VIII. «QOY ÝSTINE BOZTORGhAY JÚMYRTQALAGhAN» ZAMAN 

Jazushy, tarihshy, kósemsózshi Beybit Qoyshybaevtyng "Qazaq memleketi tarihyna kózqaras" atty enbegin jalghastyryp berip otyrmyz. Basy myna siltemelerde: http://abai.kz/post/view?id=4553;  http://abai.kz/post/view?id=4554;  http://abai.kz/post/view?id=4579; http://abai.kz/post/view?id=4589  

Jonghar handyghy 1635 jyly qúrylghannan bastap qazaq jerine ýzdiksiz shapqynshylyq jasap jýrgende údayy  qorghanys isin úiymdastyrghan, dúshpan joyqyn joryghymen tóndirgen qaterden  qazaq memlekettigin joyyludan aman saqtap qalghan Salqam Jәngir  1652 jylghy coghysta qaza tapty.

Sol jylghy úrystardan keyin edәuir uaqyt boyy tynyshtyq ornady. Tarihy enbekterde sol shaqtaghy eki handyqtyng bir-birine qarsy baghyttalghan iri әskery joryqtary jayynda eshqanday eleuli mәlimet kezdespeydi. Múnyng bir sebebi sol, Jәngir han ómirden ótken jyly  Jonghar handyghynyng әmirshisi Erdeny Batyr qontayshy da dýnie salghan bolatyn. Handyqta taq talasy tughan. Biylikke Batyr qontayshynyng kishi úly  Senge keldi, biraq ol ishki ózara alauyzdyqtardy toqtata almady. Tipti, ózining әkesi bir, sheshesi bólek bauyrlarymen әskery qarama-qarsy túrushylyq jaghdayda túrdy. Aqyry, 1657 jyly, handyqtyng bir aimaghynyng biyleushisi hoshouyt Ochirtu-Sesenning kómegine sýiene otyryp, olardy (aghalary Sesen tayshy men Szotbany) jendi. Sosyn soltýstik-batys Mongholiyadaghy  hotogoyt handyghymen shayqasty. Onyng songhy әmirshisin – Altan-han (Altyn han) dep atalatyn biyik mәrtebelisin, yaghny soltýstik-batystaghy halhalardyng eng songhy Altyn hany Erinchiyn-Luvsan tayshyny – 1667 jyly tize býktirdi. Óstip,  jongharlargha shyghysynan qater tóndirip túrghan dúshpanyn Senge qontayshy birjolata qauipsizdendirdi. Odan ishki sayasy jaghdayyn nyghaytu sharalaryn jasap, handyqtyng aumaghyn keneytudi jalghastyrdy. Osynday ahualgha baylanysty qazaqtargha qarsy ýlken soghys sharalary jýrgizilgen joq.

Búl kezde Qazaq handyghynda jaghday birshama túraqtanyp, el túrmysy qalypty kýige týsip qalghan. Maydan dalasynda qaza tapqan Salqam Jәngir aruaghyna tiyisti qúrmet kórsetilip, Qoja Ahmet Yassauy mazary keshenindegi ata-babalary janyna – ózindik qazaq handary panteonyna jerlendi. Qazaq eli basshylyghyna 16-shy ghasyrdaghy «Esim hannyng eski joly» belgilegen meritokratiyalyq tәrtipke sәikes, múragerlik jolmen emes, súltandar arasynan halyq aldyndaghy bedeline oray layyqty túlgha tandalyp,  jana han saylandy. Taqqa otyrghan – Batyr súltan edi. Salqam Jәngir qúzyryndaghy әskery qyzmetimen, erligimen, úiymdastyrushylyq qabiletimen, ústamdy aqylymen kózge týsip, el auzyna iligip jýrgen súltan. Ol da Jәnibek hannyng úrpaghy bolatyn. Jәnibek hannyng kishi úly Óseke súltannan taraghan buyn ókili, Bólekey súltannyng úly edi.  (Aragha jarty ghasyrdan astam uaqyt salyp, Óseke tarmaghyna jatatyn,  Bólekeyden taraghan taghy bir kezekti joshylyq súltan Ábilqayyr da han bolady. Ol Shynghys–Joshy әuleti ishindegi han taghyna otyrghan Ábilqayyr atty ekinshi adam bolatyn, sondyqtan, tarihta «Kóshpendi ózbek handyghy», «Ábilqayyr handyghy» atalghan 15-shi ghasyrdaghy memlekettik qúrylym әmirshisin Birinshi Ábilqayyr, 18-shi ghasyrdaghy qazaq atymen tarihy arenada әreket etken memlekettik birlestik qayratkerin Ekinshi Ábilqayyr deu oryndy bolmaq).

