Kemenger Abay kemeldikke jetken shaghynda iman (qazaqsha – Qúdaygha senim), onyng taghatqa (qúlshylyq qylu amaldary) qatysy jәne Tәnirini tanudy basty dep bilip, osy mәselelerdi tanyp-biluge den qoyghan bolatyn.

         Bir Tәnirige senim, Abaydyng biluinshe, adamnyng adamdyghynyng hәm kýlli mahabbat, әdilet sezimning qaynary. Biraq adam balasynyng senim kýshi - Jaratushyny tanu, yaghny Allanyng hikmetin sezu dengeyine tәueldi.

         Osymen,  jasy eluden asqanda, 1895-1896 jyldary oishyl «Týp IYesin kóksemey bola ma eken?» dep terenge bet qoyady. Óz sózinshe «tereng oidyng telmirip sonyna eredi». Tamasha pәlsapalyq ólenderi («Lay sugha may bitpes qoy ótkenge», «Ólse óler tabighat, adam ólmes», «Kók túman - aldyndaghy keler zaman» jәne «Alla degen sóz jenil») sonyng tatymdy jemisi. Barshasy da jýrekten qúiylyp, tylsymnan túnghan keremet tuyndylar. Ocy tuyndylaryna sýienip,         Abaydy naghyz tәnirinitanushy - teolog biyigine (músylmansha - maghrifat satysy) jetken deuimizge dәlel. 

         Qaytalap aitayyq, senim – aqyl-oydyn, tanymnyng ónimi. Eger tanym tayaz bolsa, iman da әlsiz. Sondyqtan ózining kvintessensiyalyq kýrdeli enbegi – 38-qarasózin Abay: «Yqylaspenen oqyp, úghyp alynyzdar, onyng ýshin mahabbatyng tolady» dep bastap, Alla taghalanyng bolmysyn zertteudi qolgha alady. Álemdik teologiya salasyna qomaqty ýlesin qosady. Búl turaly sóz tómenirekte.

         Endi Abaydyng iman turaly tanymyna keleyik. Imannyng eki týri bar: biri – yakiny (aqylmen ilanu) iman, ekinshisi – taqlidy (bireuge erip ilanu) iman.  Oqyrmangha týsinikti boluy ýshin Abay ózining 12 jәne 13-qarasózinde úqtyrghan imannyng osy eki týrin býgingi tilimizde senushilik jәne dinshildik dep aiyrsaq qate bola qoymas. Senushilik – jýreginde qúdayy bar, halyqtyng úghymynda «Qúdaygha qaraghan» adamgha tәn minez ya qasiyet.

         Al dinshildik - taghat nemese syrtqy ghibadattan tuady. Ádette dinshil kisi syrtqy pishinge,  bes paryzdy qatang oryndaugha taban tireydi. Ol ýshin dinning negizgi múraty osy.

        Sonymen senushilik pe, әlde dinshildik pe? Zayyrly memleket, osy zamanghy bilimdi qogham, sóz joq, senushilikting óristeuine mýddeli.  

         Imannyng týri ekeu dep bilgen Abay  sәikesinshe ghibadatty da ishki jәne syrtqy dep ekige bóledi. Syrtqy ghibadat – kәduilgi tórt paryz (oraza, namaz, zeket, qajylyq). Ishki ghibadat degen ne? Múny Abay «ýsh sýy» ilimi arqyly bayyptap beredi. Áygili «Allanyng ózi de ras, sózi de ras» óleninde aqyn:

                        Osy ýsh sýn bolady imany gýl,

                        Imannyng asyly ýsh dep sen tahqiq bil.

                        Oilan-daghy ýsheuin taratyp baq,

                        Basty bayla jolyna, malyng týgil (1902 jyl), -

deydi. Kórdiniz be, Abayda mahabbat pen әdiletti sýy «shyn iman», «ishki ghibadat» esebinde eken. Ol jolgha tipti «basty baylasan» da artyq emes. Nege? Sebebi, meyirimdi hәm әdiletti bolu – Jaratushynyng has әmiri (әsili, búl barlyq әlemdik dinderge ortaq búiryq).

        Jýregi tayghaq, imany әlsiz adamnyng dindarlyghy soqyr dindarlyq. Sol sebepti islamdyq tórt paryzdy ótep jýrseng de, qúrghaqtan balyq aulaghanday qúr alaqan qaluyng mýmkin. Osy pikirin oishyl bylaysha jetkizedi:

                  Ruza, namaz, zeket, haj – talassyz is,

                  Jaqsy bolsan, jaqsy tút bәrin tegis.

