Býginde Afrika — ghalamshardaghy eng damymaghan qúrlyq. Búryn olay bolghan joq, búl jaghdaydyng ózindik sebepteri bar. Otarlaushylar birneshe jýz jyl ishinde eng bay aimaqty eng kedey ónirge qalay ainaldyrdy? Nelikten basqa europalyq koloniyalar múnday taghdyrdy qúshpady? Afrika, Amerika jәne taghdyry jenilirek bolghan Aziya arasyndaghy negizgi aiyrmashylyq nede? Búl Afrikanyng sory ma, әlde bireuding saudalanghan aram esebi me?

Qúrlyqtyng soltýstik bóligi europalyqtargha Rim dәuirinen beri tanys edi. Degenmen, arab jaulap alularyna deyin eshkim Saharanyng ishki bóligine ótuge batyly barmady. Nәtiyjesinde Sinay týbeginen Ispaniyagha deyingi býkil jaghalau VII–VIII ghasyrlarda Arab halifatynyng baqylauyna ótip, músylman aimaghyna ainaldy.

Halifat qúlaghan song jergilikti biyleushiler derbestik aldy. Arabtar shólge sheginip, kóshpeli bәdәuy taypalaryn qúrady. Olar saudamen jәne islamdy qúrlyqtyng ishki bóligine taratumen ainalysty. Týrik ekspansiyasy da búl kórinisti qatty ózgerte qoymady. Aljiyr, Tuniys, Tripolitaniya jәne Egiypetting ózindik sayasy ómiri boldy, al osmandyqtar Marokkony baghyndyra almady. Ghasyrlar boyy aimaqtyng basty mәselesi býkil Jerorta tenizin ýreyde ústaghan berber qaraqshylary boldy.

Batys Afrika kezinde altyn, túz jәne qúl saudasymen bayyghan tәuelsiz imperiya edi. XV ghasyrgha qaray ol erte orta ghasyrlargha tәn birneshe jýz shaghyn knyazdikterge bólinip ketti. Europalyqtar solarmen sauda jasady. Gviyneya shyghanaghynyng jaghalauynda odan da shaghyn súltandyqtar men qala-memleketter ornalasty.

Shyghys Afrikada, Egiypetting ontýstiginde Sudan ornalasqan edi. Ol da kezinde Egiypet siyaqty úly imperiya bolghan, biraq arab jaulap alularynan keyin shaghyn islam memleketterine ydyrady. Býgin senu qiyn bolghanymen, búl aimaq ta kezinde orasan bay ónir sanalatyn. Onyng ontýstik jaghalauynda pil sýiegi, dәmdeuishter men qúl saudasy gýldendi. Aymaqtaghy negizgi qarym-qatynas tili suahily boldy.

Afrikadaghy jalghyz hristian memleketi — Abissiniya (qazirgi Efiopiya) edi. Jergilikti biyleushi әulet Rimmen tústas hristiandyqty qabyldaghan jәne olar óz tegin Sýleymen patshadan taratady. Ortalyq Afrikadaghy basty memleket Kongo boldy. Búl — europalyqtar XV ghasyrdyng sonynda alghash baylanys ornatqan Afrika memleketterining biri. Kongonyng ainalasynda shaghyn patshalyqtar bytyrap jatty jәne olar qúl aulaytyn alangha ainaldy.

Ontýstikte, Kalahary men Namib shólderining arghy jaghynda bushmender ómir sýrdi. Olar qorshaghan shóldi aimaqtargha baylanysty syrtqy әlemnen oqshaulanyp, Tas dәuirining túrmys saltyn saqtap qalghan jalghyz halyq edi.

Úzaq uaqyt boyy búl qúrlyq otarlau nysany retinde eshkimdi qyzyqtyrmady. XV ghasyrda Konstantinopoli qúlaghannan keyin, Europa Aziyagha aparatyn negizgi sauda joldarynan ajyrap qaldy. Sodan keyin Ýndistangha aparatyn balama teniz joldaryn izdeu bastaldy. Búl iste ispandyqtar men portugaldyqtar pioner boldy. Hristofor Kolumb Batysqa jýzip, Amerikagha tap bolsa, portugaldyqtar Afrikany ainalyp ótuge tyrysty. Olar Kongomen jәne basqa da afrikalyq memlekettermen sauda baylanysyn ornatyp, batys jaghalaudaghy araldardy iyemdendi. Shyghys Afrikada da bekinister saldy. Bastapqyda europalyqtar qúrlyqtyng ishine enudi josparlamady, olargha tek Ýndistangha baratyn tranzittik punktter men jergilikti sauda qajet edi.