Batyr han jiyrma segiz jyl han taghynda otyrdy. Búl kezende dәstýrli ekonomikasyn, kórshi eldermen sauda-sattyghyn, mәdeny tynys-tirshiligin damytyp, el ishi belgili bir dәrejede tynysh zamandy bastan keshti. Óitkeni, jogharyda aitqanymyzday, ishki jaghdaylaryna baylanysty jongharlar tarapynan qazaq eline eleuli qater tóndirerliktey shapqynshylyq jasalghan joq.  Osy shaqta oirattardyng torghauyt taypasy – qalmaqtar – Úly dalanyng batysyna bekem qonys tepken. Orys patshalyghy әskerimen birlesip, noghaylardy tarihy mekeninen Qyrymgha jәne Kavkazgha yghystyrugha qatysqan. Olar ontýstiktegi  Terekten teristiktegi Samaragha, batystaghy Donnan shyghystaghy Jayyqqa deyin kóship-qonyp jýrdi. Sol ghasyrdyng ortasynda olargha shyghys oirat úlystarynan dýrbit taypasynyng ýlken toby kóship kep qosyldy. (Olardy orystar Zengoriya, yaghny Jonghariya dep ataghan). Osylay qatary kóbeygen qalmaqtar Suvorov әskerine qosylyp, noghaylardy qyryp-joydy jýzege asyrysty. (Qalmaqtardy jana ólkege 1633 jyly bastap kelgen Ho-Órlýk tayshydan keyin handyqty 1644 jyly Shýkýr-Dayshyn, 1661 jyly Monshaq basqardy, al 1672 jyly biylikke kelgen Aiyke han taqta jarty ghasyrdan astam otyrdy). Olar jer-suyna kóz alartqan basqynshylargha qarsy kóterilgen qazaqtar men bashqúrttardy 1644–1661 jyldary patsha әskerimen birge «juasytugha» tikeley atsalysyp túrdy.

Qazaq handyghynyng irgesi qalana bastaghan shaqta Orys memleketining ontýstiginde kazaktar qauymy (kazachestvo) atalghan әleumettik top payda bolghan.  Olar әuelde biylikke baghynbay qashyp jýrgenderden qúralghan, odan,  tez qatary kóbeyip,  Edil boyynda qaraqshylyqpen shúghyldanghan da, kóp úzamay patshalyqtyng shekarasyn týrkilerding jer-suyn basyp alu jolymen keneytuding alghy shebine shyqqan. (Orys kazaktary óz atalymyn qazaqtardan alghany dausyz. «Qazaq» sózi, tarihshylardyng aituynsha, altynordalyqtar soqqan tengelerde bederlengen, әigili «Mongholdyng qúpiya shejiresinde» jazylghan, yaghny qazaqtar memlekettiligin erteden kele jatqan kóne týrkilik atauyn jalau etu arqyly jana sapalyq beleske kótergen. Al «erkin adam» retinde týzilgen orys kazaktary kóp úzamay agressiyashyl patshalyqtyng ong qolyna ainalyp, qazaqtardy jaulau sharalarynyng bel ortasynda jýrdi). 

1580 jyly kazaktar toghyz jol torabynda túrghan ýlken sauda ortalyghy, noghaylar men qazaqtardyng astanasy bolghan Sarayshyq shaharyn mýldem qiratyp, tonap ketti.  1582 jyly Sibir handyghyn joigha jol ashyp berdi. Sol 80-shi jyldary Jayyq boyyn jaulap ala bastady. 1584 jyly Jayyq pen Shaghan ózenderi arasyndaghy týbekke Jayyq qalashyghy (qazirgi Oral) salyndy. Kazaktar qauymy 1591 jyly patsha biyligin moyyndaytyndyqtary jóninde resmy ant berip, jana jerlerdi jaulap alu nauqandarynyng alghy shebinde, patshalyqtyng negizgi soqqy beretin kýshi qyzmetinde jýrdi. Patshalyq solardy algha sala otyryp, Sibirge, Qiyr Shyghysqa súghynudy sәtimen jýzege asyrdy. Qosyp alghan úlan-ghayyr jer-suyn iygeruge kóshti. (Oral kazaktary 1991 jyly Resey patshasyna qyzmet ete bastaghandarynyng 400-jyldyghyn toylaugha tyrysty, alayda qazaq jerin otarlauda kazachestvo atqarghan ról sanalarynda sayrap túrghan qazaq últtyq qozghalysy mýshelerining qatang qarsylyghy nәtiyjesinde  toylay almady).  1640 jyly Jayyqtyng tenizge qúyar túsyna Guriev qalashyghy salynyp, balyq aulau kәsipshiligi qolgha alyndy.

