Jahandyq ekonomikada jýrip jatqan tereng ózgerister men geosayasy shiyelenister elder arasyndaghy yntymaqtastyqtyng jana formatyn talap etude. Osynday jaghdayda Qazaqstan men Europa arasyndaghy baylanystardyng mәni artyp, ózara tiyimdi әriptestikting jana mýmkindikteri ashyluda. Osy ózekti taqyryp ayasynda biz ekonomist Dinara Mamyrbekovamen súhbattastyq.

​Sarapshynyng pikirinshe, Qazaqstan Europa ýshin tek shiykizat jetkizushi ghana emes, sonymen qatar balama logistikalyq dәliz, energetikalyq qauipsizdikting manyzdy bóligi jәne geoekonomikalyq seriktes retinde rólin kýsheytip keledi. Ásirese jetkizu tizbekterining qayta qúryluy men «jasyl» energetikagha kóshu jaghdayynda búl manyz odan әri arta týspek.

​Súhbat barysynda Qazaqstan men Chehiya arasyndaghy ónerkәsiptik kooperasiya, tehnologiya transferi, logistika jәne energetika salalaryndaghy yqpaldastyqtyng bolashaghy, sonday-aq elimizding Europa men Aziyany baylanystyratyn industriyalyq habqa ainalu mýmkindikteri jan-jaqty saralandy.

– Chehiya Premier-ministrining Qazaqstangha sapary jahandyq ekonomikanyng transformasiyasy jәne sauda aghyndarynyng qayta baghdarlanuy ayasynda ótip jatyr. Sizding oiynyzsha, Ortalyq Aziya, әsirese Qazaqstan, europalyq elder ýshin qanshalyqty manyzdy bola týsude?

Ortalyq Aziyanyn, әsirese Qazaqstannyn, europalyq elder ýshin manyzy songhy jyldary aitarlyqtay artyp keledi, jәne búl ýrdis jahandyq ekonomikanyng qúrylymdyq transformasiyasymen tikeley baylanysty.

Birinshiden, jetkizu tizbekterining qayta qúryluy bayqalady. COVID-19 pandemiyasymen geosayasy shiyelenister (sonyng ishinde Resey-Ukraina soghysy) europalyq kompaniyalardy dәstýrli marshruttar men seriktesterdi qayta qaraugha mәjbýr etti. Osy túrghyda Qazaqstan Europa men Aziyany baylanystyratyn tranzittik hab retinde erekshe rólge iye. Mysaly, Transkaspiy halyqaralyq kólik baghyty (Middle Corridor) arqyly Qytay–Europa arasyndaghy balama logistikalyq joldar damyp keledi.

Ekinshiden, energetikalyq qauipsizdik faktory kýsheydi. Europalyq Odaq ýshin kómirsutek resurstaryn әrtaraptandyru strategiyalyq mindetke ainaldy. Qazaqstan – múnay, gaz, uran siyaqty resurstargha bay memleket, sondyqtan ol Europalyq Odaq ýshin senimdi jetkizushilerding biri retinde qarastyrylady. Sonymen qatar, «jasyl» energetikagha kóshu ayasynda Qazaqstan siyrek metaldar men janartylatyn energiya jobalary boyynsha da manyzdy әripteske ainaluy mýmkin.

Ýshinshiden, geoekonomikalyq pozisiya. Qazaqstan tek resurs bazasy ghana emes, sonymen qatar institusionaldyq túrghydan salystyrmaly túraqty, kópvektorly syrtqy sayasat jýrgizetin el. Búl ony Europa ýshin Ortalyq Aziyadaghy «kiru nýktesine» ainaldyrady. Aymaqtyng basqa elderimen salystyrghanda, Qazaqstannyng investisiyalyq klimaty men infraqúrylymy anaghúrlym damyghan.

Tórtinshiden, naryqtyq jәne ónirlik integrasiya aspektisi. Qazaqstan Euraziyalyq ekonomikalyq odaq mýshesi retinde kenirek aimaqtyq naryqqa qol jetkizu mýmkindigin beredi. Búl europalyq kompaniyalar ýshin tek bir el emes, tútas ónirge shyghu alany degen sóz.

