Jyraular poeziyasyndaghy Abylayhan dәuirine qatysty tarihy shyndyq sipattary

18 ghasyrdaghy qazaq jyraulary Tәtighara,Ýmbetey,Búqar jyrlarynda Abylay túlghasy, onyng batyrlary jayynda tarihy shyndyq izderi kórinis beredi.

Onyng erjýrek batyldyghy, qaraghaygha qarsy bitken bútaqtay qaysarlyghy, aqyldy danalyghy, sergek te sezimtal kóregendigine baylanysty el arasynda ghajayyp anyz - әngimeler, shytyrman hikayalar, tamasha jyr dastandar tudy. Jazba dәstýrdegi әdebiyetimizde de qanshama avtorlar óz shygharmalarynyng jelisin Abylayhannyng ónegeli de erlik isterine qúrdy.

"...Ózge el ókilderine qazaq handary ishinen neghúrlym әigilisi de, halyq әdebiyetinde kórkem beynesi jarqyn madaqtalghany da Abylay ekeni kәmil. Qazaq qauymynyng san buyny qysylghanda medet kórip, namys kegi qayralghanda úran etip, shaqyratyny da Abylay esimi boluy tegin emes. Ol jónindegi kóne sózderding kóptigi sonshalyq Abylaynama dep atarlyq mol tuyndylar shoghyry jasalghan. Orys halqynyng tarihynda bylina - jyrlardyng eng kóbi ertedegi "kýn didarly knyazi" Vladimir dәuirine arnalghan desek, qazaqtyng tarihy - etikalyq óleng - jyrlarynyng asa kórnekti bóligi de Abylay jәne onyng ainalasyndaghy batyrlargha, biylerge, sheshenderge baghyshtalghan..." dep, jazady belgili әdebiyet zertteushisi, professor Rahmanqúl Berdibaev (Abylayhan. Almaty. "Jazushy" 1993, 4-bet).

Abylay beynesining kórkem әdebiyetimizde osynshama jarqyn beyneleuining ózindik syr, sebepteri bar. Onyng tarihy negizderin qozghay bersek óz aldyna ýlken bir әngimening taqyryby bolar edi.

Jalpy alghanda Abylayhan - XVIII ghasyrdaghy qazaq tarihynda alys - jaqyndaghy dúshpandardy aibynynan yghyp, eseptesuge mәjbýr bolghan qaharman túlgha. Akademik V.V.Bartolid Abylayhan turaly: "XVIII ghasyrdaghy eng kýshti Orta jýzding hany Abylay boldy" - dep, jazady. (V.V.Bartolid. Istoriya turesko - mongoliskih narodov. M., 1968, 5 t)

XV gh. ortasynan XVIII gh. orta túsyna deyingi ýsh ghasyrdyng úzyna boyynda tughan jeri ýshin jan ayamay alysqan, birde jenip, birde jenilip otyrghan azattyq kýresi bir tynbaghan qazaqtar ýshin jonghar oirattary raqymsyz, ayaudy bilmes qatal jau boldy. Qazaqtyng búrynghy ótken zamandardaghy alysqan kóp jaularynyng aty úmytylyp, batyrlyq jyrlardaghy negizgi "etnikalyq jaudyn" qalmaq bolyp kelui de osynday tarihy faktilerden tuyndaytyny dausyz.

Mine, osynday bәlenbay ghasyr boyy qúlaghynyng qiqu ketpegen halyqtyng ensesin jazyp, azattyqqa jana ómirge bastaghan han Abylaydyng jarqyn beynesi halyqtyng sýiispenshiligine bólenip, kóptegen jyr - dastandardyn, auyzsha әngimelerding sýiikti de túlghaly keyipkerine ainalady. Abylay beynesi әuliyedey qasterlenip keyingi dәuirlerde anyzgha ainalyp ketken.

Jyraular poeziyasynda Abylaydyng jarqyn túlghasy, óshpes beynesi somdalghan. Abylay aralasqan oqighalardyng tarihy izderi, shyndyq bolmysy jyraular sózderinde jaqsy saqtalghan.

XVIII ghasyrdyng tarihy oqighalary әigili jyrau Tәtigharanyng "Qamystyng basy mayda, týbi sayda", "Kebeje qaryn, keng qúrsaq" tolghaularynda jaqsy surettelgen.

"Qamystyng basy mayda, týbi sayda" jyryndaghy:

Qamystyng basy mayda, týbi sayda,
Jәnibek Shaqshaqúly bolat nayza.
Aldynnan su, artynnan jau qysqanda,
Er jigitting erligi osyndayda - dep, keletin jyr jolyndaghy Jәnibek Shaqshaqúly Arghyn ishindegi Shaqshaqtan shyqqan batyr, Abylayhangha asqan erjýrektiligimen, qara qyldy qaq jaryp kesip aitatyn әdildigimen, úsaq - týiekke mәn bermeytin tәkәpar minezimen únaghan. Sh.Uәlihanov batyrgha baylanysty bir oqighany bylaysha suretteydi: "Ýnsiz temeki tartyp otyrghan batyrgha jas jigit batyl jaqyndap kelip:

- Jәnibek batyr, temekinizden marhabat etiniz, - deydi. Jәnibek jas batyrdy elemegen keyippen temekisin ózining qaltasyna salyp qoyady. Azdan song qaytadan úrys bastalyp ketedi. Sarbazdar biri sadaqpen, biri aibaltamen, biri shoqparmen hannyng tóniregine jinala bastaydy. "Alghy shepke shyghatyn kim bar?" - dep Jәnibek batyr jar salady. Sonda ózinen temeki súraghan jas jigit Bayghozy birinshi bolyp saptan algha shyghady. On myng sarbazy bar qalmaqtar jan qoyar emes, týtip jep jyljyp keledi. Aqyry qazaqtar tym - tyraqay qasha jóneledi. Qalmaq basqynshylarynyng aldynda engezerdey iri qalmaq birneshe qazaqty attarynan audaryp tastap, jaypap kele jatady. Sonda Jәnibek aqyryp: "Bizding qazaqtardan myna bir esersoqtyng basyn shauyp týsiretin bir erkek kindikti tumaghan ba?" - deydi. Búl sózdi estigen song qatty namystanghan Bayghozy janaghy atan týiedey qalmaqty sadaghymen at ýstinen qalpaqtay úshyryp týsiredi. Qazaqtar búl uaqighagha qatty ruhtanyp ketip, keri soghady da, jeniske jetedi. Bayghozynyng erligine sýiingen Jәnibek oghan shaqshasyn úsynady. Bayghozy Jәnibek batyrgha jaqyn kelip: "Batyr, temekini tartatyn kez endi keldi", - deydi. Osydan bastap Taraqty Bayghozynyng atyn júrttyng bәri biledi" (Valihanov.Ch.Ch. Sobr. soch. T. 1 S. 222.)

Jyrdaghy Jәnibek tek batyr ghana emes, adamgershilik biyik qasiyetterimen belgili túlgha. Tәtighara tolghauynda biz Jәnibekten basqa da qazaq batyrlarynyng erlik sipaty, qaharmandyq túlghasy ashylghan.

Bókeydi ait Saghyr menen Dulattaghy,
Deripsәli, Mandaydy ait Qypshaqtaghy.
Ózge batyr qaytsa da, bir qaytpaytyn
Sary men Bayandy ait Uaqtaghy.

Abylay hannyng birde "Óz batyrlarynyzdyng ishinde qaysysy sizding jýreginizge jaqyn?", - dep súraghanda, ol: "Ilgeride ótken azamattardyng ishinen naghyz tandanugha túrarlyghy ekeu-aq. Qaldannyng qolynan toqsan tútqynyn qaytaryp alghan Qarakesek Qazybek pen tútkyndargha ýide otyryp bostandyq alyp bergen Uaq Deripsәli. Alghashqysy Qaldangha ózi baryp súrap qaytaryp alghan bolsa, keyingisi óz aulynda otyryp jaudyng zәresin aldy. Mening batyrlarymnyng ishinen baylyghy, erligi jәne minezi jaghynan Bәsentiyin Malaysary, al aqyly men erligi jaghynan Uaq Bayan bәrinen joghary túr" - dey kelip, taghy birneshe qyraghy batyrlaryn qosatynyn eskertken. (Valihanov.Ch.Ch. Sobr. soch. T.1 S. 222.)

