Almahan Múhametqaliqyzy. Qazaq pen qamshy
Últtyq búiymdargha, qolóner sheberliginen shyqqan dýniyelerge erekshe yqylaspen qaraytyn oqyrmangha portalymyzdyng túraqty avtory Almahan Múhametqaliqyzynyng qamshy turaly etnografiyalyq, tanymdyq maqalasyn úsynyp otyrmyz. Qamshynyng týrleri men qasiyeti, kiyesi turaly bayanday kele avtorymyz «adamzat, últ tarihy turaly jazba derekterge qaraghanda múraghat, jәdigerlik aighaqtardyn aitary mol» deydi.
«Abay-aqparat»
Últtyq búiymdargha, qolóner sheberliginen shyqqan dýniyelerge erekshe yqylaspen qaraytyn oqyrmangha portalymyzdyng túraqty avtory Almahan Múhametqaliqyzynyng qamshy turaly etnografiyalyq, tanymdyq maqalasyn úsynyp otyrmyz. Qamshynyng týrleri men qasiyeti, kiyesi turaly bayanday kele avtorymyz «adamzat, últ tarihy turaly jazba derekterge qaraghanda múraghat, jәdigerlik aighaqtardyn aitary mol» deydi.
«Abay-aqparat»
Qazaq mәdeniyetining qol qaruy retinde әli kýnge deyin manyzyn joymay kele jatqan búiym - qamshy. Qamshynyng týrleri Abay jinaghan múralardyng qatarynda da keninen atalady. Qamshy - azamattardyng sәn-saltanat búiymy retinde de, qanaushy ozbyrlardyng jeke basynyng mýddesi ýshin de, tipti ýy jasaularyna da kórik berip túratyn qol qarularynyng biri bolghan. Abay zamanynda mal ósirushi qauymgha maldyng jýninen, terisinen óndirilgen dýniye-mýlikter men kiyim-keshekter qanday qajet bolsa, at saymandary, er-azamattardyng bolmysy ispettes qaru-jaraq týrleri: qayys, taspalar, qamshy týrleri de mal jayylym otarlaryna sonday qajet boldy. Atalu týrlerine, jasaluyna, qoldanyluyna qaray qamshy - qayys qamshy, órme qamshy, soqa qamshy, at qamshy, doyyr qamshy, dyrau, búzautis qamshy, t.b. bólinedi. At qamshynyng ózi - salt qamshy, at soghar, at jýrgizgish, shybyrtqy siyaqty týrlerge jikteledi. Órilgen taspasyna qaray tórt, bes, alty taspa, segiz órim, on eki taspadan shiratylghan espe qamshy, bir taspa qayystan jasaghan sapalyq ózek salghan dyrau, doyyr búzautis qamshylar da bar.
At qamshynyng úzyndyghy alty tútam keledi. Kóbinese tobylghymen saptalady. Qamshynyng saby, alaqany, órimi, býldirgesi bolady. Qamshynyng órimin sabyna shegelegende temirden býrkenshik salyp, alaqanyna sәn ýshin taspadan kekildik taghady.
M.Áuezovtyng «Abay joly» roman-epopeyasyndaghy birinshi tomnyn 60-shy betinde: «Qarasha qolyndaghy tobylghy sapty juan qamshyny sermep jiberip, atqyp túryp, Qamysbaydy bastan tartyp-tartyp jiberdi» deydi. \ «Qat-qabatta» 60 b.\
Abay ótkizgen múralardyng ishinde qamshy bolmaghanymen, aqyn zamanyndaghy qamshynyng týrleri roman jelisinde molynan aitylady. Jogharydaghy ýzindide tobylghy sapty juan at qamshy aitylsa, «Qarasha men Ýrkimbaydan bastap jas jigit ataulynyng barlyghyn tysqa shyghara sala, bes-on kisiden jabyla týsip, torsyldatyp dýre sogha bastady» \61 b\ degen ýzindide dýre qamshyny tilge tiyek etedi.
Taspadan órilgen, kólik aidaugha ynghayly qamshy qashan da er-túrman qúramymen birge jýredi.
Dýre qamshy - Shyghys halyqtarynyn әdet-sharighat zandary boyynsha qylmys jasaghandargha qoldanylatyn auyr jaza qúraly. Dýre soghu denege jaraqat salu jazasyna jatady. Qylmysy men kýnәsi anyqtalghan jaghdayda soghylatyn dýre el aldynda kórineu jasalatyn bolghan. Dýre qamshy - jinishke taspaly, tobylghy sapty, qolgha ústaugha ynghayly, asa úzyn emes, qysqa sapty bolady.
