi. Búl qaryndaghy qatyq jóbi-shókim adam kótere almaytyn kólemdi, salmaqty bolady. Qatyqty kójege, sorpagha qosyp ishedi.

Ayran qatyq

Ayran qatyq degenimiz – sýtti pisirip alyp, qatyqqyp úiytqan airandy qapqa qúiyp sýzedi. Sýzilgen airandy túzdap ýrlep keptirgen eshkinin, serkening qarnyna salady. Búl qatyqqa da qaryn tobarsyghan kezde sýt pisirip, túz salyp qatyqqa uaq-uaq qúiyp keptiredi. Múny «ayran qatyq» deydi. «Sýzbe» dep te ataydy. Búl qatyqty kójege, sorpagha ezip, qosyp ishedi. Qatyqtyng asa qajet túsy nauryz kójening kezi. Qatyq nauryz kójening qúramdas bir bóligi bolyp esepteledi. Densaulyqqa óte paydaly.

Ejigey qyzyl irimshik

Qoy, eshki, siyrdan sauylghan bir qazan sýtti asyp, otty jaghyp, sýtting týbin kýigizbey pisiredi. Sýt pisip, kóbirship tasy bastaghanda qatyq airannan eki shómishti qúiyp aralastyryp iritedi. Irigen sýtting astyna otty jaghyp, qaynatasyng kep, qaynatasyn. Búl ejgey irimshik qaynay salyp, aq pyshtaq túrghanda da salyp alyp, iship-jey beruge bolady. Óitkeni, búl sýt pisken son, iritilgen irimshik. Múny da qaynap, sarysuy sualyp qyzarghan son, qazandy týsirip, suyghan son, salyp alyp keptiresin. Jesen, tandayynnan dәmi ketpeytin jentke qosugha ózgening dәmi búghan jetpeytin, erekshe dәmdi tagham. Ejigey qyzyl irimshik osylay jasalady.

Mәiek – qyzyl irimshik

Qazaq halqy bes týlik maldyng deminen basqanyng bәrin qajetke jaratqan. Etin-sýtin tamaqqa, jýnin-terisin kiyimge, qiy-tezegin otyngha paydalanghan. Tóldegen kezde uyzgha bógip ólgen qozy-laq, búzaudyng mәiegin juyp, tazalap aghash shelekke salyp qúrt, airan, qatyq qosyp ashytyp qoyady. Eshki- qoy, siyrdan saughan bir qazan sýtti asyp, astyna otty azdap jaghyp, sýt qanjylymnan shym-shymgha tayaghanda әlgi ashyp túrghan ashymyl mәiekti sýtke salyp aralastyrady. Otty sóndirip, qazandaghy sýtti jyly jauyp orap, býrkep qoyady. Biraz mólsher túrghan son, sýti qatyq bolyp úiidy. Qazandaghy úiyghan sýtting betin ashyp, tórtke tilip aghash búlghauysh qalaqshany qazannyng týbine qaray jýgirtip qoyyp, otty qayta jaghady. Ot janghan song úiyghan sýtting tilgen jerinen sarysuy búrqyldap qaynaydy. Ony qaynatasyng kep, qaynatasyn. Bir shama qaynap, qyzaryp pisip dәmdenedi. Jesen, balday dәmdi bolady. Sarysuy sualghan son, ottan týsirip qazannan salyp alyp tastaydy da keptirip te jey beresin, mәiekpen qaynatqan qyzyl irimshik osylay jasalady.

(Jalghasy bar)

Egeuhan Múqamәdiqyzy

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