Respublika aumaghyndaghy tabighy jayylymdarda jylyna ýzdiksiz 30 mln. tonna azyqtyq birlik kóleminde mal azyghy qory týziledi. Dýniyejýzilik bank sarapshylarynyng baghalauynsha búl azyqtyq qor 1 mlrd. dollardan astam baylyqqa para-par. Ekonomikalyq túrghydan, búl ózindik baghasy arzan, ekologiyalyq taza ónim óndiruding iygerilmegen rezerv kózi.

Osy tabighy baylyq kózining iygerilui kónilge qonymdy ma? Barlyghy 188 mln. astam jayylymnyng 1/3 (61 mln. ga) mólsherinen astamyn auylsharuashylyq tauar óndirushileri iyelense, 21 mln. gektardan astamy auyldyq meken aumaghynda ornalasqan jayylymdardy qamtidy. Qoldanystaghy osy 82 mln. astam jayylymnyng jartysynan kóbi (48 mln. ga) azghyndaugha úshyrasa,  26 mln. gektary resmy derekter mәlimetinshe tozghan. Jayylymnyng qalghan jaramdy aumaghy 88 mln. ga bosalqy jerler sanatynda.

Býgingi tanda, jayylymdyq malsharuashylyghynyng jaghdayy ótken ghasyrdyng 30-ynshy jyldaryn eske týsiredi. Jayylymdyq jerlerdi iygeru tarihyna ýnilsek, újymdyq sharuashylyqtar qúrylghan son, újymshar men kensharlarda malsharuashylyghy salasynyng qúlash jangy, bekitilip berilgen jer aumaghy shenberinde shektelgen edi. Mal azyghy qorynyng osylay shektelui mal sharuashylyghynyng damuyna tejeu boldy. Qazaqstanda 1932 jyly bar joghy 2 mln. ghana qoy boldy. Dýniyejýzilik soghys kýizelisine qaramay, 1942 jyly Ýkimet qaulysymen sharuashylyqtargha memlekettik bosalqy jerler esebinen shalghaydaghy jayylymdyq jerlerden qosymsha jer telimderi bólindi. Osy sharalar, soghys kezindegi jәne soghystan keyingi qalpyna keltiru kezenindegi qiynshylyqtargha qaramay 1950 jyldary qoy basyn 26 milliongha jetkizuge yqpal etti. Jayylymdyq resurstardy osylay barynsha paydalanu malsharuashylyghynyng damuyna ýlken serpilis berdi.

Býgin tanda da tabighy jayylymdardy tiyimdi paydalanu óte ózekti mәsele. Elbasynyn, Respublika Preziydentining Ýkimet aldyna qoyghan maqsattaryna say et eksportyn jýzege asyrudyng alghyshartynyng ózegi de tabighy jayylymdardy iygeru arqyly mal basyn ósirip, ekologiyalyq taza ónim óndiruge úmtylu.

Osy orayda, mal bordaqylau mәselesine dendemey-aq, tabighy jayylymdardy, әsirese, shalghay jayylymdardy tolyghymen iygeru et ónimining artuyna ýlken septigin tiygizeri basty nazarda bolghany abzal. Mysaly, etti baghyttaghy iri qara salasy damyghan Kanada memleketinde, et ónimining basym legin, jayylymda semirgen mal eti qúraydy. Áriyne, olardyng mal túqymy men jayylymy basqa, degenmen osy tәjiriybeni biz eskergenimiz jón.

Kezinde baghdarlama jasalyp, elge pash etken 60 myng tonna siyr etin eksporttaymyz degen jobagha zer salayyq. Maqsat etip qoyylghan 60 myng tonna et óndiru ýshin jalpy tiriley salmaghy 120 myng tonna beretin mal basy kerek. Qalyptasqan mal baghu ýrdisinde etke ótetin әr bastyng tiriley salmaghy 400 kg  bolsa, barlyghy 300 myng bas iri qara mal qajet. Etti iri qara salasyndaghy tәsil boyynsha bir tabynda 150-200 bas etti siyr bolatynyn eskersek, jalpy 1500-2000 tabyn jasaqtalady.

