Keyingi kezde keybir ghalymdar Abaydyng «tolyq adam» ilimine erekshe kónil bóle bastady. Baspasóz betterinde búl turaly týrli oilar aitylyp jýr. Mysaly, abaytanushy Mekemtas Myrzahmetov «Býkil oqu oryndaryndaghy tәlim-tәrbie beretin oqulyqtar Abaydyng «Tolyq adam» ilimi negizinde qayta jazyluy tiyisti. Búl ruhany qajettilik» – deydi. (g. Qazaq әdebiyeti. 4.08.2017 j.) Jaqsy aitylghan. Biraq búl aitylghandy dúrys qabyldap, dúrys iske asyru ýshin әueli búl mәselening mәn-mәnisin týsinip, anyghyna baryp alu kerek. Abay ilimi boyynsha, әueli «jarym adamnan» «adam» satysyna kóterilip, sonan keyin ghana «Tolyq adam» satysyna jetuge bolady. Búl saty – kópshilik qauym kóterile almaytyn, tek qana úmtylatyn meje, ruhany janghyrudyng nysanasy ghana. Erekshe qasiyeti bar adamdar ghana kóteriletin óte joghary dengey. 

«Jarym adam» men «adam» aiyrmashylyghyn búryn jazghanbyz. Endi «adam» men «tolyq adam» aiyrmashylyghyna keleyik. 

Barlyq is-әreketin, aqyl-sanasyn, ghúmyryn Jaratushyny lәzzattandyrugha arnaghan adam ghana kemeldikting shynyna jete alatynyn Abay bylay dep bildiredi: «Endi bilinizder, ey perzentter! Qúday taghalanyng joly degen jol Alla taghalanyng ózindey nihayatsyz (sheksiz, ólsheusiz) bolady. Onyng nihayatyna eshkim jetpeydi. Biraq sol jolgha jýrudi ózine shart qylyp kim qadam basty, ol taza músylman, tolyq adam delinedi». Osylay Abay tolyq adamnyng negizgi shartyn beredi. Ol shart – Qúday taghalanyng sheksiz jolynda jýrudi ózine shart qylyp qadam basu. Abay sopylyq filosofiyadan alynghan «tolyq adam» týsinigin osylay dep beredi. 

Búl týsinikten Qúday taghalagha jetudegi sheksiz jolgha týsudi ózine shart qylghan adamdy ghana «tolyq adam» deuimizge bolatynyn bilemiz. Búl tújyrymdy әueli әl-Ghazaly berip, artynan «tolyq adam» (әl-insan әl-kamiyl) degen sózdi Ibn әl-Araby alghash ret qoldanghany belgili. Búl turaly zertteushi V.V.Naumkin әl-Ghazaliyding «Voskreshenie nauk o vere» atty enbegine jazghan týsindirmesinde bylay deydi: 

«Ózining eng jogharghy dәrejesi Qúdaymen baylanysu bolyp tabylatyn, ony ómirding basty maqsaty retinde qabyldaytyn tolyq adam iydeyasymen әl-Ghazaly músylman mistikasyndaghy býkil bir dәstýrding irgetasyn qalaushysy boldy. Búl dәstýr әl-Djily (parsy sopysy, 1366-1406 jyldary ómir sýrgen) «Tolyq adam» /әl-insan әl-kamiyl/ atty enbekting avtory men Ibn әl-Arabiyding (sopy, 1165-1240 jyldary ómir sýrgen) shygharmalarynda óte aiqyn kórindi». 

Jәlel-ad-din Rumy tolyq adamdardy adamzattyng birinshi qataryna qoyyp, olardy Absoluttik aqiqatqa tolyq berilgendikten, zattyq әlem yqpalynan qútylghandar dep esepteydi. Olar syrt kózge qatardaghy adam tәrizdi, biraq shyn mәninde barlyq qúmarlyq, niyet, ashu-yza, ósek-ayannan tolyq arylghan perishteler qataryna jatady. Olar jetiluding joghary dengeyinde tipti askettikti, elden bólektenudi, barlyq kýres týrlerine de kónil bólmey, yqpal ataulydan mýldem arylady. 