                  Bastapqy ýshti bekitpey, songhy tórtti,

                  Qylghanmenen tatymdy bermes jemis.

         Osy shumaqtyng terenine boylaghan jón. Danyshpan «jaqsy tút» dep songhy tórtti aitqan shyghar desek qatelikke úrynamyz. Gәp sonda, «jaqsy tút bәrin tegis» deuimen Abay ýsh sýydi (Allany, adamdy jәne әdiletti sýy), oghan qosa, songhy tórtti, jiyny jeti paryzdy kórsetken. Ayta keteri, Maturidy aqidasy boyynsha din men sharighat eki bólek nәrse. Din (iman) – adamzatqa bir. Maqsaty – adam balasyna Jaratushyny tanytu, sol arqyly adamzatty bir bauyr qylu. Al, sharighat - dinning kýzetshisi, ol – adamnyng isi. Mineky «ýsh sýy» ilimi arqyly Abay adamzatqa osy aqiqatty jetkizip otyr.

          Tújyra kelgende, hakim Abay - din negizderin әlemdik dengeyde janghyrtqan batyl oily kemenger. Músylmanda әigili әl-Ghazaliyden keyingi senim ilimin tiriltken ekinshi ústaz-reformator. 

          Lәjimiz ne, Qúday isi (aspan әlemi, kýn men týn, qaranghy men jaryq, ómir men ajal, mahabbat pen zúlymdyq t.s.s.)  men din isi eki bólek dýnie ekendigi, әlbette, din ústazdarynyng oiyna kirip te shyqpaydy. Kóbisi din men sharighatty aiyra almay, ekeuin bir nәrse dep biledi. Sharighat qabyl etkendi, Qúday qabyl etti dep senedi. Orta ghasyrlardan beride din meshit tóniregimen shektelip, imam, moldalar bes paryzdy orynda degen talaptan asa almady. Músylmandyq Shyghysta sana-sezim ólkesi túmyldyryqtanyp, aqyl-oydyng sәulesi týser esik-tereze atauly  túmshalandy. Múnyng qanday saldar әkelgenin óziniz de boljay alasyz. «Aqyl – mizan, ólsheu qyl», «Aqyl senbey senbeniz, Bir iske kez kelseniz» degen oilary shygharmashylyghyn kóktey ótetin Abay ýshin aqyl, ghylymsyz din - óli dogmat. Sondyqtan ol dinshildikti «býkil shyghystyng sol zamangha sheyin kenje qaluyna sebep bolghan kesel-kedergining biri dep tanyp, onymen birde-bir adym baspaydy. Aulaq serpedi» (M.Áuezov).  

         Sóitip, Abaydyng dini – synshyl aqyldyng dini. Oghan islamnyng bes paryzyn tereng qauzap, dinning týpki maghynasyn janghyrtuy dәlel.

         «Dinning bes paryzy shart etken joldardy Abay ózining synshyl aqylymen dindik soqyr nanym – predrassudok dep týsinedi», - deydi Múhan. Osy týitkildi de tarata ketelik. Abaysha bes paryz teng emes. Jany bar jetekshi, qalghan tórtti qozghaushy kýsh – shyn iman. Biraq «inanmaqtyghyng qúr ghana inanmaqtyqpenen qalmasyn, - deydi Abay 38-sózinde, - sen ózing inanmaqtyghynnan payda al». Sonda minezing týzeledi, «kәmil iman bolady». Búdan asqan aqyl bola ma? Songhy ósiyet ólenin de kemenger:

                      Mýmin bolsan, әueli imandy bol,

                      Bendege iman ózi ashady jol, -

degen aiqyn oimen týiedi. Abaysha imanigýl joq jerde, yaghny «mahabbaty tolmaghan» jaghdayda taqlidy iman (bireuge erip iman keltiru) tórge shyghady. Ol «jarym músylman». Onyng Alla baryn jýrekpen sezui, búiryqtaryn sanaly týrde oryndauy neghaybil.

         Býgingi qoghamymyzda Abay eskertken әsire dinshildik qaupi joyyldy dey almaymyz. Onyng sebebi nede? Osyghan qaytyp oralayyq.

