Elimizde kezekti sayasy nauqan ótti. Elimiz jana Konstitusiya qabyldady. Konstitusiya el bolashaghyn aiqyndaytyn manyzdy qújat. Sondyqtan da bolar halyqtyng sayasy belsendiligi joghary boldy. Degenmen jalpy ýderisting ishinde Almaty sekildi alpauyt qala túrghyndarynyng referendumge aitarlyqtay bәsendik tanytuy, jalpy ontayly beynede qayshylyq tudyryp túrghanday. Almaty dәstýrli týrde tómen belsendilik tanytady dedi desmy aqparat. Al búl tómen belsendilikting sebebi nede? Jalpy ýlken qala sosiologiyasyn týsinbey búl saualgha jauap beru mýmkin emes ekendigi aiqyn. Biz osy saualdyng bir bóligine jauap beruge tyrystyq.

Zamanauy qalanyng tabighatyn aiqyndaytyn kóptegen faktorlar bar. Qala – tek ghimarattar men kóshelerding әrekettestigining nәtiyjesinde payda bolghan kenistik emes. Ol – armandar, ýmitter, qayshylyqtar, narazylyqtar men taghdyrlar toghysqan tiri kenistik. Árbir kóshede ómirding erekshe tynysy, әrbir bilim beru mekemesinde oidyn, erkindikting energiyasy seziledi. Múnda bilim men mәdeniyet, enbek pen shygharmashylyq, narazylyq pen mahabbat qatar ómir sýredi. Qala –  biylikting negizgi ortalyghy, tiregi ghana emes, onyng tabighatyn ózgertetin kenistik. Áleumettik túrghydan qala intellektualdardyng toptasqan, asqaq oy men fiolosofiyanyng toghysqan manyzdy ortalyghy.

Iri qalalardyng damuy memleketti avtomatty týrde demokratiyagha ainaldyrmaghanymen, úzaq merzimdi avtokratiyalardyng túraqtylyghyna keri әser etedi. Urbanizasiya biylik pen qogham arasyndaghy shiyelenistin, oy men erkindikting qaqtyghys әleuetin arttyratyn qúbylys.

Qala jәne adam kapitaly

Qala – әrbir túrghynnyng óz qajettilikterin qanaghattandyryp, damuyna jol ashatyn, jol ashyp qana qoymay, qoghammen keng dәrejeli әrekettesuding nәtiyjesinde ýlken ómirde ózin tabuyna tikeley yqpal etetin orta. Keng kólemdi, belsendi urbanizasiya adam kapitalynyng qalyptasuy men damuyna tikeley yqpal etetin faktorlardyng biri ekendigi sózsiz. Urbanizasiya nәtiyjesinde kәsiby sheberlikting ósui, bilim men iydeyalardyng keneni, ýkimettik emes qoghamdyq úiymdar men beyresmy jelilerding damuy, aqparat almasudyng jyldamdyghy men әrtýrliligi, әleumettik útqyrlyq pen jeke ambisiyalardyng ósui sekildi nәtiyjelerdi bayqaymyz.

Qala men dala: adam kapitalynyng salystyrmaly saraptamasy

Búl saraptamanyng negizine búrynna qalyptasqan әleumettik zertteulerde eng keng qoldanylatyn zandylyqtardyng biri Maslou piramidasy arqyly týsindirip kórelik. Teoriyanyng negizgi ózegi adam ózining negizgi, tabigha qajettilikterin qanaghattandyryp bolghannan keyin ghana ózge qajettilikterge qaray bet búrady. Olardyng qataryna shygharmashalaq, bilim, ghyolym sekildi qajettilikterdi jatqyzugha bolady.

Atalmysh teoriyagha sәikes:

Birinshi dengeygey – fiziologiyalyq qajettiliktermen (tamaq, jatyn-oryn, negizgi qajettilikter) aiqyndalady. Qazaqstannyng auyldyq aimaqtarynda: tabystyng ortasha mólsheri qalagha qaraghanda shamamen 30–40% tómen. Demek auyl túrghyndary qala túrghyndaryna qaraghanda shekteuli qarjylyq mýmkindikterge iye. Kedeylik dengeyi biyik, otbasylardyng bir bóligi tabysty tek negizgi qajettelekterdi qanaghattandyrugha júmsaydy. Sondyqtan ata-analardyng negizgi maqsaty otbasyn tamaqpen, ýi-jәimen, negizgi qajettilikterdi qamtamasyz etuden túrady. Búl denegeyde balalardyng damuyna investisiyalar saludyng mýmkindigi de, әleueti de tómen.