Endi «Adam» men «tolyq adamnyn» aiyrmashylyghyna keleyik. Olardyng aiyrmashylyghy ýlken. Ol aiyrmashylyq imannyng dengeyimen anyqtalady. Ekeuinde de iman bar. Biraq әrtýrli. «Adam» kýnәli ister jasamasa, al «tolyq adam» oghan qosa búrynghy isterding kýnәsin de joyady. Osylay ol tolyq tazaru jolyna týsedi. «Adam» – fәny ómirde oyanyp, kózi ashylghan, al «tolyq adam» – baqy әlemde oyanyp, kózi ashylghan. Ol endi әuliyelikke ayaq basty.   

«Adamnyn» imany әlsiz, túraqty emes. Keyde tәn qúmary jengende adam ruhany bolmysyn úmytyp fәny ómirge berilip ketedi. Al «tolyq adamnyn» imany berik, oghan eshqanday bóget joq. Ol ruhany janghyru arqyly Týp IYege qaytugha tolyq berilgen. Imany tolyq. Osyghan baylanysty «Adam» men «Tolyq adamnyn» ruhany dәrejesi ghana emes, maqsattary men ómirge kózqarastary da bólek. «Adam» Abaydyng ekinshi sýngine «Adamzattyng bәrin sýy bauyrym dep» degen adamzatty sýy qaghidasyna úmtylady. Danyshpan olardy «Birindi, qazaq, biring dos kórmesen, isting bәri – bos» dep birlikke, ózara sýiispenshilikke ýiretedi. Al «tolyq adam» ýshinshi sýige Allanyng Ózin sýngge úmtylady. Olargha Abay «Sen de sýy ol Allany jannan tәtti» qaghidasyn beredi. Búl taza ruhany dengey.

Adam satysy Alla Taghalanyng jaratqandaryn sýngge úmtylyp gumanizm, adamgershilik dengeyinde bolsa, al tolyq adam Jaratqannyng Ózin sýngge úmtylyp, ruhany janghyrudyng shynyna úmtylady. Búl – taza ruhany dengey. Ruhany janghyrudyng búl dengeyindegiler әlemning yqpalynan tolyq shyghady. Adamdar qogham ómirimen tyghyz baylanysta bolsa, al ekinshiler, kerisinshe, kópshilikten bólektenudi, ózimen-ózi jeke bolugha úmtylady. Ol ómirdi ózining maqsatyna jetu qúraly retinde ghana paydalanady. Shәkәrim búl dengeyge jetkende taugha ketip, qoghamnan bólek ómir sýrgen. Abay da jekelenuge úmtyldy, biraq qorshaghan ortasy oghan mýmkindik bermedi. Onyng «Men bir júmbaq adammyn, ony da oila» degen sózi onyng osy ishki syryn bildirgendey bolady.

Tolyq adam – ruhany janghyrudyng shyny, ózining ruhany bolmysyn tanuy. Ózin-ózi tanu degenimiz ózin-ózi bilu emes. Abaydyng «Aqyl men jan – men ózim, tәn – meniki» degenin bilip, biz ózimizdi birden jan retinde tany almaymyz. Ózin bilu men tanu, ekeui eki basqa, arasy jer men kóktey alys. Bilu degenimiz tek qana habar, aqparat deytin bolsaq, tanu degenimiz sol aqparatty sezinu, boygha sinirip, týisik arqyly ózindik qasiyetke ainaldyru. Ózining jan ekenin tanu degenimiz – ózining jan ekenin sezinip, ruhany qasiyet alyp, jansha әreket etu degen sóz, yaghny adamnyng tolyq ózgerui.

Búl onyng materiyanyng yqpalynan shyghyp, mýlde basqa qasiyet, ruhany qasiyet aldy degen sóz. Onyng oi-óris, sóilegen sózi, jasaghan is-әreketi mýlde basqasha. Onday adam búl fәny әlemning zandylyqtarynan bosanyp, ózi osy әlemde bolsa da, ruhany әlem zandylyghymen ómir sýredi. Ózin jan ekenin tanu degenimiz, mine, osy.