Qamshynyng sapaly boluy qayysyna baylanysty. Meylinshe júmsaq iylenip, iyin qanuyn qadaghalap, qúrys-tyryssyz, júmsaq etip shygharu sóz joq asqan sheberlikti talap etedi. Qayystyng bar ereksheligin múqiyat eskergen sheberler iyden shyqqan qayysty may jaghyp, keptiredi. Kepken terini qysqygha, sozghygha salyp, uqalaydy. Búghan qajetti aspaptardy da sheberler ózderi әzirleydi.
Tigetin qayystardyng shetin birtegis ústap túru, bekitip qoyyp tilu,óru, oylau ýshin asa qajet aspaptyng biri - «qysqy» dep atalady. Ony juan jәne kepken aghashtan jasaydy. IYlengen qayystardy ónine kirgizip alyp, kerek zatqa arnap, taspalap tiledi de, qajetine paydalanady. Qayys týiuding de birneshe órnekteri men týngleri bar. Olar - tórt taspadan týng, qalmaqsha týng, týiemúryndyq, ótkerme, tastýiin,t.b. dep atalady. «Aghashtan týiin týigen» degen beyneli sóz osydan shyqqan. Qazaq keyde tiyek, búrshaq, búldyrlardy da qayystan, taspadan týigen. Qazaq qolónerinde eskiden kele jatqan әdemi de, kýrdeli isting biri - taspa óru. Órimi san aluan birneshe qamshynyng týrleri Abay múrajayy eksponattarynyng ishinde bar.
Sonyng biri - biyshik. Biyshik qamshydan úzyn. Úshyna qaray birte-birte jinishkere beretin, mal qayyrugha qolayly qayystan órilgen aghash sapty qúral. Biyshik órimi ózge órimnen bólekteu, aralaryn metal shyghyrshyqpen qosatynday birneshe bólik etip óriledi. Keyde ony «sop qamshy» dep te ataydy. Úshyna eki-ýsh qarys taspa, ne iriktelgen birneshe jylqy qyly baylanady.
M.Áuezovtyng "Abay joly" romanynda jii kezdesetin qamshynyng taghy bir týri - doyyr qamshy. Órimi júmyr, juan, tórt qyrly, on alty, nemese segiz taspadan bolyp keledi. Doyyr - búghynyn, ógizding iylengen jon terisinen taspalanyp tilinedi. Ádette doyyr - yrghay nemese tobylghygha, keyde qúlja men tekening mýiizine, qaraqúiryq pen elikting siraghyna saptalady. Órim men sap alaqan arqyly bekitiledi. Alaqan men sapqa bekitiletin úshynyng ýstine sәndik ýshin júqa jez salynady. Qamshynyng saby da kýmis jezben әshekeylenip, qolgha ústaytyn jaghyna býldirgi ótkiziledi. Doyyr qamshyny mal aidaugha, úrys-tóbeleske de qoldanady. Sәndik ýshin ústalatyn qamshy da doyyr tektes bolghanymen, órimi jinishke, jenil sapty bolady. Sal-serilerding seriligin tanytatyn, otaghasynyng otbasynyng qoryghy ekenin kórsetetin kiyeli qamshy - qazaq mәdeniyetinde ózindik qasiyetin әli saqtap keledi.
Qazaqtyng kez kelgen azamatynyng qarlaryna qamshy ilip jýretin uaqyt kәzir alystap ketti. Tobylghy sapty, qayys qamshy iyesining maldy, jandy ekenin bildiredi. Qamshy - ústaghan adamynyng qayrat-quaty artyp, jamandyqtan, til-kózden saqtap jýretinin, sal-serilerding seriligin tanytatyn, otbasynyn, otaghasynyn qoryghy ekenin bildiretin qazaq mәdeniyetining kiyeli syiy.
Qazaq shanyraghynyng tórinde iluli túratyn qamshyny kórgende, taspaday tilip ótetin tili bar, qamshynyng órimindey bederli berekesi bar, qazaqtyng qanyna bitken qaysarlyghy bar azamattyng shanyraghy ekenin týsindiredi.
