Beybit QOYShYBAEV. QAZAQ MEMLEKETI TARIHYNA KÓZQARAS
SÓZ BASY
Qazaq halqy 15-shi ghasyrdyng ortasynan óte bere óz atymen memleket qúryp, tarih sahnasyna shyqty. Biyl sonau tarihy oqighanyng – Qazaq handyghynyng 550 jyldyghy atalyp ótip jatyr.
Búl, sóz joq, memlekettik tәuelsizdigimizding túghyryn nyghayta týsetin, kópten ansaghan, ýmit arta kýtken mereytoy, úly toy boldy. Osynau mereyli datany atap ótuge dayyndyq barysynda halqymyzdyng (qazaqtar men aramyzda túryp jatqan ózge últ ókilderinin) barsha buyny boyynda patriottyq, otansýigishtik, elimiz ýshin maqtana alushylyq sezimdi úshtaugha baghyttalghan manyzdy ic-sharalar mindetti týrde jýzege asyrylady. Memlekettiligimizding aituly datasyn biyik dәrejede merekeleuge bel buuymyz býginde әrkimning qazaq atymen memleket qúrghan tarihymyzdy tanuyna, tiyisinshe, ózin-ózi tanuyna, jastarymyzdy tarih arqyly tәrbiyeleuge keng jol ashyp otyr. Osynday kóterinki ruh jetegimen biz qazaq atymen әlemdegi derbes memlekettik qúrylymdar qataryna qosylghan memleketimizding tarihyna kózqarasymyzdy qaghazgha týsiruge bel bayladyq.
Biz múnyng onay sharua emes ekenin týsinemiz. Óitkeni bizding tarihiy ghylymymyz da, qoghamy sanamyz da qazaq tarihyna batystyq, eurosentristik túrghydan qaraudan tolyq bastarta qoyghan joq. Biz, tipti, memlekettiligimizding osynau sonshalyqty úzaq merzimge jata qoymaytyn kesindisining ózin jogharghy memlekettik dengeyde túnghysh ret atap ótkeli otyrmyz. Sol sebepti qazaq memleketining tarihy haqynda bizding ózimizshe qorytqan kózqarasymyzdyng bir qaynauy ishinde qaluy әbden yqtimal. Biraq biz adal niyetimizben, meylinshe әdil dep biletin oiymyzben bóliskendi hosh kórudemiz.
Bizding oiymyzsha, Qazaq handyghynyng 550 jyldyghyn arnayy atap ótu, әriyne, manyzdy. Degenmen osy saltanatqa dayyndyq jasau jәne ony ótkizu barysynda qazaqtyng memlekettiligining býtkil tarihyn tereng tanugha tyrysu, payymdau, paryqtau odan da manyzdyraq sekildenedi. Qazaq handyghy yaky Qazaq Ordasy – búl qazaq halqynyng tarihtyq sahnagha óz atymen, ózindik atauymen shyqqan kezenining basy. Búghan deyin qazaqtar Shynghys imperiyasynyn, Joshy Úlysynyn, Shaghatay úlysynyng qúramynda boldy. Úlygh Úlys (Joshy Úlysy, Altyn Orda) pen Shaghatay úlysy synyqtarynan Aq Orda, Sibir handyghy, Noghay Ordasy, Ábilqayyr handyghy, Mogholstan tәrizdi memlekettik qúrylymdar payda bolghany mәlim. Jәnibek pen Kerey súltandar memlekettikting jana sapagha, tarihy túrghyda әdil sapagha auysuyna negiz jasap, Ábilqayyr handyghynyng iri bóligin Qazaq handyghyna ainaldyrdy. Conyng nәtiyjesinde tarih túrghysynan óte qysqa merzimde ózge memlekettik birlestikterdegi qazaq ru-taypalary Qazaq memleketi qúramyna kirdi.
Biz biyl 550 jyldyghy atalghaly otyrghan sol oqighadan bergi jaghdaydy qarastyramyz.
Al qazaqtyng memlekettiligining bastaularyn, terenge ketken tamyrlaryn osy saltanatqa dayyndyq barysynda ótip jatqan ghylymy konferensiyalar, týrli dóngelek stoldar men jiyndar terenirek qarastyra berer degen ýmit bar.
Barshagha belgili, Úly dala tarihy terende. Memlekettiligimizding ghúndar zamanynda payda bolghany kýmәnsiz. Ghúndardyng mýltiksiz úiymdastyrylghan shapshang da jýrdek әskeri boldy. Olardyng jauynger jasaqtary Euraziya tósinde qúiyndata shauyp, týrki etnosy men týrki tilin Úly dala sheginen asyra taratty.
Odan sәl keyinirek, bizding dәuirimizding 552-shi jyly, týrkilerding Altaydaghy taypalyq odaghy alghashqy týrki memlekettigin qúrdy. Ol týrki qaghanaty dep ataldy. 6-shy ghasyrda payda bolghan búl qaghanat adamzat tarihyndaghy ejelgi memleketterding asa irilerining biri edi. Sol shaqta qazaq halqynyng ru-taypalary týrki odaghyna kirgenin eshkim joqqa shyghara almaydy. Demek, jana eranyng 552-shi jyly qazaq memlekettiligining de bastau alghan uaqyty bolyp tabylady. Osyny tarihshy-ghalymdarymyz tiyanaqtap dәleldeuge tyrysatyn shyghar.
Eger bizding ghylymy oiymyz toqyrap qalmay, atalmysh datany biyik dengeyde moyyndaytynday dәrejege jetkize damysa, alla qalasa, endi jeti jyldan keyin elimizde qazaq memlekettigining jәne qazaq jazuynyng 1470 jyldyghy atap ótiletin bolady.
Al biz әzirge qazaq memleketi tarihyna qysqasha sholu jasap, soghan baylanysty ózimizding keybir oilarymyzdy, ótken kezenderdegi key jaylargha kózqarasymyzdy bildirip bayqamaqpyz...
I. DERBES QAZAQ MEMLEKETI
QÚRYLGhANGhA DEYIN
Qazaq memlekettiliginin tarih sahnasyna óz atymen alghash shyqqan týri Qazaq Ordasy, Qazaq handyghy dep atalghany mәlim. Shyntuaytqa kelgende, eldigimizding tamyry ghasyrlar túnghiyghynda – ghúndar zamanynda, kóktýrikter dәuirlerinde, Qypshaq, Qarahan memleketterinde, bertingi qazaq halqyn janasha qalyptastyrghan Shynghys han qaghanaty, qaghanattaghy Joshy úlysy kezenderinde jatyr.
Qazaqtar keyingi orta ghasyr jyldarynda iri-iri etnostyq toptar retinde bólinip, uaqytynda Altyn Orda atalghan týrki imperiyasynyng kýiregen oryndarynda qalghan Aq Orda, Sibir handyghy, Kók Orda, Noghay Ordasy, Ábilqayyr handyghy jәne Mogholstan sekildi memleketterge qarap túrghan. Búl sayasy birlikterding bәri qazaq memlekettigining izashary ispetti edi. Shyntuaytynda, qazaq memlekettiligining bastauy retinde týrk (týrik emes – týrki, týrk, turk) qaghanaty qúrylghan 552-shi jyl belgilenerine kýmәnim joq. Adamzat tarihyndaghy asa iri ejelgi memleketterding biri retinde moyyndalghan sonau birlikti býgingi tandaghy ghylymy izdenister nәtiyjesinde meylinshe jaqyn tútarymyz kәmil. Áytse de, 13-shi ghasyrda jer-jahandy dir qaqtyra silkindirushi retinde tanylghan túlghadan bermen qarayghy tarihta qazaq memlekettiligining ýzilmes shejiresi jatyr...
Úly Dalany jaylaghan týrki ru-taypalarynyng әr jana sayasy qúrylymy basynda Shynghys han úrpaqtary túrdy. Ár jana sayasy qúrylymnyng ómirge kelui nemese ómir sýruin toqtatuy Shynghys hannan taraghan әuletterding birining biylikten ketiriluine, onyng ornyna jeniske jetken ekinshi bir әuleti ókilderinin ornyghuyna baylanysty jýzege asyp jatatyn. Qazaq Ordasy osynday jolmen shanyraq kóterdi. Búl jәit Shayban úrpaghy Ábilqayyr basqaratyn memleket qúramynan Orda-Ejen úrpaqtary Kerey jәne Jәnibek shyghyp ketkennen keyin oryn aldy. Osy qos súltan basqaratyn ru-taypalardyng qazaqtyq (erkindik) qúryp bas qosuy arqyly jana sayasiy birlikting negizi jasaldy da, úzamay, Ábilqayyr memleketi biyleushisin ózgertip, Qazaq handyghy týrindegi jana sapagha auysty. Biz biyl toylaghaly otyrghan data – qazaqtyng tarihta túnghysh ret tarih sahnasyna óz etnostyq atauymen memlekettik tu kóterip shyqqan shaghy. Al búl, jogharyda aitqanymyzday, Ábilqayyr memleketining jana sapagha auysqan kezine dóp keledi. Biz ýshin asa manyzdysy – osynau jana sapanyng kórinisi retindegi memleketting sodan beri qazaq atymen atalghany bolyp tabylady.
Búl tarihy oqighany mýmkin etken qozghaushy kýsh – Úly Dalada ornyqqan shynghystyq biyleushi әuletterding әreketteri. Shynghystyng ýlken úly Joshy han basqarghan úlysty, ol dýniyeden ótkennen son, Joshyúly Batu biylegeni mәlim. Al Batu han Joshy úlysy keregesin batysqa qaray batyl keneytti. Shyghys Evropagha jasaghan jenisti joryghynan oralghannan keyin, Úlygh Úlystyng (Altyn Orda imperiyasynyn) Edil boyyna salghyzghan astanasy Saray-Batuda otyryp, zamanynda әkesi әmirshilik etken aumaqty kýlli halqymen ózining bauyry Orda-Ejenge berdi. Orda-Ejen Joshy әuleti armiyasynyng sol qanatyn basqardy. Batudyng qolynan ýles alghan kelesi bauyry Shaybannyng әskeri armiyanyng ong qanatyna kirgen. Taghy bir bauyry Toqay-Temirge Batu әskerding artyqshylyqqa ie bóliginen ýles berdi, onyng úrpaqtary Qajy-Tarhangha (Astrahan qalasyna) da biylik jýrgizdi.
Orda-Ejen Joshy Úlysynyng sol qanatyn 1226–1253 jyldary biyledi. Altyn Ordanyng qúramyna kiretin, degenmen ishki-syrtqy sayasaty tәuelsiz jýrgiziletin Aq-Orda memleketin qúrdy. Onyng sayasy róli tek óz úlysynda ghana emes, Shynghys han irgesin qalaghan kýlli alyp qaghanatta, qaghanattyng astanasy Qaraqorymda joghary boldy. Mәselen, imperiyanyng tórtinshi әri songhy qahany, Shynghys hannyng әigili «tórt kýliginin» kishisi Tólening úly Mónkening 1251 jyly qahan, úly han bolyp saylanuyna Batu han qoldau kórsetken edi, soghan qaramastan, Mónke han ózining zannamalyq jarlyqtarynda ony emes, Orda-Ejendi erekshe qúrmettep, esimin Altyn Orda әmirshisi, ózining qoldaushysy Batu han esimining aldyna qoyyp otyrghan.
Orda-Ejen men Shayban úlystary alyp jatqan aumaq 14–15-shi ghasyrlardaghy shyghys derekkózderinde birese Aq Orda, endi birde Kók Orda dep atalyp jýrdi. Sebebi qos úlysty da Orda-Ejen әuletinen shyqqan әmirshiler biylegen. Sondyqtan bolu kerek, derekkózder búl kezendegi Aq Orda iyeligi retinde Jayyqtan Batys Sibir oipatyna, Syrdariyanyng ortanghy jәne tómengi aghysyna deyingi jer-sudy, is jýzinde atalghan eki úlys ornalasqan aumaqty núsqaydy. Orda-Ejen men onyng әuleti biylegen Aq Orda qazaq jerindegi tili bir, ómir sýru salty bir jergilikti etnostar negizinde shanyraq kótergen túnghysh iri memlekettik qúrylym bolatyn.
13–15-shi ghasyrlarda Aq Orda handary mynanday retpen taqta otyrdy: Orda-Ejen (1226–1253) – Sartaq – Qonysha – Bayan – Sasy-Búgha – Erzen – Mýbәrәk – Shymtay – Orys (1361–1377) – Qoyyrshaq – Baraq (1426–1428). Yaghniy Orda-Ejen men onyng әuleti 1226–1428 jyldary (eki ghasyr) biylikte boldy. Orda-Ejenning úrpaqtary, naqtylap aitqanda – Aq Orda әmirshileri Orys han (14-shi ghasyrda biylegen) jәne onyng nemeresi Baraq han (15-shi ghasyrdyng ekinshi shiyregining basynda basqarghan) sol shaqtarda eshqaysysynyng oiyna kele qoymaghan, biraq úzamay, 15-shi ghasyrdyng ortasynda Qazaq handyghy atalyp jýzege asatyn iri tarihy betbúrystyng alghyshartyn jasady.
Shamamen 1410-shy jyldardan bastap, Orys hannyng nemeresi Baraq han Shyghys Deshti-Qypshaqtaghy óz ata-babalarynyng biyligin qaytaryp alu ýshin kýres jýrgizdi. Edilding tómengi aghysy alqabynda ótken shayqasta ýmitkerler әskerin jenip, 1422 jyly Altyn Orda taghyna otyrdy. Biraq odan 1426 jyly airylyp qaldy.
