Din adamzat ómirindegi, sonday-aq qoghamdyq qatynastardaghy atqarar  manyzdy qyzmeti bar, kýrdeli qúbylys. Din adam bolmysynan tamyr tartqan, onyng ishki jan dýniyesin qalyptaytyn bilim jýiesi. Qoghamnyng mәdeni, ruhany ómirining damuy men qalyptasuy, ondaghy qúndylyqtar jýiesining qordalanuy dinmen jәne dinning adamnyng ruhany súranystaryn qanaghattandyruymen tyghyz baylanysty. Dinning adamnyng jan izdenisine baghyt-baghdar beretin  bilim jýiesi retindegi qyryn qarastyrsaq onyng iman sharttarymen anyqtalatyn aqidalyq negizderine nazar audaruymyz kerek. Adamnyng ruhany izdenisterining qatarynda tanymdyq, sýiispenshilik, tazalyqqa, izgilikke úmtylu, siyaqty asyl qasiyetterin atasaq, osy izdenisterding barlyghynyng týp maqsaty diny bilim arqyly anyqtalatyn – eki dýniyelik baqyt nemese aqyrettegi baqilyq baqytqa jetu maqsatynda toghysatynyn angharamyz. «Álemdegi dinderding týp maqsúty, ýsh nәrseden búljymay qúshaqtasar, Qúday bar, újdan dúrys, qiyamet shyn esh dinning maqsúty joq múnan asar» [ 1,70] deydi Sh. Qúdayberdiúly osy orayda. Búl dinning negizgi qyzmeti, basty taghayyndylyghy desek, adamdardyng dinnen kýtetin qoghamdyq sanagha yqpal etushi, adamaralyq qarym-qatynastardy retteushi, әleumettik hәm sayasy qatynastardy týzetushi, qoghamdy adamgershilikke, imandylyqqa baghdarlaushy, últty tútastyrushy, t.s.s. kóptegen qyzmetteri de bar.

Din adamzat ómirindegi, sonday-aq qoghamdyq qatynastardaghy atqarar  manyzdy qyzmeti bar, kýrdeli qúbylys. Din adam bolmysynan tamyr tartqan, onyng ishki jan dýniyesin qalyptaytyn bilim jýiesi. Qoghamnyng mәdeni, ruhany ómirining damuy men qalyptasuy, ondaghy qúndylyqtar jýiesining qordalanuy dinmen jәne dinning adamnyng ruhany súranystaryn qanaghattandyruymen tyghyz baylanysty. Dinning adamnyng jan izdenisine baghyt-baghdar beretin  bilim jýiesi retindegi qyryn qarastyrsaq onyng iman sharttarymen anyqtalatyn aqidalyq negizderine nazar audaruymyz kerek. Adamnyng ruhany izdenisterining qatarynda tanymdyq, sýiispenshilik, tazalyqqa, izgilikke úmtylu, siyaqty asyl qasiyetterin atasaq, osy izdenisterding barlyghynyng týp maqsaty diny bilim arqyly anyqtalatyn – eki dýniyelik baqyt nemese aqyrettegi baqilyq baqytqa jetu maqsatynda toghysatynyn angharamyz. «Álemdegi dinderding týp maqsúty, ýsh nәrseden búljymay qúshaqtasar, Qúday bar, újdan dúrys, qiyamet shyn esh dinning maqsúty joq múnan asar» [ 1,70] deydi Sh. Qúdayberdiúly osy orayda. Búl dinning negizgi qyzmeti, basty taghayyndylyghy desek, adamdardyng dinnen kýtetin qoghamdyq sanagha yqpal etushi, adamaralyq qarym-qatynastardy retteushi, әleumettik hәm sayasy qatynastardy týzetushi, qoghamdy adamgershilikke, imandylyqqa baghdarlaushy, últty tútastyrushy, t.s.s. kóptegen qyzmetteri de bar. Alayda, dinnen osynday taghayyndylyq kýtu ýshin onyng býgingi qoghamdyq shyndyqtaghy naqtyly orny men mýmkindikteri soghan layyqty ma, tipten dinning negizgi taghayyndylyghynan auytqu, oghan artyq talaptar qoy dinning sayasilanuyna negiz bolmay ma? degen zandy saualdar tuyndaydy.