Qorytyndylay kele, Ortalyq Aziya, әsirese Qazaqstan, Europa ýshin ýsh negizgi funksiya atqara bastady:

1) balama logistikalyq dәliz,

2) energiya jәne shiykizat kózi,

3) geoekonomikalyq seriktes.

Búl manyz aldaghy uaqytta da arta beredi, sebebi jahandyq ekonomikanyng fragmentasiyasy men aimaqtanuy terendep bara jatyr.

– Qazaqstan ózin ónirdegi Europa ýshin senimdi seriktes retinde tanytyp keledi, onyng ishinde shiykizat jetkizu jәne ónerkәsiptik kooperasiya salalarynda. Búl baghyt EO elderinin, sonyng ishinde Chehiyanyng qazirgi ekonomikalyq mýddelerine qanshalyqty sәikes keledi?

– Qazaqstannyng «senimdi seriktes» retindegi pozisiyasy Europanyng qazirgi ekonomikalyq mýddelerimen edәuir ýilesedi, biraq búl sәikestik tolyq avtomatty emes – ol naqty sektorlar men institusionaldyq sharttargha tәueldi.

Birinshiden, Europanyng strategiyalyq basymdyqtaryn eskersek, sәikestik aiqyn kórinedi. Europalyq Odaq songhy jyldary «strategiyalyq avtonomiya» jәne jetkizu tizbekterin әrtaraptandyru baghytyn kýsheytti. Búl ýrdis Resey-Ukraina soghysy saldarynan jedeldedi. Osy kontekste Qazaqstan shiykizat jetkizushi ghana emes, tәuekeli salystyrmaly týrde tómen, sayasy túrghydan boljamdy seriktes retinde qarastyrylady. Múnay, uran, týsti metaldar jәne siyrek jer elementteri — búlardyng barlyghy Europanyng ónerkәsiptik jәne energetikalyq qauipsizdigi ýshin kritikalyq resurstar.

Ekinshiden, ónerkәsiptik kooperasiya aspektisi. Búl jerde Qazaqstannyng róli tek «eksporttaushy» dengeyinen jogharylauy manyzdy. EO ýshin, sonyng ishinde Chehiya siyaqty industriyalyq ekonomikasy bar elder ýshin, shiykizatty tek satyp alu jetkiliksiz – olar qosylghan qún tizbegin keneytudi qalaydy. Chehiyanyng mashina jasau, avtomobili jasau, energetikalyq injeneriya salalaryndaghy tәjiriybesi Qazaqstandaghy óndeu ónerkәsibin damytugha jaqsy sәikes keledi.

Ýshinshiden, «jasyl transformasiya» faktory. EO-nyng European Green Dealayasynda dekarbonizasiyagha kóshui Qazaqstanmen yntymaqtastyqtyng jana ólshemin ashady. Qazaqstanda janartylatyn energiya, «jasyl» sutek, siyrek metaldar óndirisi siyaqty baghyttarda әleuet bar. Chehiya siyaqty elder ýshin búl – jana tehnologiyalar men investisiyalardy syrtqa shygharu mýmkindigi, al Qazaqstan ýshin – ekonomikany әrtaraptandyru qúraly.

Sonymen qatar, shekteulerdi de eskergen jón:

Búl faktorlar kooperasiyanyng terendeu qarqynyn bayaulatuy mýmkin. Qazaqstan men EO, sonyng ishinde Chehiya arasyndaghy ekonomikalyq mýddeler «joghary dәrejede komplementarly» (birin-biri tolyqtyratyn). Qazaqstan resurstyq jәne geoekonomikalyq artyqshylyqtargha ie bolsa, Europa tehnologiyalyq, qarjylyq jәne institusionaldyq kapiytal úsynady. Eger osy eki komponent tiyimdi biriktirilse, búl qatynas klassikalyq «shiykizat periyferiyasy» modelinen «ónerkәsiptik seriktestik» modeline evolusiyalanuy mýmkin.

