Mәselening mәni

Mәselening mәni

Marginaldyq – (latynsha-margo -shetki, shekara) dәstýrli týrde jeke túlghanyng qanday da bir әleumettik qauym­dastyqqa tolyq sinispey, eki nemese bir­neshe әleumettik qauymdastyqtardyng arasynda әri-sәri kýy keship, shekaralyq jaghdayda qalyp qoyyn beyneleytin úghym. Búl adamnyng psihikasyn ózgertip, baghyt-baghdary men ústanymdaryna, ózin-ózi aiqyndauy men ómir saltyna qatty yq­pal etetin qaterli qúbylys. Búl úghym­dy alghashqylardyng biri bolyp ghylymy ainalysqa endirushilerding biri – amerikandyq sosiolog Robert Ezra Park bolyp tabylady. Ol «Adamzat miy­gra­siyasy jәne marginaldy adam» de­gen enbek jazyp, migranttardyng jana әleumettik ortagha beyimdeluinde tuyndaytyn qiyndyqtardy taldaydy. Migranttar ózderining ósip-óngen ortasynan ajyray otyryp, jana әleumettik ortagha qosylugha әreket jasaydy. Búl әreketting jaman jeri – migrant ózimen tektes ortadan bógdelenedi, al, qataryna qosylugha úmtylyp otyrghan jana orta ony tolyqtay qabyldamaydy. Osynyng nәtiyjesinde migrant «mәdeny gibridke», yaghni, dýbәragha ainalyp, «eki kemening basyn ústaghan sugha ketedi» degenge úqsas jaghday qalyptasady. Bastapqyda, «marginaldyq» mәdeny qarama-qayshylyqty beyneleushi úghym retinde qoldanylghanymen, uaqyt óte kele, әleumettik orta men mәrtebening týrli ózgeristerin sipattaytyn әmbebap úghymgha ainaldy. Keyinirek, «marginaldy subekt», «marginaldy kenistik», «marginaldy tirshilik etu» degen tuyndy sózder qalyptasty. Múnyng barlyghy aralyq jaghdaylardy, ótpeli kezenderding tabighaty men sapasyn aiqyndaushy úghymdar.

Jeke adamnyng marginaldyghy indiy­vidting belgili bir әleumettik topqa tolyq kirmeuimen sipattalady: kirgisi keletin toby ony bótensinip, tolyq qabyldamaydy, al, ózining «tughan» әleu­mettik ortasy ony satqyn retinde sanap, teris ainalady. Osylaysha, individ birneshe toptyng ómir salty men dәstýrlerin shala-sharpy ústanyp, dýbәra kýy keshuge mәjbýr bolady. Marginaldanghan individter kóbeye kele, marginaldyq topty qúraydy. Kóp jaghdayda búghan yqpal etetin faktorlar – qoghamnyng qalyptasqan әleumettik qúrylymynyng ózgeruine әkelip soghatyn, sayasat pen ekonomikadaghy jana yqpaldy top­tardyng tuyndauy bolyp tabylady. Osynyng nәtiyjesinde, marginaldyq toptar dәstýrli qalyptasqan toptardy yghystyryp, sheshushi ról oinaugha qabiletti ekendigi tarihy tәjiriybede dәleldendi. Mysaly, Kenester Odaghy túsyndaghy kommunisterding biylik basyna keluin alsaq. Bastapqyda azshylyq bolyp, astyrtyn revolusiyalyq qyzmet atqaryp jýrgen individter toptasa kele, ýlken sayasy kýshke ainaldy. Olar dәstýrli qúndylyqtardy, últtyq jәne diny dәstýrlerdi ysyryp tastap, kommunistik iydeologiyany jýzege asyrugha tyrysty, jetpis jyl boyyna ateizm men sosializm iydeyasyna negizdelgen qogham qúrdy. Kenestik qoghamdaghy әleumettik stratifikasiya ghasyrlar boyy qalyptasqan dәstýrden bólek jolmen jýrdi. Yaghni, materialdyq qúndylyqtargha negizdeletin, qanaushy baylar men ezilgen kedeylerge bólinetin taptyq antogonistik jiktelumen emes, bilim men kәsiptin, enbek pen biliktilikting negizinde irikteletin intelliygensiyagha, júmysshy men sharuagha bólindi. Búl qoghamnyng ózi marginaldyq edi, yaghni, aralyq sipatta bolatyn: adamdardy últqa jikteu aiyptaldy, «Kenes Odaghynyng azamaty» degen jalpy úghym boldy; kommunist bolu – iydealgha ainaldy; dindi ateizm «jendi». Osylaysha, «últshyl», «eskini ansaushy», «dindar» degen týrli aiyptaushy teneulerden qoryqqan kenes adamdary aralyq sipattaghy, marginaldy qúndylyqtardy basshylyqqa ala otyryp ómir sýruge beyimdeldi. Yaghni, KSRO marginaldardyng memleketi edi. Qazaqtardyng orystanuy men músylmandyqtan qaluy, әsirese, qalalyq qazaqtardyng ata-baba jolynan adasyp, ózderining tughan ana tili – qazaq tilin úmytuy, jappay orys tiline bet búruy osynau kenestik kezende bastaldy. Kenestik dәuirde qazaqtay kýshti marginaldanghan últ bolmaghan shyghar sirә… Ne taza qazaq emes, ne tolyq orys emes, ne naghyz músylman emes, eng bastysy – kommunist bolsa bolghany… Osynday ústanymdaghy qazaqtyng betke ústar azamattarynyng kóptep marginaldanuy últtyng marginaldanuyna yqpal etti. Sonyng zardabyn әli tartudamyz…