         Eki nәrsege nazar audarmaqpyn. Ilkide din (Qúdaygha senim) - bireu, al diny zang - sharighat әr elde әrtýrli qalyptasady dedik. Salafshy, uahabist aghym ókilderi arab dәstýrindegi sharighatty tyqpalap әure. Sekseuil ósken topyraqta palima aghashy tamyr jaya almaytyny siyaqty bos әureshilik búl. Desek te, әr dәstýrimizdi «haramgha» balaghan búl aghymgha qarsy túra almasaq, qazaqtyng tól mәdeniyeti, әdet-ghúrpy qúrbandyqqa shalynuy mýmkin. Búl-bir. Ekinshiden, jastarymyzdyng jat diny aghym toryna kóptep týsui astarynda islamdyq bes paryzdyng mәn-maghynasyn dúrys týsinbegendik jatyr. Taghy bir aitayyn, din ghibadaty eki týrli: ishki (imanigýl, yaghny jan tazalyghy) jәne syrtqy (músylmandyq tórt paryz jәne sharighy zandargha beriktik). Biraq songhysy aldynghygha tәueldi, sonyng qyzmetshisi ekenin aiyryp, ajyratatyn uaqyt jetti.  Áytpese soqyr senim men әsire dinshildikten qútylu qiyn.

        Tújyra kelgende, dinning týpki mәni, mazmúny – mahabbat, әdilet jәne ghylymdy azyq qylu. Osy ýsheuge shaqyrghan ayattargha Qúrannyng ishi toly. Lәkin, olargha «eshkimning yqylasy, kónili men ghylymy jetip qúptaghanyn kórgenimiz joq» (38-sóz), - deydi Abay. Ózimiz de kuәmiz, jat pighyldy aghym ókilderi Qúrannan «jihad», «shahiyd» jәne «kәpir» terminderin terip alyp, sony iydeologiyalyq qaynar qyluda. Jәne «ayat-hadisti aqylgha salma» desedi. Kerisinshe halyqty ghylymgha shaqyryp, atoylasa kәne. Eger adamzat aqyl quatyn paydalanyp, ghylymdy azyq qylmasa әli kýnge tas dәuirde qamalyp otyrmay ma. Bilim-ghylym taqyryby Qúrandy da (ghylym jayly 700-ge taqau ayat bar), Abay múrasyn da kóktey ótetini sol. Biraq adasqan diny aghymgha keregi – erip iman qylghan, yaky soqyr senimdegi jastar siyaqty.

          Tanym tayazdyghy, shetin kózqaras (radikalizm) – adamnyng da, qoghamnyng da damuyn tejeushi kýsh ekeni sózsiz. Býgingi tanda músylman elderinde oryn alyp otyrghan din atyn jamylghan san aluan qantógister men atysyp-shabysular sonyng aighaghy.       

        Aytpaqshy, hristian elderi de azyp-tozudan ada emes. Nege? Óitkeni, qasiyetti Injil: «Qúday degen mahabbat» dep aityp túrsa da, ókinishke qaray, hristiandyq qauymdastyqtan Abay siyaqty «Atanyng balasy bolma, adamnyng balasy bol», «Adam balasyna adam balasynyng bәri – dos», «Adamzattyng bәrin sýy bauyrym dep» degen Tәnirining basty jarlyqtaryn pash etken hәm ghylymy dәiektep bergen ghúlamalar shyqpady. Vatikan Papasy Ioann Pavel II Astana qalasyna at basyn tiregende (2001 jyl, 25 qyrkýiek) Abaygha eki mәrte jýgingen. Papa bismillәni Abaydyng 7-qarasózinen bastap,  sózining sonyn 45-sózden alynghan sitatamen tiyanaqtap, qazaq danasyna tang qalghanyn jasyra almaghan-dy.  

         Sayyp kelgende, qazaqtyng Abayy tek músylman әlemining ghana emes, jalpy adamzatqa ortaq oy alyby. Álemning iri qalalarynda Abaygha mýsin ornatylyp, esimi kóshelerge beriluin – zandylyq dep bilgen jón.

         Endi Abay dindi adamgershilik tәrbiyege qalay paydalandy degenge keleyik. Búl jayynda Múhan: «...Abay islam dinining ýgit-ósiyetin, óte shartty týrde ghana shamaly, shaqty jerge ghana kerekke jaratty. Al ózining shynayy ýlken mýddesi, islam dinining shenberinen әldeqayda ary asyp týsip, keng jatady» dep naqtylap aitady.