–Jahandyq naryqtardyng fragmentasiyasy jәne geoekonomikalyq bәsekening kýshengi jaghdayynda Qazaqstan men Chehiya arasyndaghy yntymaqtastyqtyn qay baghyttary neghúrlym perspektivaly bola alady – ónerkәsip, energetika, tehnologiyalar nemese logistika?

– Jahandyq naryqtardyng fragmentasiyasy kýsheygen sayyn memleketter arasyndaghy yntymaqtastyq «qay sala manyzdy?» degen qarapayym tandaudan góri, «qay salalardyng siynergiyasy eng joghary?» degen kýrdeli súraqqa ainalyp otyr. Osy túrghydan alghanda, Qazaqstan men Chehiya arasyndaghy ózara is-qimyl birneshe baghyttyng qiylysynda erekshe perspektivaly kórinedi.

Birinshi jәne, meninshe, eng strategiyalyq baghyt – ónerkәsiptik kooperasiya. Chehiyanyng mashina jasau, dәl injeneriya jәne avtomobili komponentteri óndirisindegi joghary qúzyreti Qazaqstannyng industriyalyq bazasyn terendetu qajettiligimen ýilesedi. Eger búl yntymaqtastyq tek dayyn ónim eksporttaumen shektelmey, birlesken óndirister, tehnologiya transferi jәne jergilikti kadrlardy dayarlau formatynda damysa, onda mulitiplikativtik әser әldeqayda joghary bolady. Múnda klassikalyq «resurs jetkizushi – dayyn ónim tútynushy» modelinen bas tartu manyzdy.

Ekinshi baghyt – energetika, biraq dәstýrli týsinikten kenirek maghynada. Áriyne, Qazaqstannyng kómirsutek resurstary Europalyq Odaq ýshin әli de manyzdy. Alayda úzaq merzimdi perspektivada negizgi nazar «jasyl» energetikagha auysyp jatyr. European Green Deal ayasynda Chehiya siyaqty elder dekarbonizasiya men energiya tiyimdiligi tehnologiyalaryn damytuda. Qazaqstan ýshin búl – janartylatyn energiya, sutek energetikasy jәne energiya infraqúrylymyn janghyrtu salalarynda seriktestik ornatugha mýmkindik.

Ýshinshi – logistika jәne tranziyt. Búl baghyttyng manyzy songhy jyldary aitarlyqtay ósti, әsirese Resey-Ukraina soghysysaldarynan dәstýrli sauda marshruttary qayta qaralghannan keyin. Qazaqstan Transkaspiy baghyty arqyly Europa men Aziya arasyndaghy balama dәliz retinde óz rólin kýsheytip keledi. Chehiya ýshin búl – jetkizu tizbekterin әrtaraptandyru, al Qazaqstan ýshin – tranzittik tabysty arttyru jәne infraqúrylymdy janghyrtu.

Tórtinshi – tehnologiyalar, biraq búl salada yntymaqtastyq әzirge janama sipatta. Chehiyanyng ónerkәsiptik tehnologiyalary men injenerlik sheshimderi Qazaqstandaghy óndiristik jobalargha engizilui mýmkin. Degenmen, búl baghyttyng tabysty boluy institusionaldyq ortagha, bilim beru jýiesine jәne innovasiyalyq ekojýiege tәueldi.

Mening kәsiby baghalauym boyynsha, eng joghary qaytarym beretin modeli – «ónerkәsip + energetika + logistika» ýshtaghanynyng integrasiyasy. Yaghni, shiykizatty óndiru, ony óndeu, әri qaray tiyimdi tasymaldau birtútas jýie retinde qarastyrylghanda ghana shynayy ekonomikalyq әser payda bolady. Al tehnologiyalar osy ýsh baghyttyng «kýsheytkishi» retinde qyzmet etedi.

