Tarih betterin paraqtasaq, XV–XVI ghasyrlar Euraziya kenistigi ýshin erekshe dәuir boldy. Osy kezende Altyn Orda ydyrap, onyng ornynda jana memleketter payda boldy. Solardyng biri – Astrahan handyghy. Búl handyqtyng shyghu tegi, halqy men biyleushileri jóninde týrli pikirler aitylghan. Key tarihshylar ony Qyrym men Qazan handyqtardyng qatarynda jatqyzady, endi bireuleri qazaqtarmen tarihi, mәdeni, tipti etnikalyq baylanystaghy halyq dep atap kórsetedi. Sonda súraq tuyndaydy: Astrahan handyghy – qazaqtar ma edi?

Astrahan handyghynyng payda boluy 

Astrahan handyghy 1460-jyldary Altyn Ordanyng әlsireuinen keyin payda boldy. Onyng negizin Joshynyng úrpaqtary qalaghany belgili. Handyqtyng ortalyghy qazirgi Astrahan qalasy ornalasqan Edilding tómengi aghysynda edi. Geografiyalyq túrghydan búl jer Deshti Qypshaq dalasynyng batys shetinde, yaghny qazaq rularynyng ejelgi qonystaryna óte jaqyn bolatyn.

Astrahan halqynyng negizi – qypshaqtar, naymandar, alshyndar, qonyrattar, jalayyrlar, kereyler sekildi týrki tektes rular bolghan. Búl rulardyng kópshiligi keyin Qazaq handyghynyng qúramyna kirgeni tarihtan mәlim. Sondyqtan etnikalyq túrghydan alghanda, astrahandyqtar men qazaqtardyng týbi ortaq ekeni dausyz.

Astrahan aimaghyndaghy halyq týrki tilderining qypshaq tarmaghynda sóilegen. Sol til – qazaq tilimen tektes. Qazirgi qazaq tilindegi kóptegen sóz, dybystyq jýie men grammatikalyq qúrylym astrahandyq jazba eskertkishtermen úqsas keledi. Búl – olardyng mәdeny jәne tildik baylanysyn aighaqtaytyn dәlelderding biri.

Sonday-aq kiyim ýlgileri, túrmys salty, mal sharuashylyghyna negizdelgen ómir salty da qazaq mәdeniyetimen ýilesedi. Astrahandyqtar jazda jaylaugha, qysta qystaugha kóship otyrghan. Búl – naghyz kóshpeli dәstýr, yaghny qazaqtardyng ómir tәsilimen birdey.

Astrahan handary da Joshy әuletinen shyqqan. Mysaly, Qasym hannyng túsynda Qazaq handyghy kýsheyip, batysqa qaray yqpalyn arttyrghan kezde, Astrahan biyleushilerimen diplomatiyalyq qatynas ornatylghan. Qazaq jәne Astrahan handary tuystas әuletter bolghandyqtan, keyde ózara odaqtastyq ornatyp, keyde biylik ýshin taytalas ta ómir sýrgen.

Aytar bolsaq, Qyrym men Qazan handary arasyndaghy sayasy tepe-tendikke qarsy túru ýshin qazaq jәne astrahandyq biyleushiler ózara kómek kórsetken. Búl olardyng tek kórshi emes, tarihy bauyrlas handyqtar bolghanyn kórsetedi.

XVI ghasyrdyng basynda Qazaq handyghy men Astrahan handyghynyng arasy әsirese jii baylanys ornatqan. Múhammed Haydar Dulatiyding «Tariyh-y Rashidi» enbeginde Edil boyyndaghy handyqtar turaly aitylady. Onda qazaq biyleushilerimen sauda, elshilik, tuystyq baylanys ornatqany bayandalady.

Sonymen qatar qazaqtar men astrahandyqtardyng arasyndaghy ruhany jaqyndyqty islam dinining ortaq boluy da nyghaytqan. Eki halyq ta Hanafy mәzhabyn ústanghan, medreselerde birdey diny kitaptardy paydalanghan.

Astrahan handyghy joyylghannan keyin (1556 jyly Resey jaulap alghan son), onyng halqynyng kópshilik bóligi Edilding shyghysyna, yaghny qazirgi Qazaqstan aumaghyna kóship kelgen. Olar Manghystau men Atyrau aimaqtaryna qonystanyp, qazaq rularyna sinisip ketti. Keyin búl rular Kishi jýzding qúramyna endi.

Astrahan handyghynyng tarihy úzaqqa sozylghan joq. XVI ghasyrdyng ortasynda Resey memleketi kýsheyip, Edil boyyndaghy barlyq handyqtardy óz yqpalyna alugha kiristi. 1556 jyly Astrahan tolyq jaulap alyndy. Osy oqighadan keyin kóptegen týrki tekti halyq óz jerin tastap, Kaspiyding shyghysyna, qazaq dalasyna kóshti.

Sol kezden bastap qazaqtardyng sany artty, al olardyng qúramynda búrynghy astrahandyq ru-taypalar payda boldy. Demek, Astrahan handyghynyng qúlauy qazaq halqynyng etnikalyq qalyptasuyna әser etken tarihy ýderis sanalady.

Býgingi Astrahan oblysynda әli de qazaqtar kóp túrady. Olar óz tilin, dәstýrin saqtap keledi. Búl da Astrahan handyghy men Qazaq handyghy arasyndaghy baylanys ýzilmegenin kórsetedi.

Astrahandyq qazaqtar – osy handyqtyng ruhany múragerleri. Olardyng shejiresinde de Astrahan biyleushileri men batyrlarynyng esimderi saqtalghan. Qazaq tarihyndaghy Qayyp han, Oraz-Múhammed, Jýsip syndy túlghalar da sol dәuirding úrpaqtary.

Qazirgi tarihshylardyng pikirleri әrtýrli. Key zertteushiler Astrahan handyghyn jeke etnosqa tәn memleket dep esepteydi. Al, birqatar qazaqstandyq ghalymdar onyng Qazaq handyghymen tyghyz baylanysyn erekshe atap ótedi.

Yaghniy, akademik S. Aqynjanov pen E. Bekmahanov enbekterinde Astrahan handyghynyng halqy qazaq etnogenezining bir tarmaghy bolghany dәleldenedi. Búl pikirdi arheologiyalyq jәne jazba derekter de quattaydy.

Tarihy túrghydan qaraghanda, qazaqtar men astrahandyqtardyng aiyrmashylyghy shekteuli boldy. Olar bir dalany mekendedi, bir tilde sóiledi, bir dindi ústandy, bir mәdeniyetti bólisti.

Astrahan handyghy – týrki әlemining ortaq múrasy. Ol Altyn Ordadan keyingi dәuirdegi qazaq memleketining batys qanaty ispetti qyzmet atqardy. Halqynyng kóp bóligi keyin qazaq qúramyna sinip, últtyng qalyptasuynda manyzdy ról atqardy.

Osylaysha, Astrahan handyghyn qazaq tarihynyng shetinde emes, ózeginde túrghan qúbylys dep aitugha tolyq negiz bar. Ol qazaq memlekettiligining kenistiktegi jalghasy, ruhany jәne etnikalyq tuysy. Sondyqtan da Astrahan handyghy – qazaq tarihynyng ajyramas tarauy.

Beysenghazy Úlyqbek, 

Qazaqstan Jurnalister Odaghynyng mýshesi

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