ALGhY SÓZ

Biyl Qazaqstannyng memleket retinde qalyptasuyna eleuli ýles qosqan jәne elimizdi saqtau jolynda tynymsyz enbek etken tarihy túlgha – Júmabek Ahmetúly Tәshenovting tughanyna 107 jyl.

Júmabek Ahmetúly Tәshenov 1915 jyly 20 nauryzda Aqmola oblysy Vishnev audany Tanagýl auylynda dýniyege kelgen. Aqmola temirjol tehnikumyn, KOKP OK janyndaghy Joghary partiya mektebin bitirgen, ekonomika ghylymdarynyng kandidaty.

Búl kórnekti memlekettik jәne sayasy qayratkerding esimi tәuelsiz Qazaqstannyng tarihynda mәngilikke jazylghan. Onyng ómirine arnalghan kitaptar shygharyldy, Astana, Almaty, Shymkent, Petropavl, Kókshetau qalalaryndaghy jәne keybir audan ortalyqtaryndaghy kóshelerge esimi berilgen. Ol kózi tirisinde-aq halyqtyng sýiiktisine ainalghan.

Adamzattyng býkil tarihy kóptegen jarqyn túlgha iz-týzsiz joghalyp ketken qarama-qayshy oqighalardyng moldyghyn kórsetedi. Otangha, óz halqyna jәne bolashaq úrpaq ýshin adal da ainymay qyzmet etkeni ýshin talay danqty túlgha kemsitilip, qorlandy. Eger belgili bir kezenge qarasaq, kenes zamanynda qazaqtar sot pen tergeusiz qamaugha alu, qughyn-sýrgin,  keyde ólimmen ayaqtalghan úzaq merzimge sotsyz sottau týrinde ortalyq tarapynan qatty qysymgha úshyrady. Tipti "Hrushevting jylymyghy" kezinde de, reseylik basylymdarda jii jazylghanday, ortalyqqa qarsy shyqqan túlghalardy lauazymdarynan shettetu onay is boldy. Júmabek Ahmetúly – әriyne, ózining erjýrektigimen, oilau terendigimen, kóregendigimen jәne respublikanyng mýddelerin qorghau jolyndaghy maqsatty úmtylysymen tanymal sanauly patriottyng biri. Aty anyzgha ainalghan memleket qayratkeri Júmabek Tәshenovting esimi danqty qazaq batyrlary men halyq qaharmandarynyng tarihy esimderining qatarynda halyq jadynda saqtalyp qaldy.

ÓLGENNEN KEYIN DE BÁSEKELESTER ME?

70 jyl búryn, 1952 jyldyng qantarynda Aqtóbe oblystyq partiya komiytetining birinshi hatshysy bolyp jap-jas Júmabek Tәshenov saylandy. Osylaysha, býginde qazaqtardyng edәuir bóligi soghystan keyingi kezendegi respublikanyng eng kórnekti memleket qayratkeri dep sanaytyn adamnyng shapshang mansaptyq samghauy bastaldy. Ras, osy túlgha haqyndaghy anyzdargha, tipti mifterge negizdelegen pikirlerding qaysysyn Tәshenovting sózsiz enbegi dep sanaugha bolatynyn, qaysysy oidan shygharylghanyn týsinu óte qiyn.

Aqtóbe oblysynyng basshysy bolyp saylanghannan keyin nebәri ýsh jyl ótken son, 40 jasqa endi ghana tolghan Tәshenov Qazaq KSR Jogharghy Kenesi tóralqasynyng tóraghasy boldy – resmy týrde búl lauazym respublikada birinshi (preziydent, memleket basshysy siyaqty), al is jýzinde ýshinshi basshy edi. Taghy bes jyldan keyin ol Qazaqstandaghy ekinshi túlgha – Ministrler Kenesining tóraghasy, yaghny Ýkimet basshysy bolyp taghayyndaldy. Sonymen qatar, 1960 jyly qantarda Dinmúhamed Qonaev respublika Kompartiyasy Ortalyq Komiytetining birinshi hatshysy bolyp saylandy.