Qorytyndylay kele, Qazaqstan men Chehiya arasyndaghy yntymaqtastyqtyng bolashaghy jeke sektorlargha emes, olardyng ózara baylanysyna tәueldi. Eger búl qatynas dúrys qúrylsa, ol jay sauda seriktestiginen strategiyalyq industriyalyq aliyans dengeyine kóterilui әbden mýmkin.

– Preziydent Qasym-Jomart Toqaev óz sayasatynda ekonomikany әrtaraptandyru men halyqaralyq baylanystardy damytugha basymdyq beredi. Múnday tәsilder Qazaqstannyng europalyq elder ýshin ekonomikalyq seriktes retindegi pozisiyasyn qanshalyqty nyghaytady?

– Qasym-Jomart Toqaev jýrgizip otyrghan ekonomikany әrtaraptandyru sayasaty Qazaqstannyng syrtqy tәueldiligin azaytyp, ony túraqty әri boljamdy seriktes retinde kórsetedi. Búl tәsil Europalyq Odaq ýshin manyzdy, sebebi Europa senimdi jәne kópsalaly әriptesterge mýddeli. Shiykizatqa ghana emes, óndeu ónerkәsibi men jana tehnologiyalargha nazar audaru yntymaqtastyqty terendetedi. Halyqaralyq baylanystardy keneytu Qazaqstandy Europa men Aziya arasyndaghy manyzdy ekonomikalyq kópirge ainaldyrady. Sonymen qatar, investisiyalyq klimattyng jaqsaruy europalyq kapitaldy tartudy jenildetedi. Nәtiyjesinde, búl sayasat Qazaqstannyng Europa ýshin strategiyalyq seriktes retindegi pozisiyasyn aitarlyqtay nyghaytady.

– Chehiyanyng quatty ónerkәsiptik bazasy jәne EO ayasyndaghy ekonomikalyq transformasiya tәjiriybesi bar. Sizding oiynyzsha, qosylghan qúndy arttyru jәne modernizasiya túrghysynan Qazaqstan ýshin qanday tәjiriybeler paydaly boluy mýmkin?

– Qazaqstan ýshin Chehiya tәjiriybesining qúndylyghy – onyng postsosialistik ekonomikadan joghary qosylghan qúngha negizdelgen industriyalyq modelige sәtti transformasiyasynda. Búl jerde birneshe praktikalyq sabaq bar.

Birinshiden, óndiristik klasterlerdi damytu. Chehiyada avtomobili jasau, mashina jasau siyaqty salalarda jetkizushilerding tyghyz jelisi qalyptasqan. Qazaqstan ýshin de iri kәsiporyndardyng ainalasynda shaghyn jәne orta biznesti integrasiyalap, tolyqqandy óndiristik ekojýie qúru manyzdy – búl qosylghan qúndy el ishinde ústap qalugha mýmkindik beredi.

Ekinshiden, tehnologiya transferi men adamy kapital. Chehiya Europalyq Odaqkenistigine kirigu arqyly bilim, standarttar jәne tehnologiyalardy belsendi týrde qabyldady. Qazaqstan ýshin de tehnikalyq bilim berudi kýsheytu, injenerlik kadrlardy dayarlau jәne sheteldik seriktestermen birlesken R&D jobalardy damytu sheshushi faktor bola alady.

Ýshinshiden, institusionaldyq sapa men industriyalyq sayasat. Chehiya investisiya tartuda ashyqtyq, qúqyqtyq túraqtylyq jәne tiyimdi retteu arqyly bәsekege qabiletti orta qalyptastyrdy. Qazaqstanda da industriyalyq sayasat «tandap qoldau» emes, ónimdilik pen eksportqa baghyttalghan jýieli yntalandyrugha negizdelui tiyis.

Tórtinshiden, eksportqa baghdarlanu. Cheh ekonomikasy jahandyq qún tizbekterine tereng kiriktirilgen, әsirese Europalyq Odaq naryghy arqyly. Qazaqstan ýshin búl – ishki naryqpen shektelmey, óndelgen ónimdi syrtqy naryqtargha shygharu strategiyasyn kýsheytu degen sóz.