Sol jyly Aq Orda biyleushisi bolyp, Syrdariya boyyndaghy qalalargha, Mauerannahrgha joryqtar jasady. Aq Ordanyng astanasy Syghanaqty ghasyr basynda Ámir Temir basyp alghan edi, sony qaytardy. Orda-Ejen men Toqa-Temirding Týrkistan ólkesindegi iyelikterin Ámir Temir әuleti biyliginen qaytaryp aludy kózdegen shayqastar jýrgizdi. Onyng jigerli әreketteri úlystyng bayyrghy quatyn janghyrta almaghanmen, qazaq elining ontýstigindegi sayasy ahualdy belgili-bir dәrejede ózgeriske týsirdi.
Osy 15-shi jýzjyldyqtyng alghashqy shiyreginde Aq Ordada Joshy túqymy (Orda-Ejen, Shayban, Toqa-Temir) ishindegi әuletaralyq kýres jiyilegen bolatyn. Úlysta býlikter men kiykiljinder tolas tappay jalghasty. 20-shy jyldardyng sonyna qaray Altyn Ordagha qarasty úlystardyng kópshiliginde Shayban balalary biylikke keldi. Al Orda-Ejen úrpaqtary ózderine babalarynan múragha qalghan iyelikterin olardan qorghap qalugha tyrysty. Solardyng biri Baraq han, jogharyda aitylghanday, úlystyng ontýstik bóligin qaytaryp alu ýshin soghysty.
Alayda Baraq han 1428 jyly dýnie saldy da, ol ólgennen keyin Aq Ordadaghy biylik Orda-Ejen – Orys han әuletinen Shayban әuletine ótti. Osy jyly Shayban úrpaghy Ábilqayyr Batys Sibirdegi Tura ónirinde han taghyna otyrghyzyldy. Onyng memleketi Qazaqstannyng soltýstik-batys jәne ortalyq aimaghyn alyp jatty. Handyqtyng jeri geosayasy túrghyda Aq Ordadan derbestengen batystaghy Noghay Ordasy, soltýstiktegi Sibir handyghy jәne shyghystaghy Mogholstan men ontýstiktegi Ámir Temir túqymdary memleketining aralarynda, batysynda – Jayyq ózenine, shyghysynda – Balqash kóline deyin, ontýstiginde Syrdariyanyng tómengi aghysy men Aral tenizi ónirine, soltýstiginde Tobyldyng orta aghysy men Ertiske ketken alyp aumaqty alyp jatty. Ábilqayyr handyghynyng qúramyna qazaq ru-taypalarynyng kópshiligi jәne ózge de kóshpendi týrki taypalary kirdi.
Ábilqayyr han basqarghan qyryq jyl uaqyt ishinde elding sayasy jaghdayynda túraqtylyq pen tynyshtyq bolmady. 15-shi ghasyrdyng orta kezinde Shynghys hannyng úly Joshy júrtyndaghy (Deshti-Qypshaqtaghy) eng quatty biyleushi Joshy han úrpaghy Shaybany Ábilqayyr han edi. Ol kýshi kemeline kelgende, at basyn Syrdariya boyyndaghy aimaqtargha búrdy. Sóitip, sonda kóship-qonyp túrmys keship jýrgen Joshy úrpaghy Orys hannyng oghlandary Jәnibek pen Kereyge jәne olardyng bodandaryna qatty qyspaq kórsetti. Osy jәit eki әulet biyleushileri arasyndaghy taytalasty odan sayyn shiyelenistirdi de, aqyry, Jәnibek pen Kereydi ózderine qarasty ru-taypalaryn bastap Mogholstangha kóship ketuge mәjbýrledi.
Ol zamanda Mogholstan aumaghy Tәnirtau (Tyani-Shani), Kóksheteniz (Balqash kóli), Ertis, Syrdariya ózenderi aralaryn, ontýstiginde Ferghana, Túrfandy alyp jatatyn. Mogholstanda búl kezde (biyleushisi Esen-Búgha han túsynda) biylik qúrylymy әlsiregen edi. Qaramaghyndaghy әmirlerding әrqaysysy óz betterinshe qamal salyp alyp, odan bólinip ketip jatqan. Qalmaqtar elde ortalyqtandyrylghan biylikting joqtyghyn paydalanyp, Jetisugha shabuylyn jiyiletken. Olar Ystyqkól aimaghyna bardy, 1452 jyly Shugha jetti. Esen-Búgha sonda olargha eleuli qarsylyq kórsete almaghan. Oghan mine osy shaqta, dәlirek aitqanda, 1456 jyly, Ábilqayyrdyng biyligine narazy Kerey men Jәnibek súltandar bir qauym júrtyn ertip keldi. Olar «qazaqtyq» jasaugha, yaghny tynys-tirshilikke qolaysyzdyq tughyzghan biyleushining qúzyrynan qashyp, erkin úiysugha bel bughan bolatyn. Esen-Búgha olardy jaqsy qarsy aldy. Osy qos súltangha qaramaqtaryndaghy 200 mynday el-júrtymen emin-erkin mekendeui ýshin, Mogholstannyng batys shet aimaghyn – Shu ózenining Qarataudyng soltýstik silemderi men Betpaqdala aralyghyndaghy Ashysu oiysy kólderine qúiyp jatatyn tómengi aghysy men Jetisudyng batysyndaghy Qozybasy ólkesi aralyghyn bólip berdi.
Qazaq bolu әreketteri týrki taypalary ghúmyrynda búryndary da әrәdik kezdesip túrghan, biraq tap osy jolghyday jana memleket qúrugha baghyttalghan tarihy sipat alghan emes-tin. Altyn Ordanyng ataqty әmirshisi Ózbek hannyng qúrmetine «Kóshpendi ózbekter memleketi» atalghan Ábilqayyr hannyng úlysynan bólinip, Syr boyynan Shu ózenining tómengi aghysy alabyna kóship kelgen az júrt is jýzinde bolashaq qazaq memlekettigining irgetasy bolyp qalandy. Birneshe jyldan keyin Qazaq handyghy, Qazaq Ordasy atanyp jaryqqa shyghatyn memleketting irgesi, sóitip, týrkiler ómirindegi qatardaghy jәit sanalatyn narazy toptyng erkindiksýigishtik, basybostyq tanytyp, ózgening ozbyrlyghyna kónbeushilik kórsetip, yaghny qazaq bolyp óz betterinshe otau tigu oqighasymen qalana bastaghanyn tap sol jyldary eshkim bajaylay almaghan bolar. Alayda úzamay tarihy oqigha shyrqau shynyna shyqty. Jәnibek pen Kerey el-júrtymen jana qonysqa ornyqqan az jyldan keyin Shudyng tómengi aghysy alqabynda jatqan kóne Sozaq qalasynda Qazaq handyghy qúryldy. Eldigimizding aibyndy bayraghy túnghysh ret Qazaq atymen Sozaqta jelbiredi...
II. HANDYQTYNG QAZ TÚRUY MEN
KÝShENGI
Sonymen, Joshy hannyng Orda-Ejen jәne Shayban atty úldarynan (Shynghys hannyng nemerelerinen) taraghan úrpaqtardyng birining ekinshisine qysym jasauy aimaqtaghy sony serpiliske úitqy boldy.
Orda-Ejen әuletining qos súltany Jәnibek pen Kerey Shayban әuletinen handyq qúryp túrghan Ábilqayyr biyligining yqpalynan shyghyp ketti – osy oqigha oryn alghan 1456 jyldy biz sol sony serpilistin, mýldem jana qúbylystyng bastauy, Qazaq handyghynyng negizi qalanghan uaqyt dep sanaymyz. Shyghys, batys, orys oqymystylarynyng jәne býgingi zertteushilerding arasynda búl datany rastaytyndar da, kýmәn keltirip, basqa uaqytty belgileytinder de jetkilikti. Degenmen sol súltandardyng óz qaramaqtaryndaghy júrtyn bastap Shudyng tómengi aghysyna qonystanuy qazaqtyng óz atymen jaryqqa shyghatyn memlekettiligining alghashqy irgetasy bolghanyn eshqaysysy joqqa shygharmaydy. Jappay moyyndalghan 1465 jyldy biz de teristemeymiz, óitkeni búl erkindik sýigish az top qarasynyng kóbeyip, derbes el ekenin jariya etken shaghyna sәikes keledi.
Aq Ordanyng bir bóliginde Shayban úrpaghy Ábilqayyr handyq qúryp túrghan jyldarda ontýstik audandardy búrynghysynsha Orda-Ejen úrpaqtary biylep jýrgen-di. Solardyng ishindegi Kerey men Jәnibek te ózderi basqaratyn aumaqtarda belgili-bir ru-taypalardyng hany (kishi handar) bolatyn. Kezinde Jәnibekting әkesi, Aq Orda biyleushisi Baraq handy qoldaghan ru-taypalardyng Syr boyy qalalarymen baylanysyp jatqan edәuir bóligi olargha baghynatyn-dy. Tәuelsiz qalypta ómir sýrip jatqan. Alayda búl jәit, әriyne, Ábilqayyr handy qanaghattandyrmaytyn. 1428 jyly taqqa otyrghan ol handyqtaghy biyligi kýsheygen shaqta, aqyry, memleketining qúrylymy men qúramyn naqtylaudy qosh kóredi. Sóitip, 1446 jyly handyqtyng ontýstigine joryq jasap, Syrdariya qalalaryn alghan. Astanasyn Syghanaqqa kóshirgen.
Demek, sol jyldan bastap Joshy han úrpaqtarynyng eki bútaghy ókilderi arasyndaghy qarsy túrushylyq órshy týsken bolugha kerek. Tiyisinshe, Ábilqayyr hannyng ozbyr biyligine narazy súltandar sol shamada Mogholstan hany Esen-Búghamen kelissóz jýrgizudi bastaghan boluy yqtimal. Sosyn, Múhammed Haydardyng «Rashid tarihynda» («Tariyh-y Rashidiy») aitylatynday, olar ózderine bólip berilgen Mogholstannyng batys shet aimaghyn qúraytyn ólkege ornyqqan. Al Mogholstannyng shyghys bóligi arqyly 1457 jyly Syr boyyna ótken oirattar Syghanaq qalasy manynda Ábilqayyr hannyng әskerin tas-talqan etken. Syrdariyanyng ortanghy aghysyndaghy qalalardy talan-tarajgha týsirgen. Osy shapqynshylyqtan keyin Ábilqayyr hannyng qúzyrynan qashyp, Jәnibek pen Kereyge qosylushylar qatary kóbeye týsken de, az uaqytta qazaqtar sany aldynghy tarauda aitylghan mólsherge jetken...
Astanasy týbinde kýirey jenilip, qalmaqtar qoyghan auyr sharttargha moyynsúnghan Ábilqayyr hannyng es jiiyna birneshe jyl ketedi. Sosyn ol ózining shapqynshylyqtan kýizelgen iyelikterinde tәrtip ornatugha kirisedi. Ishki jaghdayyn birshama rettegennen keyin, qúzyrynan bólinip óz aldyna handyq qúryp alghan Jәnibek pen Kerey handardy juasytyp almaqqa bekinedi. Sonday maqsatpen joryqqa shyghady. Biraq joryq kezinde qaza tabady. Búl 1468 jyl edi.
Aq Orda aumaghynda qyryq jyl әmirshi bolghan Shayban әuletining ókili Ábilqayyr han osylay ómirden ótkennen son, Jәnibek pen Kerey onyng iyeligine oralyp, Syghanaqtaghy jogharghy biylikti basyp alady. Sodan bastap, Shaybany Ábilqayyr han túsynda «kóshpendi ózbekter memleketi» atanyp ózgeriske úshyraghan bayyrghy Aq Ordany Joshy úrpaghynyng basqa bútaghy – Shaybannyng aghasy Orda-Ejennen taraytyn Orys-han әuletining oghlandary qayta basqara bastaydy. Úlys sapalyq túrghyda bir etnosqa tútastanyp, qazaq atymen jana satygha shyghady, Úly dalada Qazaq memleketining tuy jelbireydi...
Jalpy, búrynghy Aq Orda aumaghynyng ontýstik bóliginde, jogharyda aitqanymyzday, Orda-Ejen úrpaqtarynyng biyligi is jýzinde ýzilmegen bolatyn. (Búghan kóne shyghys qoljazbalarynyng derekterin negizge alghan býgingi zertteulerde aitylghan kýlli oi-pikirdi taldap qarastyrghan sayyn kóz jete týsedi). Sol sebepti Jәnibek pen Kerey qaramaghyndaghy júrtyn derbes ómir sýruge bastap shygha aldy, sol sebepti de qazaq ru-taypalary olar kótergen tu astyna jiylyp, býkil aimaqtyng sayasy tarihyna jәne úlan-ghayyr dala tósin mekendeytin barsha jergilikti alash júrtynyng taghdyryna aituly ózgeris engizdi.
Qarasy kóbeyip, 1465 jyly handyq tuyn tikken halqymyz eldigimizdi janasha túrpatta janghyrtty. Osy jana sayasy jәne memlekettik qúrylym Ábilqayyr handyghyndaghy biylikti qolgha alu arqyly mýldem kýsheye týsti. Tarihta qyryq jylday Ábilqayyr memleketi, Kóshpendi ózbek úlysy atanghan Aq Ordanyng qazaq ru-taypalary mekendeytin bóligi jana sapalyq dengeyge auysyp, derbes Qazaq handyghy retinde ómir sýre bastady.