Qalalarda tabys dengeygeyi birshama joghary, júmys oryndarynyng kólemi men mólsheri ken. Sondyqtan da bolar qala túrghyndary ýshin negizgi qajettilikterdi jabu jenildeu. Qala men auyl túrghyndarynyng arasynda tabysy minimaldy tabys dengeygeyinen tómen túrghyndardyng araqatynasy qalada 3,9% shamasynda bolsa, auylda 7,2% kórsetkish dengeyinde. Demek auyldyq aimaqtardaghy kedeylik dengey qaladaghy kedeylikten eki ese kóp bolyp túr.

Ekinshi dengey – qauipsizdik. Múndaghy qoldanylyp otyrghan qauipsizdik úghymy dәstýrli tar maghyndaghy qauipsizdik emes, odan әlde qayda keng túraqtylyq, júmyspen qamtu, medisinalyq múqtajdyqtardy qanaghattandyru syndy salalardy qamtidy. Qala ortasy júmys berushilerding aitarlyqtay kóptigimen, damyghan medisinamen, aluan týrli әleumettik qyzmetterding qol jetimdiligimen erekshelenedi. Atap aitsaq inkluzivti orta qalyptastyru, әr týrli әleumettik top ókilderine teng mýmkindikter jasau yntasy býgingi kýni әsirese iri qalalargha tәn erekshelik ekendigi belgili.

Auyldyq orta, júmys oryndarynyng azdyghymen, key jaghdayda medisinalyq qyzmetke qol jetimdilikting shekteuligimen erekshelenedi. Qauipsizdik dengeyining tómendigi otbasyndaghy balalardyng damuyna úzaq merzimdi investistiya jasaugha mýmkindik bermeydi.

Ýshinshi dengey – әleumettik qajettilikterdi qamtidy Búl dengeyding ereksheligi búl jerde adamnyng әleumettik beyimdeluine qajetti qúraldar men tetikter: orta, adamnyng damuy, әleumettenu sekildi kórsetkishter negizge alynady. Atap aitsaq: damu kurstary, sporttyq seksiyalar, shygharmashylyq studiyalardyng boluy sekildi faktorlargha nazar audarylady.

Áriyne qala jaghdayynda búl mýmkindikterding әlde qayda keng ekendigin angharu qiyn emes. Qala ondaghan seksiyalar men klubtar bolsa, auyldyq jerlerde әleumettenu ýderisi әlde qayda kesheuildep jýzege asyrylady. Múnyng óz adamy kapitaldy damuyna yqpal etedi

Tórtinshi dengey – syilastyq pen nәtiyjelilik. Kóp jaghdayda kózge kórinbeytin biraq adam ómirinde manyzdy oryn alatyn, bedel, abyroy, moyyndalu sekildi kórsetkishtermen aiqyndalady. Búl dengey týrli pәndik olimpiada, akademiyalyq jetistikter, kәsiby biliktilik sekildi faktorlargha arqa sýieydi. Qala balalary ózderining damuy barysynda qosymsha shet tilderin oqugha, qosymsha bilim alugha, aqparattyq tehnologiyalargha qol jetimdilikti qamtamasyz etu mýmkindigine ie bolady. Sondyqtan da bolar olar týrli konkurstardyng jenimpazy bolyp, jetekshi joghary oqu oryndaryna týsedi, kәsiby damuyna mýmkindik alady.

Besinshi dengey – qoghamda óz ornyn taba alu mýmkindigi. Búl dengey shygharmashylyq, innovasiyalar men ghylym sekildi salalardy qamtidy Múnday mýmkindikterding iri qalalarda payda bolary sózsiz. Sebebi ol jerlerde qajetti infraqúrylym, jorghary oqu oryndary, biznes inkubatorlar, tiyisti qarjylyq mýmkindikter shoghyrlanghan.