Olardyng arasynda jasyryn bәsekelestik boldy ma? IYә, әbden mýmkin, jastau (tórt jas kishi) әri ambisiyasy kýshti Tәshenov bir kýni Qonaevtyng ornyn basudy armandaghan shyghar, al ol óz kezeginde ony qarsylas retinde kórmeui mýmkin emes. Bir jyldan keyin Tәshenov qughyngha úshyrady – oblystyq atqaru komiyteti tóraghasynyng orynbasary etip Shymkentke jiberildi. Birer jyldan keyin Qonaevtyng da lauazymy tómendedi (Tәshenov siyaqty qúldyramasa da, oghan da óte auyr tiygeni anyq). Alayda, taghy eki jyl ótken song onyng júldyzy qayta jarqyrady: 1964 jylghy qazandaghy "partiyaishilik tónkeris", Nikita Hrushevting taqtan taydyryluy jәne Qonaevty qúrmetteytin Leonid Brejnevting kóterilui nәtiyjesinde ol Ortalyq Komiytetting birinshi hatshysy qyzmetin oraldy. Sodan keyin jiyrma jyldan astam uaqyt boyy respublikany basqardy.

Nelikten qazir kenes dәuirining osy eki qayratkerin baghalauda Qonaevtyng enbegin tómendete otyryp, Tәshenovty "batyrlandyru" basym bola bastady (Qonaevtyng múragerleri men jankýierlerine Júmabek Ahmetúlyn túghyrgha kóterip, Dinmúhamed Ahmetúlyn odan qúlatugha tyrysqandargha jii toytrays beruge tura kelip otyr)? Mýmkin, birneshe sebebin ataugha bolar. Olardyng birinshisi qazaq qoghamynda kenestik ótkenge, onyng ishinde respublikamyzdyng Qonaev esimimen baylanysty kezenine teris kózqaraspen qaraytyndardyng ýlesining artuyna baylanysty. Ekinshisi bizding jappay sanamyzda "rejim qúrbandaryna" degen janashyrlyqtyng joyylmaytyndyghyna baylanysty. Óitkeni, býginde kóptegen adam Tәshenovti dәl osynday qúrban dep sanaydy. Aqyrynda, ýshinshi sebep Tәshenovting sol kezdegi partiyalyq-sharuashylyq elitanyng kóptegen basqa ókilinen aiyrmashylyghy – ana tilinde erkin sóilep qana qoymay, ony belsendi qoldanyp, halyqtyq dәstýrlerdi bilgendiginde. Bir sózben aitqanda, ol "taza qazaq" bolghan, al Qonaev osy túrghydan "shala-qazaqtargha" jatqyzylghan siyaqty.

Negizinde, Tәshenovti múnday "batyrlandyrumen", tipti iydealdandyruymen kelisuge bolar (mýmkin, ol shynymen de erekshe túlgha, naghyz patriot jәne t. b. bolghan shyghar), biraq ol kóptegen basylymda, derekti filimderde, kitaptarda esh qatelespeytin etip kórsetiledi, ol turaly jazylghannyng jәne aitylghannyng kóbine senu qiyn – әsirese sanaly ghúmyryn kenes zamanynda ótkizgen jәne sol kezdegi tәrtip pen әdet-ghúrypty jaqsy biletin adamdargha. Sonymen qatar, baghalau kóbinese qújattyq dәlelderge emes, bireuding bireuge aitqanyna, dәleldenbegen boljamdargha negizdelgen. Avtorlardyng kózge úryp túrghan subektivtiligi de әser etedi – mysaly, búl Tәshenovke arnalghan "Shynjyrda ótken jolbarys" kitabynda aiqyn bayqalady: oghan tek jaghymdy qasiyetter berilgen, al bәsekelesi Qonaevtyng portreti tolyghymen qara týspen boyalghan. Shynayy ómirde búlay bolmaydy.

