Ókinishke oray, bizding zamanymyzda aqparat alanynda naqty jaghday turaly mýlde sauatsyz aqparat taratatyn, sol arqyly qoghamdyq pikirge teris әser etetin týrli blogerler men psevdosarapshylar kóbirek ainalysady. Bizding jaghdayda, meninshe, atom elektr stansasyn salu qajettigi turaly mәseleni búl manyzdy mәseleni qaraudy populisterge qaldyrmay, kәsiby mamandar sheshui kerek.

Búl faktining jarqyn mysaly retinde Qazaqstannyng energetika salasyndaghy qazirgi kýrdeli jaghday turaly halyqtyng jetkiliksiz habardar boluy bolyp tabylady. Songhy jyldary eldegi energetikalyq daghdarys jeke elektr energiyasy óndirisining tapshylyghynyng kýrt ósuine baylanysty ushyghyp otyr. Ókinishke qaray, tәuelsizdik alghan 30 jylda birde-bir jylu elektr ortalyghy salynbaghan. Tiyisti bólimning naqty ústanymy bar, jetispeushilik bar ma degen súraqqa, elektr energiyasy aghyny bar dep jauap beredi. Sonymen qatar, jýielik operatordyng (KEGOC) mәlimetteri boyynsha, 2023 jyly elimizde elektr energiyasyn tútynu 115,06 milliard kilovatt-saghatqa jetti, búl ótken jylmen salystyrghanda 1,9 payyzgha artyq. Jýktemening úlghangyna qaramastan, elektr energiyasyn óndiru 2022 jylghy dengeyde – 112,82 mlrd kilovatt-saghat. Elektr quatynyng tapshylyghy 1519 megavattty qúrady! 2024 jylghy 1 qantardaghy jaghday boyynsha qazaqstandyq stansiyalardyng qolda bar quaty 20,4 GVt, júmys quaty 15,4 GVt qúrady. Maksimaldy tútynu 2023 jyldyng qys ailarynda boldy jәne 16,6 GVt qúrady, naqty generasiya bar bolghany 15,1 GVt! Yaghni, elde 1,5 GVt-tan astam quat jetispedi, al sharyqtau kezenindegi import tútynudyng 10%-dan astamyn qúrady. Biyl tapshylyq odan da artyp, 10-12 payyzdan asty. Osy uaqyt ishinde Qazaqstan Reseyden elektr energiyasyn ishki baghadan shamamen 1,5 ese joghary baghamen importtap, jýzdegen million dollargha elektr energiyasyn satyp aldy.

Energetika ministrligining boljamy boyynsha, 2030 jylgha qaray elding elektr energiyasyna qajettiligi 28,2 GVt qúraydy, tipti 4 GVt-qa arnalghan jana stansiyalardy iske qosudy esepke alghanda, quat tapshylyghy 6 GVt-qa deyin artady - búl kem degende. 3-4 iri JES! Qazaqstan Respublikasyndaghy jana quattargha Aqtau, Atyrau, Aqtóbe, Taraz, Qyzylorda, Shymkent qalalaryndaghy jalpy quaty 2,4 GVt bolatyn iykemdi generasiyalau jobalary kiredi, onyng ýstine búl janarmay qúy stansiyalary jәne biz gaz óndirudi arttyra almaymyz - bizde kógildir otyn tapshylyghy.

Búl rette Ortalyq Aziyagha ýmit artugha bolmaydy, óitkeni 2030 jylgha qaray Ortalyq Aziya elderinde de 3 GVt-qa juyq energiya quatynyng tapshylyghy boljanuda.

Sonday-aq, kómir óndiru 60-80-jyldary salynghan jylu elektr stansiyalary ekenin, qazaqstandyq JES-terding kópshiligining ortasha jasy 60 jyldan astam ekenin eske týsiru qajet, yaghni, búl kómir generasiyasy basqa elderden jetkizilimderge tәueldilikti arttyra otyryp, tozugha baylanysty «tozyp» jәne paydalanudan shygharylady. Onyng ýstine kómir býkil әlemde las kóz retinde tanyldy, degenmen Qazaqstanda jaqyn bolashaqta kómirmen júmys isteytin JES-ke balama bolmaydy – bizde klimat osynday, al jylytugha arnalghan elektr energiyasy tiyimsiz jәne әldeqayda qymbat.

