Dalada saylau dәstýri boldy ma jәne ony býgingi tanda qalay baghalau kerek?degen tarihy saual әrbir qazaqtyng kókeyin tyrmalaytyny ras. Endi osy mәselege terenirek oy jýgirtip kóreyik.

Eger Qazaqstanda saylaudy azamattardyng ýmitine jauap beretindey etip ótkizu nege onay emes dep súrasanyz, oghan «Europalyqtar búghan jýz jyl boyy bardy, al biz bar bolghany 30 jyl demokratiyalyq memleket qúryp kelemiz» dep jauap ala alamyz. Shynymen solay ma?

Degenmen, dekolonizasiya iydeyasynyng jaqtaushylarymen betpe-bet kelgende, basqa kózqarasty biluge bolady. Olar qazaq halqy - «dala demokratiyasynyn» eski dәstýrining múrageri dep mәlimdeytin bolady. Búl demokratiyanyng negizin handar saylauy ghana emes, sot sheshimderi kýshti biyler saylauy da qúrady. Qazirgi zamanda «tórtinshi biylik» dep ataugha bolatyn aqyndar da boldy - talantty әnshiler biylikti adal synap, ózekti mәseleler turaly aitudan qoryqpady. Alayda, dekolonizatorlardyng aituynsha, búl dәstýrdi Resey imperiyasy, al keyinirek kenestik biylik búzghan. Al qazirgi sayasy instituttar búrynghy dala dәstýrlerin kórsetpeydi, tek europalyq modelidi kalikulyasiyalaugha tyrysady. Jogharyda aitylghandardyng bәrinde ne shyndyq, ne anyz?

Shynghyshannyng sayasy iydealy

Shynghyshan basyp alynghan jerlerdegi әkimshilik jәne sayasy qúrylymdy qayta qúryp, kóptegen ghasyrlargha damu vektoryn qalady dep esepteledi. Tarihshy Túrsyn Súltanovtyng «Aq mysyqta kóterilgender» atty tanymal kitabynda múragerlik mәselesi birshama qarama-qayshy bolghan dep aitylghan. Bir jaghynan, «ózining úrpaqtaryna múra etip qaldyrghan Shynghys hannyng sayasy iydealy saylanu tәrtibi boldy, oghan sәikes hannyng taghyna» altyn túqym «mýshelerining eng qabiletti jәne әdeptisi kóteriledi, ony sarevichter de iygilik ýshin moyyndaydy». Ekinshi jaghynan, ol onyng múrageri Ugedey bolady degen jeke-dara sheshim qabyldady, búl «saylau tәrtibine» úqsamaydy.

Áriyne, imperatordyng ózi de saylanbady, ol han bolyp tanyldy - 1206 jylghy qúryltayda eshqanday dauys beru bolghan joq. Saylau tújyrymdamasy imperiyagha jat nәrse boldy. Erendjen Hara-Davan «Shynghyshan qolbasshy retinde jәne onyng múrasy» (1929 j.) kitabynda onyng memleketinde birde-bir saylanbaly organ bolmaghanyn jazady. Negizinde, elde bir biylikti basqarushy basqasha boluy da mýmkin emes. Súltanov aityp ótkendey, Shynghyshannyng ósiyetine qaramastan, eng layyqty hanzadany saylau tәrtibi «Shynghysy úlysynda jalghyz da, negizgi de sayasy tәrtipke» ainalghan joq. Ýlkendik tәrtip, tikeley múragerlik, uzurpasiya - búl nysandardyng barlyghy әrbir joly dәstýrli dep tanylyp, olardyng әrqaysysy naqty jaghdaylargha baylanysty tandaldy.

Ózgerissiz qalghan jalghyz nәrse - taqtagha ýmitker әrdayym shynghysid bolghan. Tipti Tamerlan biylikti basyp alghan kezde de ol ózin resmy týrde han dep emes, tek taq iyesining ókili dep atady. Eger han saylauy bolghan bolsa, onda ol shynghysidter arasynan basqa shynghysidter bolyp saylandy. Qazirgi Qazaqstandaghy bireuding osynday sayasy jýiening sabaqtastyghyna kelisui ekitalay. Degenmen, ony tipti demokratiyalyq dep te aitugha bolmaydy, sebebi «demos» sózi jýzdegen tuysqandy emes, qatysushylardyng keng auqymyn bildiredi.