Búryn-sondy adamzat tarihynda bol­maghan, jaghymdy-jaghymsyz erek­shelikteri jeterlik, kenestik alyp impe­riyanyng týbine qayta qúru men «jana marginaldar» jetti. Búghan syrtqy sayasy kýshterding de yqpaly kýshti bolghany belgili. AQSh Ortalyq barlau basqarmasyn 1953-1961 jyldar aralyghynda basqarghan Allen Dalles KSRO-ny ishten iritip-shiritip qúlatudyn, halqyn moralidyq azghyndaudyng josparyn әzirlegen. Búl jospar aqyryndap oryndaldy, HH gh. 90 jyldary KSRO ydyrap, Qazaqstan tәuelsizdigin endi alyp jatqan óliara kezende qoghamdyq sana abdyrap, otandastarymyz әri-sәri kýige týskeni belgili. Qogham ómirining barlyq salasynda týbegeyli ózgerister jýrdi: totalitarlyq sayasy jýie demokratiyalyqqa transformasiya­landy, sosialistik josparly ekonomika naryqqa almasty, iydeologiyalyq shekteulerding ornyna adam qúqyghy men bostandyghyna negizdelgen qún­dylyqtar keldi. Kenestik halyq degen jasandy úghymnyng tas-talqany shy­ghyp, últtardyng ózin-ózi aiqyndauy, últtyq sana-sezimning janghyruy jedel qarqynmen jýrdi. Múnymen bir mezgilde, erkindik pen romantikagha toly siyaqty kóringen batystyq ómir-salty men búqaralyq arzanqol mәdeniyetke elikteushilik qabattasa órbidi. Bastapqyda búrynghy «kenes halqy» jappay marginaldyq kýige týskendey boldy. Keshegi kommunister demokrat, liyberal, biznesmen, últshyl bolyp shygha keldi… Ateist bolyp jýrgender tilin kәlimagha keltirip, dindi ústanyp, tipten, keybiri taqualyq jolgha týsti. Intelliygensiya jautandaghan jetimning kýiin keship, júmysshy júmyssyz qaldy, sharua jersiz qaldy. Kenestik dәuirde qalyptasqan әleumettik jiktelu jýiesi joyylyp, әleumettik qabat (strata) qalyptasuynda materialdyq iygilikter sheshushi ról oinay bastady. Aldap-arbau, qorqytyp-ýrkitu, sauda-sattyq jolyna týskenderdin, jekeshelendiru men jemqorlyqty dóngeletip jýrgizip, paydagha belshesinen batqandardyng aidarynan jel esti. Osylaysha, әrkimning qabileti men mýmkindigine say keletin keshendi marginaldanu prosesi býkil qoghamdy qamtydy. Degenmen, «Jetim qozy tasbauyr, týniler de, otyghar» demekshi, keshegi «kenestik halyq» qysqa merzim ishinde jana jaghdaygha beyimdeluge mәjbýr boldy. Uaqyt talabyna say, tәuelsiz memleketterding azamattaryna ainalyp, demokratiyalyq qogham qúrugha, naryqtyq ekonomikany mengeruge bel sheshe kirisip ketti. Yaghni, postkenestik kenistiktegi býkil halyq ótpeli kezendi bastan ótkerdi. Bastapqy kezende – Kenester Odaghynyng halqy; aralyq kezende – marginaldyq saty; songhy kezende – tәuelsiz últtyq memleketterding azamattary. Biraq, búdan marginaldanu prosesi toqtap qalady degen oy tumauy tiyis. Marginaldar qashanda bolghan jәne olar alda da bola bermek. Sol siyaqty, últtyq memleket qúryp, egemendi el boluymen marginaldardyng zamany bitti desek te qatelesemiz, qazaqstandyq qoghamgha tәn marginaldar qazir de el ishinde ózining janbaqy tirshiligin jasap jatyr.
Osy jerde mәn beretin nәrse – marginaldanudy tek qúldyrau men tozu degen maghynada týsinbeuimiz kerek. Ol kóbinese qoghamdaghy jan-jaqty órbiytin kólbeu jәne joghary-tómen jýretin tik әleumettik útqyrlyqpen (mobilidilik) baylanysty. Eger de, marginaldanu qoghamdyq qúrylymnyng týbegeyli ózgerui (reforma, tónkeris) nәtiyjesinde bolsa, onda búl qoghamdaghy әleumettik mәrtebening jappay ózgeruine әkelip soghady. Soghan qaramastan, marginaldy toptar jana әleumettik qúrylys jaghdayynyng ózinde ekinshi qaytara ózindik ornyn tabugha tyrysady. Búl әreket ózge toptarmen bәsekelestikke, әleumettik ortada basqalargha qaraghanda yqpaldy oryn alugha baghyttalghan bitispes kýreske úlasady. Nәtiyjesinde búqaranyng útqyrlyghy belsendi bola týsedi, tipten, múnday kýres shiyelenisip ketse, tónkerister men kóterilisterge úlasyp ketui de mýmkin. Memlekettik auqymdaghy әleumettik kenistikte dәstýrli búqaralyq top pen úsaq marginaldyq toptyng arasyndaghy kýres toqtamay jýrip otyrady. Marginaldyq toptar qoghamda oryn tabugha jan-tәnimen tyrysyp baghady. Mysaly, marginaldyq kýy keship jýrgen etnikalyq azshylyq ókilderining pysyqay, kәsipker, shygharmashyl boluymen qatar, olardyng qylmysker, para bergish, aryzqoy, bәleqor bolyp keluining bir syry osynda jatyr. Ózderining marginaldy bet-beynesin liyberaldyq betperdemen kólegeylep, ainalasyna sezdirmeuge tyrysady. Olar dәstýrli toptarmen teke-tiresip, әleumettik ortada yqpaldy oryn alu ýshin bar qabiletterin salady (qorshaghan ortagha beyimdelgish hameleon siyaqty), qolynan keletin barlyq әdis-tәsilder men qúraldardy paydalanyp baghady, qysqasy, aramza bәsekelestikten tayynbaydy. Sol siyaqty, dәstýrli toptardyng arasynan, әsirese, últtyng ishinen shyghatyn marginaldar osal emes. Mysaly, marginaldanghan «shala qazaqtardy» alayyq. Olar da, ózderining qoghamdaghy әleumettik mәrtebesin, lauazymyn, baylyghyn, qol jetkizgen túrmys-tirshiligin saqtap qalu ýshin ayanbay kýresedi. Búl kýres jolynda últtyng ishinen shyqqan dýbara marginaldar ózderining últyna, ana tiline, dәstýrli dinine, últtyq dili men salt-dәstýrine, bir sózben aitqanda, últtyq mýddege kereghar keletin naqúrys әreketter jasaudan tayynbaydy. Ata-babasynyng әruaghyn syilamaydy. Óitkeni, olar qazaq últynan ajyrap qalghan, al, orysqa nemese basqa últqa sinise almaghan. Ózi qazaq, sana-sezimi men sózi orys bolyp tabylatyn marginal býkil qazaqstandyq qoghamnyng ózi siyaqty dýbara bolyp qaluyn qalaydy. Sondyqtan, últtyq mýddeni qorghaudyng ornyna kelemejdep-kemsitip, onymen qarsylasady. Jaudyng tirligin jasap, últtyq ar-namysty ayaqqa taptaydy. Bet-әlpeti, aty-jóni qazaq bolghanymen, boyynan qazaqylyqtyng iysi de shyqpaytyn múnday marginaldardan eriksiz qauiptenesin.

