QAZAQSTAN - QYTAY DIPLOMATIYaLYQ QATYNASTARYNYNG DAMU KEZENDERI JÁNE EREKShELIKTERI

Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng tәuelsizdigine biyl 30 jyl boldy. Osynau otyz jylda KSRO-nyng qirandysynan qúrylghan derbes Qazaqstan memleketi, qarqyndy damudyng arqasynda býgingi kýni әlem moyyndaghan manyzdy elge ainalyp otyr. Otyz jyl ishinde Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng syrtqy sayasaty men diplomatiyalyq qatynastary aitarlyqtay nәtiyjelerge qol jetkizdi. Múnyng bir mysalyn Qazaqstan-Qytay qatynastarynyng damuynan kóruge bolady.

Qazaqstan Respublikasy men Qytay Halyq Respublikasy arasynda diplomatiyalyq qatynas 1992 jyldyng 3 qantarynda ornady. Sodan beri eki elding diplomatiyalyq qarym-qatynastary ýrdis damyp, qazirgi tanda strategiyalyq әriptestik qatynastyng jana kezenine kóterildi. Edeshe, eki elding diplomatiyalyq qarym-qatynastarynyng 29 jyldyq damu ýderisin kezenderge bólip qarastyru jәne әr kezenning ózindik erekshelikterin anyqtau – eki el qatynystaryn ghylymy týrde týsinuge septigin tiygizedi dep sanaymyz.

QR men QHR diplomatiyalyq qatynastary damuynyng birinshi kezeni - 1992-1998 jyldary. Búl jyldardaghy eki el qarym-qatynastarynyng basty ereksheligi  - joghary dәrejeli ózara saparlar, әrtýrli dengeydegi kelissózder, eki el qatynastaryn damytudyng qúqyqtyq negizderin qalyptastyru jәne týitkildi mәselelerdi sheshumen sipattalady.

Qazaqstan Respublikasy men Qytay Halyq Respublikasy qatynasyndaghy eng kýrdeli mәselelerding biri – memlekettik shekaranyng talas uchastokterin anyqtau bolatyn.

Búl tarihtan múra bolyp qalghan mәsele edi. 1993 jyly qazanda QR Preziydenti Núrsúltan Nazarbaev QHR-gha jasaghan alghashqy saparynda qytaylyq әriptesteri memlekettik shekaranyng dauly bólikterin anyqtau mәselesin kóterdi. Elbasy Shekara mәselesi boyynsha kelissóz jýrgizuge birden kelisti. Óitkeni Preziydent memlekettik shekarany delimitasiyalau – tәuelsizdikti nyghaytudyng manyzdy faktory dep sanady. Sonday-aq ol shekara dauyn keler úrpaqqa qaldyrmay der kezinde sheshudi jón kórdi. Sonymen taraptar memlekettik shekaranyng talas bólikterin anyqtaudyng prinsipterine kelisip, kelissózdi bastady.

Qytay Halyq Respublikasynyng Premieri Ly Pen 1997 jyldyng qyrkýiek aiynda Qazaqstangha jasaghan resmy saparynda «Qazaqstan Respublikasy men Qytay Halyq Respublikasy memlekettik shekarasy turaly qosymsha Shartqa» qol qoydy. Sonymen birge «Qazaqstan Respublikasy men Qytay Halyq Respublikasy ýkimetteri Múnay-gaz salasynda yntymaqtastyq kelisimshartyna» jәne birqatar seriktestik kelisimderge de qol qoydy. Búl kelisimsharttardy Elbasy: «Ghasyr kelisimi», - dep baghalady.

1998 jyldyng shilde aiynda QHR tóraghasy Szyan Szemin Qazaqstangha qyzmet saparymen keldi. Eki el basshylary «Qazaqstan Respublikasy men Qytay Halyq Respublikasy memlekettik shekara turaly ekinshi qosymsha Shartqa» qol qoyyp, Qazaqstan men Qytay arasyndaghy memlekettik shekara mәselesin týbegeyli sheshti. Qazaqstan men Qytay arasyndaghy memlekettik shekaranyng delimitasiyalanuy tarihy oqigha bolyp tabylady. Onyng manyzdylyghyn kýn ótken sayyn tereng týsinudemiz.