Al derbes últtyq Qazaq memleketin qúrghan Jәnibek pen Kerey handar qazaq dalasyndaghy halyqty bir shanyraqqa úiystyrghan Joshy úlysynyng әmirshisi, Shynghys hannyng ýlken úly Joshy hannan taraghan, sayasy biylikti eki ghasyrdan astam uaqyt boyy qolda ústap, biyleushi bolyp kele jatqan óte kýshti, bedeldi әuletting ókilderi bolyp tabylady. Taghdyr olargha ata-babalary biylep kelgen aumaqtaghy memlekettik qúrylymdy mýldem sony sapagha auystyryp, janghyrtudy, jana etnostyq birlikke negizdelgen qazaq últtyq memleketin qúrudy búiyrtty.
Olardyng Shynghys hannan Orys hangha deyingi atalary bir, al odan beri qaray ekeui eki әuletke bólinedi. Búlar – Orys hannyng Toqtaqiya jәne Qoyyrshaq degen eki úlynan taraghan oghlandar. Shynghys hannyng nemeresi Orda-Ejennen jýz jyl keyin dýniyege kelgen úrpaghy Orys hannyng shóbereleri. Kerey – Bolattyng úly, Toqtaqiyanyng nemeresi, al Jәnibek – Baraqtyng úly, Qoyyrshaqtyng nemeresi. Kerey – agha balasy, jasy da Jәnibekten ýlken. Sondyqtan, qazaqtyqqa shyghudy shóbereles inisi Jәnibekpen birge bastaghanmen, ata saltyna say, qazaq taghyna odan búryn otyrghan. Kerey dýniyeden ozghannan keyin eldi Jәnibek biyledi.
Orys hannyng osy qos shóberesi alghashqy jyldarda birinen song biri han saylanyp, Qazaq memleketin nyghaytysty. Áriyne, búl eki han qazaqtyng barlyq ru-taypalary men jer-suyn týgel biriktire alghan joq. Biraq olar qazaq atymen atalghan últtyq memleketti túnghysh ret tarih sahnasyna alyp shyghuymen asa qadirlenedi jәne eshqashan úmytylmaydy. Olardyng danqty isin úldary layyqty týrde jalghastyrdy. On shaqty jyl el basqaryp, shamamen 1480 jyly ómirden ozghan Jәnibek hannan keyin taqqa Kerey hannyng úly Búryndyq súltan otyrghan. Al Jәnibekúly Qasym súltan el qúrylymynyng bir úlysyn basqardy. Búryndyq hanmen qatar memlekettik isterge aralasa jýrip, ol da tarihtaghy óz ornyn alugha bettep kele jatty...
Ótken ghasyrdyng 70-shi jyldarynda Samarqanda ótken bir seminargha qatysushylar tau baurayynan oryn tepken Shah-iy-zinda mavzoleyler kesheninde bolghan edik. Sonda ekskursiya jýrgizushiden bir qyzyq derek bilgenbiz. Ol ortaghasyrlyq sәulet eskertkishteri shoghyryn tanystyryp kele jatyp, biyikke salynghan Múhammed payghambardyng aghayyny Qusam ibn Abbastyng mazaryna aparatyn myn-san tepkishekti jol boyyndaghy bir kýmbezge eshkim qoyylmaghan, ony kózi tirisinde ózine Búryndyq saldyrghan, biraq ol qazaq dalasynda, alysta qaza tapqandyqtan, denesi múnda әkelinbegen degen-di.
Búryndyq – qazaq tarihynda erekshe orny bar esim. Ol Ámu men Syr aralyghy aimaghyndaghy (Mauerennahr-Maverannahrdaghy) biyleushilermen, Mogholstan әmirshilerimen soghysty. Qazaq halqynyng etnostyq tútastyghyna qol jetkizudi kóksedi. Qazaqqa tәn aumaqty әkesi qúrghan handyq qúramyna halqymen birge jinastyrudy kózdedi. Jenisterge jetti. Gidting әngimesin tyndaghanda, Ámir Temir zamanynan Maverannahrdaghy bas qala, oqu-aghartu, ónerkәsip, ghylym men óner ortalyghy bolyp kele jatqan Samarqanda, bәlkim, belgili bir kezende Búryndyqtyng júldyzy jarqyraghan bolar dep oiladyq. Onda Búryndyq hannyng qyzy Miyhr-Súltan hanym túratyn. Kezinde ony әkesi Shaybany Múhamed súltannyng úly Temir súltangha túrmysqa bergen edi. Hanymnyng Samarqanda jәne qala manyndaghy jerlerde ýlken baylyghy bolatyn...
Búryndyq han Qazaq Ordasy basynda Jәnibek hannan keyin otyz jyldan astam uaqyt túrdy. San myng sarbazy bar quatty әskerge qolbasshylyq etti. Qazaqiyanyn, yaghny últtyq atalymymen aishyqtalghan memleketting ýshinshi hany retinde, ony nyghaytu ýshin kóp kýsh-qayrat júmsady. Onyng biylik qúrghan uaqyty úrystar men qaqtyghystargha toly boldy. Syr óniri men Jetisuda Maverannahr, Mogholstan biyleushilerimen shayqasty. Batystaghy qazaq ru-taypalaryn handyqqa qospaqqa Noghay Ordasyna bardy. Sarayshyqty biraz uaqyt qazaq elining bas qalasyna ainaldyrdy.
Qysqasy, qazaqtyng etnostyq aumaghyn biriktiru, memlekettiligin nyghaytu jolynda belsendi kýres jýrgizdi. El biylegen alghashqy jiyrma shaqty jylynda Qazaq handyghynyng aumaghy úlghayyp, quaty artuy jolyna kóp kýsh júmsaghan, tiyisinshe ózining de bedeli ósip, ataq-abyroyy, aibyny asqaqtaghan edi. Alayda biyligining odan keyingi kezeninde – 16-shy ghasyrdyng alghashqy onjyldyghynda edәuir qatelikter jiberdi. Shayban úrpaqtarynyng qazaqtargha qarsy joryqtaryna toytarys beru mәselesinde memleket mýddesine qayshy keletin enjarlyq kórsetti. Al búl kezde el ishinde Qasym súltannyng bedeli artyp kele jatqan. Júrtshylyq onyng otan qorghaudaghy qajyr-qayratyna, enbegine, erligine sýisinip, hannan artyq qúrmettedi. Sonda, ózining biyleushilik bedelin joghaltqanyna kózi jetip, Búryndyq han 1511 jyly taqty tastaghan da, Maverannahrdyng bir qiyryna ketken...
Osy jyldan qazaq memleketining basyna ataghy dýrkiregen әskerbasy Qasym súltan keldi. Áz atanyp, halyqtyng erekshe sýiispenshiligine bólengen Jәnibek hannyng balasy. Onyng han saylanuymen memlekettilikting airyqsha jarqyraghan kezeni bastaldy. Qasym han biylikte bolghan on bir jyl qazaq memleketining quaty artqan, kemeline jetip, ózge elder qúrmetpen qaraghan dәuir boldy. Handyqtyng halyq bir millionnan asty. Armiyasyndaghy sarbazdar mólsheri ýsh jýz myngha jetti.
Qasym han el basqarghan jyldary Jayyqqa deyingi aimaq, ontýstik ónir birjola handyq qúramyna endi, elimizding jalpy aumaghy shamamen qazirgi kólemge jetti. El-júrt úmytpay, әli kýnge deyin sýiispenshilikpen eske alatyn «Qasym hannyng qasqa joly» atty әigili qúqyqtyq qújat jasaldy. Osynau zandyq jinaqtyng arqasynda memlekettikti nyghaytugha baghyttalghan sharalar jýzege asyrylyp, halyqtyng tynys-tirshiliginde túraqtylyq ornady. Ony týrli әleumettik top qoldap, quattaghandyqtan da, ishki jaghday jaqsardy. Mal sharuashylyghymen, qolónermen, eginshilikpen shúghyldanatyn aimaqtar arasynda ónim almasu, sauda-sattyq jasau keng óris aldy. Jayyq boyyndaghy Sarayshyq qalasy qazaq elining astanasyna ainaldy.
Qazaqiya halyqaralyq dengeyde tanyla bastady. Mәskeu (Moskoviya) patshalyghymen diplomatiyalyq qarym-qatynas ornatyldy. Alys memleketterden elshiler kelip-kelip jatty. Kýni keshe soghysyp jýrgen dýrdaraz kórshiler Qazaq handyghynyng kýsh-quatyn moyyndap, endi onymen tatu bolu jolyn ústandy...
III. HANDYQTYNG ÁLSIREUI JÁNE
QAYTA JANGhYRUGhA BET ALUY
15-shi ghasyrdyng songhy jiyrma jyldyghynan 16-shy ghasyrdyng alghashqy jiyrma jyldyghy boyy Qazaq handyghynyng irgesi edәuir úlghaydy. Nyghaydy. Búl ýderiske Búryndyq hannan keyin, 1511–1521 jyldary biylikte bolghan Qasym han zor ýles qosty. Ol óz kezinde qazaq jer-suy men halqyn jinastyryp, biriktiru sharalaryn jedel jýzege asyrdy. Alayda handyqtyng órkendeuinde túraqty ilgerileudi qamtamasyz etetin ýderiske qol jetkizu mýmkin bolmady...
Qasym hannyng biyligi túsynda Qazaq handyghynyng sayasy jәne ekonomikalyq jaghdayy jaqsara týskenin, túraqtylyq ornaghanyn, halyqaralyq arenada tanyla bastaghanyn ótken tarauda aittyq. Qazaq halqynyng qazirgi zamanda meken etip jýrgen aumaghy negizinen, shyntuaytynda, sol jyldary qalyptasty. Sol jyldary Mәskeu memleketimen, Qazan, Orta Aziya, Sibir handyqtarymen sauda jәne elshilik baylanys jasaldy. Batys Europa da qazaq memleketin Qasym han túsynda tanyp bildi.
Degenmen handyqtaghy biylik qúrylymy tek Qasym hannyng bedeli arqasynda ghana tútastyq kórsetip, abyroyy asqaqtap túrghan edi.
Al onyng bedeli Búryndyq han túsynda kóterile bastaghan-tyn. Qasym súltan óz iyeligindegi Arqa jerine Shayban túqymdarynyng birneshe ret jasaghan shapqynshylyghyna han әskerining qoldauynsyz-aq toytarys bergen. Eleuli qarsylyq kórsetip qana qoymay, dúshpandy tas-talqan etip jengen. Osynau jenimpaz jasaqtyng sardary retinde, tiyisinshe, el ishindegi ataq-abyroyy ósken bolatyn. Qasym súltannyng jenilisti bilmeytin qalyng qosyndary ol han saylanghannan keyin de aibyndylyghyn arttyra týsip, eldegi tynyshtyqty, kórshi handyqtarmen beybit qatar ómir sýrudi qamtamasyz etip túrghan. Hannyng osynday aibarynyng arqasynda el ishinde sharuashylyq jәne әleumettik-túrmystyq ózara baylanystardy jaqsartu, әdet-ghúryp zandaryn qoldanudy retke keltiru mәselelerin kózdep jasalghan kýlli reforma kidirissiz jýzege asyp jatty.
Múhammed Haydar Dulaty әigili «Rashid tarihynda» Joshy hannan keyin onyng dәrejesine parapar ýlken biylikke Qasym han ghana jetti, odan basqa eshkim de qol jetkize almady dep atap kórsetken. Qasym han óte qúdiretti biyleushi boldy.
Qysqasy, Qasym handy asa iri memleket qayratkeri, sayasy túlgha, qaharly әmirshi retinde moyyndaushylyq – handyqta úiymdastyrylghan manyzdy sharalardyng mýltiksiz oryndaluyn qamtamasyz etti. Yaghny biyik pәrmenning el ishinde oidaghyday jýzege asyryluyna memlekettik jýienin, әkimshilik baghynys qúrylymynyng qatang ortalyqtandyryluynan góri, joghary dәrejeli әmirshining qahary, aibary sheshushi ról atqardy.
Alayda memleketting myqtylyghyn túraqtandyryp, memlekettik tәrtipting búljymastyghyn qamtamasyz etu ýshin onyng basshysy qúrghan әkimshilik jýie de ómirsheng bolugha kerek. Eldi basqaru qúrylymy biylikting týrli dengeylerinde jogharyly-tómendi ózara tәueldilikti, baghynyshtylyqty qamsyzdandyrugha tiyis. Biraq naqty jaghday olay bolmay shyqty. Qasym han 1521 jyly Sarayshyqta mәngilikke tynshyghannan keyin memlekette biylikke talasushylar boy kórsetip, búl oraydaghy kemistikti tez ashyp berdi.
Taqqa múragerlik jolmen Qasym hannyng ýlken úly Mamash súltan otyrghan, biraq handyqtaghy ózge súltandargha onyng aidyndylyghy kem kórindi. Edәuir jasqa kelip qalghan Mamash hannyng ainalasyna birden әkesindey әser ete almauy týsinikti jәit, alayda taghdyr oghan ózining biyleushilik qabiletin tolyq ashuyna uaqyt jaghynan mýmkindik bermedi. Ol han taghynda bir-eki jylday ghana bolyp, әldebir shayqas kezinde qaza tapty.
Sodan keyin Joshy túqymdary arasynda qazaq elindegi bas biyleushining ornyna talasu әreketteri ýdey týsti. Han boludan dәmesi bar súltandar ózara qyrqysty. Tipti bolmaghan song olar óz ólkelerinde jeke-dara biylikke úmtylyp, handyqty birneshe úsaq úlysqa bólshektep jiberdi. Ne kerek, Kerey men Jәnibek qúrghan, Qasym túsynda kemeline jetken handyq ainalasy birneshe jyldyng ishinde birin biri moyyndamaytyn aimaqtyq handyqtargha bólindi. Syrt júrt ta Qasym han kezindegi Qazaq eline qúrmetpen qaraushylyghyn jiyp qoyyp, qazaq biyleushilerine qarsy joryqtargha shyqty, sol jolda ózara odaq qúra bastady.