Qazaq handyghy jәne biyder instituty

Qazaq handyghy Altyn Ordada bolghan múragerlik problemalaryn múra etip aldy. Degenmen, búl sonshalyqty manyzdy emes edi - 1359 jyldan bastap han biyligi instituty devalivasiyagha úshyrady. Songhy myqty han Berdibek boldy, al ol qaytys bolghannan keyingi 20 jyl ishinde taqta 20 han auystyryldy. Tarihshy Jaqsylyq Sәbitov Vlast portalyndaghy «Dala demokratiyasy» jәne «Úly daladaghy saylau» maqalalarynda. Qazaq handyghynda han әdette әldebir qalada otyrdy jәne biylik qúrdy, onyng biyligi kópshilik tarapynan resmy týrde moyyndaldy, biraq is jýzinde qala men onyng jaqyn jaqtastarynyng taypalarynan tys jerlerde hannyng tilekteri men búiryqtary әrdayym oryndalmay keledi dep jazady.

Han biyligining shekteuli ekenin rastaudy Núrbulat Masanovtyng «Qazaqtardyng kóshpeli órkeniyeti» kitabynan tabugha bolady, onda ol hannyng manyzdy funksiyasy kóshi-qonnyng bastaluyna dabyl beru bolghanyn, al kóshpendilik jýiesin rettey almaghanyn jazady. Han biyliginen joghary túrghan tabighat pen kóshpendilerding ómirin ózderine baghyndyrghan «kenistik despottyghy» boldy.
Bәlkim, dalagha sot tóreligin jibergen biylerding biyligi hannan da kóp shyghar. Búl institut turaly aitar bolsaq, «saylau» degen sózdi de paydalanugha bolmaydy, sebebi biy saylanbaghan, moyyndalghan. Ol kez kelgen erkin qauym mýshesi boluy mýmkin - oghan daulardy sheshu ýshin jýginu ýshin ol ózin әdettegi qúqyqtyng sheberi jәne sheberi retinde tanytuy tiyis edi.

Patshalyq demokratiyalandyru

Qazaq dalasyndaghy saylau turaly Resey korolining azamattyghy bastalghaly beri aitugha bolady. Belgili bolghanday, qosylghannan keyin patsha biyligi ózining jana iyeliginde әkimshilik reformalar jýrgize bastady. Tak, 1822 jylghy Jarghymen Orta jýzdegi, al eki jyldan keyin Kishi jýzdegi han biyligi joyyldy. Aumaqtar agha súltandargha formaldy týrde baghynatyn okrugterge bólindi. Bas súltan lauazymy saylanbaly boldy - tandaushylar basqa súltandar boldy. Búl jerde biz tandaushylar tizimi Shynghysidpen shektelgen eski dәstýrding jalghasyn kórip otyrmyz.

Alayda búl úzaq jalghaspady. HIH ghasyrdyng 20-shy jyldary bastauysh súltandar arasynda ofiyserlik sheni bar «qara sýiek» ókilderi payda bola bastady. Al 1855 jyly Sibir komiytetining qazaq dalasyndaghy agha súltandardy saylau tәrtibi turaly erejesi qabyldandy, oghan sәikes rәsim qazirgi tilde demokratiyalandyryldy. Ol boyynsha agha súltan tek shynghysidti ghana emes, sonday-aq ofiyser sheni berilgen kez-kelgen adamdy da tandaugha bolatyn. Onyng ýstine, saylaushylar toby keneytildi. Búdan bylay dauys beru qúqyghy tek shenderge ghana emes, sonymen qatar "shenderi, medalidary, qúrmetti kaftandary, auyldyq starshinalary, qúrmetti biyleri bar adamdargha, aqyr sonynda әrbir auyldaghy eng bay qyrghyzdardyng bes adamyna tiyesili boldy.

Basqasha aitqanda, «aqsýiekterdin» dala aristokratiyasy, ofiyserlik jәne sheneuniktik toptaghy qazaqtar nemese eng bay adamdar dauys bere alady.

Reformalardyng saldary

1868 jyly «Dala oblystaryndaghy basqaru turaly uaqytsha ereje» qabyldandy, oghan sәikes volostyq basqarushylar men auyldyq starshinalar saylanbaly lauazymdargha ainaldy. Alghashqylardy tandaushylar toby saylady, olardyng әrqaysysy 50 kibitkany úsyndy (qújattarda kiyiz ýy dep atalady). Ekinshisi - әrbir 10 kibitkadan tandaushylar. Reforma sot jýiesine de qatysty boldy. Eger búryn by mәrtebesi moyyndalghan bolsa, onda olar sol eluinshi saylanatyn bolyp saylandy. Bәlkim, búl ózgerister metropoliyanyng ózinde de bolghan auqymdy reformalardyng saldary bolghan shyghar - búl Aleksandr II jýrgizgen yryqtandyru jyldary ghoy, onyng ayasynda krepostnoy qúqyq joyylyp, sot reformasy jýrgizilude.