Ózin jan ekenin tanu dengeyine tek qana tәjiriybe (praktika) arqyly jetuge bolady. Ózin-ózi tanudyng joly pikir jәne zikir bolyp ekige bólinedi.

Birinshisi – adam ózining oi-órisin paydalanyp әlemde bolyp jatqan hikmetter turaly, bolmysty qúraytyn elementter turaly pikir (fikir) jasau. Sóitip, ol әlem zandylyqtaryn oi-óris, aqyl-esi arqyly týsinip, Absolutti tanidy. Ol ýshin joghary damyghan oi-óris, myqty intellekt kerek. Jan bilimge toly bolghandyqtan, Abay ilimi boyynsha bilimge qúshtarlyq – jan qúmary. Bilimge úmtylu jannan shyghady. Jan әlemning barlyq elementterin, olardyng baylanystaryn biluge úmtylady. Adam tirshiligi jannyng ózinen shyghatyndyqtan, ol tirshilikting kózin izdeu – jannyng ózin-ózi tanugha úmtyluy degen sóz. Jan sezimder arqyly týsken barlyq habardy (signaldy) migha aqylmen saralatyn, sonan song eske berip, oghan qorytyndy jasatady.

Jan osylay birtindep ózin-ózi, sonymen birge negizgi qaynar kóz – Absolutti tanidy. Jan ózin tanugha úmtylghanda, nәzik bolmys ruhtyng qasiyetin alyp, ruhtanady. Shәkәrimning «taza aqyl» deytini osynday tazarghan ruhany aqyl. Osylay adamnyng býkil bolmysy janghyrady. 

Shәkәrim men Abaydyng da ózderi ruhany jetiluleri osy pikir arqyly bolghan. Olardyng shygharmalary bolmystyng tereng syryna ýniluding ýlgisi bolyp tabylady. 

Ekinshisi – barlyq oi-óristi ishki dýniyege, jangha, Qúdaydyng núryna, ne bolmasa zikir arqyly Joghary Jangha shoghyrlandyru (meditasiya). Pikir әdisinde kónil Jaratushynyng jaratqandaryna ausa, al zikirde kónil Jaratushynyng Ózine auady. Birinshi әdiste adam ózining bes sezimin tolyq paydalanady, al shoghyrlandyru әdisinde, kerisinshe, sezimderdi olardyng obektilerinen bólip, barlyq sezimderden bas tartady. Sonda psihikalyq quat nәzik ruhany sezimderge berilip, ruhany bolmysty sezinuge mýmkindik beredi. Búl jolgha týskender siyrek kezdesedi. Olar sezimderin toqtatumen kóptegen jyldar shúghyldanady. Shyghys elderinde jerding astyna týsip, su qaranghy, jym-jyrt jerde oqshaulanu әdeti bar. Sezimder toqtalyp, oy ghana júmys isteydi. Birazdan keyin oy da toqtalady, osylay Týp IYemen birigu mýmkindigi tuady. Búl әdis ómirden tolyq qol ýzip, sezimderdi jýrektegi Ghaziz Jangha tolyq shoghyrlandyrudy kerek etetindikten, qatang asketizmmen (taqualyqpen) oryndalady. Oqshau ómir sýru әrkimning qolynan kele bermeytin óte qiyn, biraq jetkizetin jetistigi óte biyik jәne óte nәtiyjeli jol. Mysaly, Ahmet Yassauy ózining ruhany jolynda osy әdisti paydalanghan. Ol alpys ýsh jastan keyin jerden shúnqyr qazyp, qalghan ómirin sol «Qiluette» ótkizgen. 