«Qazaqstandyq marginaldar» degen kimder?

Al endi, osy bir qytymyrlau súraq­qa jauap izdep kórelik. Jalpy, Qazaq­standaghy marginaldardy birneshe topqa jikteuge bolady. Birinshi top, memleket qúrushy, tól etnos sanalatyn qazaq últy­nyng ishinen shyqqan marginaldardyng toby (búlardyng ózin ýshke bóluge bolady: 1) «shala qazaqtar», 2) rushyldar, 3) jershilder); ekinshi top – últtyq belgisi boyynsha marginaldyq jaghdaygha úshyraghan diasporalar; ýshinshi topta ornyqqan mekenderinen týrli sebeptermen mәjbýrli nemese erikti týrde auyp, júmys izdegen, arman qughan migranttar (syrtqy jәne ishki kóshi-qon); tórtinshi topqa – diny belgisi boyynsha óz últynyng dәstýrli ústanatyn dininen bezip, basqa diny aghymgha ótip, týrli sektalargha mýshe bolyp, sandalghandar; besinshi topta – bilimi men kәsiby biliktiligi boyynsha aralyq jaghdayda qalghandar; altynshy top – Qazaqstandaghy transúlttyq kompaniyalarda qyzmet isteytin, kosmopolittik sana-sezimdegi júmysshylar men iri biznesting ókilderi; jetinshi top – deviantty minez-qúlyqty, moralidy degradasiyagha úshyraghandar; jәne segizinshi top – demografiyalyq belgi boyynsha – jas jәne jynys erekshelikteri boyynsha ózin-ózi anyqtay almay jýrgender. Endi, osy jasaghan jikteuimizding mәnin ashu ýshin tarqatyp aitayyq. Olay bolsa, «Qazaq desen, ózine kelip tiyedi» demekshi, úyat ta bolsa, ózimizge jaqyn, birinshi toptaghy «qazaqy marginaldardan» bastaugha tu­ra keledi. Qazaqtardyng últtyq dengeyde marginaldanuy men «shala qazaqtardyn» tuyndauy Kenester Odaghy dәuirinde bas­tau alghanyna әlginde ghana azdap toq­taldyq. Kenestik kezende orys tiline memlekettik dengeyde basymdyq berilui ózining nәtiyjesin berdi: qogham ómirining barlyq salasynda orys tili sheshushi rólge ie boldy. Qazaq mektepterinen orys mektepterining ýlesi basym boldy, joghary oqu oryndarynda bilim orys tilinde berildi, memlekettik qyzmet oryssha jýrgizildi. Qazaqtardyng sanasynda «Oryssha bilmeseng adam bolmaysyn» degen qasang qaghida qalyptasty. Osynyng kesirinen kompartiyanyng biylik qúrghan jetpis jylynda qazaq últy ózining ana tilinen aiyrylyp qala jazdaghany da belgili. Últtyng sapalyq kórsetkishin anyqtaushy bóligi – últtyq elita bolyp tabylady. Al, «kenestik» qazaqtardyng elitasy negizinen orys tildi boldy. Olar ózderi ghana orystanyp qoymay, úrpaqtaryn da orystandyryp jiberdi. Tipten, elimizge tanymal keybir aqyn-jazushylarymyz ben ghalymdarymyz, óner tarlandary, memlekettik jәne qogham qayratkerleri tayly-túyaghymen orystandy. Obaly ne kerek, qazaq últynyng ishinen jik shyghyp, qazaqsha bilmeytin «shala qazaqtardyn» toby tuyndady.
Jalpy, «shala qazaqtardyn» mәselesi kóp aitylyp, kóp jazyla jauyr bolghan, qordaly mәselelerding qatarynda. Búl túrghyda top jaryp túrghan shygharmalargha aqiyq aqynymyz M.Shahanovtyng últtyq namysty janityn jalyndy ólenderin, A. Álimúlynyng almastay ótkir syn maqalalaryn, A.Aytalynyng payymdy ghy­lymy enbekterin jatqyzuymyzgha bolady. Ásirese, A. Álimúly «Ótkirding jý­zi» atty jinaghyndaghy «Qazaqstandy kosmopolitizm elesi kezip jýr» atty syn-maqalasynda últtyq intelliygensiya qúramyndaghy talay «shala qazaq» marginaldyng atyn atap, týsin týstep bergen.