OYDAN ShYGhARYLGhAN JAYTQA KÓZIMNEN JAS PARLAYDY…

Orystildi auditoriya Tәshenovting túlghasynyng ainalasynda qanday anyz ben mif jasalghandyghy turaly, bylaysha aitqanda, shoghyrlanghan týrde "Ótkenning jaryghy" derekti filiminen týsinik ala alady – ol teledidarda kórsetildi, qazir Youtube-te bar. Avtor nemese jýrgizushi Zarina Múhamedәly óz әngimesin Abylay hannyng bir kóregendigin aitudan bastaydy, sodan keyin bylay dep jalghastyrady: "Resey imperiyasynyng otarshyldyq sayasaty, Kenes Odaghynyng sәtsiz reformalary Tәuelsiz Qazaqstangha qyzygharlyqtay múra qaldyrghan joq. Biraq odan da jaman boluy mýmkin edi: Hrushevting kezinde Qazaqstan eng bastysy – ózining aumaqtyq tútastyghynan aiyrylyp qala jazdady. Býgin biz óz mansabyn qúrbandyqqa shalyp, keyingi úrpaq ýshin tughan jerin qorghap qalghan adam turaly әngimeleymiz".

Filim keyipkerining basty erligi turaly әngimege kirispes búryn ol sarapshy retinde tartylghan Tәshenovting ómiri men qyzmetin zertteushi Gýlnәr Kenjebulatova ekeui búryn bolghan jaylardy eske alady. Júmabek Ahmetúly "Sosialistik Qazaqstannan" bastap barlyq qazaq gazetining jabyluyna qarsy shyghyp, olardy qútqaryp qalghan kórinedi. Biraq, múnday qadamdy kim jәne qashan bastaghany turaly sóz joq. Sonymen qatar, múnday qauip bar ekenin kórsetetin qújat ta joq. Shynynda da, bireu "Sosialistik Qazaqstandy" – respublikanyng basty partiyalyq basylymyn, demek, eng manyzdy (әsirese teledidar bizde sol kezde ghana payda bolghanyn eskersek) iydeologiyalyq qúraldy jauyp tastaghysy keldi dep elestetu mýmkin emes. Jergilikti qazaqtildi baspasózding de barlyghy derlik partiyalyq boldy.

IYә, respublika Jazushylar odaghynyng organy – "Qazaq әdebiyetinin" tarihyn eske týsiruge bolady: 1956 jyly onda "últshyldyq iydeologiyasynyng belgileri" bayqalghan. Biraq búl gazet qayta shyqqannan keyin bir jyldan song nege jabylugha tiyis (aldynghy on bes jyl ishinde ol shygharylghan joq)? Sol kezde – "jylymyq" kezinde múnday mәseleler qarapayym jolmen sheshilgen: bas redaktor auystyrylyp, qalghandary qatang eskertiletin – osynyng ózi jetkilikti edi. Aytpaqshy, "Qazaq әdebiyetinin" bas redaktory qyzmetinen bosatylghan aqyn Syrbay Mәulenov 1959 jyly "Qúrmet belgisi" ordenin aldy. Búdan mynaday qorytyndy jasaugha bolady: biylik gazet jariyalanymdarynan onsha qylmys kórgen joq.

Nemese taghy bir derek-mys: Tәshenov Semey poligonyndaghy yadrolyq synaqtardy toqtatugha shaqyrypty, al Hrushev "ózining asa belsendi baghynyshty qyzmetkerimen dostyq qarym-qatynasta bolghandyqtan, ony jalpy sózben ýmittendiripti". Shyntuaytynda, yadrolyq qaru KSRO-nyng AQSh-pen jәne býkil Batyspen egesindegi qauipsizdigining negizi boldy. Al Hrushev ýshin, bedeldi tarihshylar atap ótkendey, búl kәdimgi "fiks iydeyasyna" ainaldy: oghan senip, Nikita Sergeevich 1950 jyldary әskeriylerding barynsha qarsylyq bildirgenine qaramastan, tipti qarapayym Qaruly Kýshterdi týbegeyli qysqartugha bardy. Tәshenovting ózi de yadrolyq synaqtardy qysqartugha shaqyru "sayasy soqyrlyq" retinde qarastyrylatynyn jәne ózin ózi sayasy óltirumen teng bolatynyn týsinbeui mýmkin emes.