QR men QHR qatynastary damuynyng ekinshi kezeni – 1998 -2005 jyldary. Búl kezdegi ekijaqty qatynastardyng damu ereksheligi – «tatau kórshilik yntymaqtastyq»  jәne «strategiyalyq әriptestik» qatynastyng qalyptastyrumen anyqtalady. Ekonomikalyq jaqtan Qytaydyng múnay-himiya korporasiyasy (Sinopec Group) men Qytaydyng Últtyq kompaniyasy CNPC-ding Qazaqstannyng múnay-gaz salasyna salghan investisiya kólemining ósui de eki jaqty qatynastyng damyghandyghyn kórsetedi.

2002 jyly jeltoqsan aiynda eki el arasynda «Qazaqstan Respublikasy men Qytay Halyq Respublikasy arasynda tatu kórshilik, dostyq jәne yntymaqtastyq turaly Shartqa» qol qoyyldy.

2005 jyly shilde aiynda Qazaqstan Qytay memleket basshylary «Qazaqstan Respublikasy men Qytay Halyq Respublikasy arasynda strategiyalyq әriptestik qalyptastyru turaly Birlesken Deklarasiyagha» qol qoydy. Búl qújattar Qazaqstan men Qytay qatynastarynyng joghary dengeyge kóterilgenin anghartady.

2005 jyly Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng Preziydenti Núrsúltan Nazarbaev ózining dәstýrli Qazaqstan halqyna Joldauynda: «Bizding syrtqy sayasattaghy basymdylyghymyz Resey, Qytay, AQSh, Europalyq Odaqpen yntymaqtastyqty damytu basym baghyttar bolyp qala beredi. Aziya men Tayau Shyghystyng negizgi elderimen ózara is-qimylgha zor manyz beriledi», - dep atap kórsetti. Osydan Qazaqstannyng Syrtqy sayasatynda Qytaydyng alatyn ornynyng manyzdylyghyn týsinuge bolady.

Atalghan jyldarda Qazaqstan men Qytay arasynda kópjaqty diplomatiyalyq qatynas qalyptasqanyn da atap aitamyz. 1996 jyly qúrylghan «Shanhay bestigi» mehanizmi, 2001 jyly Ózbekstannyng qatysuymen «Shanhay yntymaqtastyq úiymy» bolyp qayta qúryldy. Sonymen Qazaqstan-Qytay arasyndaghy qarym-qatynastar ShYÚ ayasynda kópjaty formada óristedi. Búl jýiede elektr energetikasy salasyndaghy yntymaqtastyq aitarlyqtay damydy. Onyng naqty mysaldary retinde «Moynaq GES» jәne basqa da nysandardy aitugha bolady.

QR men QHR qatynastary damuynyng ýshinshi kezeni – 2005-2015 jyldar bolyp tabylady. Búl kezendegi eki el qatynastary damuynyng basty kórinisterin, energetikalyq saladaghy ekijaqtyly jәne kóp jaqtyly yntymaqtastyqtyng tereng damuy men Qazaqstan - Qytay arasyndaghy sauda ainalymynyng 10 mlrd dollardan asuynan bayqaugha bolady. Sonday-aq «Bir beldeu – bir jol» ayasyndaghy yntymaqtastyqtardyng óristeuimen de sipattalady.

2013 jyly qyrkýiek aiynda QHR tóraghasy Sy Szinipin Qazaqstangha jasaghan alghashqy saparynda, Nazarbeav uniyversiytetinde «Halyqtar dostyghyn nyghaytyp, kórkem bolashaqty birge qúrayyq» degen taqyrypta jasaghan bayandamasynda, Qytaydyng Ortalyq Aziya memleketterine ústanghan tatu kórshilik yntymaqtastyq sayasatyn payymday kelip, jana innovasiyalyq yntymaqtastyq modelinde «Jibek joly ekonomikalyq beldeuin birge qúrayyq» degen bastama kóterdi. Sonday-aq ol sol jyly qazan aiynda Indoneziyagha jasaghan saparynda «Teniz Jibek jolyn ortaq qúrayyq» degen úsynys jasady. Sonymen Qytaydyng «Bir beldeu-bir jol» mega jobasy qalyptasty. Búl isjýzinde QHR-dyng jana strategiyalyq diplomatiyalyq sayasatynyng bastaluy edi.