«Shala qazaqtar» qazaqsha bilme­genimen, oryssha oilaydy jәne sóileydi, oryssha joghary bilim alghan, qoghamda joghary әleumettik mәrtebege, kýshti ekonomikalyq әl-auqat pen biyik sayasy mansapqa qol jetkizgen. Áli kýnge deyin olardyng qazaqstandyq qoghamda yqpaly kýshti, týrli salalarda sheshushi ról atqarady. Sóite túra, «shala qazaqtardyn» qazaq tiline selsoq qarap, satqyndyq jasaytyny bәrimizge mәlim. Tәuelsizdigimizdi alghanymyzgha jiyrma jyldan assa da, qazaq tilining memlekettik til retinde ayaghyna nyq túra almauynyng negizgi sebebi osynda jatyr.
Tәuelsizdik alghaly beri qazaqtardyng últtyq sana-sezimi janghyrghany quantady. Biraq, últtyq sana sezim, últtyq ózin-ózi aiqyndau prosesimen qatar jýrip kele jatqan – rulyq ózin-ózi aiqyndau. Áriyne, «Jeti atasyn bilmegen jetesiz» deytin ataly sózge toqtaghan әrbir qazaq ózining jeti atasyn, ruy men jýzin biledi. Dala filosofiyasy negizinde qazaqtar jeti atagha deyin qyz alyspay, últtyng tektik (gendik) sapasyn saqtap keldi. Búl túrghydan alghanda qazaqtyng óz ruyn bilui dúrys-aq. Bizding aitqaly otyrghanymyz búl mәselening jaghymsyz jaqtary. Ózin qazaqpyn dey otyryp, ru-ru, taypa-taypa bolyp bólinip, ózara talas-tartysqa týsui qazaqtardyng últ retinde ishtey marginaldanuyn terendetedi. Últtyq birtútastyqqa syzat týsiredi. Qazir týrli rulardyng tarihyn jazu, shejire qúrastyru, әruaqtargha as berip, at shaptyru boyynsha qazaq rularynyng arasynda qúddy bir bәseke jýrip jatqan synayly. Ysyrapshyldyq pen bekerge mal shashudy aitpaghanda, әsire dәripteu men maqtaudyng әserinen últtyq tarihymyzdyng búrmalanu qaupi tuyndauda.
Rushyldyqpen qatar, qazir elimizde jershildik degen dert te qozyp túrghany jasyryn emes. Qazir joghary biylik eshelonynyng ózinde klandardyng tuyndaghany turaly mәsele qoghamdyq pikirde kóp qozghalyp jýr. Batys qazaqstandyq klan, ontýstik klany degen siyaqty jerlestik toptar bar ekendigi aitylady. Jershildik – tómengi dengeydegi patriottyq sezimge jatady, әr adamgha ózining kindik qany tamghan jer ystyq. Búl sezim ónirlik dengeyde bolsa qúba qúp, jerlester ózderining auylyn, audany men oblysyn damytyp, kórkeytuge bir kisidey atsalyssyn. Qyzghysh qús ta ózining batpaqty kólin sýiedi. Biraq, memlekettik dengeyde jershildikke úrynu orgha jyghatyn jaghymsyz qúbylys. Ol jalpyúlttyq patriotizmge keri әser etushi faktorlardyng qataryna kiredi. IY.Krylovtyng mysalyndaghy aqqu, shortan, shayan siyaqty әrkim jan-jaqqa tartqan jerde birlik bolmaydy. Sondyqtan da, rushyldyq (traybalizmnin) pen jershildikting memlekettik qyzmet salasyna keninen taraluy últtyq qauipsizdigimizge qauip tóndiretin qater. Memlekettik qyzmetshining bilimi men biliktiligi, júmys tәjiriybesi emes, lauazymdy basshymen rulas nemese jerles boluy sheshushi faktorlargha ainaluynan, týpting týbinde, býkil el-júrtymyz zardap shegetin bolady. Osynday qauip-qaterlerden saqtanuymyz qajet. Qazaqtyn ishki tútastyghyn búzghysy keletin rushyldyq, jershildik әngimemen el birligin býldirgisi keletin kýshterding payda boluy Elbasydan bastap әrbir qazaqty alandatady. Elbasymyz aitqanday, «qazaqtyng birligi – eldigimizding kilti, eng basty mәselesi. Qazaqty eshuaqytta syrttan jau alghan emes. Qazaq әlsirese, alauyzdyqtan әlsiregen, kýsheyse, birlikten kýsheygen».
Elimizdegi marginaldardyng ýlke­nirek bolyp tabylatyn ekinshi toby – ózderin Qazaqstannyng azamattary sanaytyn ózge últtardyng ókilderinen, yaghni, diasporalardan qúralady. Olar psihologiyalyq túrghyda, keng auqymdaghy qazaqstandyq jәne tar baghyttaghy últtyq sana-sezimderding jeteginde qatar jýredi. Bizdegi ózge últtardyng ókilderi osy shaqtaghy ómiri men bolashaghyn Qazaqstanmen, qazaq últymen tyghyz baylanystyra otyryp, onymen bir mezgilde ózderine tәn últtyq erekshelikterin ústanyp, tilin, mәdeniyetin, dinin, t.b. damytuda keng mýmkindikterge ie bolyp otyr. Búghan qosa, elimizdegi últaralyq qarym-qatynas tili – orys tili. Osylaysha, qazaqstandyq diasporalar beyne bir, paralelidi 3D ólshemdi әlemde, ýshke jarylyp ómir keship jatqanday bolady: birinshi, azamattyq ózin-ózi aiqyndauy boyynsha; ekinshi, últtyq ózin-ózi aiqyndauy boyynsha; ýshinshi, tildik qarym-qatynas ortasy boyynsha. Álem­ning kóptegen elderindegi diasporalar men migranttar 2D jaghdayynda ómir keshedi, yaghni, olarda birinshi jәne ýshinshi belgi birtútas: azamattyq ózin-ózi aiqyndau men tildik qarym-qatynas ortasy bir (mysaly, Fransiyada fransuzsha, Germaniyada nemisshe, Reseyde oryssha t.b.). Maqalanyng bastapqy jaghynda aty atalghan amerikandyq ghalym R.E. Parktyng zerttegen qúbylysy da osy bolatyn.