Mening oiymsha, basty qatelik - koloniyalyq biylik óz jýiesin jergilikti shyndyqty eskermey alyp jýrdi. Atap aitqanda, «Uaqytsha erejede» sipattalghan biylerding qúzirettiligine sýiensek, búl jergilikti auyldyq daulardy sheshu ýshin keshegi bekinisterden saylanghan volostyq sudiyalardyng qúzirettiligi, al biyler qazaq qoghamynda әdettegidey óte joghary oryngha ie boldy. Taghy bir mәsele, búghan deyin qazaq dalasynda eshqashan saylau bolmaghan, múnyng qayghyly saldaryna әkep soqtyrmauy mýmkin emes.
Reformalar bastalghannan 10 jyl ótken song Ybyray Altynsarin qyrghyzdar (qazaqtar) halyqqa ashyq paraqorlyq engizetin ondaghan jәne eluinshi lauazymdy túlghalardyng saylauyna qatty shaghymdanatynyn jazdy. Kandidattar lauazymyn izdep, ózderining songhy materialdyq kýshterinen tandaushylardy syigha tartugha júmsalady, al lauazymgha kiriskennen keyin osy shyghyndardy para arqyly toltyrugha tyrysady. Árbir saylaudyng basqa saldary, әdette, lauazymgha ýmitkerler men olardyng erkindikti birneshe partiyagha bóletin jaqtastary arasyndaghy ymyrasyz arazdyq bolyp tabylady.

«Olar ózderining jeke mýddelerin halyq iygiligining qoghamdyq paydasynan joghary qoyady».

31 jyldan keyin zanger Rayymjan Marsekov «Saylau jәne onyng ziyandy saldary» atty maqalasynda qazaqtargha saylau (saylau) siyaqty zorlyq-zombylyq pen renish әkelmeytinin aitady.

"Bir qaraghanda búl qyzyq kórinedi. Payda әkelui tiyis ózin-ózi basqaru olargha ziyan keltirdi me? Biraq búl tanghajayyp nәrse, eger biz qyrghyzdardyng ózderining lauazymdy túlghalaryn saylau kezinde basshylyqqa alatynyna nazar audarsaq, ol joghalady. Ókinishke qaray, biz olardyng jeke mýddelerin halyq iygiliginen joghary qoyyp otyrghanyn aitugha tiyispiz ", - dep jazady Marsekov.

Odan әri ol basqarushy lauazymyna eki ýmitker bәsekelesken jaghdayda jenisting layyqty jәne paydaly bireu jaghynda emes, bay, saylaushylargha únaytyn bireu jaghynda qalatynyn atap ótti.

"Bizde aqshamen, jylqylardy qaytarumen (uaqytsha paydalanu ýshin), qanday da bir qoghamdyq lauazymgha tandau uәdesimen únatugha bolady: Búl bәsekelestikting qanshalyqty payda әkeletinin kórip, qyrghyzdar songhysyn shaqyrugha tyrysady ", - dep tolyqtyrdy ol.

«Saylau qazaqtargha qoy sýiegine úqsaydy»

Keyin Ahmet Baytúrsynov ta ózin-ózi basqaru problemalary turaly jazdy. Onyng aituynsha, onyng baqylauy boyynsha qazaqtar ýshin saylaudaghy barlyq qiyndyqtardyng sebebi halyq sottaryna berilgen ýlken ókilettikterde emes, halyqtyng saylaudyng manyzyn әli týsinbegendiginde. Ol qazaqtardyng saylaudy dau nemese dau retinde qabyldaytynyn, onyng saldary bolashaqta payda nemese ziyan әkelui mýmkin ekenin úmytqanyn jazdy.

"Sondyqtan saylaudy jalanash dau retinde qabyldamau kerek. Sonda dau az bolar edi. Qazaqtar da shataspas edi. Sudiyalardyn, volostyq jәne auyldyq biyleushilerding saylauy engizilgenine qyryq jyl boldy... Saylau qazaqtargha qoy sýiegine úqsaydy. Adal emes adam jensin, tek óziniki bolsyn. Al halyq ýshin paydany sýiek oinaumen salystyrugha bola ma? "- dep jazdy ol 1911 jyly" Aykap "jurnalynda.