Osynday alasapyran kezende Qasym hannyng kishi úly, Sozaq qalasynyng әmirshisi Haq-Nazar (Haqnazar, Aqnazar) súltan batyl týrde eldi biriktiru sharalaryn jasaugha kiristi...
Mamash han úrys ýstinde opat bolghan son, súltandar arasynda el tizginin qolgha alu ýshin taghy biraz talas-tartys ótken de, aqyry, 1523 jyly taqqa Qasym hannyng nemere inisi Tahir (Tayyr) otyrghan. Ol 1532 jylgha deyin biylikte boldy, biraq, memleket basqaru isinde shyn mәninde qayratkerlik qabilet kórsete almaghan siyaqty. Ataqty qazaq tarihshysy Qadyrghaly Jalayyr ózining әigili «Jylnamalar jinaghynda» («Jәmy at-tauariyh») ol jayynda: «biraz uaqyt handyq qúrghanmen, patshalyqtyng syryn bilmedi» dep jazghan. Zertteushiler Tayyr hannyng boyynda erekshe bir mәmilegerlik, sonday-aq aita qalarlyqtay әskerbasylyq qasiyetting bolmaghanyn aitady.
Shynynda da ol eleuli qolbasy qabiletin tanytpady, eng bastysy, bas han retinde, eldegi biyleushilermen eki arada ózara týsinistikke qol jetkize almady. Jetisu biyleushisi Búidash, Syghanaq әmirshisi Ahmet sekildi yqpaldy súltandar ony eleng qylmady. Olargha ózin moyyndatugha múnyng shamasy jetpedi. Sonday ahualdyng saldarynan shyghar, Tahir hannyng biylikte bolghan kezinde qazaq memleketining syrtqy qatynastary da kýrt nasharlady. Qasym han túsyndaghy noghaylarmen arada ornaghan tatulyq әskery qaqtyghysqa úlasty. Tashkent biyleushisi Keldi-Múhammedpen týsinise almaghandyqtan, ózbektermen de shayqasugha tura keldi. Týrkistan manynda jeniliske úshyrady. Onyng biylikte bolghan kezinde Mogholstan handarymen aradaghy jarasymdy qatynas ta búzyldy.
Ne kerek, osy kezende Qazaq handyghy ontýstiktegi jәne soltýstik-batystaghy jerining birer bóliginen airyldy.
Degenmen Tayyr han Jetisudy jәne Ystyqkól aimaghyn saqtap qalugha kóp kýsh júmsady. Qyrghyzdarmen odaqtasyp, eldi mogholdar men qalmaqtardyng shapqynshylyghynan qorghady. Shamamen 1532 jyly qaza tapty.
Odan keyin qazaq eline Toghym súltan han saylandy. Biraq Jetisu әmirshisi Búidash pen Syghanaq әmirshisi Ahmet súltandar onyng da biyligine moyynsúnbay, óz aimaqtarynda ózderin han saylatyp aldy. Tiyisinshe, Toghym hannyng túsynda da ózara qyrqysular toqtalghan joq. Osy tústa qazaq memleketining bolashaq qútqarushysy Qasymúly Aqnazar súltan kórine bastaghan. Ol Sozaq әmirshisi bolatyn. Biraq, handyqty bólshektegen Jetisu әmirshisi Búidash pen Syghanaq әmirshisi Ahmet sekildenbey, birden Toghym hannyng biyligin moyyndap, oghan qoldau kórsetti.
Búl kezde is jýzinde birneshe handyqqa bólinip ketkendikten, qazaq jerinde syrtqy jaugha birlesip qarsy túru qiyndap ketken. Birigip qimyl ýilestiruding ornyna, handar óz betterinshe әreket etken. Toghym han men Búidash han Jetisu men Syrdariya ónirin moghol jәne ózbek handarynyng shapqynshylyghynan saqtap qalu ýshin kýresti. Ahmet han qazaq elining ortalyq jәne batys ónirin qorghamaqqa Noghay Ordasyna joryqqa attandy. Sol joryqta tútqyngha týsip, 1435 jyly manghyt Oraq batyrdyng qolynan qaza tapty. Ónirding biraz bóligi noghaylardyng biyligine ótip ketti. Mogholdardyng ózbektermen birikken әskerine qarsy shayqasta, shamamen 1537 jyly, Toghym han qaza tapty. Búidash han Ystyqkól manynda úrys jýrgizip jatty.
Osynday ahual kezinde Aqnazar súltan әueli ontýstiktegi Ahmet han biylegen aumaqty, sosyn Búidash han biylegen Batys Jetisudy Qazaq handyghyna qayta qosty. Óstip, bólshektenu saldarynan әlsiregen memleketti qalpyna keltiru isin qolgha aldy. Nyghay jolyna týsire bastady.
Sóitip, iygilikti isimen kózge týsken Haq-Nazar, eldegi bayyrghy han saylau saltyna say, 1538 jyly aq kiyizge otyrghyzylady. Molda tiyisti diny joralghy jasaydy. Sodan song biyler han otyrghan aq kiyizdi jan-jaghynan ústap joghary kóteredi. Tanystyru rәsimining talabyna sәikes, jinalghan júrtshylyqtyng aldynan alyp ótedi. Eldegi berekesizdikten qajyghan halyq jana hangha ýlken ýmit arta qaraydy...
Ishki jәne syrtqy sayasatta Haqnazar han әkesi Qasym hannyng jolyn jalghastyrudy múrat tútty. Ol han taghynda otyrghanda Qazaq handyghy birlikke, tútastyqqa iyek artqanmen, óz territoriyasynyng jartysyna juyghynan airylghan kýide edi. Elding batysy – noghaylardyn, shyghysy – oirattardyn, soltýstigi – Sibir handyghynyn, Mogholstan men Tashkent – Búhara handyghynyng qol astyna týsken bolatyn. Qasym han túsynda handyq shekarasy Úlytau men Balqashtan asqan, Jayyq pen Syrdariyagha ketken, jobalap aitqanda býgingi Qazaqstan territoriyasynyng shamasynday edi.
Memleketting aumaghyn әkesi qalyptastyrghan kólemge jetkizudi Aqnazar han el tizginin qolgha alysymen armandady. Qazaq rularynyng ata qonystaryn óz qalyptarynda, bóten júrtqa tiygizbey saqtaugha, handyqtyng kórshi elder aldyndaghy yqpalyn qalpyna keltiruge kýsh saldy. Eldi Qasym han kezinde 1511 jyly qabyldanghan «Qasqa jol» zandar jiyntyghyn («Qasymnyng qasqa joly») basshylyqqa alu arqyly basqardy. Memleketting bayyrghy aumaghyn qalpyna keltiruge tyrysty. Alayda búl oryndaluy qiyn sharua bolyp shyqty. Áytse de Haqnazar han mýmkindiginshe qazaq mýddesi ýshin kýresti. Onyng túsynda Qazaq handyghy qayta birigip, damy týsti.
Ol memlekettik biylikti nyghaytugha jәne kýsheytuge qajyrly qayrat júmsady. Ózinen búryn bytyranqy jaghdaygha týsken Qazaq handyghyn qayta biriktirdi. Qazaq-qyrghyz odaghyn odan әri nyghaytty, sol zamannyng tarihy derekterinde ony «qazaqtar men qyrghyzdardyng patshasy» dep ataghan. Haqnazar osy qazaq-qyrghyz odaghyna sýiene otyryp, Mogholstan handarynyng Jetisu men Ystyqkól alabyn jaulap alu әreketine toytarys berdi.
Haqnazar handyq qúrghan kezde Qazaq handyghynyng syrtqy jaghdayynda asa iri tarihy oqighalar bolyp jatty.
Memleketting soltýstiginde Mәskeu knyazidigining shekarasy qazaq dalasyna qaray edәuir taqaldy. 1552 jyly Qazan, 1558 jyly Astrahan handyqtaryn basyp alghan Mәskeu patshalyghy Edil ózenining barlyq angharyn, búrynghy Altyn Orda qaghanatynyng bas qalalary ornalasqan aumaqty iyelengen. (Sonau bir basqa kýn tughan shaqtarda qonys audara beruge mәjbýr bolghan, taghy da jer-suynan airylghan júrttyn: «...Búrynghy ótken atamyz Kóshemin dep óldi me, Qyrymdy tastap Edilge Aqyly joqtan keldi me... Edil menen Jayyqqa Eshbir jerding teni joq!.. Meken etken qonysyn – Edil menen Jayyqty Qatyn-bala saghynar», – degen ókinishti jyr joldary bizding zamanymyzgha jetti). Mәskeu jihangerleri Bashqúrt jәne Sibir handyqtaryn knyazidik qúramyna engizdi. Edil men Jayyq arasyndaghy ónirdi mekendegen Noghay Ordasyn ydyratyp, halyqty qyrghyngha úshyratty. Aman qalghan noghaylardyng deni Kavkazgha, odan týrik eline ketti.
Úlystyng edәuir halqyn (búlardyng deni qazaq ru-taypalary bolatyn, el ishinde noghay men qazaqtyng airyluynan kórinis beretin týrli jyr, kýy saqtalghan) Haqnazar han memleketine qaratyp aldy. Soghan oray Haqnazar «qazaqtar men noghaylardyng hany» dep ataldy. Sóitip, noghaylarmen aralas-qúralas túryp kelgen qazaq taypalary 1560-shy jyldary etnostyq territoriyasymen birge Qazaq handyghyna birikti.
Búryndyq pen Qasym handar biylegen zamandardan basqa uaqyttarda Noghay Ordasynyng astanasy bolyp kelgen Sarayshyq qalasy Qazaq handyghy qúzyryna ótti.
18-shi ghasyrda Orynbor ólkesinde qyzmet istegen tarihshy Petr Rychkov Haqnazar han tek noghaylardy ghana emes, bashqúrttardy, Qazan, Sibir jәne Astrahan handyqtaryn, Búharany, Hiuany, Tashkentti jәne basqa kóptegen qalalardy óz biyligine qaratyp, olardan alym-salyq jinatyp túrdy dep jazdy.
Qazirgi zertteushiler Haqnazardyng túsynda qazaq memleketi tap onday dәrejege jetpegenin, alayda aumaghynyng keneyip, quatynyng arta týskenin, handyqtyng edәuir nyghayghany dausyz ras ekenin aitady.
IV. ÝZDIKSIZ KÝRES ÝSTINDE NYGhAi
Haqnazar han taqta qyryq eki jyl otyrdy. Ol shyn mәninde qazaq memleketining qútqarushysy boldy. Bólshektengen handyqtyng qaytadan tútastanuyna qol jetkizdi. El aumaghyn әkesi Qasym han patshalyq qúrghan zamandaghy qalpyna keltirumen shúghyldandy. Búl josparyn birshama orynday aldy da.
Jogharyda aitylghanday, Aqnazar han noghaylar men bashqúrttardyng birer bóligin ózine qaratty. Sosynghy bir atap aitatyn jәit, onyng dәuirinde qyrghyz-qazaq odaghy saqtalyp túrdy. Ol biyligining edәuir uaqytyn Syrdariya qalalary ýshin kýreske arnady. (Syrdyng orta aghysyndaghy qalalargha biylik etu ózbek pen qazaq qatynastaryndaghy ózekti mәselege ainalghan bolatyn). Shayban әuletinen shyqqan Búhara hany Abdollamen dostyq shart jasasu arqyly kórshi elmen biraz uaqyt tatu túryp, beybitshilik ornatty. Sonyng nәtiyjesinde handyqtyng ishki jaghdayy jaqsardy. Sharuashylyq damydy, kórshi eldermen sauda-sattyq odan әri óristedi. Sosyn, handyq qúrghan uaqytynyng songhy kezeninde, Týrkistan men Saurandy memleket qúramyna alugha kýsh saldy. Sol shaqta Tashkent aimaghyn biyleushi Baba súltan Abdolla hangha baghynbay, qúzyrynan shyghyp ketu ýshin soghysyp jýretin. Haqnazar Búhara әmirshisin qoldady da, kýres barysyndaghy shayqasta qaza tapty. (Endi bir derekte ony Baba súltannyng astyrtyn agenti u berip óltirdi delinedi). Búl shamamen 1580 jyly oryn aldy.
Sodan keyin, biyler men tóreler mәslihatynyng sheshimimen, qazaq elining taghy Aqnazardyng nemere tuysyna – Qasym hannyng inisi Shyghay súltangha beriledi. Ol Jәnibek hannyng kenje úly Jәdikting balasy bolatyn. Jәdik súltan kezinde bauyry Qasym hannyng Qazaq memleketin týrli (әskeri, sayasi, diplomatiyalyq) joldarmen nyghaytuyna, halqyn ósirip, aumaghyn keneytuine atsalysqan. Onyng balasy Shyghay da jas kezinde nebir shayqastarda erligimen kózge týsken belgili túlgha edi.
Endi, eldegi bas biylikke jasy úlghayyp shau tartqan shaghynda kelgendikten, Shyghay han óz balasy Tәuekeldi údayy qasynda ústaydy. Árdayym erjýrektigimen, aqylymen erekshelengen alghyr Tәuekel súltan el basqaruda әkesining oiynan shyghady. Ákesi Búhara biyleushisi Abdolla hanmen odaqtasyp, Tashkent әmirshisi Baba súltangha qarsy joryq jasaugha bel bughanda, kidirissiz birge attanady. Jenedi. Baba súltannyng basyn alyp, Abdollagha tartady.