Filim avtorlary últy qazaq enbekkerler Sosialistik Enbek Eri ataghyn ala bastaghanyn da Júmabek Ahmetúlynyng enbegine jatqyzady. Al qazaqtar oghan deyin onday ataq almap pa? Mysaly, 1940 jyldardyng ayaghynda búl ataqqa shopan Jazylbek Quanyshbaev, kýrish ósirushi Ybyray Jaqaev, jylqyshy Niyetqaly Jýnisov, kolhoz tóraghasy Núrmolda Aldabergenov jәne basqalar ie boldy. Tәshenov memlekettik nagradalardyng beriluine yqpal etu mýmkindigine ie bolghan kezde Sosialistik Enbek Eri atanghan qazaqtardyng sany ondaghan adam edi. Jalpy, ataqtargha, ordenderge úsynu onyng Jogharghy Kenes tóralqasynyng tóraghasy retindegi funksiyalyq mindeti edi (1955-1960). Filimdi jasaushylar Múhtar Áuezovke "Abay joly" romany ýshin 1959-shy jyly Lenindik syilyq tapsyryluyn da Tәshenovting airyqsha enbegi dep sanaydy. Al jazushy on jyl búryn, 1949 jyly  epostyng birinshi bóligi ýshin KSRO-daghy eng joghary Stalindik syilyqty alghan bolatyn (Lenindik syilyq 1957 jyly taghayyndaldy).

Avtorlar Júmabek Ahmetúlynyng sayasy qughyn-sýrgin qúrbandaryn aqtauda atqarghan ýlken róli turaly da aitady. Óz lauazymyna baylanysty tiyisti komissiyanyng basshysy bolyp taghayyndalghan ol osy júmyspen ainalysugha mindetti emes pe edi? Taghy bir súraq – ol ortalyq belgilegen talap ayasynda әreket etti me, әlde mýmkindiginshe kóbirek zardap shekkenderding qúqyqtaryn qalpyna keltiru ýshin ony batyldyqpen ainalyp ótti me? Tәshenovting komissiya tóraghasy retindegi qyzmetin osy saualgha jauapqa qarap baghalau qajet. Biraq eshkim múnday jauap bergen joq.

"Medeu" keshenining qúrylysy, Mәskeude Qazaqstan kýnderin ótkizu (1958 jyl), respublika astanasyndaghy Abay eskertkishi, Bauyrjan Momysh-úlynyng "Za namy Moskva" kitabyn basyp shygharu jәne t.b. – osynyng barlyghy ýshin, filimde aitylghanday, biz Tәshenovke qaryzdarmyz. Onyng qosqan ýlesi manyzdy shyghar, biraq Qazaq KSR-ning basqa basshylary da kómek qolyn sozghan bolar. Aytpaqshy, Medeudegi múz aidyny 1951 jyly qúiyldy, al 1970 jyly jasandy múz keshenin salu turaly sheshim qabyldandy.  Demek, búl nysandy salugha Júmabek Ahmetúlynyng qatysy bar degen sóz oidan shygharylghan bolyp shyqty ghoy.

AL "ERLIK "BOLDY MA?

Endi "qazaq jeri ýshin kýres" – Tәshenov turaly jazyp, aitushylardyng basty taqyryby turaly. "Ótkenning jaryghy" filiminde aitylghanday, ol 1950-shi jyldardyng ortasynda Ontýstik Qazaqstannan bastalyp, onyng keybir jerlerin ortalyq Ózbekstangha beru turaly sheshim qabyldaghan. Esh ózgertpey dәieksóz keltireyin: "Hrushev Júmabek Ahmetúly bastaghan arnayy komissiyanyng aumaqty ontýstik kórshining paydasyna iyelikten shygharu turaly búiryqty negizsiz dep jariyalaghan qarsylyghyna qatty ashulandy (osynday qisynsyz tújyrymdy onyng avtorlarynyng ar-újdanyna qaldyrayyq). Sodan keyin ne bolghany turaly eshtene aitylmaydy. Shyndyghynda, bylay bolghan edi: 1956 jyly 21 qantarda Tәshenov qol qoyghan respublika Jogharghy Kenesining "Bostandyq audany men Betpaqdala jerlerining bir bóligin Qazaq KSR-ining qúramynan Ózbek KSR-ining qúramyna beru turaly" qaulysy shyqty.