Alayda, saylaudyng barlyq problemalaryna qaramastan, qazaq ziyalylary olardyng qogham damuy ýshin manyzdylyghyn daulamaghany anyq. Keltirgen maqalasynda Baytúrsynov ritorikalyq súraq qoyady: «Eger saylau shynymen de jaman bolsa, onda nege bilimdi halyqtar saylau ótkizedi?»

Alash әreketi

Kóshpeli qazaqtar ýshin songhy saylau synaghy 1917 jyly ótti. Jeltoqsan aiynyng sonynda Stepnoy ólkesinde Qúryltay jinalysyna saylau ótti. Olardyng nәtiyjelerimen Dina Amanjolovanyng «Alash: demokratiyalyq tandaudyng tarihy mәni» monografiyasynda tanysugha bolady.

Semey okrugi boyynsha «Alash» 85,6% (58 331 adam), al Semey qalasy boyynsha 33% dauys jinady. Júmysshylar kóp túratyn Omby qalasynda kóbin bolishevikter (27,5%) aldy, al alashevtikter nebәri 80 dauys (0,4%) jinady. Torghay okruginde «Alash» 75% dauys aldy (211 274 adam). Oral okruginde Qazaq komiyteti 75% dauys alsa, Oraldyng ózinde kazaktar (61,3%) birinshi oryn aldy, al alashevtikter - 8,3%. Nәtiyjesinde «Alash» partiyasy Qúryltay jinalysyna 43 deputatty jiberdi.

Búl derekter saylaudyng keshe ghana payda bolghan basty problemasynyng dәleli. Eshkim partiyagha dauys bermeydi, bәri tek óz partiyalaryna ghana dauys beredi. Qazaqtar qazaqtar ýshin, kazaktar kazaktar ýshin, júmysshylar júmysshylar ýshin jәne t.b. Qalalarda da, auyldyq okrugterde de, kazaktar, júmysshylar jәne t.b. jinalghan jerlerde de dauys bergenin kóruge bolady. Osynday tarihy jaghdaylar ýshin saylau nәtiyjeleri mýldem boljanatynyn taghy da qaytalau kerek. Dina Amanjolova S. Mindlinning pikirin keltiredi, oghan sәikes «Alashtyn» tabysy qarajatpen, baspasózben jәne daladaghy baylyqtyng ýstemdigimen qamtamasyz etildi. Búdan basqa, Amanjolova «Alash» kóshbasshylarynyng harizmatikalyq sipaty, sonday-aq qalyng búqaranyng jalpy sayasy derbestigi rólge ie bolghanyn jazady.

Ru basshysy qalay sheshse, solay dauys berdi

Alashtyq kóshbasshylardyng qadir-qasiyetterine núqsan keltirmey, Qúryltay jinalysyna saylau nәtiyjeleri týrli partiyalyq baghdarlamalardy salystyryp, sanaly tandau jasaghan qazaqtardyng sanaly sheshimimen qamtamasyz etilmegenin moyyndau kerek. Subekt jeke túlgha emes, jeke túlgha emes, taypasy men túqymy bolyp tabylatyn jaghdaylarda barlyq taypasy nemese túqymy ýshin sheshimdi eng yqpaldy qazaqtar qabyldaydy. Kәdimgi qauym mýsheleri, bәlkim, túqym basshysy qalay sheshse, solay dauys bergen bolar. Qazaq qoghamynyng ekonomikalyq jәne әleumettik úiymdasuy kezinde búl ýderis basqasha bolghanyn elestetu qiyn.

Qúryltay jinalysyna saylau 1917 jylghy jeltoqsannyng sonynda ótti, al sol aidyng basynda taghy bir manyzdy oqigha - Orynbordaghy Jalpy qyrghyz sezi ótti, onda Alash avtonomiyasy jariyalandy. Sol kezde Últtyq kenes tóraghasyn saylau ótti, olarmen eki manyzdy nuans baylanysty.

Birinshiden, memleket basshysynyng saylauy balamasyz boldy deuge bolady. «Alash» zertteushileri Mәmbet Qoygeldi men Súltanhan Aqqúlynyng aituynsha, partiya kóshbasshysy Álihan Bókeyhanovtyng bedelin eshkim daulamaghan. Alayda Álihannyng ózi basshynyng demokratiyalyq tәrtipti saqtay otyryp saylanuyn qalap, Bókey Ordasynyng belgili aqyny Shangerey Bókeevti qarsylas retinde shaqyrdy. Alayda, búl habarlama búghan deyin jetken joq. Sol kezde Bókeyhanov Bókey Ordasynan Baqtyghiyrey Qúlmanovty saylaugha shaqyrdy. Nәtiyjesinde ýsh ýmitker anyqtaldy - Bókeyhanov pen Qúlmanovtan basqa, Aqmola oblysynan kelgen Aydarhan Túrlybaev ýmitker boldy. Qalay bolghanda da, Súltanhan Aqqúlynyng aituynsha, Bókeyhanov qalay bolghanda da saylanar edi.