QHR-dyng «Bir beldeu-bir jol» bastamasyna Qazaqstan aldymen qoldau bildirdi. 2014 jyly Elbasy Núrsúltan Nazarbaev kezekti Qazaqstan halqyna Joldauynda: «Núrly jol - bolashaqqa bastar jol» jana ekonomikalyq sayasatyn jariyalady. Búl jana sayasat elimizding transport, ónerkәsip, energetika, әleumettik imfraqúrylymdaryn damytudy basty oryngha qoydy. Sonymen Qazaqstannyng jana ekonomikalyq sayasaty Qytaydyng «Bir beldeu-bir jol» jobasymen ýndesip, ekijaqty yntymaqtastyq baylanystardyng damuyna keng jol ashty.

2014 jyldyng sonynda QHR premier-ministri Ly Kesiyan Qazaqstangha kelgen saparynda «Bir beldeu - bir jol» jobasy ayasynda taraptar jalpy qúny 20 mlrd dollar túratyn yntymaqtastyq qújatqa qol qoydy. Búl ekijaqty yntymaqtastyng kólemin keneytuge jasaghan investisiya edi.

QR men QHR qatynastary damuynyng tórtinshi kezeni – 2015 jyldan qazirgi deyingi mezgil.

2015 jyly 31 tamyzda Preziydent Núrsúltan Nazarbaev QHR-gha resmy saparmen baryp, Qytay tóraghasy Sy Szinipinmen kelissóz jýrgizdi. Eki el basshylary «Qazaqstan Respublikasy men Qytay Halyq Respublikasy jan-jaqty strategiyalyq әriptestik qatynastyng jana kezeni turaly birlesken Deklarasiya» jariyalady. Búl qújat eki el qatynastarynyng joghary dengeyge kóterilgenin kórsetedi.

Elbasynyng osy saparynda, óndiris quaty men investisiya yntymaqtastyghy boyynsha ýkimetaralyq ramkalyq kelisimshartqa qol qoydy. Sonymen eki el arasyndaghy yntymaqtastyq qatynastar óndiris quaty salasyna qaray keneye týsti.

Jana kezendegi eki elding óndiris quaty yntymaqtastyghynyng damuy. 2015 jyly nauyryzda Qazaqstan Respublikasy premier-ministri Kәrim Mәsimov Qytaygha jasaghan saparynda, eki el óndiris quaty jәne investisiya yntymaqtastyghy turaly memorandumgha qol qoydy. Sonymen qatar metallurgiya, múnay óndeu, su elektrstansiyasy, mashina jasau, týsti metall, әinek jasau qatarly jalpy qúndy 23,6 mlrd dollar túratyn óndiris quaty yntymaqtastyq kelisimshartyna qol qoydy.

Osy kelisimsharttardyng jýzege asuyn qamtamasyz etu ýshin, Qytay sala-aralyq qyzmet mehanizmin, óndiris quaty yntymaqtastyq Qoryn qúrdy. Onyng ayasynda 51 jobany iske asyru qarastyryldy. Sonday-aq 23 mlrd dollar túratyn 25 kelisimshart jasaldy. Sonyng ishinde mashina qúrastyru, polietiylen Astana qalasynda jenil poezd jelisin salu, metallurgiya, temir qorytu, sement óndiru siyaqty jobalar qamtylghan.

2016 jyly 2 qyrykýiekte eki tarap «Qazaqstan Respublikasy men Qytay Halyq Respublikasy ýkimetteri «Jibek joly ekonomikalyq beldeui» qúrylysy men «Núrly jol» jana ekonomikalyq sayasatty úshtastyru jospary» atty qújatqa qol qoydy.