Zayyrly memleketting zandaryna say adamnyng diny senim bostandyghy qorghalatyndyqtan, sonday-aq, kóp konfessionaldy jәne kópetnosty elimizding jaghdayynda qanday da bir diny senimning kózqarastaryn tanugha tyiym salynatyndyqtan «din memleketten  bólek» degen ústanym bar. Búl dinning qogham ómirindegi ornyn joqqa shygharu emes, dinning memleket sayasatyna qol súqpay, beytaraptyq saqtaytyndyghyn bildiredi jәne dinning sayasilanuy arqyly belgili bir mýddeli toptardyng iydeologiyalyq qúralyna ainaluynan saqtanudaghy basty qaghida bolyp sanalady.

Áytse de, «Din adamdy bir bauyr qylmaq edi, Ony bólip dúshpandyq qaru jasar» [1.] jaghydayyna deyin әkeletin ne? Onyng bir sebebi, jalpy búqara qauymnyng arasynda dindi jan izdenisin qanaghattandyrugha nemese iman baylyghyn qorghap, saqtaugha, ruhany jetiluge qajetti dep bilip izdeushileri kóp emes. Óitkeni, ruhany tәrbie beruding dәstýrli mektebi keyingi ateizm dәuirinde óz sabaqtastyghyn ýzuge nemese basqaday forma alugha mәjbýr boldy.  Áriyne, ruhany sabaqtastyq mýldem joyylghan joq. Kenestik kezendegi qazaq әdebiyeti әlemdik jazba klassikalyq әdebiyetting býkil qalyptary men әdis-tәsilderin qoldana túra halyqtyng kókeyine jol tauyp, jan dýniyesinen oryn alu ýshin últtyng ruhany sanasyna qozghau salar  dәstýrli obrazdargha, mәndilikter men qúndylyqtargha jýgindi. Búl qúndylyqtar men mәndilikter kenestik dәuirge deyingi diny mazmúnmen tyghyz astasyp jatar edi. Biraq, ateistik iydeologiyanyng qasandyghymen diny mazmúnnan barynsha tiylghan, alayda, kórkemdik sheshimder әdis-tәsilder arqyly astarly týrde ruhaniy-diny qúndylyqtargha  jýginip otyratyn kórkem shygharmashylyq adamdardyng ruhany qajettilikterin atqaryp túrdy. Mәselen, kenestik dәuirdegi qazaq әdebiyetining temirqazyq túlghasy bolghan Abay shygharmashylyghynyng diny mazmúnyn ashyq aitpaghanmen, onyng islam dinining imandylyq negizin ózek etken shygharmalary jalpy kórkem shygharmashylyqqa bolsyn jәne halyq jadynda janghyryp túratyn diny iman negizderine de naqtyly baghyt-baghdar núsqady.

Al, tәuelsizdikpen birge diny senim bostandyghy jariyalanghan kezende qoghamnyng býkil dertining dauasy dinde dep bilgen ýmitter aqtalmay, keyingi kezderi kerisinshe adamdardyng dinge ýreymen qarauy, dindarlardan senimsizdikpen, kýdikpen tosyrqauy boy kórsetude. Onyng bir sebebi – jalpy qauymnyng pikiri de qoghamdyq sanada basymdyqqa ie bolyp otyrghan pikirge oiysatyndyqtan adamdar dinge talap artudy biledi, biraq, ózderi din talaptaryna  layyqty әreket jasaugha qúlyqty bolmaydy. Búl adamnyng jan izdenisi men izgilikke úmtylysyn joqqa shygharuymyz emes. Adamnyng qoghamdy izgilendiruge úmtylysy onyng jan izdenisi, alayda, qoghamdy týzetu – jalang úranmen, tipti ol diny úran bolsa da jýzege aspaydy. Tipten dinge tyiym salynghan ateistik qoghamnyng ózinde adamdar jan izdenisining azyghyn kórkem shygharmashylyq arqyly jәne salt-dәstýrlerin belgili dәrejede saqtau arqyly dinnen tauyp otyrghany belgili. Demek, adamnyng ruhany izdenisi aldynghy oryngha shyghyp, dindi qoldanyp qoghamdy jóndeymin degen rayynan qaytyp, din arqyly ózimdi jóndeymin degen niyetke kelgen jaghdayda ghana – jeke túlghalardyng ruhany tazarugha, ruhany damugha talpynysy artuy arqyly  qoghamnyng izgilenui jýzege asady.

