XVIII ghasyrdyng basynda qazaq dalasy óz tarihyndaghy eng qiyn kezenderding birin bastan keshirdi. Jonghar shapqynshylyghy jappay qonys audarugha jәne orasan zor shyghyndargha әkeldi. Biraq dәl osy sәtte ýsh jýzding әrtýrli kýshteri ortaq jaugha qarsy birige aldy. Búl biriguding negizgi belesterining biri Anyraqay shayqasy boldy.

Qazaq tarihy ýshin búl – jay ghana XVIII ghasyrdaghy shayqastardyng biri emes. Anyraqay – jongharlargha qarsy birneshe jyldyq kýresting sharyqtau shegi әri jonghar әskerining eng ýlken jenilisterining biri.

Bәri «Aqtaban shúbyryndy, Alqakól súlama» kezindegi qiyn jyldardan bastaldy. 1720 jyldardyng basynda Qazaq handyghynyng jaghdayy óte auyr edi. Jonghar әskerleri qazaq jerlerine shabuyldaryn kýsheytip, 1723 jyly halyq esinde «Aqtaban shúbyryndy, Alqakól súlama» dep atalghan, jappay apat pen qonys audarugha әkelgen kezeng bastaldy.

Shabuyl dalanyng jan-jaghyna әser etti. Halyq jerlerin tastap, batys pen ontýstikke bosugha mәjbýr boldy, al jekelegen qazaq jasaqtary jau kýshterine qarsy bólshektelip kýresti. Biraq birtindep jaghday ózgere bastady. 1726 jyly ýsh jýzding ókilderi Ordabasyda ótken jalpyqazaq qúryltayyna jinaldy.

Onda jongharlarmen kýresu ýshin kýshterdi biriktiru turaly sheshim qabyldandy. Kishi jýzding hany Ábilqayyr jasaqtyng bas qolbasshysy bolyp saylandy. Búl sheshim bolashaq jenisterge jasalghan manyzdy qadamdardyng biri boldy. Alghashqy iri jenister qazaq halqynyng ruhyn kóterdi.

Kishi jýzdi han retinde XVIII ghasyrdyng birinshi jartysynda basqarghan Ábilqayyr 1731 jyly Kishi jýzding Resey imperiyasyna qosyluyn rәsimdedi. Múhammed Ábilqayyr Ghazy Bahadur han Shynghys hannyng tikeley úrpaghy edi, ol qiyn da kýrdeli XVIII ghasyrda ómir sýrdi.

Shoqan Uәlihanov qazaq halqynyng jaghdayyn sipattay kele: «XVIII ghasyrdyng alghashqy onjyldyghynda qyrghyz (qazaq) halqynyng ómirinde auyr uaqyt bolyp edi. Jongharlar, Edil qalmaqtary, Jayyq orys-kazaktary men bashqúrttar týrli baghyttan shabuyl jasap, mal-mýlkin talan-tarajgha saldy, tútas otbasylardy tútqyngha aldy», – dep jazdy.

Sonday-aq Shoqan Uәlihanov: «XVIII ghasyrdyng basynda Qazaq handyghy sayasy túrghydan bólshektelgen el boldy. Múnda ýsh jýz bar edi, olar óz kezeginde birneshe kishkentay handyqtardan túrdy. El feodaldyq qaqtyghystardan ajyrady. Ártýrli súltan toptary qazaq dalasynda jogharghy biylik ýshin jәne jaqsy jayylymdar ýshin kýres jýrgizdi. Súltandardyn ózara biylik talasy men separatizmi kesirinen XVIII ghasyrdyng basynda Qazaq handyghy syrtqy basqynshylyqqa úshyrady», – dep atap kórsetti.

Eng qorqynyshty syrtqy qater jongharlardan tóndi. Jonghar handyghy Shyghys Týrkistan (qazirgi Batys Qytay) aumaghynda 1635 jyly qúrylghan edi. Olar da Qazaq handyghy siyaqty kóshpeli qogham boldy. Kóshpeli mal sharuashylyghynyng damuyna baylanysty jayylym jerdi túraqty keneytu qajettiligi tuyndady. Osyghan baylanysty jongharlardyng qazaq dalasyna shapqynshylyghy bastaldy.