2017 jyly mamyrda Pekinde ótken «Bir beldeu-bir jol» sammiytinde Elbasy Núrsúltan Nazarbaev sóilegen sózinde: «Jibek joly jobasyn iske asyru tútas bir ónirlerdi, sonyng ishinde Ortalyq Aziyany jahandyq kontekstke jana túrpatta tanystyrugha mýmkindik beredi», - dep sipattady.

Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng Qytaydaghy Tótenshe jәne ókiletti elshisi Shahrat Núryshev: «Qazirgi tanda biz Qytay tarapymen óndiris quaty salasynda jalpy qúny 26 mlrd dollar túratyn 51 jobany iske asyrudamyz. Osy jobalardyng sәtti týrde jýzege asuy tek Qazaqstandy qana emes, býkil aimaqty damytady dep senemin» degen-di.

Qytay investisiyasynyng kóptep keluine baylanysty Elbasy: «sheteldik investisiya men kredit sanynyng kólemi jaghynan, sonday-aq birlesken investisiya kәsiporyndarynyng sany jaghynan QHR Qazaqstannyng negizgi ekonomikalyq әriptesterining birine ainaldy» dep baghalady.

QHR-dyng Qazaqstandaghy bas elshisi Chjan Hanihuy: «Bir beldeu-bir jol» ayasynda Qytay men Qazaqstan 50-den astam joba boyynsha óndiris quaty yntymaqtastyq jasady, yntymaqtastyqtyng jalpy qúny 27 mlrd dollar, onyng birneshe jobasy oryndaldy nemese oryndaluda» - deydi, tilshige bergen súhbatynda. Demek, strategiyalyq әriptestinting jana kezeninde eki el qatynastary men yntymaqtastyqtary jan-jaqty keng kólemde óristep keledi.

Ekijaqty óndiris quaty yntymaqtastyghynyng bolashghy. Qazaqstan men Qytay arasynda óndiris quaty salasyndaghy yntymaqtastyqtyng damu bolashaghy zor deuge bolady. Óitkeni Qazaqstan men Qytay industuriyasy men tabighy resursynda birin-biri tolyqtaytyn tústary óte kóp, әsirese eki elding negizgi imfraqúrylymdary men óndeu ónerkәsibi salasynda óndiris quaty boyynsha yntymaqtasudyng kenistigi ken.

Qazaqstan múnay ónerkәsibin negiz etken, energetika, auyl sharuashylyghy men mal sharuashylyghy ónimderin eksport etetin Ortalyq Aziyadaghy iri memleket. Sonday-aq ol belsendi týrde industriyalandyrudy, imformasiyalandyrudy, ekonomikalyq әrtaraptandyrudy jýzege asyryp jatqan el bolyp tabylady. Sondyqtan Qazaqstangha qarjy men tehnika óte qajet.

Al Qytay bolsa, qarjysy da, tehnikasy da mol memleket. Onyng ýstine olardyng negizgi imfraqúrylym qúrylystary ayaqtaghan, metallurgiya, sement, elektr quaty siyaqty negizgi ónimderi óz súranystarynan asyp jatyr. Sondyqtan Qytay ýshin artyq óndiris quaty ónimderin basqa elderge eksporttau óte ózekti bolyp sanalady. Mine, osynday ekonomikalyq jaqtap birin-biri tolqytyratyn jaghday Qazaqstan men Qytay arasynda óndiris quaty boyynsha yntymaqtastyqty damytugha múryndyq bolyp otyr.