"Biraq Hrushev ýshin eng tәbetti bólik – oryndalghan kenestik utopiya – tyng ólke boldy",  dep jalghastyrady Zarina Múhamedәli. «Nikita Sergeevich jana әkimshilik-aumaqtyq qúrylym qúryp, sodan keyin ony Qazaqstannan bólip alu turaly sheshim qabyldady. Múnday qadamgha ashyq qarsylyq bildirgen jәne ony ýzildi-kesildi týrde jasaghan respublika basshylarynyng biri Tashenov boldy, sonysy ýshin lauazymynan jәne kez kelgen mansaptyq perspektivadan aiyryldy», deydi ol.

Hrushevting iydeyasy qanday boldy, ol bes oblysty biriktirgen bolashaq Tyng ólkesining jerlerin Qazaqstannan shynymen tartyp almaq boldy ma jәne ony qanday nysanda josparlady (RSFSR-ding qúramyna engizu nemese 16-shy odaqtyq respublikany qúru) – búl turaly býginde eshkim naqty aitpaydy. Onyng estelikterinde de, Qonaevtyng estelikter kitabynda da búl turaly eshtene aitylmaghan. Osy taqyrypqa qatysty eshqanday qújat ta, eleuli zertteu de joq. Ony tarihshylar aldaghy ukaqytta jasaydy dep ýmittenemiz.

Bәlkim, 1960 jyldary Tәshenovting Tyng ólkesining qúryluy kóp jaqty kombinasiyanyng alghashqy qadamy dep sanauyna negiz bolyp, sodan qaymyghyp, ortalyqqa ashyq týrde qarsy túrudy úigharghan bolar. Tek búl turaly eshkim bilmeydi. Biraq onyng demarshynyng býgin qalay kórsetiletini kýmәn tudyrady.

Mysaly, Tәshenovting Hrushevke aitqan, «eger respublika shekarasyn ózgertu bastalsa, halyqaralyq sotqa (qay sotqa eken?) jýginuge dayyn» ekendigi turaly sózi ýnemi eske salynady. "Ótkenning jaryghy" filiminde kelesi sóz tirkesi bar: "Júmabek Ahmetúly jaghdaydy baysaldy baghalady, halyqaralyq sotqa jýginu qaupin tóndirgeni ýshin ózin qudalaytynyn týsindi". Biraq eger ol jaghdaydy baysaldy týrde baghalasa, eshqashan múnday qauip tóndirmes edi. Eger ol solay dep aitsa, onda birden partbiyletin ýstelge qoiygha mәjbýr bolar edi jәne KGB onyng sonyna týser edi. Qazir ghana halyqaralyq sottargha jýginuge bolady, al ol kezde búl turaly oilaugha da bolmaytyn edi.

Filimning taghy bir frazasy: "Qonaev ózining estelikterinde Tәshenovting qoryqpaytyndyghyna tandanyp, onyn: "Tughan jerim ýshin ózimdi qúrban etuge dayynmyn" degen sózin eske alady». Búl endi fantastika salasynan. Qonaev óz kitabynyng eki núsqasynda da Tәshenovke nazar audarghan bir ghana pikirin bildirgen. Onyng otstavkagha ketuine baylanysty: "Ol Ministrler Kenesining tóraghasy bolyp júmys istey otyryp, respublika ýkimetining negizgi júmys uchaskelerin tolyq qamty almady. Onyng ýstinen KOKP Ortalyq Komiytetine  kóptegen aryz-shaghym týse bastady. Búghan onyng kisimen syiyspaytyn minezi, ústamsyzdyghy, menmendigi әser etti. Múnyng bәri KOKP Ortalyq komiytetin, Hrushevti ony júmystan bosatudy úsynugha mәjbýr etti". Áriyne, Qonaev bergen baghany soqyr senimmen qabyldaugha bolmaydy – ol da subektivti bagha. Ony osynday filimder men jariyalanymdardyng avtorlary tarihty qalay búrmalaytynyn kórsetu ýshin ghana  keltirdik.

Qaytalap aitamyn: mýmkin, Júmabek Tәshenov qazaq halqyna adal qyzmet etken, respublikanyng aumaqtyq tútastyghy ýshin ayanbay kýresken keremet adam bolghan shyghar. Alayda, onyng esimining ainalasynda mifterdin, tipti ap-ashyq ótirikterding jýrui osy tarihy túlghany tiyisinshe baghalaugha kedergi keltiredi.

Jandos Asylbekov

«Ádilet gazeti», 25 aqpan, 2022 jyl

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