Jonghar handyghy – Qontayshy (joghary biyleushi) basqaratyn, quatty ortalyqtandyrylghan memlekettik apparaty bar, absolutti biylikke negizdelgen kóshpeli monarhiya edi. Qazaq handyghynda әsker tek qajet kezinde jinalsa, jongharlarda túraqty armiya boldy. Syrtqy shabuyldar men ishki dau-damaylardan býlingen qazaq halqy sol kezde ýlken apattar men qiynshylyqtardy bastan keshti.

Kishi jýzding hany Ábilqayyr jonghar basqynshylaryna qarsy qazaq halqynyng azattyq soghysyn úiymdastyru men jýrgizuge belsene aralasty. 1710 jyly jazda Qaraqúmdaghy býkilhalyqtyq jiynda ol qazaq әskerlerining qolbasshysy bolyp saylandy. Onyng basshylyghymen qazaqtar Tashkent, Týrkistan, Sayram qalalaryn qorghap qaldy. 1718 jyly Ábilqayyr han 30 myngha juyq armiyanyng basynda Qayyp hanmen birge Ayagóz ózeni boyynda jongharlarmen shayqasty. Osy uaqytqa deyin ol Reseylik biylik ókilderimen alghashqy diplomatiyalyq qarym-qatynastar ornatyp, Sibir gubernatorlarymen Jonghariyagha qarsy әskeriy-sayasy odaq qúru turaly kelissózder jýrgizip ýlgergen edi.

Ábilqayyr han búl kezde tәjiriybeli memleket qayratkeri jәne batyl әskery qolbasshy retinde tanymal boldy. Sondyqtan 1726 jyly Ordabasyda birikken qazaq әskerin basqaru Ábilqayyrgha birauyzdan senip tapsyryldy.

Býkil ýsh jýzden qúralghan qazaq әskerining bas qolbasshysy bolghan kezde Ábilqayyr bar bolghany 33 jasta edi. Ol jauyngerlik qabileti joghary qaruly kýshterdi qúrugha jәne qazaq halqyn jonghar basqynshylarynan azat etuge bar kýshin saldy. 1727 jyly qazaq jasaqtary Búlanty ózenindegi shayqasta jongharlargha auyr jenilis әkeldi. Shayqas bolghan jer «Qalmaqqyrylghan» dep ataldy.

Búl jenis qazaqtar ýshin tek әskery ghana emes, zor psihologiyalyq manyzgha da ie boldy. Jaudyng jenilmeytini turaly mifting kýli kókke úshyp, auyr jyldardan keyin jonghar әskerin tek toqtatyp qana qoymay, betin qaytarugha da bolatyny anyqtaldy.

1730 jyldyng kókteminde Balqash manyndaghy It ishpes kólining audanynda Ábilqayyr hannyng basshylyghymen qazaq әskeri qaytadan jongharlargha soyqan soqqy berdi. Osy shayqas jonghar men qazaq handyghy arasyndaghy jýzjyldyq soghystyng barysyn qazaqtardyng paydasyna týbegeyli ózgertti.

Kelesi maqsat – ontýstik-shyghystaghy basyp alynghan aumaqtardy azat etu edi. Qazaq әskerleri Balqash, Shu jәne Jetisu baghytynda algha jyljy bastady. Hantau aimaghy men onyng ainalasynda jongharlarmen kóptegen qaqtyghystar ótti. Negizgi shayqasqa dayyndyq shamamen 40 kýnge sozylghan maydandy qamtydy.

Sodan keyin Anyraqay shayqasy boldy. Anyraqay shayqasy Balqash kólining ontýstiginde ótti. Shayqastyng dәl qay jyly bolghany turaly ghylymy pikirtalastar bar: tarihy derekkózderde 1729 jәne 1730 jyldar keltiriledi. Alayda onyng basty manyzy jyl mejesinde emes, qazaq jýzderining birikken kýshining jaugha qarsy júmyla shyghuynda edi. Shayqasqa Úly, Orta jәne Kishi jýz ókilderi tolyq qatysty. Áskery kósemder arasynda handar, súltandar, biyler jәne ataqty batyrlar boldy.

Atap aitqanda, derekkózder Anyraqay shayqasymen Ábilqayyr, Ábilmәmbet, Baraq, Bógenbay, Qabanbay, Sanyryq, Shacontent, Batyr jәne basqa da batyrlar men qolbasshylardy baylanystyrady. Kýshterding birigui jenisting basty faktoryna ainaldy.