Sózding reti kelip túrghasyn, Elbasymyz «Qazaqstan-2050» Strategiyalyq baghdarlamasynda: «2050 jylghy qa­zaqstandyqtar – ýsh tilde sóileytin bilimdi, erkin adamdardyng qoghamy» bolatynyn aitsa, biylghy sәuir aiynda ótken Qazaqstan halqy Assambleyasynyng XX sessiyasynda «Qazaqstan-2050» Strategiyasy: bir halyq — bir el — bir taghdyr» atty taqyrypta sóilegen sózinde: «Qazaq jeri 100-den astam etnostardy biriktirdi. Áriyne, osy etnostyq әraluandyqtyng bәri birtútas últqa ainaluy ýshin jaqsy sement qajet. Býginde últty biriktirushi basty faktor qazaq tili ­– memlekettik til bolyp otyr» degenin aita ketkendi jón kórdik. Yaghni, ýsh tildi biluimiz kerek, al, jappay qazaqsha sóileuimiz qajettilikke ainaluy shart. Búl mindetting naqty iske asuy ýshin qazaqstandyq diasporalardyng sana-sezimi eki ólshemge negizdelui tiyis: birinshi – jalpyúlttyq dengeyde – azamattyq ózin-ózi aiqyndauy qazaqstandyq, al, memlekettik jәne últaralyq qarym-qatynas tili – qazaq tili boluy boyynsha; ekinshi – belgili bir últ dengeyinde – qanday da bir etnostyng ókili retinde ózin-ózi aiqyndauy boyynsha. Biraq, Qazaqstan Konstitusiyasynda «memlekettik til – qazaq tili» degen qa­ghidagha qosymsha «orys tili – resmy til» degen tirkesting boluy, oghan «ýsh túghyrly til» ústanymynyng mingesui el halqynyng azamattyq-últtyq-tildik dengeylerde aralyq kýy keshuin kýsheytip otyr.
Qazaqstandyq marginaldardyng ýshinshi tobyn syrtqy jәne ishki migranttar qúraydy. Elimizge syrtqy migranttar negizinen kórshiles Qyrghyzstan, Ózbekstan, Tәjikstan, Qytay siyaqty elderden enude. Qytaylyq migranttardyng oiy әride jatyr: olar júmys isteudi ghana emes, ózderine qalyndyq tauyp, qazaqqa «kýieu bala» boludy da oilastyrady. Qazaqstan siyaqty mol qazba baylyqtary joq boluynan Ortalyq Aziyalyq kórshilerimizde әleumettik-ekonomikalyq ahual qiyn ekeni belgili. Qúday jarylqaghan qazaqtyng keng dalasynyng asty-ýsti kenge toly, shiykizatqa negizdelgen ekonomikamyz damyp, «gastarbayterlerdi» enbekaqysy tómen qara júmysqa jegetin dәrejege jettik. Biraq, búdan barsha qazaqstandyq joghary jalaqyly júmyspen qamtylyp, elimizde qara júmys isteytin adam qalmady degen oy tumauy tiyis. Qazaqstandaghy auyl-aymaqtardyng halqy negizinen júmyssyz ekeni barshamyzgha mәlim. Osydan kelip el ishindegi stihiyalyq kóshi-qon órshiydi, «eki qolgha bir kýrek» dep, kez kelgen aqy tólenetin júmys izdegen ishki migranttar auyldan qalagha qaray shúbyruda. Ishki migranttardyng basym bóligi qarakóz qazaqtar ekendigi qynjyltady.
Ghalymdardyng jýrgizgen zertteuleri dәleldegendey, migrant degen – marginal, jartykesh túlgha bolyp tabylady. Syrtqy migrant ózining eline ókpeli, shetelden payda tabugha dәmeli jat júrttyq adam. Ishki migrant bolsa, ne qalalyq emes, ne auyldyq emes, ekiradaghy otandas. Ekeui de dýbara, bas paydalaryn oilaghan, aralyq kónil-kýidegi adamdardyng tobynda. Kýnkóristing qamymen, tansәriden keshqúrymgha deyin qara júmysqa jegilip, azyp-tozyp jýrgen paqyr adamnyng ózin-ózi aiqyndauy qiyndaydy, qúndy­lyqtar jýiesi ózgeredi. Psihologtar men kriminalister migranttardyng qatarynda moralidyq degradasiyagha úshyraghandardyn, qylmyskerler men deviantty minez-qúlyqty adamdardyng kóp boluynyng bir sebebi osy dep týsindiredi. Qazaqstandaghy júmyssyzdyq ózekti mәselelerding qatarynda, «ózin-ózi júmys­pen qamtyghandar» dep atalatyn, oidan shygharylghan әleumettik kategoriya qataryna kirgender de shynyn aitqanda, kәduilgi júmyssyzdar. «Júmyspen qamtu-2020» baghdarlamasynyng qabyldanuy tegin emes. Júmyssyzdyqty azaytu ýshin tek qana industrialdyq-innovasiyalyq damu azdyq etedi, bizge agroónerkәsip keshenin de damytyp, auyl-aymaqtardy agrarlyq sektorda júmyspen qamtudy memleket qolyna aluy tiyis. Memleketting qoldauynsyz auyl sharuashylyghyn ayaqqa túrghyzu qiyn, búl jerde qytaylyq modernizasiya tәjiriybesinen ýirenetin nәrse kóp. Auyl-aymaqtaghy el-júrt júmyspen qamtylmayynsha, olardyng qalagha qaray jónkilui toqtamaydy. Al, stihiyalyq urbanizasiya prosesi san-aluan әleumettik problemalardy tuyndatary sózsiz. Jalpy, marginaldanudy ushyqtyratyn zansyz syrtqy kóshi qon da, rettelmegen ishki migrasiya da qauipsizdikke qater tóndirushi faktorlardyng qatarynda.