Búl dengeyge jetken adamdarda qarapayym pendelerde joq qasiyetter qalyptasady. Olardyng aqyl-esi, sana-sezimi, yaghny nәzik denesi gharyshtyq nәzik әlemmen baylanysa alatyndyqtan, materialdyq әlemning kóptegen ezoterikalyq qúpiyalary ashylady. Olar ótkendi jәne aldaghy ómirdi kórip boljau, materialdyq nәzik әlemderdegi jan iyelerimen baylanysu, tәnnen bólinip nәzik denelerimen basqa planetalargha úshyp baru tәrizdi tyslym qasiyetterge ie bolady. Múnday «joghary adamdarda» basqa da kóptegen qúpiya qasiyetter boluy mýmkin. Mysaly, el auzynda Ahmet Yassauy tang namazyn Mekkege baryp oqyp keledi-mys degen sóz taraghan. Abaydyng da erekshe qasiyetterden qúralaqan bolmaghanyn bilemiz. 

Tolyq adamnyng negizgi qasiyeti – búl fәny ómirge baylanbay, onyng ayaq túsaytyn yqpalynan shyghuynda. Onday adamdar ruh pen materiyany aiyra biledi, jan tәnnen bólek ekenin sezinip, jannyng yqpalymen ómir sýredi. Jan lәzzatqa, bilimge toly jәne mәngilikti bolghandyqtan, olardyng ómiri tolyq lәzzatty. Múnday ómirdi qarapayym adamdar týsine de bermeydi. 

Búl dengeyge kóterilgender júrttyng qúrmetine bólengen, búrynghy zamanda handar sarayynda emshi, ústaz, nemese olardyng aqylshy-kómekshileri bolyp, elding densaulyghyn saqtau, bilim aludy basqaryp salauatty ómir kepili bolghan. 

Búl dengeydegiler barlyq jan iyelerine birdey qaraydy. Olardyng bilimi tolyq bolghandyqtan, eshkimdi jynysqa, últqa, dinge bólmeydi, barlyq adamy qasiyetterge iye. Ómirding týrli zardap-qiynshylyq, qayghy-qasiretterine tózimdi. 

Adam ómirining eki maqsaty bar. Birinshisi, ózining materialdyq qúmarlyqtaryn qanaghattandyru. Ekinshisi, ruhany qúmarlyqtaryn qanaghattandyru. Abay birinshisin – «tәn qúmary» dese, ekinshisin – «jan qúmary» degeni aityldy. Jan qúmary maqsaty – Alla taghalanyng razylyghy ýshin әreket jasau. Is-әreket Absoluttyng bir kórinisi. Sondyqtan, jaman, ne jaqsy bolmaydy. Is-әreket qozghalys týri ghana. Maqsatqa baylanysty ol jaqsy, ne bolmasa jaman is-әreket bolyp bólinedi. 

Mysaly, hirurg pyshaqpen operasiya jasaytyn bolsa – búl jaqsy is-әreket. Sebebi, ol adamgha ómir beru ýshin jasaldy. Al eger pyshaqty qylmysker paydalansa – jaman әreket. Sebebi, adamnyng ómirin alu ýshin jasaldy. Osylay jasalu maqsatyna baylanysty is-әreket jaman-jaqsy bolyp bólinedi. Ómirding mәndi ne bolmasa mәnsiz boluy adamnyng maqsatyna, onyng niyetine baylanysty. 

Adam men tolyq adamnyng arasyndaghy aiyrmashylyq ta olardyng oilau, sóileu, is-әreketining maqsatyna baylanysty. 

Birinshi aiyrmashylyq – oy jýiesi. Ekeui eki bólek oilaydy. Materialdyq әreket jasaytyn adamnyng sanasy dene dengeyinde, sondyqtan ol ózin «denemin» dep sezinedi. Soghan baylanysty «meniki» – onyng tәnimen baylanysty: otbasy, bala-shagha, mal-mýlik, halyq, otan, taghy sol siyaqty bolyp keneye beredi. Tolyq adamnyng oiy ruhany dengeyde. Ol ýshin «Men» – jan, al «meniki» – Alla taghala, yaghny mening Jaratqan IYem. 

Tolyq adam boludyng jolyn Abay bylay dep beredi:

Aqyl, qayrat, jýrekti birdey ústa.
Sonda tolyq bolasyng elden bólek.