Qazaq әskeri dalanyng jer bederin sheber paydalandy. Anyraqay jerining geografiyalyq landshafty әskeriy-strategiyalyq túrghydan óte tiyimdi edi. Jer bederi atty әskerdi keninen qoldanugha, manevr jasaugha jәne ýlken otryadtardyng jasyryn qozghaluyna mýmkindik berdi. Tarihy derekterge sýiensek, qazaq jauyngerleri oralymdy shabuyldar men keng kólemdi manevrler jasau taktikasyn qoldanghan.

Keybir jaghdaylarda shaghyn bólimsheler algha ozyp, ózderin әlsiz etip kórsetip, keyin sheginu arqyly jaudy negizgi kýshterding soqqysyna aldap týsirip otyrghan. Shayqas bir kýndik nemese qysqa merzimdi shabuylmen shektelmedi. Oghan jekelegen bólimsheler arasyndaghy kóptegen qaqtyghystar, biyiktikter ýshin kýres jәne keyingi ýzdiksiz shabuyldar kirdi. Aqyrynda, jonghar әskeri oisyray jenilip, shyghysqa qaray sheginuge mәjbýr boldy.

Búl oqighanyng eng manyzdy aspektisi tek әskery jenis qana emes edi. Sol kezdegi qazaq dalasy sayasy túrghydan birtekti bolghan joq: handar men súltandar arasynda kýrdeli arazdyqtar men shiyelenister saqtaldy. Degenmen, tónip tóngen jonghar qaupi aldynda ýsh jýzding ókilderi óz әskery kýshterin biriktire aldy.

Mine, sondyqtan Anyraqay – XVIII ghasyrdaghy jalpyqazaq konsolidasiyasynyng (biriguinin) eng jarqyn mysaldarynyng biri. Tarihy derekterde sol kezdegi eldi úiystyru prosesinde Tóle bi, Qazybek by jәne Áyteke biyding atqarghan róli erekshe atap ótiledi. Olardyng qyzmeti birlik iydeyasymen jәne Qazaq handyghynyng aumaqtyq tútastyghyn qorghaumen tyghyz baylanysty boldy.

Búl jenis barlyq mәseleni birjola sheshe alghan joq. Jongharlar jenilgennen keyin qazaq biyleushileri arasynda sayasy kelispeushilikter qaytadan órshidi. Derekkózder búdan keyingi birtútas qolbasshylyqtyng әlsireuin Bolat hannyng qaytys boluymen jәne jogharghy taq ýshin bastalghan talas-tartystarmen baylanystyrady.

Sondyqtan Anyraqaydaghy jenis jonghar qaupin tolyq joymaghanymen, qazaq kýshterine qorghanys pozisiyasynan belsendi shabuyldargha kóshuge jәne búryn aiyrylyp qalghan jerlerding bir bóligin qaytaryp alugha mýmkindik berdi. Anyraqay – Jonghar handyghyna qarsy soghystaghy betbúrysty kezenderding birine ainaldy.

Anyraqay shayqasy halyqtyng tarihy jadynda, eng aldymen, ýsh jýzding basy qosylyp, ortaq qauipke qarsy birikken sәti retinde saqtaldy. Birneshe jylgha sozylghan jenilister men auyr shyghyndardan keyin qazaq әskeri Qazaq handyghynyng negizgi qarsylasyn tize býktirip, ghalamat jeniske jetti.

Búl oqighanyng basty sabaghy tek әskery taktikada ghana emes bolsa kerek. Anyraqay – sol kezende memleketting saqtalyp qaluy ýshin syrtqy qaterge qarsy kýshterdi biriktiruding qanshalyqty ómirlik manyzy bar ekenin dәleldep berdi. Sondyqtan, arada ýsh ghasyrgha juyq uaqyt ótse de, Anyraqay Qazaqstan tarihyndaghy eng әigili әri manyzdy shayqastardyng biri bolyp qala beredi.

Kerimsal Júbatqanov,

S. Seyfullin atyndaghy Qazaq agrotehnikalyq ghylymiy-zertteu uniyversiytetining dosenti, tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty

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