Biz Maslou piramidasy arqyly qala jәne auyl túrghyndarynyng ekonomikalyq aiyrmashyyghy men problemalaryn aiqynday alamyz. Auyl jaghdayynda túrghyndar qajettilikterding birinshi jәne ekinshi dengeyinen kóterilui ekitalay jәne adamnyng kәsiby damuyna onitayly yqpal etetin ortanyng qalyptaspaghandyghyn angharu qiyn emes. Qala túrghyndary bolsa tórtinshi jәne besinshi dengeyge jyldam qol jetkizip, óz әleuetterin tolyqqandy ashu mýmkindigine ie bolady.

Adam kapitaly men sayasy prosess

Adam kapitaly tek enbek daghdysynan ghana túrmaydy. Ol – adamnyng tandau jasau, pikir aitu, qoghamgha әser etu qabileti. Qalada ósken adam basqaru tiyidiligine, basshylyqqa talap qoyady. Ol baghynudy emes, óz oiymen eseptesip, sanasudy kýtedi. Jeke biylik ýshin kerisinshe ortalyqtanghan, qarapayym iyerarhiyagha sýiengen, aqparatty qatang baqylaugha arqa sýieytin jýie tәn. Múnda qala sosiologiyasynyng kýrdeliligi men biylikting jekelik qasiyeti tabighy týrde qarsy túrady. Qalalyq orta tap damyghan adam kapitalyna arqa sýieytin tiyimdiligi joghary burokratiyalyq apparattyng jaqtaushysy ghana emes, óz taghdyry, odan qaldy El taghdyryna yqpal etetin sheshimderge qatysushy bolghysy keletin figurant. Auyl túrghyny kerisinshe, konservativti sarynda qoghamnyng ýlken ózgeristerge iykemdeluine qaraghanda, túraqtylyq qaghidattaryna arqa sýieudi jón kóredi. Alayda avtokratiyalar auyl túrghyndarynyng qalalyq mekenderge tabighy migrasiyasyn shekteuge eshqanday yqpal ete almaydy. Demek logika boyynsha ózining negizgi әleumettik bazasynan airylady. Sebebi konservativti orta kóp jaghdayda auyldy mekender men shaghyn jәne orta qalalarda qalyptasady. Búghan dәlel birqatar mysaldardy keltiru de qiyn emes.

Kenes Odaghynyng tәjiriybesi

Iosif Stalinning kezeninde Mәskeu men KSRO qatang ortalyqtanghan biylikting simvoly boldy. Biraq industriyalandyru men jappay bilim beru kýtpegen әleumettik nәtiyje berdi: qalalar kóbeydi, ghylymy ortalyqtar payda boldy, tehnikalyq intelliygensiya qalyptasty. Qala erkin oy men synshyl kózqarastyng ortalyghy retinde damydy. Nәtiyjesinde Qazan tónkerisining alghashqy kezinde auyl túrghyndary basym, agrarly qogham, qalagha keng qonys audarudyng nәtiyjesinde industriyaldy qoghamgha ainaldy. Absolutti monarhiyadan, totalitarlyq rejimge ótken Resey jappay repressiyalar men mәjbýrleu sharalaryn búrynghyday keng qoldanu mýmkindigine ie bola almay qaldy. Stalinnen keyingi jylymyqtyng sebebi de sonda. Repressivti apparattyng әlsireui men qoghamdy liyberalizasiyalaugha degen múqtajdyq Mihail Gorbachev figurasyn aldynghy qatargha shyghardy. Ol reformalardy bastaghanda qalalyq intellektualdyq orta tez jauap berip, ózgeristing qozghaushy kýshine ainaldy. Urbanizasiya elita ishindegi jikteludi kýsheytip, aqparat taraluyn jedeldetti, repressiyalyq mehanihmderding tiyimdiligin tómendetip,biylik qúrylymyn kýrdelendirdi. Qala qoghamynyng kýrdeliligi jeke biylikting úzaq merzimdi ýstemdigin әlsiretti. Kenes Odaghynyng qúlauyndaghy qalalardyng róli – újymdyq oy men aqparat taralu jyldamdyghynyng avtokratiyany tejeytinin kórsetedi.