«Aqyl, qayrat, jýrekti birdey ústau» tek nәpsimen kýrese biletin adamnyng ghana qolynan keledi. Osylay ol elden bólek bolyp, tolyq adam dengeyine kóteriledi. 

Adam satysyndaghylarda imandylyq bar. Biraq búl tolyq iman emes. Olar Alla taghalany moyyndady. Biraq Alla taghala ýshin әreket jasamay, tek qana Odan ózine jaqsylyq tileydi. «O, Alla taghala! Maghan tamaq bere gór, densaulyq bere gór, otanyma tynyshtyq bere gór» jәne taghy-taghylar dep ol ózining denesine baylanysty qúndylyqtardy súrauy mýmkin. Sóitip adam Qúdaygha qúlshylyq jasaudyq ornyna ózine jaqsylyq tilep, Ony óz qamy ýshin paydalanugha tyrysady. Ruhany janghyrudyng materialdyq dengeyi degenimiz osy. Ol әli Abay kórsetken ómirding negizgi maqsaty Týp IYege qaytudy bilmeydi, ne bolmasa tolyq sezinip-týisinbeydi, biraq materialdyq qajetin Qúday taghaladan súraghan kezde Ony esine týsiredi. Osylay jany birtindep tazaryp, týbinde ómirding negizgi maqsatyna úmtylugha mýmkindik alady. 

Al tolyq adam mýlde basqa. Ol ómir maqsatyn týsingen jәne soghan ómirin tolyq arnaghan. Ol ózi ýshin eshteneni súramaydy, is-әreketining barlyghyn tek qana Týp IYening razylyghyna arnaydy. 

Abay osylay adamdy saty-satylap negizgi maqsatqa әkeledi. Búlardyng eng jogharghysy ruhany jetilu, sebebi mahabbattyng eng jogharghy nysanasyna – Qúday taghalagha baghyttalady, sonymen birge «jannan tәtti» dep ol sýyding basqalardan artyq ekenin kórsetedi. Adamgha eng qymbaty jany bolsa, al «jannan tәtti» degen sóz búl sýng odan da qúndy, eng joghary dәrejeni kórsetedi. Sondyqtan ruhany jetilu – eng jogharghy saty, odan joghary sana joq. 

Tolyq adam satysynyng ekinshi aiyrmashylyghy – ómirding maqsatynda. Tolyq adamdarda biraq maqsat bar. Ol – Týp IYege qaytu. Ol ýshin tolyq adamdar Abaydyng «Sen de sýy Ol Allany jannan tәtti» qaghidasyn berik ústanyp, Allagha degen biyik mahabbatqa jetuge úmtylady. Olar qúlshylyq jolyndaghylar. Sebebi bireudi jaqsy kóru ýshin ony syrttay bilip qoy jetkiliksiz. 

Naghyz sýiispenshilik qarym-qatynastan bastalady. Sol siyaqty Alla taghalany sýi ýshin de Onymen qarym-qatynas ayasyna kiru kerek. Al ol qúlshylyq arqyly ghana bolmaq. Olar Alla taghalany eshuaqytta úmytpay, ýnemi esterinde ústaushylar. Osylay olar ruhany satygha kóterilip, Qúdaygha degen senimderi biyiktep, Onymen qauysha alady. Adam endi barlyq is-әreketin ózining emes, Qúday taghalanyng razylyghyna arnaydy. 

Ýshinshi aiyrmashylyq – Qúdaygha degen jýrek pen kónilding tazalyghy. Abay Qúdaygha yntaly jýrek, shyn kónil kerek ekenin aitady. 