Al, diny senimge erkindik berilgen kezende adamdardyng dinge betbúrysy olardyng ózara kelisimine emes – diny tózimsizdigine, tarihy týp-tamyryn tanyp, últtyq tútastanugha emes – tarihtan, salt-dәstýrden jerinuge, últsyzdanugha әkeluimen, adamdardyng minez-qúlqynyng kórkemdenip, ózara qúrmet pen izgilikke úmtyluyna emes, kerisinshe, qúrmetsizdikke, menmendikke, ózara jattanugha soqtyruymen kórinis berude. Demek, dinning jalang nasihattaluy, dindi qoghamgha syrttay tanu ong nәtiyje bermeydi. Dinshilderding basym kópshiligi din arqyly qoghamdy jәne adamdardy tәrbiyeleymiz dep jýr, al, sany kóbeygen osy aghymdardyng әrqaysysy óz kózqarasyn songhy aqiqat retinde úsynuda. Demek, ózinen basqalardy joqqa shygharatyndyqtan búl aghymdar bir-birimen kelisimge kele almaydy. Búl jaghdayda qoghamnyng ruhany birligi jayly aitu qiyn. Din nasihatshysy bolsyn, әrbir qarapayym qogham mýshesi bolsyn din arqyly qoghamdy týzetemin dep emes, din arqyly óz jan dýniyemdi tazartamyn degen niyetke bet búrsa dinning negizgi taghayyndylyghy qalpyna kelip, dinning qoghamdaghy qyzmeti de pәrmendi bolar edi.

«Barma maghan bir syn?» -  dep,

«Ústaghanym qay din?» - dep,

Oylamaydy: «Kimmin?» -dep,

Jýregining toty bar [1,233]. Degen Shәkәrim qajynyng sózindegidey әrkim ózine súraq qoysa әrbireuimizding jauapkershiligimiz arta týser edi.

Búrynda diny ilimning ruhany tanymdyq, diny imandylyq, adamgershilik, tәrbiyelik, ghibrattyq nasihattyq maqsatta nasihattaluyna say, din  adamnyng ózining jan dýniyesin tanyp, ruhany múqtajdyghyn óteuge qyzmet etip kelgen bolsa, keyingi ghasyrlarda din nasihaty sol ýrdisinen aiyrylyp, iydeologiyalyq qúralgha ainalghany belgili. Býginde din adamnyng imandylyghyna  negiz bolar ilim jýiesi retinde emes, sodyrlyq pen tózimsizdikting bastauy retinde tanytylyp,  shabuylgha úshyrauy bayqalady. Búl tek búrynghy kenestik kezeng men kenistikke ghana tәn emes, býginde de jalpy әlemdik qúbylysqa ainalyp otyr. Adam men qúndylyq arasyndaghy qatynastyng búzyluy, tarih pen dәstýrding ýzilui, dinnin  tútastyrushy funksiyasy búrmalanyp, kerisinshe әraluan iydeologiyalyq maqsatty kózdeushilerding mýddesine paydalanyluy býgingi kýnning shyndyghy.

Siz boyauly din tútasyz,

Maqtanyng men payda ýshin.

Susynym dep u jútasyz,

Ketpegeysiz bir qúlap.