Bayandy keyde Sary, Bayan dep qosarlap ataydy, onyng sebebi, qalmaqpen bir qatty úrysta Bayan batyr ózining bauyry Sarymen birge qaza bolady.

Bógembay batyrdyng da erlik bolmysy osy jyrda aiqyn bayqalady.

Aghashta biyikti aitsang qaraghaydy ait,

Jigittik, erlikti aitsang Bógembaydy ait.

Nayzasynyng úshyna jau mingizgen,

Emenәli Kereyde Er Jabaydy ait.

Bógembay batyr - iri tarihy túlgha. Ol bar ómirin elining azattyghy ýshin saryp etken jaujýrek qaharman, XVIII ghasyrdyng 20 - 30 jyldaryndaghy oirat - qazaq soghysynda qazaq sarbazdaryn basqarghan qolbasshy.

Búl jyrdyng shyghuyna sebep bolghan oqighagha kelsek, Abylay hannyng birde jortuylda joly bolmaghan eken. Ókshelegen jaudan sheginip kele jatqanda, aldynan ótkel bermes tasyghan ózen kezdesedi. Jauyngerler abyrjyp, úilyghyp qalady. Barlyghyna da opat bolu qaupi tóngende, Tәtighara suyrylyp shyghyp, osy jyrdy aityp qoya beripti. Jyrdaghy aty atalghan batyrlar jyraudyng sonynan tasyp jatqan ózenge týse bastaghan. Osylaysha búlardyng artynan qalyng qol da erip, sudan aman - esen ótipti.

Tәtighara jyraudyng "Kebeje qaryn, keng qúrsaq" dep bastalatyn jyrynda Sin imperiyasy men Abylay jasaqtary arasynda bolghan shabuyl sipattalady.

"Kebeje qaryn, keng qúrsaq

Artyq tughan Abylay

Kótere kór búl isti:

Kóp qytaydyng jylqysy,

Túrymtayday qúnysty,

Jau jaghadan alghanda,

It etekten alghanda,

Er Abylay qoryqqan joq,

Ásheyin enkeye bere jylysty.

Bәsentiyin Syrymbet,

Ony da men er kórdim,

Oq jiberip úrysty"

Abylay bastaghan qazaq әskerleri san jaghynan kýshi basym qytay - mәnjýr әskerlerimen taban tirep úrys sala almay, shegine soghysady. Sarbazdardyng ensesi týskenin kórgen Tәtighara jyrau olardyng jauyngerlik ruhyn kóterip, namysyn qayrau ýshin, osy jyrdy taban astynda suyryp salyp, jyrlaghan.

Búl jyrdy kezinde qazaq ghalymy Shoqan Uәlihanov orys tiline qara sózben audarghan. Shoqan tәrjimasyn tolyq keltire keteyik:

"Bejavshie kitaysy snova nachaly dviyjeniya, natyanulasi tetiva iz kulanieva hrebta. Krepkorebernyy y shirokojeludochnyy Ablay, perenesy eto odno deliso. U vraga - kitaysa klyachy kak kopchiky izlovchilisi; net, han Ablay ne bejal, ne horoshee slovo bejal, - on dvigalsya toliko koso. Basentiynes Syrymbet, strel brosaya, bilsya. Ne ishy uma pry begstve! Net hladnokroviya pry toroplivosti! Bayan Uakovsev, da my eto viydeli! Kogda on povorochivayasi nazad, kopiem rabotal".

Jyrdyng keybir núsqasynda "kóp qalmaqtyng jylqysy" dep berilip jýr. Búl dúrys emes. Dúrysy "kóp qytaydyng jylqysy". Jyrdaghy oqigha 1756 jyly bolghan. "Dana әmirshi, kóregen diplomat Abylay shyghystan shyqqan jana júrttyng topan suynday qauipti ekenin birden tanidy, ony toqtatu ýshin qajyr - qayratpen qosa, aqyl - parasat keregin, әdis - aila keregin, birer kýndik emes, úzaq zamangha eseptelgen jýieli sayasat qajetin jaqsy biledi. Sondyqtan da Jonghariyadaghy Sin basqynshylyghyna qarsy kýreske dem beredi. Qazaq ordasynyng әskery kýshin toptap, jankeshti úrysqa әzirlenedi.

Aqyry, 1756 jyly jazda Mәnju - Sin әskeri Hadaha jәne Dardana deytin qolbasylarynyng basshylyghymen ontýstik jәne teristik taraptan, eki lek bolyp, qazaq dalasyna qaray qaptay tógilgende, Abylay ýsh alashtan qúralghan qalyng qoldy bastap, qarsy shyghady.

1756 -1757 jylghy qazaq - qytay soghysynyng tarihy әli jazylghan joq. Búl bizding qaharman halqymyzdyng erlik shejiresindegi ózgeshe bir tarau.

Songhy kezde maghlúm bolghan naqty tarihy qújattargha qaraghanda, jaz boyghy qantógis - alma - kezek shabuyl, it jyghys kýres ýstinde ótedi. Qazaqtarmen birge Ámirsana bastaghan qalmaq sherigi de qaytpay soghysady.

Abylay basshylyq etken alash әskeri әueli Jetisuda Qalmaq - Tolaghay tauynyng eteginde, odan song Ayagóz boyynda Sin әskerlerine auyr soqqylar beredi. (Múhtar Maghauiyn. Qazaq tarihynyng әlippesi. Almaty "Qazaqstan" 1995, 117-b)

Osynday sәtsizdikterden song Sin imperatory Syanilun Hadaha men Dardana siyaqty qolbasshylardy keri shaqyryp, olardyng ornyna mәnjýr qolbasshylary Fu De jәne Chjao Huey degen generaldaryn jiberedi.

Olay bolsa Tәtighara jyrau shygharmasy 1756 jyldary tughan. Ýmbetey jyrau shygharmalary Bógembay batyr esimimen baylanysty. Jyraudyng atyn shygharghan da osy shygharmalary. Ýmbeteyding Bógembaygha qatysty eki úzaq jyry saqtalghan. Múnyng birinshisi - Bógembaydy joqtau da, ekinshisi - Bógembay ólimin Abylay hangha estirtu. Joqtau jyrynda:

"Qoltyghy ala búghynyn

Pәikesindey Bógembay,

Jalang qiya jerlerden

Jazbay týsip týlki alghan,

Bilegi juan býrkittin

Tegeurindey Bógembay", - dep, batyrdy azalaydy, kózining jasyn kól qylady, batyrdyng halqyna jasaghan jaqsylyqtaryn aityp, madaqtaydy.

Ekinshi jyr estirtu týrinde keledi. Ýmbetey aldymen Abylay ómirin, halyq basyndaghy auyr jaylardy tolghap, odan song quanyshty kýnder, jenisti joryqtar, batyrlardyng kórsetken erlikterin madaqtaydy.

Abylaydyng óz basynyng erlikteri sanamalanady.

"Jiyrma jasyng tolghanda,

Qalmaqpen soghys bolghanda

Alghashqy baqty tapqanda

Sharyshtyng basyn qaqqanda,

Qanjyghana bas baylap,

Jau qashty" dep aighaylap,

"Abylaylap shapqanda..."

"Ýmbetey shygharmasy jyrau keninen tolghaghan sebepti әdepki salt ólenning kóleminen shyghyp ketken. Jyrdan sol kezde bolghan tarihy oqighalardyng birazynyng elesin kóremiz. Jyrdyng bas jaghynda Abylaydyng jayy, onyng "Saryarqany jerim dep, qalyng qazaq elim dep" Ýrgenishten kelgendigi, alghashynda Tóle biyding týiesin baghyp jýrgendigi, er jetip búghanasy qatqan son, oirattarmen kýres dәuirinde kózge týskendigi aitylady.