Qazaq jerine agressiyashyl kórshiler taraptarynan iri shapqynshylyq jasalghan joq. Tiyisinshe, osy kezendegi Batyr han basqarghan Qazaq handyghynyng orys patshalyghymen qatynastary negizinen sauda-ayyrbas baylanystaryn damytu sipatynda órbidi. Qazaq jeri arqyly orys kópesterining keruenderi Orta Aziya elderine jii óte bastady. Qazaqtardyng ontýstiktegi Búhar handyghymen qarym-qatynastary da belgili dәrejede dostyq rәuishte damydy. Búl jyldary Búharada ashtarhandyqtar әuleti ókilderi  Nәdirmúhammed han (1642–1645) men onyng úly Abdalaziz hannyng (1645–1680) biyligi jalghasyp jatqan. 

Osynday ahualda qazaq eli negizinen tynyshtyqta, beybit ómir keshti. 

 Al Jonghar handyghynda taqqa talasuyn qoymaghan Batyr qontayshynyng ýlken úldary Sesen tayshy men Szotba batyr 1670 jyly, aqyry, Senge qontayshyny óltiredi. El biyligin Sesen han qolgha alady. Osy jaghdayda Sengening inisi Galdan Tiybettegi Dalay-lamadan diny mәrtebeden bosanugha rúqsat súraydy. Ol jastayynan Zaya-panditanyng batasyn alyp, Tiybette oqyghan, buddizm ilimi sonyna týsken, ghylymy dәreje alghan edi. Dalay-lama  oghan Zaya-panditanyng isin jalghastyrushy retinde qarap, taqqa otyrghan aghasy Sengening janynda diny qyzmet atqaru ýshin Jonghariyagha qaytarghan bolatyn. Múnda kelgeli ol az uaqytta buddalyq ýsh hram salyp, ýsh monastyri mektebin ashqan edi. Dalay-lama rúqsatyn beredi. Sodan son, kezinde Sengening taqqa otyruyna kómektesken Alashan oirattarynyng әmirshisi Ochirtu-Sesenmen birlese qimyldap, biylikti basyp alghan Sesen hannyng әskerimen shayqasady. Jeniske jetip, Sesendi óltiredi. Szotbany elden quady. Odan, ózine qarsy shyqqan inileri – Sengening úldary Sonom-Rabdan men Sevan-Rabdandy jeniliske úshyratady. Alghashqysy ulanyp óledi, ekinshisi Edil boyyndaghy Qalmaq handyghynyng әmirshisi, naghashysy Angkege qashady.

Alayda ishki qarsylyqtar ýdey týsedi. Galdan qontayshynyng yqpalynyng arta týsuinen qauiptengen Ochirtu-Sesen de (Galdannyng taqqa otyruyna ózi kómekteskenine jәne qyzy Anudy oghan túrmysqa bergenine qaramastan) oghan qarsy toppen birigedi. Degenmen 1677 jyly Galdan qontayshy barlyq qarsylastaryn jenip (keybiri qaza tabady, bireuleri Qytaygha qashady), ózining barlyq oirat iyelikterindegi basty әmirshilik jaghdayyn moyyndatyp bekitip alady. Osy jyly Dalay-lama oghan han mәrtebesin beredi. Sonda Galdan han 1640 jylghy «Dalalyq zandar jinaghyna» tolyqtyrular jasaydy. Ishki sayasy jaghdaydy osylaysha retke keltirip, Reseymen sauda jәne diplomatiyalyq qatynastaryn damytady. Sosyn kórshi elderge kóz alarta bastaydy. Shyghys Týrkistangha (Mogholstangha) 1679 jyldan birneshe әskery joryq jasap, aqyry ony Jonghariyagha tolyq qosyp alady. Sol jaghdaydy – buddizm dinin ústanatyn oirattardyng «dinsizderdi» (músylmandardy) baghyndyrghanyn eskerip, Dalay-lama oghan Boshogtu (yaghny «Shapaghatqa bólengen») mәrtebesin beredi. Jonghariyadaghy negizgi qarsylastaryn jenip, jerin keneytken, ortalyq biylikti nyghaytqan Galdan Boshogtu han endi qazaq eline shapqynshylyq jasaugha dayyndalady...

Jogharyda aitqanymyzday, Salqam Jәngirden keyin el biylegen Bolat hannyng kezinde handyqqa bolashaqta qauip tóndiretin jaghdaylar jan-jaqtyng bәrinde (teristik-batys, teristik, shyghys) birtindep ornap jatqanmen, Qazaq handyghynyng basty jauy sanalatyn Jonghariya óz ishinde kýrdeli sayasy jaghdaydy, shiyelinisi mol sayasy daghdarysty bastan keship jatqandyqtan, eleuli soghys bolghan joq. Kóp jyldar boyy tynysh zaman ornap túrdy. Ádette Tәuke hangha oraylastyrylatyn «qoy ýstine boztorghay júmyrtqalaghan zaman»  kezeni sol Bolat han taqta otyrghan jiyrma segiz beybit jylda ornaghan bolu kerek. Mamyrajay tynyshtyqty Galdan Boshogtu han 1680 jyly búzdy...

(Jalghasy bar)

Beybit Qoyshybaev

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