Tórtinshi toptaghy diny marginaldar – Ata Zanymyzda bekitilgen ar-ojdan bostandyghyna mas bolyp, ata-babasy ústanghan dәstýrli dinnen bezip, basqa týrli diny aghymdar men sektalargha ótken­derden qúralghan. Qazaqstanda negizinen músylmandar men pravoslav músylmandar túratyndyghyna qaramastan, jiyrma jyl ishinde ondaghan konfessiyalar, irili-úsaqty neshe-týrli sektalar tuyndap, ashyq әri belsendi missionerlik ýgit-nasihat júmystaryn jýrgizu arqyly ózderining qatarlaryn marginaldanghan otandastarymyzben tolyqtyrdy. Islamda dindi satu, Allagha serik qosu eng auyr kýnә dep esepteletinine qaramastan, ata-anasy esi­min azan shaqyryp qoyyp, sýndetke otyrghyzghan keybir «músylmandar» IYegova kuәgerine, Krishnagha, hristiangha, dianetikke, iogagha, t.b. ainaldy. Endi bireuleri «naghyz músylman» bolamyz dep, zikirshige, tabligshige, uahabitke, t.b. úryndy. Qys­qasy, sektanttar azamattardyng sanasyn túmandandyryp, bastaryn әbden ser­geldenge saldy. Kýizelgen jandardyng nanym-senimderin shayqaltyp, diny marginaldargha ainaldyrdy. Úzaq uaqyt «Zayyrly memleketpiz, din – әrkimning jeke isi» degen qazaqstandyq biylik diny ekstremizm ushyghyp, terrorister boy kórsete bastaghan kezde ghana din isine ara­lasa bastady. Tipten, 2011 jylghy 18 mamyrda Preziydentting № 84 Jarlyghymen Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng Din isteri agenttigi resmy týrde qúryldy. Diny qyzmet pen úiymdargha qatysty zannama qatandatyldy. Ekstremistik, terroristik, alayaqtyq baghyttaghy sektalardyng «qara tizimi» jasaldy. Jyl basynan beri Qazaqstannyng Din isteri agenttigi 500 sayttyng mazmúnyna taldau jýrgizip, onyng ishinde qúqyqqa qayshy sipattaghy materialdar bar 20 sheteldik ghalamtor resursyn anyqtady. Dúrys baghytta diny sauat ashugha mәn berilude. Jalpy, elimizde diny marginaldanugha qarsy qarqynda әreket jasaluda. Bir ókinishtisi, diny marginaldardyng qataryna qosylyp, adasqan otandas-qandastarymyzdy keri qaytaru óte qiyn.
Qazaqstanda marginaldardyng be­sinshi tobyndaghy bilimi men kәsiby biliktiligi boyynsha dýbәra bolyp, ara­lyq jaghdayda qalghandar jetip artylady. Postkenestik kenistiktegi adamdardyng bir ereksheligi – jappay derlik sauatty, basym bóligining joghary nemese orta kәsiptik bilimi bar. Kenester Odaghy totalitarly bolghanymen, sosialistik qogham qúryp, әleumettik әdilettilik ornata aldy. Bilimning kez-kelgen týri halyq ýshin tegin, al, bilimdi mamandardyng júmyspen qamtyluy óte joghary dengeyde boldy. Odaq ydyraghan son, milliondaghan enbekshi júmyssyz qalyp, qara bazardy jaghalady. Orta bilimnen ózge bilim alu týrleri negizinen aqyly jýzege asatyn boldy. Qysqasy, naryq halyqty qaryq qyldy. Qazir joghary bilimdi maman ekenin rastaytyn diplomy bar qanshama qazaqstandyq ózining alghan bilimin mýldem qajet etpeytin salalarda enbek etip, jan baghuda. Onyng ýstine, jyl sayyn otandyq joghary oqu oryndaryn myndaghan student tәmamdaghanymen, olardyng da basym bóligi ózi oqyghan kәsipti iygeruge emes, nәsibine búiyrghan júmysty isteuge mәjbýr. Sebebi, zauyt-fabrikalar óte az, infraqúrylym damymaghan, auyl sharuashylyghy túralap qalghan, al, memlekettik qyzmetkerler sanyn qysqartu jýrip jatyr. Osy jerden kәsiptik túrghydaghy marginaldar tuyndaydy. Ne bilimdi oqyghan emes, ne bilikti maman emes, taghy bir dýbәra, әleumettik diyletant top qoghamgha top etip qosylady. Mamandardyng jetispeushiliginen «Diplommen auylgha» siyaqty baghdarlamalar payda bolady. Kәsiby marginalizm – býgingi qazaqstandyq qoghamnyng ótkir shyndyghy.