...Sol siyaqty Abylaydyng Tashkentte qalmaq tútqynynda boluynyng jayy sóz etiledi. Qazaqtardyng syrt jaulargha qarsy jasalghan sәtti joryqtarynyng keybiri eske alynady. Sol zamandaghy dúshpandy múqatqan Qara Kerey Qabanbay, Qanjyghaly Bógembay, Sary, Bayan, Saghymbay siyaqty batyrlardyng erligi madaqtalady. Múnyng bәri bizge el jadynda saqtalghan tarihy әngimeler men poemalardan da belgili.

Osylargha qaraghanda, Ýmbeteyding Abylay jәne XVIII ghasyr batyrlary jayyndaghy jyrlardy tughyzushylardyng biri bolghandyghy kórinedi" (Maghauin Múhtar. Ghasyrlar bederi. A., 1991, 79-80 b.b)

Búl jyrdy Bógembay atynan góri Abylay aty kóp atalady. Jyrau Abylaydy iydealizasiyalaydy, qaharman dep tanidy, basyna kótere madaqtaydy.

Ýmbeteyding Bógembay batyr esimine baylanysty jyrlary XVIII ghasyrdyng 70-jyldarynyng orta túsynda tughan dep topshylaymyz.

Ýmbeteyding Abylaygha Bógembay ólimin estirtetin tústa onyng qyrghyzdarmen arada ótken soghysty eske alatyn jerlerin XVIII ghasyrdyng naqty tarihy faktisi dep qaraugha bolady.

Anau bir jyly attanghan,

Áskerdi qyrghyz qyrghanda.

Basynan oba qylghanda,

Ol habardy el bilip,

Kóp batyrmen sen jýrip,

Kózinning jasyn kól qylyp,

Qyrylghan әsker basynyn

Qasyna baryp túrghanda

Aqboz atty shalghanda,

Moynyna kise salghanda

Baba týkti shashty Áziyz

Sauap bata alghanda

Tileuing qabyl bolghanyn,

Basyna qydyr qonghanyn

Úmyttyng ba sony Abylay?!

Búl sózderding astarynda biraz tarihy naqty oqighalardyng syry bar.

Tarihta 1757 jyly alghash ret (Valihanov.Ch.Ch. Sobranie sochiyneniy v pyaty tomah. T. 1 Alma - Ata, 1961. S. 207), 1760 jyly ekinshi ret (Levshiyn.A. Opisanie kirgiz - kaysaskih ily kirgiz - kazachiih ord y stepey. Ch. II. SPb, 1832. S. 230-231.), Abylay qolynyng qyrghyzdardy shabatyny mәlim. 1760-jyldardyng ayaghynda Orta jýz ben Úly jýzding batys bóligining Abylaydyng qol astyna qarauyna oray onyng yqpaly búrynghydan da góri arta týsedi. Múnan keyin ol 1770 jyly qalyng qol jiyp Talas pen Shu boyynyng qyrghyzdaryn tәueldi etedi. Amanatqa adamdaryn alady. Biraq, qazaq hany qyrghyzdardyng qayta kýsheyip ketuinen qauiptenip, olardyng birsypyrasyn Orta jýz qonystanghan Qazaqstannyng Soltýstigine aparyp qonystandyrady. (Istoriya Kirgizskoy SSR. T. 1. Frunze: Qyrghyzstan, 1968. S. 250-251). Ol qyrghyzdardy A.Levshin yany (djany) qyrghyz degen atpen songhy mekenderinde әlige deyin túrady dep jazsa (Levshiyn.A. Opisanie kirgiz - kaysaskih ily kirgiz - kazachiih ord y stepey. Ch II. SPb, 1832. S. 268-269), Sh.Uәlihanov olardyng XIX ghasyrdyng orta túsynda eki bolys el bolghanyn habarlay kep, qyrghyzdardyng búl betke qonys tebui 1770 jylghy "Jayyl qyrghyny" oqighasy (Valihanov.Ch.Ch. Zapisky IRGO. T. XXIX, SPb, 1904. S. 5.) men onyng aldyndaghy eki el arasyndaghy shapqynshylyqtarmen sabaqtastyghyn eske alady. (Valihanov.Ch.Ch. Sobranie sochiyneniy v pyaty tomah. Alma - Ata. 1961. S. 374).

Sh.Uәlihanov solardyng ishindegi eng sheshushisi 1770 jylghy qyrghyzdargha qazaqtar ýstemdigin ornatatyn "Jayyl qyrghyny" atanatyn aiqas ekendigin aita kep, onyng nayman súltany Kókjal Baraqtyng jenilisining esesin qaytaru ýshin bolghan shapqynshylyq ekendigine toqtalady.

"Qazaq arasynda airyqsha erligi ýshin jaldy Baraq nemese Kókjal Baraq atanghan tәuekeli sheksiz súltan bir joly qyrghyzdardy op - onay shauyp alady. Soghan meymanasy tasqan ol qyrghyzdardyng әuliyesi - Qoshqaratanyng mazaryn mazaq etedi. Búghan óshikken qyrghyzdar qúpiya kelisip alyp týn ishinde onyng qolyna shabuyldaydy. Qaymyghudy bilmeytin Baraq búl joly aldy - artyna qaramay qashady. Qyrghyzdar múny ózderine әruaqtyng kómekteskeni dep joridy. (Valihanov.Ch.Ch. Sobranie sochiyneniy v pyaty tomah. T. 1. Alma - Ata, 1961. S. 374-375)

Búl shynynda da eki elding de esinde birazgha deyin jýruge layyqty ýlken oqighalar ekeni kýmәnsiz. Óitkeni, 1770 jylghy aiqastan keyin qyrghyzdardy kóp uaqyt boyy qazaqtar tәueldi etken. Sol soghysta eki jaqtan da shyghyn mol bolghan. Ásirese, qyrghyzdar jusay qiraghan. Solty ruynyng kósemi Jayyl eki balasymen osy joly opat bolyp, ony artynda qalghan qyzy, Áteke batyrdyng әieli Biykemjan ólenmen joqtaghan. Bәrinen búryn búl aiqas Kókjal Baraqtyng kegin qaytaru ýshin ótkendegimen ózgeshe.

Teginde Ýmbeteyding de "Anau bir jyly attanghan әskerdi qyrghyz qyrghanda", - dep qol bastaghan batyrdyng atyn atamay jartylay júmbaqtay sóileuine qaraghanda onyng da osy jaghdaydy aityp otyrghany kýdik keltirmeydi. Sebebi, kek alu joryghyna jyrau qazaqtar jaghynan Qabanbay, Bógembay, Sary, Bayan, Saghymbay syndy negizgi batyrlar qatynasqandyghyn aityp, Abylaydyng qúday men әuliyege syiynyp, at shalyp, moynyna kise salyp "kózining jasyn kól" qyluyn ejikteui tegin emes.