Mәselening týiini, osy maldy respublikamyzdaghy tabighy jayylymdardan óndiriletin mal azyghy qamtamasyz ete ala ma? Elimizdegi etti iri qara keninen taraghan ontýstik shyghys ónirde, mal jayylymda bolatyn kezeng ortasha eseppen 180 kýn. Ár siyrdyng kýnine jayylymnan 40 kg kók shóp jey alatynyn eskersek,  jayylym kezeninde 7,2 tonna shóp jelinedi. Sonda, bir tabyngha (150 bas) qajetti mal azyghy mólsheri 1080 tonna jayylym shóbi bolmaq. Osy ónirdegi tabighy jayylymdardyng ortasha ónimdiligi gektarynan 8 sn kók shóp bolsa, bir tabyndy mal azyghymen tolyqtay qamtamasyz etu ýshin 1600-1700 ga jayylym qajet, búl esepte aua-rayy qiynshylyghyna oray 20 % azyqtyq saqtandyru qory qosa eskerilgen. Osynday ortasha eseppen alghanda, óriske shyghatyn 300 myng bas iri qara malyna 3,5 mln. ghana jayylym kerek bolady.

Qazaq mal azyghy óndirisi ghylymiy-zertteu institutynyng ghalymdarynyng kóp jylghy izdenisterining (J.A. Jambakiyn, I.I. Alimaev jәne basqalary) nәtiyjesinde anyqtalghanday, iri qara malyn jaygha jaramdy «kóktem-jaz-kýz» mausymdyq jayylymdary respublika kóleminde 68 mln. ga astam aumaqty alyp jatyr. Quang jәne shóleyt aimaqtardyng ózinde siyr malyna jaramdy 22,8 mln. ga  jayylym ornalasqan.

Jayylymdardy tiyimdi paydalanu ýshin iri qara malynyng kóp jýrgendi qalamaytyny eskerilgeni jón. Iri qara malynyng shópti tilimen orap jeytinin eskersek,  olargha kóbinese, astyqtúqymdasty nemese týrli shóptesindi jayylym týrlerin qarastyru qajet, yaghny jayylymdaghy shóp shýigini eskeriledi. Osy erekshelikterine oray, siyr malyna ýsh merzimdik (kóktem-jaz-kýz)  auyspaly jayylymdardy qarastyrghan jón. Aldymen, respublikamyzdyng klimattyq ereksheligine oray, jergilikti jerge audandastyrylghan iri qara mal túqymyn tandau qarastyrylsa, sonan son, jayylymdardyng týrleri (astyqtúqymdasty, týrli shóptesindi, t.b.) men mausymdyq erekshelikteri  eskerilse, qalghan mәsele sharuashylyq jaghdayyna qaray tez sheshiledi. Ekonomikalyq tiyimdilik túrghysynan, maldy jayyp semirtetin sharuashylyqtardyng jayylymdary malgha alys bolmau kerek, olargha qajet suat pen basqa da infraqúrylymdar («mal aidaytyn jol», t.b.) tolyq qamtyluy kerek.

Shalghaydaghy jayylymdardy tiyimdi paydalanu mәselesindegi ózekti problema maldy sumen qamtamasyz etu. Jaylaugha shyghatyn mal ýshin, tek «mal aidaytyn jol» men mal týneytin jerde mal suaty sheshilse boldy.  Al, kóktem men kýz merziminde mausymdyq jayylymdardy iygeru mal suatyn sheshuge tikeley tәueldi. Respublikamyzda, jayylymdyq mal sharuashylyghy damyghan aumaqtarda jerýsti sularynyng qorlary shekteuli, kóp jerde jerýsti aghyn sulary uaqytsha bolady jәne janbyrgha baylanysty. Jalpy, respublika boyynsha jayylymdyq aumaqtyng 20% astamy ghana jerýsti su kózderi esebinen sumen qamtylady.

Áriyne, jerýsti su kózderi tapshy jayylymdarda, jerasty sulary paydalanylady. Respublikamyz tәuelsizdik alghangha deyin (1991) sulandyrylatyn 147 mln. ga jayylymdyq jerding 111 mln. gektary (80%) jerasty sularyn jer betine shygharatyn jasandy qúrylghylarmen sulandyrylyp kelgeni belgili. Jerasty sularyn paydalanu qúdyqtardyng lastanuy jәne jer astynan shyghatyn su legining tausylyp qaluy túrghysynan saqtyqty talap etedi. Sondyqtan da, sharuashylyqtar malgha ynghayly jayylymdy anyqtaghan son, qúdyqtyng jaghdayyn ekjey-tekjeyli teksergen jón. Óitkeni, qúdyqtan basqa, sudy soratyn qúrylghy, mal su ishetin naualar men suat alandarynyng jaghdayy eskeriledi. Iri qaragha 40 l. su qajet ekenin eskersek, bir tabyn mal ýshin bir tәulikke kem degende 7-8 m3 su beretin qúdyq qajet.