        Aytsa aitqanday, Abayda basty múrat - gumanistik, adamgershilik  aqiqattardy qazaq qauymy sanasyna shóktiru. Dinge de tek  adamgershilik tәrbie kózi retinde qarap, osy maqsatta ózine keregin aldy. Kemengerge keregi – senushilik. Al dinshildikting iyisi de joq.  Aytalyq, Allanyng sýiikti qúly boludy Abay fatalistik mәnde emes, adamnyng erkindigin iske asyru dep biledi. Adamdyq atyn joymaugha, pendeshilik minezden arylugha, imannan payda alugha shaqyrady. Al payda alu joldary qaysy? Ol ýshin óz aqylyng men enbegine sýien! Ózgege jaqsylyq oila, shama-sharqynsha shapaghatyndy tiygiz! Adamdyq, izgilik degen osy. Nәpsige ersen, Allanyng meyiriminen qúr qalasyng - osyghan ilan!

         «Ózi ýshin ghana enbektengen adam azap shegedi. Basqalar ýshin enbek etken adam olardyng quanyshyna ortaqtasady» degen eken nemisting abyz oishyly Gete. «Eger bir hareketti ózim ýshin dep bastasang bir kedergiden ekinshi kedergige tap bolasyn. Al kópting qamy dep bastasan, jolyng aiqara ashylady». Búl Lev Tolstoydyng sózi. «Ózing ýshin enbek qylsan, ózi ýshin ottaghan hayuannyng biri bolasyn» deydi Abay. Ýsh dananyng oilary bir saghada toghysqanyn kóremiz. «Qúdaydyng pendelerine salghan joly  qaysy?» degen mәngi súraqtyng jauaby da osy arada.  Ony ýsh danyshpan da: «Qúday joly - janashyr hareket, kópke paydandy tiygizu», - dep úqtyrady. Asyl qaghidany Abay óleninde bylaysha órnekteydi:

                      Mazlúmgha janyng ashyp, ishing kýisin,

                      Hareket qyl, paydasy kópke tiysin.

                      Kópting qamyn әuelden Tәniri oilaghan,

                      Men sýigendi sýidi dep IYeng sýisin (1896).

        (Búl jerde arabtyng «mazlúm» sózi – beyshara, baqytsyz adam degen maghynany bildiredi).

         Sóitip, dinshildik mәdeniyetke de, adamshylyqqa da tútqa emes. Barsha izgilik pen jaqsylyq, barlyq meyirim - jyly jýrekten ghana tuady. Jan men ruh azyghy da – jýrekte.

                    Jýregine sýngi de, týbin kózde,

                   Sonan tapqan shyn asyl – tastay kórme, -

deuimen oishyl osy aqiqatty shegeley týsedi.

        Abay poeziyasynda jýrek kulitining erekshe oryn alatyny sodan. «Abay ruhy» atty kitabynda jazushy Dýkenbay Dosjan: «Sayyp kelgende, Abay jasaghan jýrek kuliti onyng oishyldyghy men adam bolmysyn tereng biletindigi – qazaq aqynyn әlemdik әdebiyet alyptary Shekspiyr, Gete, Tolstoy esimderimen qatar qoyady» dese, búl әdil baghagha tolyq qosylamyz («Abay ruhy». – Astana, 2008. -114-bet). 

        Abay din nasihatshysy emes, Allany tanytushy, hikmetin zertteushi hakim. Búl rette akademik Gharifolla Esimnin: «Qazaq topyraghynda Abaygha deyin Allany tanu, yaghny teologiya mәselesimen arnayy shúghyldanghan oishyl bolmaghan. Ózin sopylarmyz dep ataghan taqualar (әuliyeler) de «Alla bir, payghambar haq» degennen aspaghan» dep mәlimdeui oryndy.

        Sóz sony, Abaydyng dini degen tausylmaytyn tereng taqyryp. Bizding kózimiz jetken eki anyq bar: birinshisi - Abaydyng diny kózqarastary býgingi jahandanu dәuirinde adastyrmas baghdarsham esepti. Olar zayyrly qoghamgha auaday qajetti senushilik pen janasha dindarlyqtyng irgetasy.  Ekinshisi - Múhang pash etken: «Abaydyng dini - synshyl aqyldyn, adamgershilikting dini» degen túghyrly tújyrym eshqashanda eskirmek emes.

Asan Omarov,

Zertteushi

Abai.kz