Qazaqstan: qala – bilim oshaghy

Qazaqstan jaghdayynda Almaty men Astana – industriyalandyrudyn, bilim men kәsiby damudyng basty ortalyqtary. Uniyversiytetter, ghylymiy-zertteu instituttary, startaptar men innovasiyalyq jobalardyng ortalyqtary jastargha tek iskerlik dayyndyq qana emes, syny oilau men qoghamdyq damugha әser etu mýmkindigin tudyrady.

Auyldyq jerlerdegi bilim men infraqúrylym tensizdigi jastardyng әleumettik útqyrlyghy men sayasy belsendiligin tejeydi. Resmy statistikalyq mәlimetterding ózi ata-analardyng balalar ýshin qosymsha bilim beru boyynsha ýlken aiyrmashylyqty kórsetip keledi. Jalpy kórsetikshter boyynsha Qazaqtanda 2025 jyly oqushylardyng shamamen 90% (jobamen 3,5 mln bala) әr týrli seksiyalargha nemese qosymsha bilim aludyng ózge de nysandaryna qol jetkizu mýmkindigine ie bolghanymen, auyl men qala oqushylarynyng arasynda ýlken alshaqtyq bayqaluda. 2,2 mln bala tegin qosymsha bilim alu mýmkindigine ie bolsa, Elimizde 2000-nan astam qosymsha bilim beru mekemeleri qyzmet kórsetude.

Al endi qala jәne auyldyq aimaqtardy salystyp kórelik:

Qala túrghyndary balalary ýshin shet tilderi, aqparattyq tehnologiyalar men robototehnika, muzyka jәne óner, sporttyq mektepter, olimpiadalar men qosymsha dayyndyq boyynsha ortasha eseppen  bes qosymsha bilim beru baghdarlamasyna jazu mýmkindigine ie bolsa, auyldyq eldi mekenderde kóbine bir, eki baghdarlamadan artylmaydy. Birqatar eldi mekenderde onday mýmkindikting ózi joq. Onyng ýstine mektep dengeyinde kadrlar tapshylyghy da bar ekendigi belgili.

Búl Ýkimet tarapynan әr týrli keng kólemdi memlekettik baghdarlamadardyng dayyndaluyna yqpal etude. Aytalyq auyl kvotasy, diplommen auylgha sekildi baghdarlamalar auyl túrghyndary men qala túrghyndarynyng arasyndaghy tensizdikti jongha baghyttalghandyghy anyq.

Alayda qala tek damudyng ortalyghy emes, ol sayasy Qazaqstan jaghdayynda oppozisiyalyq qyzmetting oshaghy bolyp ta otyr. Onyng birneshe kórinisi bar. Naqtyraq aitar bolsaq absentizm – keybir qalalyqtar kýndelikti túrmysqa, jeke damugha basymdyq beredi de, sayasy prosesske aralasudan bas tartady. Negizgi logikalyq tújyrym mening dauysym qoghamda eshtene sheshpeydi nemese ony ózgertuge yqpal etpeydi degen pessimistik kózqarastyng basym boluy. Ádette Qazaqstan boyynsha saylau nauqandarynda eng tómen kórsetkig Almaty qalasynda tirkeletindigi belgili. Ekinshiden, oppozisiyalyq oy ortalyghy – syny oilau arqyly qala túrghyndary biylik sayasatyn saralap, ol ortany jauapkershilikke shaqyrugha әldeqayda beyim ekendigin angharu qiyn emes. Búl әriyne birneshe sayasy sosiologiyalyq teoriyalarmen týsindiriledi. Qalada halyq pen resurstardyng shoghyrlanuy Almaty jәne Astana sekildi iri megapolisterding túrghyndaryna aqparat almasu, qoghamdyq qozghalystardy úiymdastyru, sayasy mәselelrdi talyqlap, olardyng qorytyndylaryna yqpal etuge ontayly jaghday jasaydy. Búl sayasy mobilizasiyanyng әleuetin arttyrady.