Ekinshiden, múnday joghary dengeydegi saylauda da traybalizm bolghan joq degen pikir bar.

"Qazaq ziyalylary arasynda tuugha, jýzge bólinu bolghan joq, jerlestik bolghan joq. Biraq búl tóraghany saylay bastaghan kezde bayqaldy. Aqmola oblysynyng delegattary Aydarhan Túrlybaevty (20 dauys), al batys ónirining delegattary Bahtigiyreya Qúlmanovty (19 dauys) qoldady. Degenmen, Álihan Bókeyhanov (40 dauys) kópshilik dauyspen tóragha bolyp saylandy ", - deydi Súltanhan Aqqúly. Degenmen, zertteushi Mәmbet Qoygeldi búghan kelispeydi, ol sezge qatysushylar rulyq úghymdardan joghary ekendigine senimdi.

Sabaqtastyqty izdeu

«Dalalyq demokratiya» shyn mәninde bar ma? Jauap kóbinese «saylau», «demokratiya», «bostandyq» jәne t.b. terminderdi qalay týsindiretinimizge baylanysty. Alayda, meninshe, saylaudyng qazirgi týsinigine sýiensek, «dala demokratiyasyn» tәuelsiz Qazaqstannyng iydeologtary jasaghan mif dep ataytyn etnograf Seyitqasym Áuelbekovpen kelisu kerek.

Mәsele mynada, eger biz qazirgi tandaghy saylau Altyn Ordada, tәuelsiz, keyin otarlanghan Qazaq handyghynda, azamattyq soghys jәne Alash avtonomiyasy payda bolghan kezende bastau alady dep kelisetin bolsaq, onda bizge nege sýienudi úsynamyz degen súraq tuyndaydy. Shynghysidter tektes jabyq elitalar tobynyng ishindegi saylau tәjiriybesine? Nemese, bәlkim, nәsilaralyq janjaldarmen, para alumen, zorlyq-zombylyqpen qatar jýretin «saylaugha»? Bәlkim, bizge ýlgi retinde bastyq aitqanday dauys beretin sayasatqa beyhabar adamdar úsynylatyn shyghar? Álde bәrining moyyndaghan harizmatikalyq kóshbasshysy bar kezde balamasyz bolghanynan kónilimiz tola ma? Eger solay bolsa, qazirgi qazaqstandyq saylau revolusiyagha deyingi uaqyttan beri sabaqtastyq belgisin alyp keledi dep aitugha bolady.

Ekinshi jaghynan, atalghan problemalardyng barlyghy qazaq qoghamyndaghy saylaudyng qajetti irgetasy - bilim, sayasy sauattylyq, sóz bostandyghy jәne basqa da demokratiyalyq instituttardyng bolmauymen baylanysty. Óte tez ótip bara jatqan aghartu sәtteri boldy. Patshalyq reformalar biylikke týsu prosesin demokratiyalandyra otyryp, biyler institutyn búrmalady.

Sodan keyin burjuaziyalyq revolusiya sarizmdi engizgen jergilikti ózin-ózi basqarudyng damuyn toqtatty. Demokratiyalyq Alashordalyq eksperiymentten keyin Alashordalyqtardyng ózderimen birge bolishevikter joyyldy. Sodan keyin 70 jyl sovet biyligi keldi, ol saylausyz resmy saylau tәjiriybesine óte jyldam kóshti. Endi biz saylau institutyn basynan bastap qayta damyta bastaymyz. Europalyq memleketter shynymen de birneshe ghasyr búryn bastaghan. Alayda bizde bir artyqshylyq bar - biz olardy qaytalamay, eng bastysy ózimizding qatelikterimizdi qaytalay alamyz.

Baytúrsynov jazghanday, saylaudy jaman dep ataudan búryn onyng ne ekenin anyqtau kerek. Songhy aptalardyng sayasy belsendiligi bizding qazaq aghartushysy 100 jyl búryn jazghan iydeyalargha jete bastaghanymyzdy kórsetedi. Baytúrsynovtyng kenesin tyndap, saylaudyng shyn mәninde ne ýshin qajet ekenin týsinu - búl tamasha sabaqtastyq bolar edi.

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