Chehiyanyng tәjiriybesi Qazaqstangha «shiykizattyq modeliden» «joghary qosylghan qúndy industriyagha» ótuding naqty jolyn kórsetedi: klasterler, tehnologiya, instituttar jәne eksport – osy tórt tirek modernizasiyanyng ózegin qúraydy.

– Jalpy alghanda, Qazaqstan men Chehiya arasyndaghy yntymaqtastyqtyng terendeui Ortalyq Aziya men Europanyng jaqyndasuynyng keng ýrdisining bir bóligi retinde qarastyryluy mýmkin be, múnda Qazaqstan negizgi baylanystyrushy buyn rólin atqara ma?

– Qazaqstan men Chehiya arasyndaghy yntymaqtastyq tek ekijaqty dengeyde emes, Ortalyq Aziya men Europalyq Odaqarasyndaghy baylanystardyng institusionaldanuynyng kórinisi bolyp otyr.

Birinshiden, Qazaqstannyng geografiyalyq jәne logistikalyq ornalasuy ony tabighy «kópirge» ainaldyrady. Europa men Aziya arasyndaghy balama sauda dәlizderining damuy, әsirese Resey-Ukraina soghysy keyin, onyng tranzittik manyzyn arttyrdy. Búl tek tasymal ghana emes, sonymen birge sauda, investisiya jәne óndiristik kooperasiya aghyndarynyng qayta baghdarlanuyn bildiredi.

Ekinshiden, Qazaqstannyng kópvektorly syrtqy sayasaty men salystyrmaly institusionaldyq túraqtylyghy ony aimaqtaghy «kiru nýktesine» ainaldyrady. Europalyq kompaniyalar kóbinese býkil Ortalyq Aziya naryghyna shyghudy Qazaqstan arqyly bastaydy, óitkeni infraqúrylym, qarjy jýiesi jәne retteushi orta salystyrmaly týrde damyghan.

Ýshinshiden, energetika jәne shiykizat faktorlary. Qazaqstan Europa ýshin resurstar jetkizushi ghana emes, sonymen qatar «jasyl» transformasiya kontekstinde jana seriktes retinde qarastyrylady. Búl yntymaqtastyq aimaqtyq dengeyde keneyip, Ortalyq Aziyanyng basqa elderin de qamtuy mýmkin.

Degenmen, Qazaqstannyng «negizgi baylanystyrushy buyn» róli avtomatty týrde berilmeydi – ol infraqúrylymdy damytu, institusionaldyq reformalardy jalghastyru jәne aimaqtyq integrasiyany kýsheytu arqyly bekitilui tiyis. Qazaqstan men Chehiya arasyndaghy baylanystar Ortalyq Aziya men Europanyng jaqyndasuynyng bir elementi. Al Qazaqstannyng róli – osy ýrdiste tranzittik, ekonomikalyq jәne institusionaldyq platforma retinde qyzmet etu.

Qazaqstan men Chehiya arasyndaghy yntymaqtastyq – jahandyq ekonomikanyng jana konfigurasiyasyna beyimdeluding naqty kórinisi. Europalyq Odaq ýshin Qazaqstan tek resurstyq baza emes, tәuekelderdi әrtaraptandyrugha mýmkindik beretin strategiyalyq serikteske ainalyp keledi.

Qazaqstannyng artyqshylyghy – onyng geoekonomikalyq ornalasuy men kópvektorly sayasaty, biraq úzaq merzimdi tabys shiykizat eksportynda emes, qosylghan qúndy arttyruda jatyr. Sondyqtan Chehiya siyaqty industriyalyq eldermen kooperasiya – tehnologiya transferi, óndiristi lokalizasiyalau jәne adamy kapitaldy damytu túrghysynan erekshe manyzdy.

Mening kózqarasymda, eger Qazaqstan osy mýmkindikti tiyimdi paydalanyp, institusionaldyq reformalardy terendetse, ol jay tranzittik nemese resurstyq el emes, Europa men Aziyany baylanystyratyn tolyqqandy industriyalyq habqa ainala alady.

Abai.kz