Búhara handyghynyng әmirshisi Abdolla han rizashylyghynyng belgisi retinde, oghan Samarqan manyndaghy bir uәlayatyn syilaydy. Alayda búl aldausyratu amaly edi. Syr boyyndaghy qalalardy Qazaq memleketining iyeligine qaytarugha onyng yqylasy joq-tyn. Al 1582 jyly Shyghay han Búhara týbinde dýniyeden ótip, handyqty resmy basqarugha Tәuekel kiriskende, onyng Maverennahrdaghy óz biyligine týbi qater tóndirui yqtimaldyghyn oilaydy da, odaqtas retindegi uaghdalaryn úmyt qaldyrady. Sóitip endi qazaq biyleushisi Tәuekel hannan mýldem qútylu amaldaryn qarastyra bastaydy. Abdolla hannyng kónil-kýiindegi ózgeristi sezgen Tәuekel han onymen qarym-qatynasyn ýzip, 1583 jyly memleketining qypshaq dalasy jaghyna auysady.
Múnda birer súltan birtútas eldi bólshektep, bólektenuge beyim jýrgen. Solardyng aldynda Tәuekel hangha ózining handyq mәrtebesin qaru kýshimen dәleldep, bekituge tura keledi. Úzamay, 1586 jyly, júrt ony býkil qazaq elining hany retinde tanidy.
Sol shaqta memleketting halyqaralyq jaghdayy nasharlay bastaghan bolatyn. Sondyqtan ol izinshe Qazaq handyghynyng quatyn arttyru mәselesine kirisedi. Ontýstiktegi qalalardy handyq qúramyna qaytarudy syrtqy sayasatynyng basty maqsaty etedi. Oirattardyng bir bóligin ózine baghyndyrady. Qatty shayqastar jýrgizip, 1588 jyly Tashkentti alady. Alayda qalagha Abdolla hannyng Samarqanda túrghan kýshti әskeri keledi de, Tashkentti tastap, qyrgha sheginuge mәjbýr bolady.
Aragha on jyl salyp, qazaq әskeri Tashkentke qayta keledi. Garnizondy jenip, shahardy alady. Sosyn Búhara memleketining biyleushisi Abdolla hannyng әskerin Samarqan týbinde tas-talqan etedi. Osydan song Tashkent, Samarqan, Týrkistan jәne basqa da ontýstiktegi qalalardyng bәri Tәuekel han memleketining qolastyna qaraydy.
Tәuekel hannyng túsynda Qazaq handyghynyng quaty artyp, qúlpyra týsti. Onyng syrtqy sayasatyndaghy eleuli isterining biri Mәskeu patshalyghymen 1594–1595 jyldarda elshi almasuy boldy.
Qazaq elshisi Qúlmúhammed Mәskeude otyrghan Fedor patshagha ózin «qazaqtar men qalmaqtardyng patshasy» dep ataghan Tәuekel hannan hat ala baryp, eki týrli mәsele kóterdi. Biri – orys patshalyghynan Qazaq handyghynyn syrtqy jaularmen kýresine qajet әskeriy-materialdyq jәrdem alugha tyrysu, ekinshisi – Shayban túqymy Kóshim hannyng iyeligindegi Sibir memleketi aumaghynda 1587 jyly orys tútqynyna týsken (Shyghay hannyng Tәuekelden keyingi balasy Ondan súltannyng sol kezdegi on bes jasar úly) Oraz-Múhammed súltandy bosatyp alu edi.
Alayda búl kezde Tәuekel hannyng inisi Oraz-Múhammed Mәskeuge qyzmet etuge moyynsúnyp, orys-shved soghysyna qatysyp jýrgen. Al qazaq pen orys biyleushilerining odaqtas bolugha tyrysuy bir-bir mәrte ózara elshilik jiberip aludan aspaydy. Degenmen, Rurikovichter әuletining songhy túqymy, Qaharly Ioannyn ýshinshi úly, sayasy erik-jigeri mardymsyz, әljuaz, biraq diuanalyq minezine say danghoylau Fedor Ioannovich ózin qazaqtyng da patshasymyn dep sanaghan...
Al Tәuekel han qazaq memlekettigin jandandyra týsumen shúghyldandy. Onyng qyzmeti Syrdyng orta aghysyndaghy qalalargha birjola ornyghugha, qyrghyzdarmen odaqtasa otyryp, Jetisu men Ystyqkól ónirin mogholdar men shaybandyqtardyng birikken shabuylynan qorghaugha, sonday-aq barsha Maverannahr ónirin óz yqpalyna týsiruge baghyttaldy.
1598 jyly ol Samarqan týbinde Abdolla hannyng әskerin jenedi de, Samarqangha inisi Esim súltandy әmirshi etip qoyady. Birtindep kýlli Ámu men Syr arasyn (Mauerennahrdy) Qazaq memleketi qúramyna qosudy oilaydy. Sol josparynyng sheshushi sharasy retinde, seksen myng sarbaz jiylghan qalyng qolymen Búharany qorshaydy. Alayda qalagha jasaghan shabuyldarynyng birinde qatty jaraqat alady. Tashkentte qaytys bolady.
Taqqa onyng inisi, Samarqan qalasynyng biyleushisi Esim súltan otyrady. Esim han sayasy iykemdilik tanytyp, qarsylasymen bitim jasaydy. Búhara qúzyryna Samarqandy qaytarady (әitkenmen onda kóp jyldar boyy әigili qazaq Jalantós bahadýr әmir bolyp túrady), al Tashkent, Ándijan, Sayram, Týrkistan qalalaryn Qazaq handyghy qúramyna engizedi.
Esim han taqta otyz jyl (1598–1628 jj.) otyryp, handyqty bir ortalyqqa baghyndyrylghan kýshti memleket etip qalyptastyrdy. Onyng qolbasshylyq daryny, batyrlyghy, el tәuelsizdigi men birligin saqtau jolynda syrtqy, ishki jaularmen ymyrasyz kýres jýrgizui halyq jadynan úmytylmas kórinis tapqan. Ony júrt «Ensegey boyly er Esim» dep ataydy. Ol el basqaruda Qasym hannyng «Qasqa jolyn» jetildirip, jana zannama jasaydy. Onysy tarihta «Esim hannyng eski joly» degen atpen belgili. Ol, sonday-aq, Qazaq handyghynyng ortalyghyn Syghanaq qalasynan Týrkistangha auystyrdy. Sóitip, Týrkistan shaharyn ghasyrlargha ketken qazaq astanasyna ainaldyrdy.
Esim hannyng taqqa otyruy orys elinde Rurikovichterding orys taghyndaghy songhy túqymy Fedor patshanyng dýnie salghan jylyna sәikes keldi. Sol 1598 jyldan orys patshalyghynda Romanovtar әuleti bastau alatyn 1613 jylgha deyin sozylghan alasapyran kezeng oryn aldy. Búl shaqta Qadyrghaly Jalayyr (ol shәkirti Oraz-Múhammedpen birge Sibirde tútqyndalyp, 1587 jyly Mәskeuge әkelingen edi) Qaharly Ivannyn balasy Fedor patshanyn túsynda-aq eldi is jýzinde basqaryp túrghan Boris Godunovqa arnap, qazaq tarihynan mol maghlúmat beretin ataqty «Jәmy at-tauariyh» (1600 j.) atty tuyndysyn jazdy (Boris patsha ekeui bir jylda – 1605 jyly dýnie saldy).
Boris Godunov sol 1600 jyly Esim hannyng nemere inisi Oraz-Múhammedti Qasym handyghynyng basyna qoyghan. Ol han taghynda on jyl otyryp, orys memleketindegi alasapyran shaqtyng belsendi qayratkeri boldy. Alayda ishki dýrbelender olardyng da, jalpy orys patshalyghynyng da qazaq elimen qarym-qatynas jasauyna mýmkindik bergen joq.
Búl kezende Qazaq handyghynyng ontýstiktegi kórshi eldermen qarym-qatynastarynda da qily ózgerister bolyp jatqan. Shayban әuleti 1487–1598 jyldar boyy biylep kelgen Mәuerennahrda biylik auysty. Abdolla han qaza tapqannan keyin Búhar handyghynyng taghyna onyng alys atasy Joshy hannyng bir úly Toqay-Temirden taraghan úrpaqtarynyng Astrahanda (Qajy-Tarhan, Ashtarhan) handyq qúrghan tarmaghy keldi.
Ashtarhandyqtar Shayban әuleti basqaryp túrghan ólkege Altyn-Orda ydyrasymen jyldam kýsheyip kele jatqan orys patshalyghynyng jasaqtary 1556 jyly Astrahandy basyp alghannan song auysqan. Múnda Jәniy-Múhammed (Jәnibek) súltan Búhara biyleushisining (Abdollanyng әkesi Eskendir hannyn) qyzyna ýilendi. Sóitip, Joshy úldary Shayban men Toqay-Temir әuletterining arasyndaghy tuysqandyq baylanys janghyrdy. Abdolla han qaza tapqannan keyin, 1599 jyly Jәny súltan Búharadaghy biylikti basyp aldy. (Sodan Ashtarhandyqtar, dәlirek aitqanda – Jәny әuleti, biylikte 18-shi ghasyrdyng ortasyna qaray taqty manghyttar әuleti alghangha deyin boldy).
Búl kezende Búhar handyghynda Qazaq handyghyna Abdolla han kezindegidey qauip tóndirerlik qauqar joq edi.
V. EL TÚTASTYGhYNA QOL JETKIZU JÁNE ONY BASQARUDY JETILDIRU
Tashkent 16-shy ghasyrdyng basynan Shayban әuleti úrpaqtarynyng qolynda bolatyn. Ghasyr sonyna qaray (1598 j.) ony Tәuekel han, odan keyin birneshe dýrkin Esim han biylegen. Ara-arasynda bir-bir jyldan ashtarhandyq Jәny Múhammed pen qaraqalpaq jetekshisi Abdalghafar, 1612 jyly Eskendir súltan (Búhara taghyndaghy Imamqúly hannyng úly) basqarghan. Osy kezde, jenisti shayqastar jýrgizu arqyly, sayasy arenagha Túrsyn Múhammed súltan shyghady.
Túrsyn Múhammed 1576−1582 jyldarghy Tashkent әmirshisi Baba súltannyng qolynan Haqnazar hanmen birge qaza tapqan Jalym súltannyng úly edi. Búhara handyghynyng әmirshisi Imamqúly han osy qazaq súltany Túrsyndy 1613 jyly Tashkentting biyleushisi retinde tanydy. Búghan ony qazaq qoldarymen bolghan shayqastar nәtiyjesi mәjbýr etken bolatyn. Al Túrsyn han (býkil qazaq elining emes, Tashkent aimaghynyng hany, kishi han) Tashkentting Búhar handyghyna (Mәuerennahr hanyna) baghynbaytyn derbes, tәuelsiz handyq ekenin kórsetu ýshin, óz tengesin shyghardy. Ol kýlliqazaq hany (bas han, qahan) Esimge tәueldi bolatyn. Oghan adaldyghyn aighaqtap, eki ret ant ishken, biraq ekeuin de ózi búzghan edi. Alayda tútas halyqtyng ishinde óz kinәsinen ózara qantógis boldyrmau maqsatynda, Esim han ony ózimen teng qúqyqty sanap, ekeuara kelisimge kelgen, sóitip oghan birshama erkindik bergen bolatyn. Túrsyn han әuelde eki su arasyn (Mәuerennahrdy) biylegen ashtarhandyqtarmen (jәniyliktermen) tatu bolatyn, keyin qarsylyq kórsetti. Ýlken jasaqty bastap baryp, Imamkúly hannyng әskerimen Shahruh bekinisi manynda shayqasty. Jeniske jetti. Osy jәit onyng tәbetin oyata týsti...
Búl kezde shyghysta jongharlar qazaq jerine qauip tóndire bastaghan edi. Sol sebepti Esim han qyrghyz elin basqaryp otyrghan Qoqym biymen tatu qatynas jasay otyryp, eki el odaghyn nyghayta týsken. Mogholstanmen de dostyq qarym-qatynasta bolghan. Sóitip kýsh biriktirip, Qazaq handyghyna shapqynshylyq jasaghan oirattargha oisyrata soqqy berdi. Alayda elde tynyshtyq ornay qoymady. Esim hannyng joryqta jýrgen shaghyn tútas qazaq elining hany boludan dәmeli Túrsyn han paydalanyp qalghysy keldi. Qalyng әskerimen Tashkentten shyqty da, qazaq astanasy Týrkistan qalasyna shabuyl jasady. Qazaq elining bas hany Esim hannyng ordasyn shapty. Qalany talan-tarajgha týsirip, tonady. Esim hannyng otbasyn tútqyngha aldy. Osylay ol – Tashkent handyghynyng biyleushisi Túrsyn han – Qazaq elining ishki birligine, tútastyghyna qauip tóndirdi. Sonda Esim han qazaq әskerlerinen ýlken kýsh jiyp, oghan qarsy joryqqa shyqty. Sheshushi úrystar jýrgizdi. 1627 jyly әueli Sayramda, odan Tashkent manynda bolghan qandy shayqastarda Túrsyn hannyng әskerin tas-talqan etip jendi. Tashkentti aldy. Túrsyn han men onyng jaqyndaryn óltirdi. Tashkent handyghyn joydy. Qala men aimaq halqyn qazaq memleketining qúzyryna qaratty.