Ýmbetey jyrlauyndaghy qyrghyzdar men qazaqtar arasyndaghy eki aiqas - Baraq qolynyng jenilisi men Abylay jasaqtaghan kóp әskerding 1770 jylghy jenisi jayly ekendigi kýdik keltirmeydi. Al, jalpy sol kezeng oqighasy auyz әdebiyetinde biraz iz qaldyrghan. (Valihanov.Ch.Ch. Sobranie sochiyneniy v pyaty tomah. T. 1. Alma - Ata, 1961. S. 172-180; Kazahskiy foliklor v sobraniy G.N.Potanina. Alma - Ata: Nauka, 1972. S. 263-264)

Abylay han beynesin óz tuyndylaryna ózek etken kóptegen aqyn, jyrshy, jyraulardyng bastauynda túrghan Búqar jyraudyng jyr - tolghaularynyng orny erekshe ekendigin aitqymyz keledi. Abylay hangha arnalghan Búqar jyrau jyrlarynyng tamasha da әserli kórkemdik qúndylyqtaryn әngime etpegen kýnning ózinde óz dәuirinin, zamanynyng tarihy shyndyghynyng tamyryna boylaghan realistik quatty tereng boyaular Búqar jyrau jyrlarynyng qújattyq mәnin airyqsha kóterip túr. Kóp jaghdaylarda bizding tarihshy zertteushilerimiz XVIII gh. tarihyna qatysty zertteulerde ózge el sayahatshy, zertteushilerining jazba derekterine sýienip kelgeni shyndyq. Songhy on jyldyqtyng kóleminde ghana tarihshy mamandarymyz Búqar jyr, dastandarynyng tarihy negizderine kónil audara bastady.

Ýndi tarihyn aghylshyndardyng kózimen emes, ýndilerding kózimen qayta jazu kerek - degen Djavaharlal Neruding úlghatty sózderin eske alsaq, bizge de óz tól tarihymyzdy, sol tarihtyng kuәgeri bolarlyq, qaynar bastaulardan, sol dәuirding tiri aighaqtary aqyn - jyraular múralaryna ghylymy zerdemen kóz jýgirtetin, saralap - ólsheytin mezgil jetken siyaqty. Osy túrghydan kelgende Abylayhannyng jarqyn túlghasyn bar qayshylyqty bolmysyn, ol ómir sýrgen zamannyng almaghayyp tynysyn jan - jaqty kórkem bederley alghan Búqar jyrau múralarynyng tarihilyq sipaty ghylymy túrghydan kelgende býgingi kýnderi ólsheusiz óse týsetini dausyz.

Ásirese bir ortalyqqa baghynatyn kýshti qazaq handyghyn qúru iydeyasy jolynda tabandy memleket qayratkeri bola bilgen Abylayhannyng shynayy tarihy bolmysyn, onyng adamy ishki jan - dýniyesin, pendeshilik osal jaqtary men tughan halqynyng bolashaghy ýshin qaytpaytyn qaysar ruhyn dialektikalyq túrghyda tarazylauda Búqar sózderining mәni erekshe.

Búqar jyr - dastandaryna eng alghash ghylymy mәn bergen Shoqan Uәlihanov bolatyn. Bertin kezdegi ghylymy enbekterde múnday jaghday mýlde az ne bolmasa kezdespeydi. Abylay túlghasyna kezeng - kezenimen ghylymy sipattama bergen akademik R.Sýleymenov pen V.A.Moiyseevting "Iz istoriy Kazahstana XVIII veka" (1988) degen monografiyasynda birynghay tarihy qújattar men múraghattyq derekterge ghana sýienip atalmysh jaghday yaghny jyraulardyng әdeby múrasyna da kónil bólip otyru qaghys qalady.

Kóp jaghdayda Búqar jyrau múralarynyng tarihy qatparlaryna qazaq әdebiyetining tarihyn zertteushi әdebiyetshi ghalymdar ghana kónil bólip keldi. Tәuelsizdik alghan jyldardan bastap, akademik Manash Qozybaev bastaghan birqydyru tarihshy ghalymdar da Búqar jyrau jyrlaryndaghy tarihy shyndyq qatparlaryna ghylymy zerdemen ýnile bastady. Búl ýrdis bolashaqta da jalghasa beruge tiyis.

Búqar jyrlarynda almaghayyp zamannyng barlyq shyndyghy shyrqy búzylmay, bar shyrayymen kóz aldymyzdan kólbendeydi. Abylaydyng onyng zamannyng barlyq qayshylyqty bolmysy jasyrylyp, jabylmay tarihy naqtylyqpen beriledi. Artyq qospa, jamap - jasqau joq. Búqar jyrlarynyng tarihy shyndyqty kórkem beyneleudegi obektivtik quaty da osynda dep bilemiz.

Búqar jyrlaryn oqyp otyryp, zamanynda jat júrttyq basqynshylarmen arystanday arpalysqan, ózining eptiligimen erjýrektigimen halyq qoshemetine bólengen, sansyz qolgha qolbasshylyq jasap jýrgen Abylayhannyng er túlghasy elesteydi.

Oyrattarmen bolghan soghysta erjýrektigimen kózge týsken Abylay jóninde Shoqan bylay dep jazady: "Uchastvuya vo vseh nabegah, snachala kak ryadovoy voiyn, on okazyvaet podvigy neobyknovennoy hrabrosty y hitrosti. Poleznye sovety ego y strategicheskie soobrajeniya uprochivait za nim imya mudrogo. Ablay deystviytelino perenes mnogo ispytaniy y boriby, poka znacheniya ego voplotivshimsya duham (arvah) nisposlannym dlya sversheniya velikih del". (Valihanov.Ch.Ch. Sobranie sochiyneniy v pyaty tomah. T. 1, Alma - Ata, 1961, S. 427).

Búqar jyrlarynan kóptegen tarihy oqighalardyng izin kóruge bolady. Jonghar memleketin joyghannan keyin Sini imperiyasy endigi shekarasyn qazaq jerine súghyna kirip keneytpekshi bolady. Osy maqsatta Sini imperatory Chjao Hoy men Fu De generaldar basqarghan 90 myng әsker qytay sherikterin qazaq jerine jyljytqan. Múnday shabuyldar jiyilep basqynshylyq sayasat tolastamaydy. Osy kezde Abylay han Bógembay batyrdy bas etip, Qytay әskerine qarsy shabuylgha shyghady. Bógembaydyng qoly Sini әskerin talqandap Turfangha deyin yghystyrady. Osy tarihy oqighany Búqar:

Sýieuge arqa jaraydy,

Mynau kórshi orysyn.

Sәtsizdeu bop tynyp túr,

Boghdyhanmen soghysyn.

Turfandy shapty Bógembay,

Jaratamyn sol isin.

Batyr anghyrt desek te,

Kórsetkendey el kýshin, - dep sýisine jyrlaydy.

Tarihy oqighalardy negiz etken, Abylaydyng jeke basyn dәriptegen Búqardyng "Kýpshek sandy kýrendi", "Qaldanmenen úrysyp", "Basyna bitken kýniniz" atty ýsh jyry bar. Búl tarihy jyrlar 1771 jyly Altaygha qonys audarghan Edil boyy qalmaqtaryna qatynasty "Shandy joryq" oqighasyna baylanysty shygharylghan. Búqar jyrau búl jayly Abylaygha qaratyp aitatyn ýsh shygharmasynda da sóz etedi. Mysaly:

Qyryq san qara qalmaqty,

Jarlyghyna qaratqan...

Labashy degen bir elni

Antymenen ulatqan.

Eranshy men Serendi,

Tozghyndatyp shulatqan...

Jasyl kólge mәslihatqa keltirip, - deytin joldardyng basqa júrt emes, Edil qalmaqtary jayly syr shertetini haq. Endi osy joldardyng astaryna ýnilip kóreyik.