Sondyqtan da Qazaqstan men Qytay arasynda transport, logistika salasynda yntymaqtastyq aitarlyqtay damyp keledi. Qazirgi tanda Qazaqstan men Qytay arasynda bes ótkizu punkti túraqty týrde júmys istep túr; bes múnay-gaz qúbyry Qazaqstan jeri arqyly Qytaygha ótip jatyr; bir Halyqaralyq shekara yntymaqtastyq ortalyghy - «Qorghas – Shyghys qaqpa» ekonomikalyq Qúrghaq porty qyzmet kórsetedi; «Batys Qytay – Batys Europa» joghary qarqyndy magistralidi jol qoldanysqa engen; alty temirjol (onyng ishinde Qytay-Europa poezdary da bar) qatynap jatyr; on bir avtojol Qazaqstandy kóktep ótedi; Qytay men Qazaqstannyng Laniuyngan logistika yntymaqtastyq bazasy – Qazaqstannyng tikeley Tynyq múhiytqa shyghatyn portyna ainaldy. Múnyng ózi Qazaqstannyng ishki qúrlyq memleketi sipatyn ózgerip, Euraziyadaghy tranzittik tasymal habyna ainaldyrdy. Búl Qazaqstan ýshin aitqanda asa manyzdy tarihy ózgeris bolyp tabylady.

Keybir mamandardyng esepteuinshe, Qazaqstannyng әr jyly tranzitten tabatyn tabysy 4 mlrd dollargha jetedi eken. 2020 jyldyng alghashqy jarty jylynda Qytaydan Qazaqstan arqyly Europagha jóneltilgen zat tasymalynyng sany ótken jylghy sol mezgilmen salystyrghanda 38%-gha ósken. Al Euporadan Qazaqstan arqyly Qytaygha jibergen zat tasymalynyng sany da ótken jyldyng úqsas uaqytymen salystyrghanda 55 %-gha artqan.

QHR-dyng QR-daghy elshisi Chjan Syaodyng «Qazaqstan men Qytaydyng bolashaghy» atty maqalasynda («ANA NILI» №36-37 (1556-1557), 10-16 qyrkýiek 2020 j. jariyalanghan): 2019 jyly Qytay men Qazaqstan arasyndaghy sauda kólemi 22,07 mlrd AQSh dollaryna jetti, yaghny aldynghy jylmen salystyrghanda 10,9%-gha ósti.

«Astana» Halyqaralyq qarjy ortalyghynda «Bir beldeu – bir jol» sektory, Qazaqstanda Qytay bankteri ashyldy.

2020 jyly COVD-19 epiydemiyasy adamdardyng ómirine jәne densaulyghyna zor qauip tughyzdy. Qazaqstan men Qytay bir-birine ýlken materialdyq kómek kórsetti.

2020 jyldyng qantarynan nauryz aralyghynda Qazaqstan men Qytaydyng tauar ainalymynyng kólemi 4,15 mlrd AQSh dollaryna ósti, yaghny kemuding ornyna 6 payyzgha artty.

«Bir beldeu-bir jol» baghdarlamasy ayasynda bastalghan qúrylystar jana kezenge kóterildi. Búl bastamany «Densaulyq joly» men «Birge әreket» jolyna qoghammen ekonomikany «Qalpyna keltiru», «Ósu jolyna» ainaldyruymyz kerek. «Bir beldeu-bir jol» ayasyndaghy sapaly qúrylystar arqyly, danghayyr jolmen aramyzdy jaqyndatamyz» dep jazdy. QHR elshisining búl sózi eki el qatynastarynyng bolashaq damu baghytynan derek beredi.

Qytaydyng postpandemiya dәuirindegi josparynda, óz aqshasyn (ianidy) eksporttap, «Bir beldeu - bir jol» jobasyna qatysqan memlekettering infraqúrylymdaryn janghyrtugha jәne olardyng jastaryna arnalghan túrghyn ýy qúrylystaryn saludy josparlap otyr. Sol arqyly Qytaydan investisiya nemese kreditti qabyldaushy memleketterdi de jәne olardyng kreditke pәter alghan jastaryn da boryshker retinde Qytaymen baylanystyru kózdelgen. Óitkeni olar «adamzat taghdyry ortaq qauymdastyghyn qúru» strategiyasyn osynday tәsilder arqyly jýzege asyrmaqshy.