Ol ózining otyz segizinshi qara sózinde bylay dep naqtylay týsedi: 

Endi bizding bastaghy taghrif (týsinigimiz) boyynsha Qúday taghala ghylymdy, rahymdy, ghadalәtti, qúdiretti edi. Sende de búl ghylym, rahym, ghadalәt ýsh sipatpenen sipattanbaq: ijtihating (talabyn) bar bolady. Belgili jәuanmәrtlik (izgi, keng peyildi) ýsh haslat (sipat, qasiyet) birlәn bolar degen, siddyq (shyndyq), kәrәm (izgilik) , ghaqyl (aqyl) – búl ýsheuinen siddyq ghadalәt bolar, kәrәm shapaghat bolar. Ghaqyl maghlúm dýr, ghylymnyng bir aty ekendigi. Búlar әr adamnyng boyynda Alla tabaraka ua taghala tәhmin (shamasy) bar qylyp jaratqan. Biraq oghan rәuaj (taratu, ósiru) berip gýldendirmek, bәlki, adam óz halinshe kәmәlatqa jetkizbek jәhәtinde (ynta, jiger) bolmaq. Búlar – óz ijdihading birlәn niyet halis (taza niyet) birlәn izdenseng ghana beriletin nәrseler, bolmasa joq. 

Danyshpannyng búl sózderinen úghatynymyz – bizde de Qúday taghalanyng qasiyetterindey qasiyetter bar. Biraq olar zәredey – kishkene. Ruhany janghyrudyng maqsaty sol zәredey qasiyetterdi ósiru. Ol ýshin, birinshiden, ynta-jiger, ekinshiden, taza niyet, yaghny Qúdaygha degen shyn kónil kerek, bolmasa – joq. Abay Qúdaygha degen ynta men talap adamnyng niyetining tazalyghyna baylanysty ekenin aitady. Qúlshylyq barysynda niyet tazaryp, imandylyq nyghayady. Al taza niyet pen berik imandylyq Qúdaygha degen ynta-jigerdi arttyrady. Osylay adamnyng Qúdaygha degen niyeti men yntasy bir-birimen tyghyz baylanysyp jatyr. Adamnyng ruhany dәrejesi Qúdaygha degen yntaly jýrek pen shyn kóniline say. Songhylar jetilu dengeyining tarazysy. 

Tórtinshi aiyrmashylyq – adam men tolyq adamnyng negizgi qasiyetterinde. Materialdyq satydaghy «adamdardyn» negizgi qasiyeti – imandylyq dәrejesimen ólshenedi. Soghan baylanysty olar týrli jetilu dengeyinde bolady. Al ruhany jetilu satysyndaghy «tolyq adamdardyn» negizgi qasiyeti – Qúdaygha berilu, yaghny Oghan degen yntaly jýrek pen shyn kónil dәrejesimen ólshenedi. Yaghni, ruhany satygha kóterilu sharty – yntaly jýrek, shyn kónilmen Qúdaygha tolyq berilu. 

Tolyq adamnyng ruhany janghyrudyng basqa satysynda túrghandardan aiyrmasy osynday. Ol ózining adamy qasiyetterin syrt kózge kórsetpeui de mýmkin. Kópshilik tәrizdi ol da jaqsy otbasy, qogham qayratkeri, últynyng qamyn oilaytyn kemenger, patriot, gumanist bolyp kóriner. Biraq onyng ishki dýniyesi bólek, ózgergen. Ol endi ózin, nemese «meniki» degenderdi qanaghattandyru ýshin emes, barlyq sebepterding sebebi Alla taghalanyng razylyghy ýshin әreket jasaydy. Alla taghalanyng ayasyna kirip, onyng istegen barlyq is-әreketi ruhany jәne óte kemeldi bolady. 

Kemeldi degenimiz – barlyq jaghynan kemshiligi joq tolyq degenmen birdey. Sondyqtan búl satydaghy adamdardy Abaydyng ózi ataghanday «tolyq adam» deuge kerek. Tolyq adam jolynda qogham da, adam da eshteneni joghaltpaydy. Kerisinshe, qoghamgha ýilesimdilik, al әrkimge ruhany janghyryp, ómirding jogharghy lәzzatyn alugha jol ashylady. 

Abaydyng «tolyq adam» iydeyasyn «Abay múrasyn qoldanu joldary» degen juyrda jaryq kórgen kitabymyzda keninen ashyp berdik. 

Dosym Omarov,

abaytanushy, teolog.

Abai.kz