Batys jaghalau negizinen qúldardy úsyndy. Europalyqtar adam saudasynyng orasan zor payda әkeletinin týsingen son, búl biznes qarqyndy damydy.

XV ghasyrdan keyin búl aimaqqa Gollandiya da kóz tige bastady. Niyderlandy Portugaliyamen yqpal etu aimaghy ýshin kýreskenimen, portugaldyqtar basym týsti. Gollandtardyng qolynda tek Keyptaun qaldy. Sol jerge alghashqy europalyq qonystanushylar kelip, jer iygere bastady. Olar protestanttyq qauymdastyqtar qúryp, ózderining afrikaans tilin qalyptastyrdy. Búl qonystanushylar Afrikany jana ýiimiz dep sanaghanymen, jergilikti halyqty adam qúrly kórmedi. Olar qúnarly jerlerdi basyp alyp, bushmenderdi shólge qaray yghystyrdy. Ekinshi jaghynan, olardy bantu jәne zulu taypalary da qyspaqqa aldy.

Keyin otarlau prosesine Úlybritaniya men Fransiya qosyldy. Olar da Batys Afrikany tek arzan qúl enbegining kózi retinde qarastyrdy.

XVIII ghasyrda jaghday ózgerdi: Úlybritaniya Soltýstik Amerikadaghy koloniyalarynan aiyryldy, al Napoleon Niyderlandyny basyp aldy. Angliya Fransiyany Afrikadaghy bay jerlerden yghystyrdy. XIX ghasyrgha qaray qúldyq joyylghannan keyin, Europadaghy ónerkәsiptik tónkeriske baylanysty resurstargha degen qajettilik shúghyl artty. Urbanizasiya men óndiris búryn-sondy bolmaghan qarqynmen ósti, biraq shiykizat tapshy edi.

Búl kezde Osman imperiyasy men músylman әlemi búrynghy yqpalynan aiyrylyp, sauda joldary tolyghymen europalyqtardyng baqylauyna ótti. Ýndistan tolyq baghyndyryldy, Qytay da әlsiredi. Osy kezde Europa nazaryn Afrikagha audardy. Qúrlyq Europa ónerkәsibining shiykizat bazasyna ainaldy.

Afrikadan altyn men gauhardyng orasan zor qory tabyldy. Sues kanaly salynghannan keyin Úlybritaniya Egiypetti basyp aldy. Fransuzdar men aghylshyndar Afrikany ózara bóliske saldy. Industriyalandyru ýshin kauchuk, múnay, kómir jәne palima mayy qajet boldy, al Afrika búl resurstardyng kózine ainaldy.

Búghan qosa, Europada últshyldyq pen «әleumettik darvinizm» iydeyalary beleng aldy. Europalyqtar ózderin «joghary nәsil» dep sanap, jergilikti halyqtargha «órkeniyet әkeludi» syltau etti. Koloniyalar elding bedeli men quatynyng simvolyna ainaldy. XIX ghasyrdyng ayaghynda Afrikany jantalasa otarlau ("Afrika ýshin talas") bastaldy.

Kelesi eki onjyldyq Afrika ýshin keri qaytusyz nýkte boldy. Qúrlyq europalyq derjavalar arasynda bólshekteldi. Jergilikti kóterilister ayausyz basyp-nyshtaldy. XX ghasyrdyng basynda Afrika tolyghymen Europagha tәueldi aimaqqa ainaldy. Keybir ónirlerde genosid oryn alyp, konslageriler salyndy, jergilikti halyqtyng ornyn aq qonystanushylar basty.

Býginde Afrika elderining kóbi — tek shiykizat jetkizushi ónirler. Statistikagha sәikes, әrbir ekinshi afrikalyq kedeylik sheginen tómen ómir sýredi, al әlemdegi bezgekten bolatyn ólim-jitimning 90%-y osy qúrlyqqa tiyesili.

Adamzat órkeniyetining besigi bolghan Afrika nelikten múnday kýige týsti? Búghan tek europalyq otarlaushylardy kinәlau tolyq sәikes kelmeydi, múnda keshendi faktorlar әser etti. Shóldermen bólingen keng aumaqtar men olarda ómir sýrgen taypalar ózara óte oqshau edi. Birtútas quatty imperiyalardyng bolmauy, taypaaralyq arazdyq pen bytyranqylyq europalyqtardyng "bólip al da, biyley ber" (Divide et impera) qaghidasyn esh qarsylyqsyz jýzege asyruyna jaghday jasap berdi.

Kerimsal Júbatqanov

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