Óstip ózara soghys dogharyldy, Qazaq elining barsha aimaqtary bir ortalyqqa baghyndyrylyp, memlekettik túrghyda tútastanuyna qol jetkizildi. Túrsyn han býlinshiligi «Qataghan qyrghyny» degen atpen tarihta qaldy. Esim han túsynda ómir sýrgen Marqasqa jyrau jauyngerlik ruhy joghary kóptegen joryq jyrlary men tolghaular shygharghan kisi, solarynyng tek keybiri ghana bizding zamanymyzgha jetkeni belgili. Jyraudyng «Ensegey boyly er Esim» jyrynda mynanday joldar bar: «Ey, Qataghan han Túrsyn! Kim aramdy ant úrsyn. Jazyqsyz eldi jylatyp, Jer tәnirisin, jatyrsyn, Han emessing qasqyrsyn, Qara albasty basqyrsyn! Altyn taqta jatsang da Qazang jetti qapylsyn! Ensegey boyly er Esim, Esigine kelip túr, Shashqaly túr qanyndy, Keshikpey sodan qatarsyn!» Múnda halyqtyng kýlli el iyesi bop otyrghan Esim hangha senimi jәne aimaqtyq biyleushi Túrsyn hangha nazasy beynelengen. Túrsyn hannyng tútas eldi bólshektep, derbestengeni, býlik jasap jogharghy biylikke úmtylghany, handyghyndaghy tek ózi sýienetin qataghan ruyn býlinshilikke kóterip, tynysh júrtqa qarsy qoi jolymen qantógis tudyrghany osynau qaharly jyr joldaryn ómirge әkelgen bolatyn.
Esim han auyr ishki sayasy kýresti bastan keshe otyryp, memleketting kýshengine baghyttalghan týbegeyli ózgerister, jaqsartular jýrgizdi. Onyng otyz jyl el basqarghanda jýzege asyrghan reformasynyng mәn-maghynasy memleket biyligine halyq ókilderin kenirek tartuda jatqan edi. Búryn el ishin biyleudi jabyq túrpattaghy elita – tóreler jýzege asyryp kelgen bolsa, endi halyqty basqaru isterinde birinshi kezekke el ishindegi biyler men ru-taypalardyng basshylary, aqsaqaldar, bas adamdar – yaghni, elitanyng ashyq túrpaty shygharyldy. Ol memleketting әskery quatyn arttyrugha erekshe kónil qoyghan bolatyn. Búl orayda súltandar men batyrlargha airyqsha әskeriy-sayasy ókilettilikter bergen. Osynau әskery qabiletterine tiyisinshe senim artylatyn sonau Shynghys han túqymdarynyng beybit ómirdegi sayasy qúqtaryn shektedi. Esesine qauymdar (ru-taypalar, atalyqtar) men olardyng jetekshilerine – rubasylaryna, auyldardyng bas adamdaryna, aqsaqaldaryna keneytilgen qúqtar berdi. Yaghni, Esim hannyng tikeley basshylyghymen el ishinde ózindik bir revolusiya – biyler tónkerisi jasaldy. Búl orasan zor janalyq «Esim hannyng eski joly» atty jana zannamalyq qújatty qabyldau arqyly jýzege asty.
Osynau zandar jinaghyn «Esim han salghan eski jol» dep te ataydy. Óitkeni, Esim han kóshpendi ru-taypalardyng ómir saltynda ghasyrlar boyy qalyptasqan basqaru jýiesin – eski joldy – janasha janghyrtqan edi. Ol Qasym hannyng zandaryn tolyqtyru sipatynda qabyldandy. Jәne birden júrtshylyqtyng rizashylyghyna ie boldy. Óitkeni halyqtyng basym bóligi kóshpendi mal sharuashylyghymen ainalysatyn, sondyqtan olargha ómirde sharighat zandarynan góri әdet-ghúryp tәrtipteri men qisyndaryn qoldanu әdil de qolayly kórinetin. Búl qúqyqtyq akt hannyn, biyler men batyrlardyng ókilettilikterin naqtylady. Olardyng ózara qatynastaryn, atqaratyn mindetteri men paydalanatyn qúqtaryn belgiledi. «Eski jol» arqyly Esim han aqsýiekterding biyleushilik mýmkindikterine shekteu qoyyp, el arasyndaghy biylerge, rubasy, auylbasy, aqsaqaldargha arqa sýiedi.
Memlekettegi eng jogharghy zang shygharushy ókimet retinde búrynghysynsha Mәslihat tanylyp, әdettegisindey júmysyn istey berdi. Mәslihatqa mýshe biyler jylyna bir ret kýzdi kýnderi el astanasy Týrkistanda, yaky Úlytauda, nemese Tashkent aimaghyndaghy Hanabad dóninde jinalatyn. Sayasy jýiedegi hannyng róli «Eski jol» boyynsha әlsiretiluine baylanysty, handy tandap saylau prinsiypi ózgeriske úshyrady. Resmy týrde súltandar arasynan han bolugha layyq, elge enbegi singen túlghany tandau, yaghni, býgingi tilmen aitqanda meritokratiya (súltandar ishindegi eng aqyldylar men eng iskerlerge, qabiletine, sinirgen enbegine qaray kózge týsip júrt qúrmetine bólengenderge, memleket mýddesin qorghauda batyrlyghymen tanylyp, elge enbegi singenderge biylik tútqasyn beru) prinsiypi saqtalyp qala bergen. Dey túrghanmen, is jýzinde halyq arasynda qúlaqqa sinisti bop ketken jol – han dәrejesin múragerlik jolmen iyelenu tәjiriybesi de bolashaq tәjiriybede asa dau-damaysyz qoldanyla berdi.
Esim han túsynda, sonday-aq, memleket basqarudyng búrynghy úlystyq jýiesi uaqyt talabyna jauap bermeytinin kórsetken edi. Múnday ahual qazaq jer-suynyng onda mekendeytin kýlli halqymen birge bir shanyraq astyna jinaluyna, sóitip el shekarasynyng kenenine baylanysty tughan-dy. Ekonomikany ontayly damytu maqsatymen, barlyq qazaq jeri ýsh sharuashylyq-aumaqtyq birlestikke – jýzderge bólip berildi. El ishine jýzdik úiym engizildi. Jýzderding basynda biyler men kýshti ru-taypalardyng basshylary túrdy. Olar qúraghan Biyler Kenesi elding tynys-tirshiligin basqaryp, is jýzinde han biyligin shektep otyrdy. Han ýlken sharalar qabyldar aldynda әrdayym Biyler Kenesimen aqyldasugha tiyis boldy. Onyng pikirimen sanasugha mәjbýr edi. Qysqasy, han endi óz betinshe iri sheshimder jasay almaytyn. Esim han memlekettik basqaru jýiesine osynday reforma jasady. El mýddesi ýshin solay etti.
Alayda onyng zanyna sýienip derbes biylik qúrugha beyimdelgenderdi, әr kezendegi jaumen soghysta adal ýzengiles bolghanyna qaramay, jazalaudan tartynghan joq. Búl rette әskerbasy, batyr, beybit kezende bir qauym elding biyleushisi bolghan Jiyembet jyrau sózderi tereng oigha qaldyrady: «Ensegey boyly er Esim, Esim, seni esirtken Esil de mening kenesim. Es bilgennen, Esim han, Qolyna boldym sýiesin, Qoltyghyna boldym demesin. ...Men joq bolsam, Esim han, It týrtkini kóresin, Jiyembet qayda degende Ne dep jauap beresin? Menimen hanym oinaspa, Mening erligimdi súrasang – Jolbarys pen angday, Órligimdi súrasang – Jylqydaghy asau tayynday, Zorlyghymdy súrasang – Bekire men jayynday, Beriktigimli súrasang – Qaraghay menen qayynday. ...Júmyskering men edim Satyp alghan qúlynday, Jýrushi edim aranda Ózinning ining men úlynday. ...Men ólse qúnsyz keter deme sen Keshegi ózinning úryp óltirgen Tileuberdi qúlynday! Tileuberdi qúlyng men emes, Múnyn, hanym, jón emes. Mening er ekenimdi kórgensin, Áuelden birge jýrgensin, Degenimdi qylghansyn, Qayratymdy bilgensin. ...Tal sharbaqqa mal saqtap, Tas qalagha jan saqtap, Tasqan eken myna han! ...Qayratym qansha qaytsa da, Múnyna, hanym, shydaman! Arqagha qaray kóshermin, Alashyma úran desermin, At qúiryghyn kesermin, At saurysyn berermin, Alysta dәuren sýrermin, Qaramasan, hanym, qarama, Sensiz de kýnimdi kórermin!»
Esim han qys ailarynda qazaq elining túraqty astanasy Týrkistan shaharynda túrdy, al jazda ordasyn Úlytau ónirine tikti. Memleket janghyru, órkendeu ýderisterin bastan keshe berdi. Sonymen birge qazaq eline jana qauipter tóndirgen qaharly kezender de taqalyp kele jatty...
VI. QAZAQ MEMLEKETTILIGINE QATER TÓNDIRETIN SYRTQY JAGhDAYLAR
Qazaqtyng birtalay ru-taypalary ózge de týrki taypalarymen birge 15–16-shy ghasyrlarda Sibir handyghy qúramynda bolatyn. 1563 jyly búl handyqty Shayban әuletinen shyqqan Kóshim han basqarugha kirisken. Osy shaqta handyq aumaghy Ertis, Tobyl ózenderi alabynan Oral taularyna deyingi kenistikti alyp jatty. Ol әuelde Qazan handyghymen shektesetin. Qaharly Ivannyng Qazandy basyp aluyna baylanysty, Sibir handyghy endi Mәskeu patshalyghymen shekaralas bolyp shyqty.
Mәskeu memleketinde alghashynda kishigirim túz kәsipshiligin ashqan, sosyn ony tez keneytken, odan ang terisimen, ózge de tauarlarmen sauda jasau jolymen iri dәulet jighan Stroganovtar kәsipkerlikpen shúghyldandy. Jan-jaqtan júmysshylar shaqyryp, týrli qúrylystar salu arqyly ózindik «memleket ishinde memleket» qúryp alghan osynau ataqty kәsipkerler әuletining jerin shyghys jaghynan tóngen «jabayylar» shabuylynan jaldamaly qaruly jasaqtary qorghaytyn. Olar tek iyelikti qorghaumen ghana shektelmegen edi. Qaharly Ioann patshanyng ózinen bata alyp, Stroganovtar kәsipshiligining jerin keneytu ýshin, Tas beldeuden (Oraldan) asqan da, Sibir handyghynyng batysyndaghy iyeligine súghyndy. Biraq jergilikti qazaq ru-taypalarynyng taysalmay qaqtyghysudan tartynbauyna, tipti, jiyi-jii keri shabuyldap kórsetken qarsylyghyna kezikti. Sondyqtan, Mәskeuding qoldauyna arqa sýiegen atalmysh kәsipkerler Edil boyynda qaraqshylyqpen shúghyldanyp jýrgen kazaktardan «patshalyqtyng shyghys shekarasyn keneytu ýshin» jana kýsh jinady. Olardyng atamany Ermakqa ýlken jasaq qúrghyzyp, ony ot-qarumen, soghysqa qajet barsha jaraqpen jabdyqtady. Sóitip kazaktardy «Sibir patshalyghyn baghyndyryp, Orys Derjavasyna qosu ýshin» joryq jasaugha myqtap dayyndady.
Ermak jaqsy qarulanghan 600 kazagimen Sibir әmirshisi Kóshim hannyng әskerbasylary bastaghan jasaqtaryna qarsy 1581–1585 jyldary tabysty jaulaushylyq úrystar jýrgizdi. Ertis, Obi ózenderine jetip, handyqtyng iri qalalaryn aldy. Sosyn Sibirdegi soghys barysyn, әskery jetistikterin bayan etip, kәsipker Stroganov pen Qaharly Ivan patshagha 1583 jyly jaushy jóneltti. Qaraqshy kazaktardyng orys jerin keneytken erlikterine dәn riza patsha oghan syigha qos dulygha jiberdi. Ermak dulyghanyng ekeuin de basyna qabattap kiyip jýrdi. Aqyry 1585 jylghy jazda Kóshim hannyng sarbazdary qolynan qaza tapty. (Qazaq ishinde saqtalghan «Sәtibek batyr» jyry onyng ólimi jayynan qyzyq derek beredi). Osy jyly Tәuekel hannyng inisi Oraz-Múhamed súltan Kóshim handyghyna kelgen. Ol eki jyldan keyin ústazy Qadyrghaly biymen birge orys tútqynyna týsedi. Sol 1587 jyly Tobyl men Ertisting qúiylysyna orys patshalyghynyng Sibirdi jaulap aludaghy basty ortalyghy retinde Tobolisk qalasy salyna bastaydy.
Batpaq pen tartpagha ornalasqan shap-shaghyn Mәskeu knyazidigi kýni keshe ydyraghan imperiya (Altyn Orda, Joshy úlysy, Úlygh Úlys) ornynda ózimen qatar úiysqan memlekettik qúrylymdardyng birazyn bas-ayaghy bir mýsheldey uaqyt ishinde basyp aldy da, basqynshylyq aranyn asha týsip, osylay, Joshy úlysynyng úlan-ghayyr aumaghyna qojayyn bolugha úmtyldy. (Patshalyqtyng tarihshylary múny keyin «orys jerin jinau» retinde baghalaydy. Búl bagha ómirsheng bolyp shyghady, sony jәne sol mәskeulik memlekettik qúrylymnyng otanshyldyqqa balaghan kýlli jaulaushylyq, basqynshylyq joryqtaryn eshkim teristemeydi. Quatty Mәskeu memleketi kýshtining qúqymen ornyqtyrghan birjaqty úghymdar boyynsha, onyng әrbir jana el-júrtty basqynshylyqpen jaulap aluy sol jana bodanyna jasaghan qamqorlyghy retinde nasihattalady jәne osy ústanym úrpaqtan úrpaq auysqan sayyn jeke-dara, jalghyz da dúrys shyndyq retinde sanagha bekem sinirile beredi).