Endi sayasy ýderiste qarsylyqtyng ornyna toqtayyq. Eng alghashqy teoriya salystyrmaly deprivasiya teoriyasy. Búl teoriyagha sәikes kýtiletin nәtiyje men ómirlik shyndyq arasyndaghy alshaqtyq qoghamdyq qarsylyqtyng ózegi bolyp tabylady. Adamdar ózge túlghalardyng ómirin kóredi, olardyng ómir dengeyin qamtamasyh etetin faktorlargha nazar audarady. Ekinshi teoriya orta toptyng yqpalymen baylanysty. Búl teoriyagha sәikes orta tap neghúrlym kýsheygen sayyn memleketten, memlekettik instituttardan esep talap ete bastaydy, sayasy belsendilik pen yqpal etuge mýddeli bolady, biylikting tiyimdiligine nazar audara bastaydy. Jana kezende orta taptyng eng óarqyndy qalyptastyratyn orta aqparattyq tehnologiyalar, qarjylyq qyzmet, kreativti industriya bolyp otyr. Demek búl sektorlardyng qarqyndy ósui qogham damuynyng kepili bolyp tabylatyn, orta taptyng ósimine yqpal etedi. Degenmen múnda ózge problema da jatyr. Orta taptyng ishindegi qúrylymdyq ózgerister. HH ghasyrdaghy orta tap kóp jaghdayda tәuelsiz, derbes biznes egeleri, demek ekonomikalyq ýderisting belsendi qatysushysy bolsa, býgingi kýni әsirese damyghan ekonomikalarda orta tap kәsibi, bilikti mamandar kategoriyasyna kirip, iri korporasiyalargha qyzmet kórsetushi topqa ainaluda. Búl prosess damyghan ekonomikalarda aiqyn, damushy ekonomikalarda әli de bәseng kórinis tabuda. Búl orta taptyng yqpaly men sayasty ústanymyna tikeley әser etetin faktor. Esepke alynuy kerek kelesi faktor qaladaghy jastar men joghary oqu oryndarynyng kóp boluy. Jastar әdette sayasy mәselelerdi talqylaytyn belsendi top bolyp tabylady. Ómirding jana kókjiyekteri ashylghan sayyn jastardyng bilimpazdyghy artady. Blim dengeyi qúqyqtar men mýmkindikterding tendigine degen súranys tudyrady. Besinshi manyzdy faktor internet pen әleumettik jeliler. HHI ghasyrda negizgi sayasy әleumettik trendti jeliler qalyptastyratyndyghy aiqyn. Tuyndaytyn sayasy súranysty resmy aqparat qúraldary tolyq qanaghattandyra almauy jәne azamattyng әleumettik jelide aitarlyqtay shektersiz ózin sayasy túrghydan derbes әreket ete aluy, virtualdy demokratiyanyng yqpalyn kýsheytedi. Búl trend auyldyq jerde de aiqyn kórinis tapqanymen, qalalyq ortada erekshe qarqyndy damuda. Demek qala túrghynynyng aqparat alu tetikteri men mýmkindikteri, al eng manyzdysy jana qabiletterdi tez arada iygeru mýmkindigi әlde qayda keng bolyp otyr. Taghy bir manyzdy erekshelik qala kólemining effektisi. Qala túrghyndarynyng sany neghúrlym kóp bolghan sayyn, qalalyq ortadaghy adam kapitalynyng damu mýmkindikteri de keneye beredi. Al túrghyndarynyng jalpy sany millionnan asqan kezde qala ekonomikalyq túrghydan paydaly tetikke ainalady. Demek qalanyng memleketke, sayasatqa yqpaly ósedi. Búl jaghdayda qala dengeyindegi tiyimdi ókildik respublikalyq dengeydegi sayasy tiyimdilkke úlasyp sayasy ýderisti ontaylandyrady.