Ókindiretin bir mәsele, resmy mәlimetter boyynsha, jayylymdyq jerlerding 14%, yaghny 26,5 mln. ga  azghyndaugha úshyraghan. Shyndyghynda, búl oilandyratyn mәsele. Tozghan jer­ler­degi topyraq eroziyagha boy úryp, onyng shany auagha kóterilip jatyr. Búl – ekolo­giya­lyq toqyrau. Jerding tozghany, shópting túyaqkesti bolgha­ny bylay túr­syn, ol qalpyna kelmeytindey jaghdaygha jetude. Álemdik tәjiriybede osynday kelensiz jaghdaylar bolghan. XIX  ghasyrdyng ayaghy men XX ghasyrdyng basynda AQSh-ta iri qara sharuashylyghy sharyqtady – siyr etine jәne iri qara terisine degen súranys joghary boldy. Osy kezende quang jerlerdegi jayylymdardy esh kýtimsiz barynsha paydalanu 32 mln. ga aumaqtaghy topyraqtyng eroziyagha úshyrauyna sebep boldy. Sonymen, ótken ghasyrdyng 30 – jyldary AQSh kongresi arnayy zang shyghardy. Tarihta «Teylor zany» degen atpen tanylghan osy zang auylsharuashylyq maldarynyng jayylymyn retteuge baghyttalghan. Sonymen birge, jer paydalanu basqarmasy Ishki ister Ministrligine berilip, búl jayylymdar tek 40 jyldan son, qatang memlekettik baqylau ayasynda paydalanylugha berildi.

Bizdegi jaghdaygha kelsek. Tozghan jayylymdar, kóbine, auyldyq mekender manynda bolghandyqtan, auyldyng ekologiyalyq kýizeliske týsuine sebep bolyp túr. Osy túrghydan, oilastyrylghan jәne memlekettik qoldaumen qamtylghan shalghay jayylymdardy barynsha paydalanu osy mәselening týiinin sheshuge yqpal eter edi. Áriyne, jayylymdardyng azghyndaluy, jayylymdardy jýiesiz paydalanudan tuyndap otyr. Sondyqtan da, mal basy shoghyrlanghan jayylymdardy qatang baqylaugha alyp, olardyng qalpyna keluine barlyq jaghday jasaluy kerek. Shalghay jayylymdardy iygeru barysynda, aldymen, auyl manynan yghystyrylghan maldardy ornalastyru qarastyrylghany abzal. Osynday bastamany jýzege asyru ýshin qoldanystaghy «Jer turaly» kodekste qajetti tetikter qarastyrylghan.

Basty mәsele, әr maldyng ereksheligine oray olardyng mausymdyq jayylymdaryn  anyq­tau kerek jәne olardy baghudyng tiyimdi joldaryn úiymdas­tyru shart. Jergilikti әkimshilikting búl rette atqaratyn isi kóp. Biraq býgingi tanda, jer­gilikti әkimshilik tarapynan búl mәselege nazar jete audarylmaghan. Qazaqstannyng әr ónirine tәn jayylym týrleri, olardyng syiymdylyghy (shartty mal basyna eseptegen) men ónimdiligi jәne olardy paydalanu turaly ghylymy úsynystar men әzirlemeler bar, jayylym sipattamasy qarastyrylghan elektrondyq kartalar jasalghan. Sonymen, jayylymdardy paydalanudyng barlyq alghysharttary qamtylghan, tek úiymdastyru mәselesi ghana óz sheshimin kýtude.

Enbek ónimdiligin arttyru boyynsha algha qoyghan maqsat – óte dúrys, kókey­kesti mәsele. Mal­ basynyng kóbeyip, olardan alynatyn ónimning kóbeygeni, әriyne, qúptarlyq jәit. Degenmen, shalghaydaghy jayylymdardy iygeru óndiriletin ónimning ózindik qúnyn arzandatyp, ekologiyalyq taza ónim alugha mýmkindik beretini belgili. Osy faktorlar jalpy tabystyng molangyna sebep bolsa, bir adamgha shaq­qan­daghy enbek ónim­diligining artatynyn da eskergenimiz jón.

Aybyn Tórehanov,

professor

Abai.kz