Taza aqylmen tappaghan din,

Shyn din emes – jyndylyq,

Qarmalaghan bir soqyrsyn,

Ólgen oy men kóz, qúlaq [1, 269], -  degen jyr joldary zamana dertin dóp basqan

Al, uaqyt pen kenistikting alshaqtyghyn jenip, ózining ýzilmes ruhany sabaqtastyghyn pash etip otyrghan, óz bastauyn Yasauy iliminen bastau alatyn  qazaq topyraghyndaghy  sopylyq dәstýrding eldestirushi, tútastyrushy qyzmetin halqymyzdyng ruhany mәdeniyetining qay kezeninen bolsyn anyq kóremiz.

Sopylyq ilimning qalyptasuyndaghy negizgi qaynar bastaular Qúran kәrim men payghambar hadisteri bolyp tabylady. Sopylyq joldyng kórnekti ókili Qoja Ahmet Yasauiyding ilimi men mәdeniyeti jalpy týrki dýniyesinde onyng ishinde qazaq filosofiyasy tarihynda manyzdy ról atqaryp, filosofiyalyq  úghymdar men mәndilikterding jәne etikalyq qaghidalar men ústanymdardyng qalyptasuynda zor manyzgha ie boldy, kýni býginge deyin ózektiligin joyghan joq. Qoja Ahmet Yasauiyding hәl ilimi, hikmet dәstýri — adamnyng ar-ojdan ýni, jeke túlghanynyng óz   ishine ýnilip, óz boyynyng minin týzetetin ar ilimin qalyptastyruymen, osy ústanym arqyly qoghamnyng sauyghuyn qamtamasyz ete biluimen erekshelendi. Diny ilimning ruhany mәni — adam janynyng múqtajdyghyn izdeuine, yaghny ruhany kemeldikke úmtyluyna jolbasshylyq jasau. Kemeldenuding alghysharty — tazalyqqa jetu bolsa, ol ýshin kemshilikti ózgeden emes, óz boyynnan tabu, ózgege sýiispenshilikpen, keshirimmen qarau,  qoghamdy yaki, adamdy týzetemin deumen óz minindi úmyt qaldyrmay, ózine syn kózben qarap, jan dertine dәru izdeu. Osynday adamdy jauapkershilikke jýgindiretin berik ústanym ghana dinning iydeologiyalyq qúralgha ainaluyna, mýddeli toptardyng kópti tobyrlyq kýsh retinde paydalanuyna tosqauyl bolady. Sebebi, óz boyyndaghy mindi kórmey, ózgening qatelik kemshiligin kóruge, ony diny ólshemdermen bezbendeuge beyim adam týbinde dindi belgili bir sayasi-iydeyalogiyalyq mýddelerge paydalanatyn jat pighyldy toptardyng jeteginde ketui yqtimal. Qoghamda bar dertten ózi de ada emes ekenin týsinip, ony óz boyynan tauyp, odan arylugha úmtylghan adam, nәtiyjesinde qoghamnyng sauyghuyna da iygi yqpal eteri anyq. Dinning iydeologiyalyq qúralgha ainaluy qoghamdaghy jikteluge, ymyrasyzdyqqa soqtyrsa, kerisinshe dinning ruhany mәnine úmtylu tynyshtyq pen birlikke әkeledi. Sondyqtan, ruhani, mәdeny múralardy tarihy salystyrmaly túrghydan zertteu arqyly, qazaq qoghamynyng tarihiy-órkeniyettik damuyndaghy ruhany dәstýrding sabaqtastyghyn jәne qoghamdaghy tútastyrushylyq ornyn baghamdaudyng manyzy zor. Osy sabaqtastyghy ýzilmey kele jatqan ruhany dәstýrding erekshe beriktigi men jasampazdyghyn qazaqtyng erte ortaghasyrdan bastap, jiyrmasynshy ghasyrda ómir sýrgen qazaq ghúlamalarynyng múralarynan, tarihiy-mәdeny eskertkishterden anyq kóremiz. Ol dәstýrmen qarama-qayshylyqqa kelushiler men halyqtyng din-imanyna kýmәndanushylardy bertinde tәuelsizdikten keyingi engen diny aghymdardan kezdestire bastadyq.  