Resey memleketi XVIII ghasyrdyng alghashqy jartysynda Edil boyynda otarlau sayasatyn jýzege asyra bastady. Patsha ýkimetining tek orys dvoryandarynyng ghana emes, kópesterding de mýddesin kózdegen búl qadamy qalmaqtargha qolayly tiymeydi. 1731-1732 jyldary Don kazaktarynyng mynnan astam otbasy Edil men IYli (Ilovley) ózenderining aralyghyna kep qonystanady. (Ocherky istoriy Kalmyskoy ASSR. Dooktyabriskiy period. M., Nauka, 1967. S. 196). Kóp úzamay Jayyq boyynda da kazak stanisalary boy kóterip, qalmaqtar qonystanghan ólkening soltýstigine nemister kelip ornyqty. Múnyng ózi qalmaq feodaldarynyng qonystaryn biraz taryltady. Soghan tózim ete almaghan torghauyt hany Ubashy 1766 jyldary Astrahani gubernatory N.A.Beketovke kep osy jaydy eki dýrkin mәlimdep, shaghym etedi. Osydan keyin patsha ókimeti dauly audandardy kartagha týsirip, qalmaqtar qonysynyng shekarasyn mejeleuge bekinedi. (Palimov.N.N. Etudy po istoriy privoljskih kalmykov. Ch. V. Astrahani. 1932. S. 3-4) Búl sharalar, biraq, tezdetip jýzege asa qoymaydy. Sóitip, Edil qalmaqtary 1771 jyldyng 5 qantarynda Altaygha qaray bet týzeydi. (Ocherky istoriy Kalmyskoy ASSR. Dooktyabriskiy period. M., Nauka, 1967. S. 200-202) Múny kórgen orys memleketi olardy keri qaytaru ýshin Ors bekinisinen general-mayor Traurenberg bastaghan әsker shygharady. Búl әsker Núraly, Qayyp, Esim, Pirәli, t.b. qazaq biyleushilerining sarbazdarymen key tústa birige otyryp, key jerde óz betterimen qashqandardyng sonynan biraz jerge deyin quyp baryp, keri oralady. (Rychkov.N. Dnevnye zapisy puteshestviya kapitana N.Rychkova v kirgiyz-kaysaskoy stepy v 1771 godu. SPb, 1772. S. 319.) Qashqan halyq keri qaytpaghanmen sol jolda ata jaularynyng qarsylyghyna kezigip kóp shyghyngha úshyraydy. Ásirese, qalmaqtar ýshin qiyn tiygen kez - olardyng Moyynty ózenine jetken mezgilinde bolghan siyaqty. Óitkeni, osy jerde Ubashy júrtyn Abylay, Núraly, Orys, Ádil qoly qorshaugha alady. Jonghariyagha barar jol kesiledi. Amaly qúryghan torghauyt hany Abylaygha elshiler jiberip, bodandyq súraydy. Óz qolyndaghy bir mynnan astam tútqyndardy qaytaratyndyghyn mәlimdep, kóship - qonyp jýru ýshin qonys súraydy. Osynyng nәtiyjesinde eki jaq kelisimge kep, qalmaqtargha tútqyndardy qaytaru ýshin ýsh kýndik múrsat beriledi. Biraq, qalmaqtar ýshinshi kýnning týninde kýtpegen jerden qazaqtargha tap beredi de, qarsylastaryn biraz qaymyqtyryp alyp, Balqashtyng batys betimen ilgeri qaray bet týzeydi. Áytse de olar sol joly orasan kóp adamdary men maldarynan airylady. (Ocherky istoriy Kalmyskoy ASSR. Dooktyabriskiy period. M., Nauka, 1967. S. 217-218).

Demek, Búqar jyrau búl jerde "Jarlyghyna qaratqan...Antymenen ulatqan" degen sózder arqyly tarihy faktini dәl kórsetip otyr. Bir qaraghanda torghauytty tize býktirip, әmirin jýrgizgen biyleushi degen sóz artyqtau siyaqty kóringenmen týptep kelgende onyng jogharydaghyday tarihy negizi bar. Al, jyraudyng "qyryq san qara qalmaq" degen mәlimetine, yaky sol joly Edilden Altaygha qonys audarghan Ubashy júrtynyng sanyna kelsek, búnyng ózining osy mәselege qalam tartqan avtorlarda әrqily kórsetilip jýrgenin aita ketken jón. Mәselen, N.Rychkov pen A.Maksheev olardy otyz myng ýi, yaky jýz jiyrma mynday adam edi dep jazady. (Rychkov.N. Dnevnye zapisy puteshestviya kapitana N.Rychkova v kirgiz - kaysaskoy stepy v 1771 godu. SPb, 1772. S. 55; Maksheev.A. Istoricheskiy obzor Turkestana y nastupatelinogo dviyjeniya v nego russkiyh. SPb. 1890. S. 107.) Al, Iakinf Bichurin sol kezdegi Ubashy hannyng qaramaghynda 580 myng týtin bar edi. Belgili sherude olardyng ýsh jýz myndayy opat bolyp, eki jýz seksen mynday adamy ghana Altaygha jetti. Malynyng ýshten ekisi jolda qyryldy dep kórsetedi. (Iakinf. Opisanie Chjungariy y Vostochnogo Turkestana v drevnem y nyneshnem sostoyanii. SPb, 1829. S. 186-189, 192-193.)

Yaghni, búl songhy mәlimet Búqar jyraudaghy "Qyryq san" tirkesin, yaky tórt jýz myndyq adamdy bes jýz seksen myngha jetkizip, kóterinkirep kórsetedi.

Soghan qaraghanda jyrau búl turaly da bir shamadan soqqan dep esepteuge bolady. Áriyne, Búqar Abylay qasyndaghy adam bolghanmen onyng qolynda torghauyttardyng dәl sany bolmaghany anyq. Jyraudyng sol sózdi tútqyngha týsken qalmaqtardyng ózderi jayly bergen mәlimetteri arqyly ghana aituy mýmkin. Áytpese, qazaqtyng auyzeki sózinde kóp aitylatyn qyryq san sózin jyrau múqaghan jauynyng sanyn biraz ósirinkirep kórsetu ýshin paydalanuy da ghajap emes.

Osy 1771 jylghy "shandy joryqta" Abylaydyng kóptegen batyrlary erlik kórsetip, jaudyng qútyn qashyrghandyghy aitylady. Jyrau olardyng esimderin bylaysha tizbeleydi:

Qaldanmenen úrysyp,

Jeti kýndey túrysyp,

Sondaghy joldas adamdar:

Qara kerey Qabanbay,

Qanjyghaly Bógembay,

Shashaqúly Jәnibek,

Sirgeli qara Tileuke,

Qaraqalpaq Qylyshbek,

Tekeden shyqqan Satay bólek,

Shapyrashty Nauryzbay,

Qaumen, Dәlet, Jәpek batyr qasynda,

Baq dәuleti basynda.

Senkibay men Shoybek bar,

Tansyq Qoja, Mәmbet bar,

Qasqaraudan Moldabay,

Qatardan jaqsy qaldyrmay,

Esenqúl batyr ishinde,

Ónkey batyr jiylyp,

Abylay saldy jarlyqty.

Abylaydy aqsýiekteri men batyrlaryna barlyq oljany ýlestirushi qylyp kórsetedi. Sonymen birge osy jolghy dýnie - mýlik bólisude Abylaydyng ózine enshi bop tiygen qalmaq qyzynan Qasym tughandyghyn habarlaydy. Abylaydyng sol úlyna qútty bolsyn aita barghandar atynan Búqar jyrau, sondaghy qandy joryqty, ondaghy Abylay qasynda bolghan Qabanbay, Bógembay, Jәnibek, Tileuke, Qylyshbek, Satay, Nauryzbay, Qaumen, Dәlet, Jәpek, Senkibay, Shoybek, Tansyq, Qoja, Mәmbet, Moldabay, Esenqúl batyrlardyng esimderin atay kelip, Qasymnyng sheshesining sonda qolgha týsken tútqyn qyz "bóliske týsken oljanyn" eng negizgisi, basy ekenin anghartady. Odan әri jyrau:

- Basyna bitken kýniniz,

Qútty bolsyn úlynyz,

Han Abylay atandyn,

Dýniyeden shyqpay mininiz.

Altyn taqtyng ýstinde,

Ýsh jýzding basyn qúradyn.

Jetim menen jesirge,

Eshbir jaman qylmadyn.

Ádiletpen jýrdiniz,

Ádepti eske kirdiniz.

Armanyng bar ma, han iyem?

Mәrtebeli tóbege,

Jauyndy alyp jayladyn,

Jeti kýn kirip úrysqa,

Ólimge basty bayladyn.