Qazaqstandyq mysaldy negizge alar bolsaq, Almaty qalasynyng ekonomikalyq әleueti jalpy últtyq ónim kólemining kem degende besten bir bóligin qamtidy. Búl qalanyng ekonomikalyq әleueti últtyq ekonomikagha qatty әser beredi degen sóz. Kezinde qyrghyz aghayyndarmen shyqqan daulardyng birinde Ýkimet mýsheleri tútas qyrghyz ekonomikasy Almatynyng ónirlik ónimining jartysyn qúraydy bep biyikten sóilegende Almatynyng El ekonomikasyndaghy orny qanshalyqty dәrejede esepke alyndy eken? Qala әleumettik, ekonomikalyq, sayasy túrghyndan óte sezimtal qúrylym. Jer daularynan bastap, qantar oqighalaryna beyngi aqymdy qamtyp jatqan bas kóterulerding ózegi osy qalalarda qalyptasyp, damydy. Búl qalalyq ortanyng qarsylyqtyq әleuetining bir bóligining qalalyq negillizmge, yaghny belgili dәrejede biylikke senbeushilikke alyp keldi. Býgingi kýnning ózinde statistikalyq mәlimetter iri qala túrghyndarynyng sayasy ýderiske ne az qatysatyndyghy, ne qatysqan jaghdayda kóbine resmy biylikke qarsy dauys berui de aiqyn kórinis tabuda. Qala túrghyndarynyng ishinde eng tómengi dauys berushilerding jastar ekendigi de ghajap emes. Jastar birinshiden óz basymdyqtarynyng qataryna bilim aludy maqsat etip qoyady. Onyng ýstine biylikke degen senim ghana tómen emes, jastardyng óz sayasy belsendiligining bir mәsele sheshetindigine degen senimi tómen. Búl absentizm sekildi qúbylystyng qarqyndy damuynyng alghysharty. Songhy statistikalyq mәslimetter ghalamdyq dengeyde adamnyng ne ghúrlym jasy ósken sayyn sayasy ýderisterge qatysugha degen niyeti de artatyndyghyn kórsetude.

Ózge elderding tәjiriybesi de osy ýderisti aiqyen kórsetude. Qytaydyng Shanhay jәne Shenjen qalarynda resmy biylikke qatysty qarsylyq kýn ótken sayyn aiqyn sezilude. Búl qalalyq ortanyn, әsirese jastardyng ekonomikalyq belsendiligining tómendeuinde aiqyn kórinis tabuda. Irannyng Tegerany – reformalyq iydeyalardyng taralu ortalyghy. Songhy uaqytta sayasy belsendilikting artqanynyng bir kórinisi kiyim kiyisten bastap ózge qogham ómirine manyzdy salalardaghy ózgerister. Búl maghynada qala qogham men biylikting ózara qayshylyghynyng aiqyn kórinisi bolsa kerek. Ontýstik Koreyadaghy Seul 1980 jyldary demokratiyalyq ótpeli kezende sheshushi ról atqardy. Urbanizasiya, ekonomikalyq damu jәne elita ishindegi jiktelu qalany manyzdy oppozisiyalyq kýshting ortalyghyna ainaldyrdy. Resey men Týrkiya mysaldaryna nazar audarar bolsaq Moskva men Peterburg qalalary — oppozisiyalyq oidyng tiregi. Putinning iri qalalarda reytingtik kórsetkishining tómendigining sebebi de osynda Stambul men Ankara qalalary oppozisiyalyq elektorattyng negizgi oshaghy. Gezy sayabaghy oqighasy qalalyq kenistik sayasy mәnge ie ekenin kórsetti. Qala — oylardyn, emosiyanyng jәne ózgeriske úmtylystyng alany.

Qalanyng boyyndaghy búl qasiyetter jeke biylikting úzaq merzimdi ýstemdigin әlsiretedi. KSRO-dan qazirgi Resey, Qazaqstan jәne Týrkiyagha deyingi tәjiriybe megapolister biylikting bir qolgha shoghyrlanuyna qarsy qúrylymdyq tejegish ekenin kórsetedi.

Biylik tabighaty ony shoghyrlandyrugha degen yntany aiqyndaydy. Qala tabighatynan kýrdelilik pen erkin oidyng oshaghy dep qabyldaghan oryndy. Búl maghynada qala – qúndylyq qalyptastyrushy kenistik. Bolashaq sayasy sheshimder kóbine saraylarda emes, uniyversiytet auditoriyalarynda, alandarda, kóshelerde jәne sifrlyq jelilerde jasalatynyn úmytpau kerek.

Shynghys Ergóbek, sayasattanushy

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