Adamnyng ruhani-intelektualdyq damuyn múrat etken sopylyq onyng tanymdyq mýmkindikterin islamnyng aksiologiyalyq-qúndylyqtyq jýiesi, yaghny iman sharttary ayasynda jýzege asyruymen sipatalady. Osy iman sharttary islam ghúlamasy Núghman bin Sәbit Imam Aghzam Ábu-Hanifanyn  (h.80/699-h.150/767) «Ál-Fikh ul-Akbar» [2] enbeginde qalay tújyrymdalyp bayandalsa, Abaydyng 38-shi qara sózinde [3,189-210 ], Sh. Qúdayberdiúlynyng «Músylmandyq shartynda» [4,209-299], Y. Altynsarinning «Músylmandyq tútqasynda», Aqmyrza Ishannyng «Týrki imanynda» osy qaghidattardan qylday auytqu bayqalmaydy. «Qazaq halqy hanafy mazhabyn ústanghandyqtan, din qayratkerlerining kózqarastary Imam Aghzamnyng «Ál-fikh ul-akbar» kitabynda aitylghan týiinderden sәl de bolsa alshaq ketpeydi» [2,9]

Mekke-Mәdinadan bastau alghan Islam dinining Mәurannahrda janghyryp, tәfsir hadiys, sharighat, tasauuf ruhany ilimderining sharyqtay damyghanyn, sonymen qatar, filosofiya, matematika, algebra, geometriya, geografiya, astronomiya, medisina siyaqty ghylym salalary da damyghanyn aita kelip tarihshy ghalym D. Qydyrәli bylay deydi: «Bir tanqalarlyq jayt, tútas dәuirlerge syimaytyn osy orasan zor tabystardyng basym kópshiligi Qarahan memleketi túsynda jýzege asty. Bizdinshe, múnyng birneshe sebebi bar. Birinshiden, Qarahan memleketinde túraqtylyq pen tynyshtyq ornady. Ekinshiden, elding barsha túrghyndary bir ghana mazhabty – Imam Aghzam jolyn ústandy. Ýshinshiden, memleket basty nysan retinde bilim jolyn tandady. Elde irgeli oqu oryndary ashylyp, ghalymdargha qúrmet kórsetildi. Dәstýr men dindi úshtastyrghan jergilikti ghúlamalar ósip jetilip, boy kótergen sәulettti qalalar ghylym men mәdeniyetting oshaqtaryna ainaldy.  Osylaysha, ghylym men bilimning qaryshtap damuyna barynsha jaghyday jasaghan Qarahan memleketinde mektep, medrese, zauiyening ýilesimdi birligi dýniyege keldi. Elde diny bilim de, ruhany ilim de, naqty ghylym da órken jaydy» [5,34].   

  Sopylyq ilimning ortalyq ózegin qúraytyn taqyryby adam desek, sol adam mәselesi Qúranda keninen qamtylghan. Adamnyng óskeleng ruhqa, iman qazynasyna ie boluy, oghan sol ruhyn ósirip, imanyn saqtap bayytu ýshin aqyl, oi­sana berilui  onyng jauapkershiligin aiqyndaydy. Qúran әrdayym adamdy tereng oilaugha, tanymdyq izdeniske ýndeydi. Tanymmen órken jayatyn, senimmen tamyry terendeytin óskeleng ruhty iyelengendikten  adam ózining ruhyn ósiruge jauapty. Ruhany kemeldenu arqyly ghana baqigha úlasatyn, mәngilik baqytty iyelenetin bolghandyqtan ol ruhyn ósiruge  mýddeli sanaly bolmys. Sondyqtan onyng biluge degen qúshtarlyghy tabighatynda bar. Adamnyng osy izdenisin baghyttaytyn Qúran Alla, әlem jәne adam turaly ayannyng bastauy.

«Aqylyna synat, -  dep, - dәlel aitqan»

Qúrannan tabylady talay ayat.

Tәpsir dep qasiyetin talqan qylyp,

Búzghanmen Qúran bolmas adasqan hat.

Jaryq núrdan jaralghan kýn joghalmas,

Betine perde japsa neshe qabat,

Qúran syryn úgha almay búzsa-daghy,

Jasyrylmay jarqyrap túr kәrәmat

Jaman tәpsir jayylyp jer jýzine,

Din dese túra qashty esti azamat.