Qazaqstanda qyzmet isteytin kosmopo­littik sana-sezimdegi transúlttyq kom­pa­niyanyng ókilderi men iri biznesting ókilderinen qúralghan altynshy top — yqpaly kýshti marginaldar ekeni dau­syz. Óitkeni, qoldarynda qomaqty qarjylyq jәne aqparattyq resurstar bar, biylikke lobby jasap, yqpal etuge qabiletti. Kosmopolittik sana jeteginde jýrgen bay-manaptar taghdyrlaryn belgili bir memleketpen nemese últpen aiqyndamaydy, ózderin «әlem azamatymyz» dep esepteydi, asa iri kapitaldyng iyeleri retinde ghalamdyq ekonomika men jahandanu prosesining qozghaushy kýshteri bolyp tabylady. Olarda naqty bir Otan degen úghym bolmaydy, biznesterin jýrgizuge qolayly, jeke basy men otbasy mýshelerine ómir sýruge jayly, kapitalyn saqtap, kóbeytuge mýmkindik berilse bolghany, sol jerdi uaqytsha «otan» sanap, saghalaydy. Qazaqstandyq zannamagha qayshy keletinine qaramastan, olardyng keybireuleri qos azamattyq jasatyp alghan. «Jany ashymastyng qasynda basyng auyrmasyn» demekshi, alda-jalda el basyna kýn tusa, olar shetelge tayyp túrady. Búl az bolsa, songhy kezderi jemqorlyq әreketteri әshkere bolghan qazaqstandyq sheneunikter shetelge qashatyndy shyghardy. Jәy ghana bas saughalap qashpaydy, el baylyghynan, memleket budjetinen qymqyryp-jymqyrghan million-milliard qarjy-qarajatyn aldyn ala shetelderding bankterine audaryp qoyady. Keshe halyq sengen, býgin qashqyn-qylmyskerge ainalghan iri sheneunikti marginal desek de, kosmopolit desek te bolady. Bizding sheneunikterde «Men uaqytsha adammyn, komanda biylikte túrghanda, mýmkindikti barynsha paydalanyp, bayyp qaluym kerek» degen psihologiya basym siyaqty. Elbasymyz aitqanday, sheneunikter ózderining qalyqqa qyzmet kórsetushi adam ekenderin úmytqaly qashan.
Jogharyda atalghan kosmopolitter tobymen salystyrsaq, arasy jer men kóktey bolarlyq jetinshi top — deviantty minez-qúlyqty, moralidy degradasiyagha úshyraghan mas­kýnem, nashaqor, qylmysker, jezókshe siyaqty pendelerden qúralghan. Nәpsisin tiya almaghan maskýnem men nashaqor adamgershilik sapalardan aiyrylyp, eki ayaqty januar keypine qalay týskenin bayqamay da qalady. Ne tolyqqandy adam emes, ne hayuan emes, del-sal tirshilik iyesi retinde qoghamgha ziyan shektirmese, eshbir paydasy joq, azyp-tozghan, marginaldanudyng eng tómengi satysyndaghy әleumettik toptyng ókiline ainalady. Al, qylmyskerlerding ómiri «eki әlemde» ótetinin, yaghni, zangha negizdelgen qogham jәne «týsiniktermen» retteletin qylmystyq ortada qatar tirshilik etetinin bilmeytin adam joq shyghar. Jazylmaghan zandary, minez-qúlyq ýlgileri men jýris-túrys normalary, ómirlik ústanymdary men qúndylyqtar jýiesi bar. Olarda, tipten, jargon sózderden qúralghan, qarym-qatynas jasap, ózara týsinisetin, ózderine ghana tәn «balama tilderi» de bar. Qylmyskerler «zandy» jәne «zansyz» degen bir-birine qarama-qarsy eki qoghamnyng arasynda jýrgen marginaldyq, әleumettik erekshe topty qúraydy. Sonymen qatar, moralidyq azghyngha ainalghan, ary men tәnin satqan jezókshening qúndylyqtar jýiesi de aumaly-tókpeli. Adaldyq, mahabbat, sýigen jar, analyq sezim siyaqty asyl qasiyetterdi ayaqqa taptaghan, «Otan otbasynan bastalatynyn» bilgisi de kelmeytin adamnan ne ýmit ne qayyr. Degenmen, búl toptaghy marginaldardy onaltu júmystary ýzdiksiz jýrgizilip keledi, olargha jyl sayyn memleketting budjetinen milliardtaghan qarjy júmsalady. Biraq nәtiyje mardymsyz. Sebebi, bizding qoghamnyng basty kemshiligi – atalghan әleumettik marginal toptardyng tuyndauyna yqpal etushi faktorlardyng aldyn alumen emes, olardyng zardabymen kýresuge kýsh salynuy.
Demografiyalyq belgilermen aiqyn­dalatyn marginaldardyng segizinshi toby – jas jәne jynys erekshelikteri boyynsha ózin-ózi anyqtay almay jýrgenderden túrady. Qazir «jasym egde bolsa da, kónilim jas deytin» agha buynnyng ókilderi kóbeyip barady. Olargha kómekshi qúraldar da jeterlik: plastikalyq hirurgiya, týrli kosmetika, sәndi kiyim-keshek deysiz be, tolyp jatyr. Ýilenbegen «sýr boydaqtar» men kýieuge shyqpaghan «kәri qyzdarymyz» da sylang qaghyp, otbasyn qúrugha asyghar emes. Al, jas jetkinshekterimiz, kerisinshe, tez esengge qúmarlyq tanytady. Eresekter siyaqty kiyinuge, ýlkendershe sóileu men jýrip-túrugha elikteydi. Osydan kelip, batysqa eliktegish býgingi qoghamymyzda «Ýlkenge qúrmet, kishige izet» degen qazaqy tәrbie әlsirep bara jatqany anyq bayqalady. Oghan qosa, demografiyalyq marginalizmning damuyna búqaralyq aqparat qúraldary barynsha yqpal etuge tyrysuda. Osylay kete bersek, erteng aqyl aityp, bata beretin batagóy qariya tappay, kórgensiz úrpaq ósirip, ónegesiz últqa ainaluymyz ghajap emes. Búryn eki týrli últ ókilining aralas neke qúruy alabóten, marginaldyq qúbylys siyaqty kórinetin. Qazir ol qalypty jagh­daygha ainaldy. Endigi «moda» – Batystan esken «janashyl ómir saltynyn» ta­ghy bir qauipti jetistigi – ózining qay jy­nys ókili ekenin anyqtay almay dal bolyp, «qyzteke» erkektin, «erkekshora» úrghashynyng tuyndauy. Fransiya, AQSh bastaghan birqatar batystyq elder bir jynystylardyng neke qúruyn zandastyryp alghanymen toqtamay, endi, bir jynysty otbasylardyng bala asyrap aluyn zandastyrugha kóshti. Armiya qataryna gomoseksualdardy ashyq shaqyrudan arlanbaydy. Batys qalalarynyng kóshelerinde jynystyq marginaldar gey-paradtar ótkizip, sheruge shyghatyn dengeyge jetti. Jaqynda ghana, janalyqtardan kórgenimizdey, shetelderding qarjylandyruymen Buharest, Mәskeu, Kiyev qalalarynda gey-paradtar ótkizuge talpynystar jasalyp, búl jergilikti halyqtyng ashu-yzasyn tughyzdy. Aram pighyldy batystyq elder osynday masqaralyqtargha jol berip, Alla taghala jaratqan Adam Ata men Haua Ananyng salghan iygi dәstýrin búzyp, otbasy institutyn talqandaugha kýsh saluda. Búdan asqan, azghyndalghan marginaldanu joq shyghar. Qauipti әri ókinishtisi sol, batystyq qogham ózi ghana adasyp qoymay, qisyq qúndylyqtaryn býkil әlemge nasihattap, barsha adamzat qauymyn iritip-shirituge tyrysuda. «Úly sózding úyattyghy joq» demekshi, osynau qoghamdyq dert elimizde asqynbay túrghanda, onyng aldyn alyp, jynystyq túrghydaghy dúrys tәlim-tәrbie berudi qolgha alu býgingi kýnning qajettiligine ainaluda. Jogharyda kórsetilgendey, әrbir marginaldanghan әleumettik toptyng ózeginde belgili bir jeke adam, yaghni, túlgha, el azamaty túr. Adam taghdyry elding taghdyryna úlasady. Sol siyaqty, marginaldanghan jeke adamdar jinala kele, tútas últtyng marginaldanuyna alyp keledi. Al marginaldanghan últtyng bolashaghy búlynghyr.

Sóz sony

Taqyrypty qorytugha oqyrmandardy tartyp, oy týrtki jasau maqsatynda, jogharyda aitylyp ótken, kezinde KSRO-ny ishtey qiratugha baghyttalghan «Dalles josparynan» ýzindi keltire ketkendi jón kórdik: «…Chelovecheskiy mozg, soznanie ludey sposobny k izmenenii. Poseyav tam haos, my nezametno podmenim ih sennosty na falishivye y zastavim ih v ety falishivye sennosty veriti. Kak? My naydem svoih edinomyshlennikov, svoih soiznikov v samoy Rossiiy. Epizod za epizodom budet razygryvatisya grandioznaya po svoemu masshtabu tragediya giybely samogo nepokornogo na zemle naroda, okonchatelinogo y neobratimogo ugasaniya ego samosoznaniya. Napriymer, iz iskusstva y liyteratury my postepenno vytravim ego sosialinui sushnosti; otuchim hudojnikov y pisateley – otobiem u nih ohotu zanimatisya izobrajeniyem y issledovaniyem teh prosessov, kotorye proishodyat v glubinah narodnyh mass. Liyteratura, teatry, kino – vse budet izobrajati, y proslavlyati samye nizmennye chelovecheskie chuvstva. My budem vsyachesky podderjivati, y podnimati tak nazyvaemyh hudojnikov, kotorye stanut nasajdati y vdalblivati v chelovecheskoe soznanie kulit seksa, nasiliya, sadizma, predatelistva – slovom, vsyakoy beznravstvennosti. V upravleniy gosudarstvom my sozdadim haos y nerazberihu. My budem nezametno, no aktivno y postoyanno sposobstvovati samodurstvu chinovnikov, prosvetanii vzyatochnikov y besprinsipnosti. Burokratizm y volokita budut vozvoditisya v dobrodeteli. Chestnosti y poryadochnosti budut osmeivatisya y nikomu ne stanut nujny, prevratyatsya v perejitok proshlogo. Hamstvo y naglosti, loji y obman, piyanstvo y narkomanii, jivotnyy strah drug pered drugom y bezzastenchivosti, predatelistvo, nasionalizm y vrajdu narodov – prejde vsego vrajdu y nenavisti k russkomu narodu, — vse eto my budem lovko y nezametno kulitivirovati, vse eto rassvetet mahrovym svetom. Y lishi nemnogiye, ocheni nemnogie budut dogadyvatisya ily daje ponimati, chto proishodiyt. No takih ludey my postavim v bespomoshnoe polojeniye, prevratim v posmeshiyshe, naydem sposob ih obolgati y obiyaviti otbrosamy obshestva. Budem vyryvati duhovnye korni, oposhlyati y unichtojati osnovy narodnoy nravstvennostiy. My budem rasshatyvati, takim obrazom, pokolenie za pokoleniyem. Budem bratisya za ludey s detskiyh, yunosheskih let, y glavnuy stavku vsegda budem delati na molodeji – stanem razlagati, razvrashati y rastlevati ee. My sdelaem iz nee sinikov, poshlyakov y kosmopolitov. Vot tak my eto sdelaem!». Qazirgi qazaqstandyq qoghamgha zer salyp qaraghan kózi ashyq adamgha «Dallesting jospary» әli kýnge deyin ózining jalghasyn tauyp jatqan siyaqty kórineri sózsiz… Joq әlde, jahandanu, kosmopolittenu, marginaldanu men mәnkýrttenu toqtamaytyn ýzdiksiz prosess pe? Jalpy, qalay degende de, marginaldanghan últ ózining últtyq memleketin qúrugha qauqarsyz.

 Seyilbek Músataev, sayasy ghylymdarynyng doktory, әl-Faraby atyndaghy QazÚU
Sayasattanu kafedrasynyng professory.

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