Sibir handyghyna 16-shy ghasyrdyng sonyna qaray orys jasaqtarymen birge oirattardyng bir bóligi (torghauyttar) shabuyldar jasady. 1598 jyly Kóshim han elinen ketti. Handyqty patsha әskeri tolyghymen basyp aldy. Ertis boyymen kóterilgen torghauyt-qalmaqtar birtindep qazaq jerining teristigi arqyly Edilge qaray ótti. Edilding tómengi aghysynda qazaqtarmen, noghaylarmen qaqtyghystargha baryp, jana jerge qonystandy. Keyin olar orys qyzmetin qabyl alyp, patshalyqtyng jauynger jasaghyna ainalady (jasalghan kelisimsharttar boyynsha, patshalyq qalmaqty – Edilge kelgen oiratty – óz bodany dep eseptedi, al olar kelisimshartty ózderinshe týsinip, orystarmen tek uaqytsha әskery odaq qúrdyq dep sanady).
Qalmaqtardyng óz otanynan kóterile kóshuining sebebin tarih dәl aita almaydy, ynghayy, ishki kiykiljinderding ýdey týsui saldarynan boluy yqtimal. 15-shi ghasyrdyng ortasynda oirattar quaty artqan monghol elin basqarghan. Olardyng qytaylarmen sauda qatynastaryna baylanysty eki arada kiykiljinder oryn alyp túrdy da, aqyrynda oirat-qytay soghysyn tudyrdy. Sonda mongholdardyng is jýzindegi serkesi retinde moyyndalghan oirat Esen tayshy Qytaydy mýldem jaulap alugha niyettendi. Ol mongholdyng Qúbylay han zamanyndaghy Yuani imperiyasyn janghyrtudy oilaghan edi. Sodan 20-myndyq monghol-oyrat әskeri qytaydyng jarty milliondyq orasan zor armiyasyn Tumu degen jerde tas-talqanyn shygharyp jendi (qytay tarihynda ol oqigha «Tumu apaty» dep atalady). Qytay imperatory In Szundy tútqyngha aldy. Sosyn Esen tayshy әskery qimyldy toqtatyp, qonysyna oraldy. Qorghausyz qalghan Beyjiynge shabuyl jasamady. Imperatordy qolgha týsiruining ózi zor oqigha edi, sondyqtan Esen qytay jaghymen asyqpay kelissózder jýrgizdi. Mol olja aludan dәmelendi. Alayda Beyjing qorghanysyn úiymdastyrumen shúghyldanyp jýrgen jas ta jigerli qytay әskerbasy Yuy Szyani jyghylmady. Tez arada taqqa imperatordyng inisin otyrghyzdy. Sóitti de, Esen tayshynyng tútqyn imperatordy satyp al degen úsynysyn keri qaqty. «Imperatordyng ómirinen el taghdyry manyzdyraq» dep mәlimdedi.
Jospary oryndalmaghan Esen sәtsiz jýrgizilgen kelissózderden birshama uaqyt ótkennen keyin, tútqynynda otyrghan qytay elbasyn bosatyp, eline dostyq kónil-kýimen shygharyp saldy. Odan, 1454 jyly, ózin monghol hany etip saylatty. Ol әskery qolbasshy retinde Min Qytayyna auyr soqqy berip, qytay imperatorynyng ózin tútqyngha alghan, Shynghys hannan keyingi dәuirde tóre emes әuletten túnghysh ret Mongoliyanyng qahany bolghan asa kórnekti túlgha edi. Alayda býkilmonghol hany taghynda Esen tayshy bir jyl ghana otyryp, óz elindegi qarsylastary qolynan 1455 jyly qaza tapty. Ol dýniyeden kóshkennen keyin imperiyasy da ydyray bastady. Shyghystaghy mongholdar taypa-taypagha bólshektenip, oirat imperiyasynan bólinip ketti.
Qazaq handary oirat biyleushilerine qarsy kýreste osy shaqta jәne odan keyin de – 16-shy ghasyrdyng orta sheni men onyng 2-shi jartysynda –olardan edәuir basym týsip otyrghan. Óitkeni búl kezde oirattar elding óz ishindegi alauyzdyq saldarynan edәuir әlsiregen bolatyn. Qazaqtardyng kýshtiligi jәne olardyng oirattardy baghyndyrghany jayynda Mәskeu patshasy Qaharly Ioann óz elshisi arqyly bilip otyrdy. 1594 jyly onyng úly Fedor patshagha barghan Tәuekel hannyng elshisi de óz hanyn qazaqtar men qalmaqtardyng patshasy mәrtebesinde atady. Osynday jaghdaylardyng nәtiyjesinde, Esim hannyng túsynda qazaq súltandarynyng kóbi oirat taypalarynyng yqtimal kýsh-quatyn elemegen edi.
Degenmen búl jәitke Esim han mәn berip, eldi oirat taypalarynyng shapqynshylyghynan qauipsizdendiru sharalaryn oilastyrdy. Onyng sayasy kóregendiginin, alystan boljaghyshtyghynyng arqasynda qazaq jasaqtary oirattardy zalalsyzdandyratyn, qauipting aldyn alatyn soqqylar berdi. Soghysta ainymaly tabysqa jetip túrghan uaqytsha jenister óz aldyna, Esim han oirat taypalaryn biraz uaqyt ózine baghyndyrdy da. Degenmen, búl ýstemdik bayandy bolu ýshin qazaq elin qúraytyn ru-taypalardyng birligin arttyra týsu manyzdy edi. Múny Esim han aiqyn úqty. Onyng el basqarudy jetildiru maqsatynda jasaghan reformasy osynau asa qajet birlikti kózdegen bolatyn.
16-shy ghasyrdyng sonynda oirattarda tórt taypalyq birlestik bar edi. en qúraldy. Torghauyttar Tabaghataydan shyghysqa qaray sozylghan aimaqta, hoshouyttar qazirgi Ýrimshi (kóne Dihua) qalasynyng manyndaghy audanda, dýrbitter Ertisting jogharghy aghysy boyynda, chorostar Ilenin bastauynda boldy. 1528 jyly Esim han dýnie salghan shamada oirat taypalarynyng biriguge bet alghan ýderisi bastalghan. Birigu ýderisi qiyan-keski kýres ýstinde jýrdi. Esen imperiyasynan bólingen monghol aimaqtaryn manchjurlar kýshpen qosyp alghan da, 1616 jyly Sin imperiyasyn qúrghan. Osy imperiyamen keskilesken kýres barysynda oirattar kýsh biriktiru jolyn izdedi. 20-shy jyldardyng sony men 30-shy jyldardyng bas kezinde oirattardyng bir bóligi Ertisting ong jaghasyna shoghyrlana týsti. Aqyry, «Tórt Oirat odaghy» úiymdastyryldy. Ony «Tórt Oirat memleketi» dep te ataghan. Al ghylym әleminde Jonghar handyghy delinedi. (Qalmaq tilinen audarghanda, «jung ghar» – «sol qol, sol jaq qar» úghymyn beredi. Shynghys hannyng kezinde oirattar monghol әskerining sol qanatyn qúraghan, sondyqtan da osy faktini jana memleketting atauyna shygharudy hosh kórse kerek. Handyqtyng jana atauyna baylanysty, oirat pendeleri jongharlar dep atala beredi. Oghan deyin de solay aitylyp jýretin). Jana jonghar memleketining 1635 jyly saylanghan alghashqy әmirshisi Erdeniy-Batyr qontayshy birden qazaq jerine jortuylgha shyqty...
Jongharlardyng jana handyq qúrghannan keyin qazaq jerin jaulap alu maqsatymen jýrgizgen ýzdiksiz joryqtary Jәngir hannyng әskerbasy bolyp jýrgen kezenine say keldi. Jәngir – Esim hannyn kishi úly. Esim han 1628 jyldyng kýzinde dýnie salyp, Qoja Ahmet Yassauy kesenesi janyna qoyylghannan keyin taqta biraz jyl aghasy Jәnibek otyrghan, odan song el biyligi tizginin Jәngir alghan bolatyn. Ol oirattargha qarsy shayqastargha әkesimen birge әldeneshe qatysqan, batyrlyghymen kózge týsken, jekpe-jekterde salqynqandylyqpen qimyldap, údayy jeniske jetip kelgen (qalmaqta Jәngirdi jenetin batyr bolmaghan), aghasy handyq qúrghan tústa da әskerding bas qolbasshy bolghan, әri boyy alasa, tolyq deneliligine oray da Salqam Jәngir atalyp ketken kórnekti túlgha edi. Ol oirattardyng qazaq eline shapqynshylyq jasay beruining sebebin jaqsy biletin...
VII. JONGhAR ShAPQYNShYLYGhY TÓNDIRGEN QATER JÁNE QAZAQ MEMLEKETTIGINING CAQTALUY
Salqam Jәngir jongharlardyng qazaq elindegi shúrayly jerler men Syrdariya ózeni boyyndaghy sauda ortalyqtaryna súqtanatynyn, solargha qol jetkizu ýshin ýzdiksiz shapqynshylyq jasay beretinin aiqyn týsinetin. Shynynda da, Ertisting bastauynda 1635 jyly «Tórt Oirat Odaghy» (Jonghar handyghy) qúrylyp, oirat taypalary kýsh biriktirgennen keyin, olardyng biyleushisi Batyr qontayshy búl niyetin ashyq kórsetti. Sol jyly birden qazaqtargha qarsy alghashqy iri shapqynshylyghyn jasady. Maqsaty belgili, kóship-qonugha jayly jer-su men sauda-sattyq jasaugha qolayly Syr boyy qalalaryna iyelik etu. Qazaq qolynyng jetekshisi Salqam Jәngir mýmkindiginshe qarsylyq úiymdastyrdy. Biraq úrys barysynda ózi tútqyngha týsip qaldy. Edәuir qiyndyqtan keyin qashyp shyghyp, qaytadan qorghanys soghystaryn jýrgizdi. Sozylmaly qandy shayqastar nәtiyjesinde qazaq jasaqtary jer-suyn negizinen qorghap qala aldy, degenmen biraz uaqyt jongharlargha salyq tólep túrugha mәjbýr boldy.
Batyr qontayshynyng әskerleri qazaq eline jasaghan joryghynan keyin shyghystaghy mongholdardy da, Eniysey boyyndaghy qyrghyzdardy da jenip, olardan da alym-salyqtar alyp túrdy. Jonghar әmirshisining qol astyna búl kezde handyqtyng ústyny bolghan Batys Mongholiyagha qosymsha Ile ózeni jogharghy aghysynyng jәne oghan kórshi jerlerding júrttary da qaraytyn. Onyng biyligin Shyghys Týrkistan halqynyng bir bóligi men Eniyseyding orta aghysyn mekendeytin haqastar da moyyndaghan. Endi jer-jerdegi oirattardyng birligin arttyru qajettigi kýn tәrtibine shyqqan edi. Eger 13-shi ghasyrda әlemning jartysyn jaulap alghan Shynghys han fenomeni Gumiylev anyqtaghanday «passionarlyq dýmpu» kórinisi bolsa, sonday «passionarlyq dýmpudin» jana kórinisin 15-shi ghasyrdyng ortasyndaghy Esen tayshynyng sәtsiz әreketinen keyin, 17-shi ghasyrda qúrylghan Jonghar handyghy kórsetuge tiyis sekildengen. Batyr qontayshy sonday ahualgha jetudi armandady, sondyqtan da ózi bas bolyp, Jonghar handyghynyng kýlli biyleushileri qostap, 1640 jyly kýllimonghol qúryltayyn shaqyrdy. Oghan Jonghariyanyng ózinen, Batys jәne Soltýstik Mongholiyadan, Tiybetten, Shyghys Týrkistannan, Orta Aziyadan barlyq oirat aqsýiekterining ókilderi keldi. Oirattyng torghauyt taypasyna jatatyn elu myng shanyraghyn bastap kóship baryp, Edil boyyna, qazaq elining teristik-batysyna ornyqqan Ho-Órlýk tayshy eki noyon úlymen kep qatysty. Qúryltay Tarbaghatay audanyndaghy Úlan-bura alqabynda ótti. Búl qúryltaydyng basty maqsaty birikken halhalar (Soltýstik Mongholiya) men oirattardyng (Jonghariya) negizinde, sony túghyr etip, әr ólkedegi handyqtardyng ózindik imperiyasyn qúru, sóitip ortaq jaugha qarsy kýsh jinau, syrttan dúshpan tiyisken jaghdayda ózara kómek berudi qamtamasyz etu bolatyn. (Osy shaqta manichjurlar Soltýstik Qytay ýshin soghysqan, Qytaydy jaulap alghan da, onda manichjurlardyng Sin dinastiyasyn ornyqtyrghan). Qúryltayda handyqtyng Kavkazdaghy iyelikterinen bastap Ýndistan shekarasyna deyingi barlyq bodandaryna – mongholdar men oirattargha, qalmaqtargha ortaq, ózara kelispeushilikter men qaqtyghystardy boldyrmaugha tiyis monghol-oyrat zandarynyng jinaghy qabyldandy. Shynghys hannyng Yasasynan bastau alyp, kóshpendilerding әdet-ghúryp zandaryn boyyna sinirgen «Dalalyq Zandar jinaghy» (Iky Saadjin Bichik – Úly Zandar Kodeksi) dep atalatyn búl zannamalyq qújat barlyq oirat iyelikterine kýshi jýretin birtútas zandardy belgiledi. Sonday-aq, Qúryltaygha Buddalyq joghary dinbasylarynan ghalym jәne aghartushy, oirat әlipbiyin (diny mәtinderdegi jazbalardy onaylatu jәne sóileu men jazudy jaqyndatudy kózdeytin todo bichig – aiqyn jazu erejesin) jasaushy hoshouyt Zaya-Pandita qatysqan-dy. Ol jasynda Tiybetke baryp, buddizmning qisyny (teoriyasy) men is-daghdysyn ýirenuge jiyrma eki jylyn arnaghan, odan eline oralghannan beri Budda ilimin taratu jolynda belsendi missionerlik júmys jýrgizip jýrgen bolatyn. Sol kezde Batyr qontayshynyng býkilmonghol qúryltayyn ótkizu jayyndaghy jobasyn maqúldap, shaqyruyn quana qabyl aldy. Qúryltay onyng missionerlik úmtylysyn zandastyrdy. Oirattardyng barshasy ústanugha tiyis birynghay din retinde Gelugpa (Raqymshyl) mektebi dәstýrindegi buddizmdi bekitti. Qúryltay kózdegen basty maqsattyng ózi monghol tildes әrtýrli taypalardy buddizm jәne birynghay qúqyqtyq normalar men zandar auqymynda biriktirudi jýzege asyratyn qújat qabyldau edi. Ol jýzege asty.