Bar obaly olardyng tәpsirshide,

Adasyp núrly ayatqa jaghypty tat [1,38], - degen Sh Qúdayberdiúly Qúran haqiqatynyng búrmalanyp týsindirilui adamdardy dinnen bezdirse de haqtyqtyng núryn joya almaytynyna senedi. 

Adamzattyng ghaqliyatyq tarihynda Alla, әlem jәne adamdy tanym nysany dep belgilep, olar jayly Qúrannan búryn jәne Qúrannan keyin de oy tolghaghan adamnyng intellektualdyq tәjiriybesin filosofiya tarihynan kóremiz. Qúran adamnyng jaratylys syry, onyng bolmysy, ómirining mәni men maghynasy, әlemdegi orny, tirshiliktegi maqsaty ne? – degen kóptegen súraqtargha jauap bere otyryp, adam bolmysyn tútastay jinaqtap qarastyrghan. Búl jauaptardyng barlyghy da adamnyng kókeyine qonatyn, beyneli kórkem tilmen  berilgen. Qúrannyng ýndeui adam jýregine, sanasyna, ruhy men aqylyna baghyttalyp, ony Aqiqat ruhany әlemmen baylanystyrudy kózdeydi. Sondyqtan, adam әlemine barar jol jýrek, kónil arqyly ótedi. Yassauy babamyzdyng jәne qazaq dalasynda ghúmyr keship, bolashaq úrpaqqa ózderining ruhany múrasyn amanattaghan ghúlamalardyng Qúran aqiqatyn nazar salghan oqyrman ýshin kókeyine qonymdy qylyp bayandaghan enbekteri asa mol. Býgingi tәuelsizdik kezeninde olardyng auqymdy bóligi jaryqqa shyghyp, qol jetimdi boldy. Dinning qoghamdaghy qyzmetining dúrys jolgha qoyylyp,   shyn mәnindegi taghayyndylyghy – adamnyng ruhani-imandylyq damuyndaghy әser-yqpalynyng artuy ýshin osy babalar múrasyna jýginuding manyzy men ózektiligi shýbәsiz. Demek, nadandyqtan aryludyng (nadandyq - sauatsyzdyq maghynasynda emes) yaghni, ruhaniy-mәdeny múralargha qúrmetsizdikten aryludyn, terendep zerttep kópshilikke tanytudyng manyzy zor. Dinning shyn mәnindegi eldikting úiytqysy, kemel erding tolysuyna baghyt beretin bilim jýiesi bolyp, qoghamdyq qúbylysqa ainaluy ýshin dinning qasiyet-kiyesin úmytpay jәne dinning bastauynda túrghan túlghalardy qadirlep, qúrmetteu dengeyinde nasihattap, diny aghymdardyng bilim jýiesin islamdyq iman negizderi eleginen ótkizip, dindi o bastaghy taghayyndylyghy baghytynda paydalana bilu kerek.

Meyirman Amanjol Dosjanúly

BGhM GhK Filosofiya, sayasattanu jәne dintanu instituty

Dintanu bólimining agha ghylymy qyzmetkeri

Abai.kz

Paydalanghan әdebiyetter:

1.Shәkәrim. Imanym. – Almaty: «Arys» baspasy, 2000.-321 bet

2.Núghman bin Sәbiyt. Ál-fikh ul-Akbar: Qoljazba kitap/aud. S.Molla- qanaghatúly, Týrkistan: «Áziret-Súltan» tarihiy-mәdeny qoryq-múrajayy, 2012. 32-bet.

3.Abay (Ibrahiym) Qúnabayúly. Shygharmalarynyng tolyq jinaghy II tom. Almaty: Jazushy 1995. 380-bet

4.Qúdayberdiúly Sh. Shygharmalary: Roman, qara sózder, maqalalar, audarmalar. II tom. – Almaty: «Jibek joly» baspa ýii, 2007.-624 bet

5.Qydyrәli Darhan. «Órkeniyet ózegi jәne óreli ózgeris»// Qogham jәne dәuir. 2011j.N3.