Aytar sózim osy - dýr,

Aqylyng bar han edin,

Múnyng týbin oilaghyn, - dep, mine, endi sol perzentinizding bauy berik bolsyn, sol joly "jeti kýn kirip úrysqa" jauynnyng janyn jahannamgha ketirgen sening "armanyng bar ma han iyem?" - deydi.

Endi osy tolghaudy Búqar jyrau qay kezde shyghardy, tarihy túlgha Qasym tóre qay shamada dýniyege kelgen degen mәselege toqtalalyq. Jyrda aitylatyn jaudy qughan oqigha, sonda qolgha týsken tútqyn qyzdy "Qasym hannyng sheshesin han Abylay alghan-dy" dep, endi sol kórgen perzent "qútty bolsyn úlynyz" degen sózderge toqtalsaq, jyr 1772 jyly aitylghan bolyp shyghady. Eki jyrda da osy balanyng anasy Abylaydyng nekeli әieli bolghan joryqta Abylaydyng qolynyng "jeti kýn jýrgendigi" aitylady. Al, Qasym han baron Uslar jazbasynda 1772 jyly tughan dep eshbir dýdamal keltirilmey jazylghan. (Baron Uslar. Chetyre mesyasa v kirgizskoy stepi. "Otechestvennye zapiskiy", SPb, 1848, №10. S. 147.) Dýdamalsyz dep aitatyn sebebimiz, Uslar jazbasy Qasym han ólgen song on jylday uaqyttan keyin baspa betin kórgen. Al, dýniyeden ótkenine on jylgha jetpeytin mezgil bolghan sonday beldi túqymnyng belgili perzentining qay kezde ómirge kelgenin onyng artynda qalghan aghayyndary, eli men júrty úmytuy mýmkin emes. Onyng ýstine avtor Qasymdy Abylaydyng alpys jasqa kelgende ýilengen tútqyn qyzdan kórgen perzenti ekenin aita otyryp, qartayghan kisining ýilenip, odan penzent sýiine oray ol ózining búghan tanghalatyndyghyn jasyrmaydy. Olay bolsa qazaq eposyndaghy "Kenje toqal balasy Qasym edi" deytin Qasymnyng 1772 jyly ómirge kelgenine, yaky jyraudyng osy tolghaulardy sol shamalarda aitqanyna shýbә keltiruge bolmaydy. Onyng ýstine Búqar atalmysh tolghauynda jogharyda keltirilgen "Altyn taqtyng ýstine ýsh jýzding basyn qúradyn" degen sózder aitady. Al, Abylayhannyng ózin ýsh jýzding hany sanaghan kezi Ábilmәmbet dýniyeden ótken 1771 jyldan keyingi mezgil ekeni belgili. (Istoriya Kazahskoy SSR. T. 3. Alma - Ata: Nauka, 1979. S. 81.) Olay bolsa Búqardyng oghan ýsh jýzding hany bolyp eseptelmey túryp búl sózderdi aituy mýmkin be? Áriyne, joq. Onyng ýstine osy jyr "Qaldanmenen úrysyp" degen joldarmen bastalady. Sonday qalay? 1745 jyly dýniyeden ozghan qazaq júrtynyng basyna ýlken zobalang tughyzghan oirat qontayshysy Qaldannyng aty ataluyn qalay týsinuge bolady? Álde Qasymnyng sheshesi sol Qaldan Serening kezindegi soghysta tútqyngha týsken qyz ba? 1771 jylghy "Shandy joryq" oqighasynda oirat qontayshysy Qaldannyng aty qaydan jýr? Eger jonghar qontayshy Qaldan Seren deyin desek jogharydaghy tarihy faktiler qayda qalmaq? Biz búl jyrdy kezinde jonghar qontayshysy Qaldan Serenning túsyndaghy oqigha kezinde shygharylghan jyr dep eseptep jýrdik. Tipti belgili jazushy Iliyas Esenberlinning "Jantalas" romanynda Qasym tóre Abylay hangha qosylghan Qaldan Serenning qaryndasy Hochadan tughan delinedi. Qazir biz búl faktining jazushynyng kórkem qiyalynan tughandyghyn bilip otyrmyz. Búqar jyryn zerttey kelgende biz búl jyrdyng qontayshy Qaldan Serenning zamanynda emes, odan berirektegi 1771 jylghy "Shandy joryq" oqighasy kezinde tughanyn andap otyrmyz. Sebebi, barlyq tarihy faktiler osyghan menzeydi.

XVIII ghasyrdaghy oirat tarihynda Galdan Sheren (qazaqtar Qaldan Seren degen S. J.) esimdi qontayshy bireu bolghanymen, onymen attas, jekjattyghy bar adamdar da, jay kisiler de az bolmaghan. Sonday attas adamdardyng biri - onyng tughan qaryndasyna ýilengen Galdan Cheren Shynghyshan balasy degen kisi ekenin bilemiz. (Unkovskiy.I. Posolistvo k Zungarskomu hun - taychjy Sevan Rabtanu kapitana ot artilleriy Ivana Unkovskogo y putevoy jurnal ego za 1722-1724 gody. SPb, 1887. S. 186-191).

Sonday-aq, 1741-1761 jyldary Edil qalmaqtaryn biylegen, orys qújattarynda Dondukdashy degen atpen mәlim, Donrob - arshy esimdi adamnyng Resey tarapynan 1757 jylgha deyin handyq ataq ala almay, 1756 jyly Tiybettegi Dalay - lamadan handyq titul, mәrtebe súrau ýshin arnayy elshilik jóneltkende, Dalay - lamagha óz ótinishin bildirip, odan mór men gramota alatyn dýrbit noyany Galdan Seren - Chjiyen - Jeten esimdi knyazi de bolghan. Búl - 1674 jyly Tobyl manynan Edil boyyna tórt myng ýiimen kóship keletin Solom - Serennin, onyng arjaghynda 1622-1623 jyldary Tobyl voevodasy Matvey Godunov arqyly Reseymen baylanys jasaytyn dýrbit biyleushisi Dalay - tayshynyng túqymynan shyqqan óz úlysynyng biyleushisi edi. Áriyne, Galdan Seren júrty 1674 jyldary, ózining tórtinshi atasy Solom Serenning túsynda tórt myng ýy bolghanyna qaraghanda, arada 97 jyl ótkende ýsh - tórt ese ósui mýmkin. 1756 jyly Tiybettegi Dalay - lamagha baryp, odan mór men gramota alyp jýrgen adam, eger 1771 jyly Jonghariyagha kóshu bastalghan kezde tiri bolsa birsypyra jasqa kelgen, úlysy óz atyn keletindey kisi bolghany sózsiz. Al, Ubashiyding 1762 jyly múragerlik jolmen han bolghany bolmasa, al oghan qaraghanda әldeqayda bala. Óitkeni, han bolyp saylanghanda on segiz jasqa ghana jetken ol 1770-1771 jyldary bar bolghany 26-27- aq jasta. (Ocherky istoriy Kalmyskoy ASSR. Dooktyabriskiy period. M., Nauka, 1967. S. 195, 214.) Demek, Galdan Seren - Chjiyen - Jetening el arasyndaghy salmaghy búl kezde hanmen qaraylas kelip, Búqar shygharmasynda esimi Ubashy (Labashi) atymen qatar jýrerdey-aq jóni bar. Óitkeni, Dýrbitter 1771 jylghy oqigha kezinde Edil boyynda qalyp qoymaghan.