«Qatyn óldi - qamshynyng saby syndy» degen ataly sóz bar. Adamnyng tili aityp jetkize almaytyn sózdi qamshy arqyly jetkizu qazaq saltynyn erteden qalyptasqan dәsýri. Qazaq adamnyng kóniline keri әser etetin auyr sózdi eshqashan ashyq aita salmaghan, astarlap jetkizgen. Sóz súraghanda, nemese kóp sóilep, ózgege sóz kezegin bermegende, bolmasa orynsyz biylik aitqan әumeserlikke qamshyny paydalanghan. Alqaly qauymnyng aldyna qamshy tastau osynday jaghdaylarda paydalanylady.
Qarapayym qara qamshynyng syryn asha týsu - bizder ýshin әli de tereng etnografiyalyq zertteudi qajet etedi. Sary ala sapty qayys qamshymen shaytandy quady desedi. Qamshynyng úshar basynda, alaqanynda pәle-jaladan, auru - syrqaudan qaghatyn qúdiret úyalaydy dep týsingen dana babalarymyz. Qúdiretting úyalauy qamshyny ústaghan adamnyn jan tazalyghyna baylanysty. Qamshy ózining iyesin de teris pighyldan tazartady. Al, qasiyeti men qúrmeti erekshelengen adamdardyng kiyesi men quaty qamshygha auysyp otyrady. Qamshy men emshi birin-biri tolyqtyryp otyratyn kiyeli qúdiret ekenin yrymshyl halyq moyyndaghan. Sondyqtan da el aldynda jýrgen jaqsy adamdardyn, quatty adamdardyng qamshysyn yrymdap, qalap alyp otyrghan. Jylqynyng teri singen, jylqynyng sauyryna kóp tiyetin órim úshy tiygen jerin ondyrtpaydy. Bir ghana mysal keltirip ótuge bolady.
«Taqyr jerdi kóldenendey kesip ótip bara jatqan jylandy at ýstinen tenge alghanday enkeye bere bel ortasynan osyp, bir ret tartyp ótsen, jetedi. IYretilgen kýiinde basyn oqshyrayta kótergenimen, denesi birden jansyzdanyp, jerge jabysyp qalghanday qozghalmay, jatqan jerinde jan tapsyrady. Áytpese, jylandy ýsh kesseng kesirtkelik jany qalady. Taspen úryp, óltirmek bolsanyz, qany shyghyp, myljalansa da, algha jyljuyn qoymay, jan-jaghyna basyn qayqandata tilin sumandatyp, iyrelendeuin qoymaydy».\M.Omarovtyng aitqandarynan\
Qamshy - kez-kelgennin jynyn qaghady. Shaypau әielderdi kórgende "qamshymen shaytanyndy qaghu kerek eken" dep jatady. Sózde ýlken mәn bar. Qamshyny ústau, silteu de ýlken óner. Naghyz qamshyger jigitter bir tartqanda- aq, ógizding tórt qabat jon terisin qaq aiyrady deydi. Qamshygha da sheberlik, mashyq kerek.
Boyjetken qyzy bar ýige qúda týsu ýshin kelgender, qolyna qamshy ile keledi. Ol «Osy ýiding boyjetkenine iyelik etkimiz keledi» degendi bildiredi. Tórde qamshy iluli túrsa, ol turaly sóz qozghamay, kelgen izderimen qayta qaytady. Iluli túrghan qamshy, «Búl ýiding qyzynyng iyesi bar» degeni. Tórde qamshy bolmasa, әkelgen qamshylaryn tórge iledi.
Qalay degenmen de qamshy tilin týsine bilu de «dala danyshpany» atanghan babalarymyzdyng úghymnyng terendigi bolsa kerek.
Qazaq mәdeniyetine baylanysty tarihy derekterdi oqyp, etnografiyalyq qúndylyqtyn syry terendey týsetinine kóz jetkize otyryp, qanshalyqty maghynaly baylyghymyzdan qol ýzip qalghanymyzgha qayran qalasyz.
Qamshy týrlerining aishyqty asyl qazynasy el mәdeniyetinin ótken ghúmyr shejiresinin jandy aighaqtary ispetti.
Dýniye - ýlken kól,
Zaman - soqqan jel" - dep Úly aqyn aitqan úrpaqtardyng almasuy toqtamaghan jerde, dýnie bolmys-bitimnin sabaqtastyghy ýzilmek emes.
Qalay desek te, adamzat, últ tarihy turaly jazba derekterge qaraghanda múraghat, jәdigerlik aighaqtardyn aitary mol.
Almahan Múhametqaliqyzy,
Qazaqstan-Resey uniyversiyteti
«Abaytanu» ghylymiy-tanymdyq
ortalyghynyng diyrektory
«Abay-aqparat»