Janartylatyn energiyany óndiru qymbat jәne túraqsyz, sonymen qatar ol jana iykemdi quattardy, sonday-aq qymbat energiya saqtau qúrylghylaryn saludy talap etedi. Janghyrtylatyn energiya kózderining jabdyqtarynyng qyzmet etu merzimi dәstýrli stansiyalargha qaraghanda birneshe ese qysqa ekenin qosu kerek. Mysaly, kýn batareyalary men jel generatorlary jýkteme men júmys rejiymine baylanysty maksimum 12-15 jyl qyzmet etedi. Búl ortasha jasy qazir 60 jastan asqan bizdegi júmys istep túrghan jylu elektr stansiyalarynyng paydalanu merziminen aitarlyqtay az.

Tiyisti vedomstvonyng «jasyl» energetikagha degen qúshtarlyghy týsinikti: biz kómirde júmys isteytin JES sala almaymyz, jana jobalar ýshin tabighy gaz joq, kómirtegi beytaraptyghy boyynsha óz mindettemelerimizdi oryndau qajet.

Halyqtyng sanaly bóligi Qazaqstannyng atom generasiyadan basqa bolashaghy joq ekenin týsinedi dep senemin. Elektr jelisine qosylugha rúqsat aluda qinalghan kәsiporyndar múny anyq anghardy. Sozylmaly quat tapshylyghy qazirding ózinde Qazaqstanda jana investisiyalyq jobalardy damytugha kedergi keltirude.

Biz bayqamay jýrgenimizben, tapshylyq kýsheye týsedi. Qazir biz tútynylatyn elektr quatynyng 10 payyzyn Resey men Qyrghyzstannan importtaymyz. Onyng ýstine, elektr energiyasynyng importy men eksporty ýsh ese bagha aiyrmashylyghy bar.

Bolashaqta, tipti Energetika ministrligining optimistik boljamdary boyynsha, biz importtyq elektr energiyasyna kóbirek tәueldi bolamyz jәne búl ýrdis býkil Ortalyq Aziyada arta týsedi.

2030 jylgha qaray boljanghan 6 GVt quat tapshylyghyn tipti eki atom elektr stansiyasy da (әrqaysysy eki energobloktan) jabu mýmkin emes. Atom elektr stansiyasyna qatysty referendum nemese azamattardyng fobiyalary men qate týsinikterin eskere otyryp, qúrylys qajettigin talqylap jatqanda, qymbat uaqyt joghalyp jatyr.

Qalyptasqan mifke qaramastan, әlem atomnan bas tartpaydy – kerisinshe, atom elektr stansiyalarynyng sany artyp keledi, al qazir jahandyq ekologiyalyq kýn tәrtibin belgilep otyrghan Batys әlemi yadrolyq generasiyany kómirtekti beytarap dep tanidy, yaghni, planetamyzdyng klimaty ýshin eng tazalarynyng biri.

Qazirgi uaqytta әlemde 31 elde 415-ten astam yadrolyq reaktorlar júmys isteydi, taghy 61-den astam reaktorlar salynuda. Atom energiyasyn óndiru boyynsha әlemdik kóshbasshylar AQSh, Qytay, Fransiya, Resey, Ontýstik Koreya, Kanada jәne t.b. siyaqty damyghan elder bolyp tabylady, jalpy alghanda, әlemde óndiriletin energiyanyng shamamen 10% atomdyq óndiris ýlesine keledi. Zamanauy atom elektr stansiyalary olardy syrtqy jәne ishki әserlerge barynsha tózimdi etip jasau ýshin jasalghan reaktorlar jolaushylar úshaghyndaghy yqtimal apatty (mysaly, lankestik әreket nәtiyjesinde), jer silkinisine deyin; 9 úpay jәne t.b.

Qazaqstanda 20 myng tonnadan astam uran óndiriledi, búl әlemdik óndiristing shamamen 40% qúraydy, biraq búl tek shiykizat. Búl elimizde ózimizding múnay óndeu zauyttary bolmay-aq, býkil múnaydy eksportqa jóneltkenmen birdey. Siz әlemdegi eng iri uran óndirushi jәne ekinshi ýlken qory bar kezde elektr energiyasyn importtau dúrys pa?

Sondyqtan atom elektr stansiyasyn salu mәselesi energiya tapshylyghyn joidyng birden-bir joly emes, sonymen birge eldegi tehnologiyalyq sikldi jabu mýmkindigi bolyp tabylady, ol sayyp kelgende elimizding barlyq salalarynyng damuyna quatty serpin bolady. Qazaqstannyng ekonomikasy.

Esekin M.K.

Energetikalyq maman

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