Qysqasy attas bolu qiyn emes. 1745 jyly dýniyeden ozghan jonghar qontayshysy Qaldan Seren men dýrbit Sheren attas. Búqar jyrynda qazirgi "Qaldanmenen úrysyp" degen jol, әu basta, "Sherenmenen úrysyp" boluy da mýmkin. Jyrdyng bastaluy "Sherenmenen úrysyp" bolghan jaghdayda el auzynda auyzsha saqtalghan osy sózding qazaq qauymy ýshin әlde qayda mәshhýr, qazaqtargha tizesi qatty batqan "Qaldanmenen" auysyp redaksiyalanuy ghajap emes. Dýrbit Sheren tarih sahnasynda qysqa bir ghana sәtke kórine týsip joq bolghan adam da, oirat qontayshysy Qaldan Sheren ózin shamaly uaqytta úmyttyrmaytynday etip qazaqqa tisin basyp ótken kisi. Olay bolsa keyingi qauymgha qaydaghy bir dýrbittik Serennen góri dýniyeden kýrkirep ótken oirat Serenning әbden masqara bolghany keregirek.

Belgili bir aqyn - jyrau aitqan tolghaular keyingi jyrlaushylar arqyly ózgertilip, "redaksiyalana" berui auyz әdebiyeti poetika tәn ýrdis. Búghan onsha tanghalugha bolmaydy. Onyng dәlelin alystan izdemey - aq, osy biz sóz etip otyrghan tolghaudan - aq tabugha bolady. Múnda Búqar auzymen mynanday sózder aitylady:

- Qasym hannyng sheshesin,

Han Abylay alghan - dy...

Jaby degen qalmaqqa,

Tyrnaghyn qatty batyrdy.

Shyndyghynda, jórgekte jatqan nәresteni Búqar Abylaygha qansha jaqsy atty kórineyin degenning ózinde han dep atap, artyq sóileui mýmkin be? Besikte jatqan bala keleshekte han bola ma, basqa bola ma ony aldyn ala kim boljaghan? Sol kezdegi týsinik boyynsha han balasy múragershilik jolymen han bolmaq degenning ózinde de Búqar múnday bala - shaghanyng sózin aita ma? Sondyqtan búl sóz de keyin arada kóp jyldar ótken song Qasym shyn mәnisinde Úly jýzding Shymkent tóniregin biylegen kezderinde sol jerdegiler Qasymdy han dep oilaytyn pikir qalyptasqan uaqytta, Qasymnyng jyly qabaghynda, ong nazarynda bolghysy kelgen keyingi jyrshylardyng qospasy dep sanauymyz oryndy.

Osy tolghauda "Jaby degen qalmaqqa tyrnaghyn qatty batyrdy" degen jol bar. Abylaydyng oghan tyrnaghyn qatty batyruyna qaraghanda búl da tegin kisi bolmaghany ghoy. Han nemese soghan jeteqabyl bireuding esimi boluy kerek, bolmasa taypanyn, rudyng aty boluy da mýmkin. Áytpese, Abylay qaydaghy bir belgisiz bireuge airyqsha tizesin batyrghanda ne útpaq, odan ne abyroy almaq? Qarapayym qatardaghy kóp qalmaqtyng birine óshigetindey onyng oghan ne aqysy ketken? El biyleushisi ejelden qastasqan túqymnyng beldi jerine shengelin saluy kerek qoy. Hannyng ata jauynan kegin alghan joryghyn madaqtap otyrghan kezinde onyng tek tyndaushy, estushi halyq ókili riza bolar әreketin ghana sanamalasa kerek. Al, sonda búl kim? Biz Jaby degen atpen keletin ne Galdan Seren han tónireginen nemese Ubashy han manayynan sol tús tarihynda belgili bolghan eshkimdi kezdestire almadyq. Jonghariya men Edil boyynyng qalmaqtary arasynda da onday taypa aty kezdespeydi. Búqar jyrau janylysqan ba?

Kóne kóz jyrau búl tústa da qatelespegen. Galdan Serendi jay ghana Qaldan, bolmasa Sheren, Sevan Rabdandy Rabtan deytini sekildi qazaqtar Aykening túnghysh úly Chakdur Chjabyny, onan taraghan úrpaqty Chjaby nemese qazaqsha dybys ýndestigine sәikes Chjaby (Jaby) ataghan degen oigha kelemiz. Al, Chakdur Chjabydan Donduk Dashy han, odan Ubashy han tughan ghoy. (Ocherky istoriy Kalmyskoy ASSR. Dooktyabriskiy period. M., Nauka, 1967. S. 195;) Sonda Ubashiymen nemere jerden qosylatyn barlyq túqym osy ataugha syiyp ketpey me? Solardyng bәri Jaby qalmaq atanbay ma? Olay bolsa Búqardyng "Ubashy degen qalmaqqa tyrnaghyn qatty batyrdy" demey býkil onyng tóniregin qamty "Jaby" dep aluynda osynday syr bar.

Búl jyrdan angharghanymyz Abylaydyng balasy Qasym súltannyng anasy qalmaq qyzynyng oirat qontayshysy Qaldan Serenning emes, Edil qalmaqtary Chakdur Chjaby túqymynan shyqqandyghy. Jәne jyr oqighasy da Qaldan Seren zamany emes, odan bertinirektegi 1771 jylghy "Shandy joryq" shayqasynan tughan.

Búqar jogharyda atalghan tolghauynda:

- Labashy degen bir elini,

Antymenen ulatqan.

Eranshy men Serendi,

Tozghyndatyp shulatqan, - dep jyrlaytynyn ilgeride aittyq. Múndaghy Labashy (Ubashi) elining maghynasy jogharydaghy derekterden týsinikti boldy. Al, osy jyrdaghy Eranshy men Seren kim?

"Búlar qalmaq knyazderi bolatyn" - dep, jazdy Shoqan Uәlihanov (Valihanov.Ch.Ch. Sobranie sochiyneniy v pyaty tomah. T. 1. Alma - Ata., Nauka, 1961. S. 171).

Ásirese, Seren ózining zamanynda airyqsha belgili bolghan adam. Ol 1755 jyly Syan Lunning әskerleri Ile ólkesin qiratyp, jongharlyqtardy bostyryp, tozghyndatqanda ózi biyleytin olot taypasyn, hoyt, hoshouttyqtardy bastap Edil boyyna jetken olot tayshysy edi. Keyin torghauyttyqtar Edilden keri qaytpaq bop kónili búzylghanda aqpatsha soghysqa әsker súratyp jatyr dep el arasyna sóz taratqan da osy kisi bolatyn. (Iakinf. Opisanie Chjungariy y Vostochnogo Turkestana v drevnem y nyneshnem sostoyanii. SPb. 1829. S. 186-187)

Kezinde Amursananyng eng bir jaqyn sybaylasy bolghan, keyin qaramaghyndaghy on myng ýilik Altay qalmaqtaryn Reseyding jana bodany etken Sherenning (Seren) 1771 jyly halqynyng sanynyng qanshagha jetkeni belgisiz. Biraq, qalay bolghanda da Edilden qozghalghan júrttyng birazyn sonyng halqy dep shamalaugha negiz bar. Sebebi, Edildi qonystanghanyna bir jarym ghasyrday uaqyt bolghan torghauyttargha qaraghanda jana mekendi әli jersine almay, eski ata qonysty oilap qamyghyp jýrgen oirattardyng әlgindey qalmaqtar ejelgi eski qonysqa baryp el bolamyz dep dýrkirey kóterilgen kezinde birde birining ermey qaluy mýmkin emes siyaqty. Olay bolsa búl sherude Sheren men onyng niyettesterining atqarghan orny erekshe ekeni aiqyn. Sol sebepti de ol 1770 jyldyng songhy ailarynda torghauyttar Edilden kóshuge aldyn ala qam jasap, sonyng dayyndyghyna jasyryn kiriskende osy isting barsha qúpiyasyn biletin Sebek - Dorji, Bambar sekildi Ubashy tóniregindegi sanauly aqsýiekterding sanatynda bolghan. (Ocherky istoriy Kalmyskoy ASSR. Dooktyabriskiy period. M., Nauka, 1967. S. 215).