2021 jyly nauryzda ótkizilgen HIII kezekti Býkil qytaylyq halyq ókilderi jinalysynyng 4 otyrysynda jasalghan Ýkimet qyzmet bayandamasynda: «joghary sapada «bir beldeu – bir joldy» birlesip qúramyz, birge aqyldasu, birge qúru jәne birge iygiliktenuge tabandy bolyp, naryqtyq prinsipter men halyqaralyq qoldanystaghy qaghidattar boyynsha júmys jasaymyz» dep atap kórsetti. Al QKP HIH kezekti Ortalyq komiytetining 5 plenumynyng mәlimdemesinde: «Bir beldeu – bir joldy» birge qúrudy joghary sapada ilgerletu» talap etilgen. Osy negizde aitugha bolady: pandemiyagha baylanysty әlem ekonomikasy, sonyng ishinde qytay ekonomikasy qúldyraghanymen «Bir beldeu – bir jol» jobasyn Qytay әli de jalghastyrady, tipti joghary sapada jalghastyrady. Óitkeni ol Qytaydyng jahandy basqaru (全球治理) strategiyalyq sayasatynyng manyzy qúramdas bóligi. Sondyqtan bolashaqta Qazaqstan men Qytay qatynastary da osy mega joba ayasynda óristeydi dep sanaymyz.

Alayda qazirgi tanda Qytaydyng halyqaralyq ortasy songhy qyryq jyldan beri eng kýrdeli jaghdaygha tap bolyp otyr. «Bir beldeu – bir jol» jobasy da auyr syn-qaterlerge dýp kelip túr. Múnyng әrtýrli sebepteri bar, әriyne. Alyp elder arasyndaghy bәsekelestikti aitpaghanda, «Bir beldeu – bir jol» jobasyna qatysushy memleketterding әleumettik jaghdayynyng jaqsaruynan góri, qaryzgha belshesinen batuy jәne qauipsizdik mәseleleri olardy alandata bastaghany jasyryn emes. Onyng keybir mysaldary Qazaqstannan da bayqalady.

Naqtylap aitqanda, 2018 jyly 5 qarashada QR Parlamet mәjilisi Ýkimeting Qytay-Qazaqstan óndiris quattary yntymaqtastyq Qory qytay investorlary kirisining jekelegen týrlerin salyq saludan bosatu turaly kelisimge qol qong turaly №340 qaulysyn bekitti. Búghan halyq narazy boldy, tipti 51 (55) jobagha da kýmәnmen qaraytyndar kóbeydi. Óitken búl sheshim Qytay ýkimeti ózi belgilegen: «Bir beldeu – bir jol» jobasynyng basty maqsaty – Jibek joly boyyndaghy memleketterding әleumettik ekonmikalyq damuyna jana mýmkindikter jasau, olarmen teng dәrejede yntymaqtasyp jeniske birge jetu» prinsipterine qayshy keledi. Onyng әseri atalmysh jobasynyng basqa elderde jýzege asuyna da jaqsy bolmaytyny belgili.

Endeshe, QHR ýkimeti «Bir beldeu - bir jol» jobasynda bekitilgen prinsipter boyynsha, yntamaqtastyq baylanystardy rettep, ekijaqtyng da ortaq payda kóruin qamtamasyz etuleri kerek. Óitken olar jobany úsynushy jәne oghan jetekshi memleket. Qazirgi halyqaralyq jaghday da, Qazaqstan men Qytay arasynda qalyptasqan qarym-qatynastarda olardy ózara sәikestenuge mәjbýrleydi. Eng manyzdysy - Qazaqstan men Qytay arasynda ornaghan Strategiyalyq әriptestik qatynas – memleketter dýdesi negizinde qalyptasqan. Sondyqtan ony jeke adamdardyng erki ózgerte almaydy. Endigi jerde Qazaqstan-Qytay qatynastary postpandemiya dәuirindegi halyqaralyq ýderisterge ilesi jalghasty damyp otarady dep mejeleymiz.

Nәbijan Múqamethanúly,

tarih ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor,Ál-Faraby atyndaghy Qazaq últtyq uniyversiyteti janyndaghy  «Qazirgi zamanghy Qytaydy zertteu ortalyghynyn» diyrektory

Abai.kz