Ony sol tústaghy orys biyleushileri qu, jyryndy adam dep bilgen. Sonday - aq, qazaq arasyndaghy sol kezden saqtalghan anyz - әngimelerde de ol osy túrghydan baghalanady. Osynday әngimelerding birin Sh.Uәlihanov bylaysha keltiredi: "Qanjyghaly arghyn Ýisinbay, Arqandar, qarauyl Janatay batyrlar torghauyttardan qaza tabady. Janatay batyrdyng ólgenin estigende Abylay han "qayrau bermegen qara bolatym - ai" dep jylaydy. Múnan keyin aman qalghan qazaq qoly shabuyldap otyryp Ilening barlyq ólkeline qalmaqtardan búryn jetip, jaudy aldarynan tosady. Qalmaqtar jeti adam elshi jiberedi. Aldarynda týlki tymaqty engezerdey qara qalmaq. Ol Abylaygha juyq kep, ózin Usa men Seren hannyng jibergenin, tatulaspaq, tartu - taralghy tartpaq oilaryn aitady. Abylay búl jayynda batyrlarymen onasha aqyldasqanda: "Aq otauyn alyp, ózderin ýmittendirip otyryp shabu kerek" degen pikir aitady. Sonda Bayan batyr: "Joq, aq otauyn almanyz. Aldayyn dep әlek bolmanyz. Órdegi qytay men oidaghy orysty aldap jýrgen Usa men Seren seni de aldaydy" - dep jauap beredi. Han ózining sheshimin eki ret qaytalaydy. Batyr da eki ret búrynghy sózin aitady. Óz oiyn iske asyrmaq bolghan Abylay tartu - taralghymen kelemiz degen qalmaqtardy eki kýn kýtedi. Olar kelmeydi. Sóitse, qalmaqtar búlardan elshileri oralghan kýni ýilerin jyghyp, tayyp túrghan bolyp shyghady. (Valihanov.Ch.Ch. Sochiyneniye. SPb, 1904. S. 319-320).

Teginde osy әngime men Búqar jyrynyng Qalmaq ASSR tarihynda aitylatyn Moyynty ózeni boyyndaghy Ubashy hannyng Abylaydan bodandyq súraytyn әngimesining týp - tórkini bir tarihy faktiden bastau alatyndyghyn erekshe aitu kerek. Sebebi, Moyynty men Ilening qúyar saghasynyng arasy sondaylyq qashyq jer emes. Onyng ýstine Ubashy Altaygha Balqash kólining batysymen, yaky Ilening osy kólge qúyar saghasyna qaray jyljy otyryp, ilgeri asqan. (Ocherky istoriy Kalmyskoy ASSR. Dooktyabriskiy period. M., Nauka, 1967. S. 217-218).

Búqar jyraudyng "Labashy degen bir elini antymenen ulatqan" dep, Ubashy júrtynyng tәueldilikke ózderi moyyn úsynyp, ant bergenin anghartqannan son, Eranshy men Serenning "tozghyndaghanyn" aituy tegin emes. Búl jerde jyrau, sóz joq, bodandyq súraghan qalmaq elshiligining Seren kisileri ekenin, al Serenning Ubashidyng eng jaqyn, qajyrly serigi ekenin anyq bayqaghan dep topshylaugha bolady.

Búqar jyraudyng Abylaygha aitqan ósiyet sózderining eng ýlkeni el birligi. Qazaqtardyng jer betinen joghalyp ketpey irgeli el boluy ýshin, dúshpandary yghatynday aibarly kýsh boluy ýshin de memlekettik sayasattyng eng bastysy, manyzdysy elding "altybaqan alauyz" bolmay, "ishtey irimey" tútasa úiysuy ýshin de el birligining qajet ekenin ýnemi jyrlaudan әste tynbaghan.

Kishi qara qalmaq býlerde

Bozylardyng biyligi,

Búlt búrqan bolysty,

Uaghydadan jylysty,

Buyrshynday tizdesti,

Jamandyqty izdesti

Birin - biri kýndesti.

Jaulaghan hanyn qara onbas,

Han qisaysa bәri onbas,

Hanyn qalmaq jaulaghan

Sýitken qalmaq onbaghan.

Sol qalmaqtyng jeri edi - au,

Ýsh Qarqara, Kóptóbe

It te úlyp qalmaghan.

Jyrau oirat júrtynyng býliner, búlghaq bastalar túsynda olardyng biyligine "búlt búrqannyn" kelgenin aitady. Búl jonghar biyligine Lama - Dorjyny óltirip taqqa otyrghan Davasy (Dabashy) men Ámirsana ekeuining arasyndaghy biylik ýshin qyrqystyng bastalghan kezi. Dabashy men Ámirsana Syban Raptannyng Tiybet biyleushisine úzatylghan qyzynan tughan jiyenderi, Tiybet hanzadalary edi. Jonghar dәstýri boyynsha jiyender de úldan tughan han túqymdarymen birdey taqqa múrager bola beretin. Qaldan Serenning búl jiyenderi Tiybet dalay lamasynyng tәrbiyesin kórgen diny bilim men tәrbie alghan, diny ataq, lauazymdargha ie bolatyn. Búqardyng aityp otyrghan "búlt búrqany" osynday diny lauazym bolar dep topshylaymyz. Sebebi "búrqan" sózi ejelgi týrki, qazaq tilderinde "budda" úghymyn beredi. Ár nәrseden bilimi mol, kópti kórgen Búqar sózi osyny menzese kerek.

Davasy men Amursananyng biylik ýshin qyrqysuy qalmaq júrtyn toz - toz  qylady. Búl orayda jyrau oirat biyleushileri Davasy men Amursananyng taq ýshin talasyp, qaraqan bastarynyng qamy ýshin el qamyn, onyng birligining qajet ekenin úqpay aqyr sonynda Sini, manjur ezushilerining jemine ainalghan jan shoshyrlyq tragediyasyn:

Sol qalmaqtyng jeri edi - au,

Ýsh Qarqara, Kóktóbe

It te úlyp qalmaghan - dep, hannyng da halyqtyng da ýnemi esine salyp otyrady.

Orta Aziya handarynyng ishinde ózining diplomatiyalyq sheberligimen, aqyldy tereng sayasatymen Abylayhan óz tústastarynan, erekshelene kózge týsedi. Resey men Qytay sekildi eki alyptyng arasynda jútylyp ketpey, ekeuining de kónilin tabatyn aqyldy sayasat jýrgizip, halqynyng bolashaghyn oilau óte qiyn is edi. Orystyng zertteushi ghalymy Levshin Abylay turaly: "Abylay tәjiriybeli, aqyl - ailasy jaghynan bolsyn, sonday - aq ózining Resey patshalyghymen, Qytaydyng Boghdyhanymen jýrgizgen tapqyr da, sheber qarym - qatynastary jaghynan bolsyn óz tústaryndaghylardyng bәrinen de basym edi. Ol ústamdy, dosyna qayyrymdy, jauyna qatal, qaharly kisi edi. Sondyqtan júrtty ózine tarta, erte biletin edi", - dep, minezdeme beredi. (Levshiyn.A. Opisanie kirgiz - kaysaskih ord y stepey. SPb, 1832).

Búqar jyrau da Abylaydyng kemenger el biyleushisi retindegi qasiyet - bolmysyn:

Han Abylay atandyn,

Dýniyeden shyqpay mininiz.

Altyn taqtyng ýstinde,

Ýsh jýzding basyn qúradyn.

Jetim menen jesirge,

Eshbir jaman qylmadyn.

Ádiletpen jýrdiniz,

Ádepti iske kirdiniz - dep, joghary baghalaydy.

Sóz sonynda aitarymyz XVIII ghasyrdaghy qazaq jyraulary óz shygharmalarynda, tolghau - jyrlarynda alash júrtynyng qamy ýshin "Edigedey" arpalysyp ótken qazaqtyng әulie hany Abylaydyn, onyng batyrlarynyng jarqyn túlghasyn, óshpes beynesin, óz dәuirining erlikke toly dýbirli sipatyn keyingi úrpaqtyng jadynan shyqpastay etip, órnektey bildi.

Sәbit Jәmbek

Abai.kz