Batys Mongholiya men Edil–Jayyq aralyghynda (Qalmaq handyghynda) túryp jatqan barlyq oirat handary men aqsýiekterining ókilderi qúryltayda ózderi qabyldaghan sheshimderdi jýzege asyrugha bir kisidey qúlshyndy. Olar Qazaq handyghyna batystan da (Edildegi Qalmaq handyghy), shyghystan da (Jonghar handyghy) ýzdiksiz shabuyl jasap túrdy. Jәne, alghan jerlerin qúzyrlaryna birjola bekitip qon ýshin, ózderining diny ghibadathanasyn – Budda hramyn salyp otyrghan. (Býginderi de tarihy oryn retinde aitylyp jýretin Óskemen manyndaghy Ablaykit monastyri 1654–1656 jyldary salynghan. Oirattardyng úzyndyghy bir shaqyrym, eni jarty shaqyrym jerdi alyp jatqan búl diny ordasyn qazaq jasaqtary 1670 jyly qausatqan. Jonghariyanyng HVIII ghasyrda jasalghan kartasyna qaraghanda, oirattar Jetisuda 58 buddalyq hram men monastyri salghan).
Kýllimonghol qúryltayynan keyin Jonghar handyghynyng qazaq eline jana da joyqyn basqynshylyq jasamaq niyetpen joryqqa dayyndalyp jatqanyna baylanysty, Salqam Jәngir Búhara handyghymen kelissózder jýrgizdi, qyrghyzdarmen baylanysyn nyghaytty. Jәne Batyr qontayshy әskerining qazaq jerine Jonghar Alatauy arqyly basyp kirmek túsyn aldyn ala bilip, qorghanys sharalaryn jasady. Áskeri ishinen sol zamanghy ozyq oq-dәrili myltyqpen qarulanghan arnayy ekpindi top jasaqtady. Osy arnayy jasaqty dúshpannyng jolyn tosugha bólip, eki tau arasyndaghy qysang túsqa or qazyp bekindirdi. Áskerding ekinshi bóligi beles syrtynda tosqauylda túrdy. Keng taralghan derekke qaraghanda, qorghanystaghy qazaq әskerinde alty jýz sarbaz, al jaulap alugha kele jatqan jonghar qolynda elu myn adam bolghan. Batyr qontayshynyng búl qaterli joryghyna «Dalalyq Zandar jinaghy» biriktirgen kóptegen oirat noyondary qatysqan, olardyng qatarynda shyghys-monghol (halha) әmirshisi Altan hannyng úly Ombo-Erdeni, sonday-aq, Ho-Órlýk tayshy jibergen Edil qalmaqtary da jýrdi degen derek bar. Osy joryqta olar Jәngir jasaqtarymen betpe-bet kelgenge deyin Alatau qyrghyzdarynyn biraz jerin, Shu ózeninin jogharghy jaghyndaghy júrtty jaulap alghan-dy. Degenmen qazaq jasaqtarynyng kózsiz erligi olardyng shapqynshylyghy aldyna alynbas qamal túrghyzdy. Or qazyp bekingen, myltyqpen qarulanghan qazaq sarbazdary jonghardyng qalyng qolyna batyl qarsy túryp, alghashqy tegeurindi әskery toytarys berdi. Az qolmen ýlken әskerge tikeley tótep beruding qiyndyghyn týsingendikten jasalghan әskery aila ong nәtiyjege jetti, orlargha bekingen ýsh jýz jauynger qalyng qolgha myltyqtan oq jaudyrsa, qalghan ýsh jýz sarbaz syrtynan shabuyl jasaydy. Aldy-artynan jaughan oq pen eki jaqtaghy taudan tómen qúlatylghan tastar shapqynshylar qataryn qatty siyretti. Úzamay qazaqtargha kómekke Búqar handyghynan Samarqan әmirshisi Jalantós bahadýr jiyrma myng әskerimen keledi (Jalantós Seyitqúlúly – qazaq batyry, әskerbasy, Samarqan qalasynyng Registan keshenindegi sәulet ónerining jauhary bolyp tabylatyn Shiyr-Dor, Tillya-Kary medreselerin saldyrghan biyleushi, ataqty Áyteke biyding atasy). Kómekke qyrghyz jasaqtary da jetedi. Tarihta Orbúlaq shayqasy degen atpen bederlengen osynau 1643 jylghy úrysta jongharlardyng oisyray jenilgeni belgili. Búl shayqasta Jәngir han zor qolbasshylyq daryn men әskery sheberlik tanyta bilgen. Sol danqty shayqastyng 350 jyldyghyn tәuelsiz Qazaqstan 1993 jyly atap ótti.
Salqam Jәngir han Jonghar handyghynyng quatyn әdil baghalay bildi, Batyr qontayshynyng Edil qalmaqtaryn, jer-jerdegi barlyq oirat birlikterin «Iky Saadjin Bichiyk» negizinde óz handyghy múrattarymen tútastyra alatyn mýmkindikterin esepke aldy. Sondyqtan, bitim jasap, beybit kelisimshartqa otyru maqsatymen Jonghariyagha ózining úldary Tәuke (bolashaq han) men Apaqty bas etip eki ret elshilik attandyrdy. Alayda dauly mәseleler bәribir sheshimin tappady.
Búl kezde Qytaydaghy manichjur (jýrjen) taypalary qúrghan Sin dinastiyasy kórshi elderdi óz imperiyasyna qosu sayasatyn jýrgize bastaghan. Olar shyghysyndaghy Koreya men ontýstigindegi Vietnamdy jaulaumen jýrip, alghashqy kezde Jonghariyagha nazar audara qoymaghan edi. Osy jәit oirattardyng qazaq eline joryqtargha shygha beruine qolayly boldy. Qazaqtardan kek qaytaru ýshin olar 1646 jyly qaytadan atqa qondy, tútqiyldan shabuyldap, qazaqtardyng birer belgili túlghalaryn bala-shaghasymen tútqyngha týsirdi, mol oljamen keri oraldy. Alayda múnday úsaq jenis Batyr qontayshyny qanaghattandyra qoymaghan. Onyng basshylyghymen Qazaq eline jana da ýlken joryq jasaugha jongharlar múqiyat dayyndaldy. Orys patshasynyng Sibirdegi әkimshiliginen bolashaq soghysqa qajet sauyt-sayman, qaru-jaraq, oq-dәriler satyp alyndy. Sóitip, 1652 jyly Qazaq handyghyna taghy bir ýlken joryq jasady. Osy iri shayqasta qazaq jasaqtary jeniliske úshyrady. Memleket basshysy retinde kemel sayasatymen, tughan elin qorghauda kóregen qolbasshylyghymen jәne qolyna qaru alyp tikeley shayqasqa kiretin eren erligimen býkil Ortalyq Aziya elderi arasynda keng tanymal bolghan Salqam Jәngir maydan dalasynda qaza tapty.
Azdaghan ýzilistermen 18-shi ghasyr ortasyna deyin jýrgen jonghar-qazaq soghysynyng 1635 jyldan bastalghan bastapqy kezi – Jәngir han (Esim hannyng ekinshi úly, alghashynda taqqa onyng ýlken úly Jәnibek otyrghan) qaza tapqan 1652 jylgha deyingi kezeni – oirattardyng ýzdiksiz shapqynshylyghyna toly boldy. Olar Jetisudaghy, Shyghys jәne Ortalyq Qazaqstandaghy shúrayly jayylymdargha talasyp, Syr boyyndaghy sauda joldary men eginshilik aimaqtaryn qolgha týsiruge úmtylghan edi. «Tórt Oirat odaghynyn» Qazaq handyghynan qonys tartyp aludy maqsat etip, tolassyz shabuyldaudan taymauy sol shaqta Qazaq memlekettigining saqtalyp qalu-qalmau mәselesin tarazygha týsirgen bolatyn. Osynday qiyn shaqta Jәngir hannyng ýlken sayasatkerligi, kórshi handyqtarmen diplomatiyalyq qatynastar jasaugha mәn berui, әskerin ot-qarumen jaraqtandyra aluy, Búharamen, Samarqan әmiri Jalantós bahadýrmen, Tyani-Shani qyrghyzdarymen dostyq qarym-qatynasta boluy, qolbasshylyq daryny men jeke basynyng batyrlyghy qazaq eldigining irgesin búzghyzbaudy qamtamasyz etti.
VIII. QAZAQ ELINDEGI «QOY ÝSTINE BOZTORGhAY JÚMYRTQALAGhAN» ZAMAN
Jonghar handyghy 1635 jyly qúrylghannan bastap qazaq jerine ýzdiksiz shapqynshylyq jasap jýrgende údayy qorghanys isin úiymdastyrghan, dúshpan joyqyn joryghymen tóndirgen qaterden qazaq memlekettigin joyyludan aman saqtap qalghan Salqam Jәngir 1652 jylghy coghysta Galdamba noyonmen jekpe-jek shayqasyp qaza tapty. Osy jylghy úrystardan keyin edәuir uaqyt boyy tynyshtyq ornady.
Tarihy enbekterde sol shaqtaghy eki handyqtyng bir-birine qarsy baghyttalghan iri әskery joryqtary jayynda eshqanday eleuli mәlimet kezdespeydi. Múnyng bir sebebi sol, Jәngir han ómirden ótken jyly Jonghar handyghynyng әmirshisi Erdeny Batyr qontayshy da dýnie salghan bolatyn. Handyqta taq talasy tughan. Biylikke Batyr qontayshynyng kishi úly Senge keldi, biraq ol ishki ózara alauyzdyqtardy toqtata almady. Tipti, ózining әkesi bir, sheshesi bólek bauyrlarymen әskery qarama-qarsy túrushylyq jaghdayda boldy. Aqyry, 1657 jyly, handyqtyng bir aimaghynyng biyleushisi hoshouyt Ochirtu-Sesenning kómegine sýiene otyryp, olardy (aghalary Sesen tayshy men Szotbany) jendi. Sosyn soltýstik-batys Mongholiyadaghy hotogoyt handyghymen shayqasty. Onyng songhy әmirshisin – Altan-han (Altyn han) dep atalatyn biyik mәrtebelisin, yaghny soltýstik-batystaghy halhalardyng eng songhy Altyn hany Erinchiyn-Luvsan tayshyny – 1667 jyly tize býktirdi. Óstip, jongharlargha shyghysynan qater tóndirip túrghan dúshpanyn Senge qontayshy birjolata qauipsizdendirdi. Odan ishki sayasy jaghdayyn nyghaytu sharalaryn jasap, handyqtyng aumaghyn keneytudi jalghastyrdy. Osynday ahualgha baylanysty qazaqtargha qarsy ýlken soghys sharalary jýrgizilgen joq.
Búl kezde Qazaq handyghynda jaghday birshama túraqtanyp, el túrmysy qalypty kýige týsip qalghan. Maydan dalasynda qaza tapqan Salqam Jәngir aruaghyna tiyisti qúrmet kórsetilip, Qoja Ahmet Yassauy mazary keshenindegi ata-babalary janyna – ózindik qazaq handary panteonyna jerlendi. Qazaq eli basshylyghyna 16-shy ghasyrdaghy «Esim hannyng eski joly» belgilegen meritokratiyalyq tәrtipke sәikes, múragerlik jolmen emes, súltandar arasynan halyq aldyndaghy bedeline oray layyqty túlgha tandalyp, jana han saylandy. Taqqa otyrghan – Batyr súltan bolatyn. Salqam Jәngir qúzyryndaghy әskery qyzmetimen, erligimen, úiymdastyrushylyq qabiletimen, ústamdy aqylymen kózge týsip, el auzyna iligip jýrgen súltan. Ol da Jәnibek hannyng úrpaghy. Jәnibek hannyng kishi úly Óseke súltannan taraghan buyn ókili, Bólekey súltannyng úly edi. (Aragha jarty ghasyrdan astam uaqyt salyp, Óseke tarmaghyna jatatyn, Bólekeyden taraghan taghy bir kezekti joshylyq súltan Ábilqayyr da han bolady. Ol Shynghys–Joshy әuleti ishindegi han taghyna otyrghan Ábilqayyr atty ekinshi adam bolatyn, sondyqtan, tarihta «Kóshpendi ózbek handyghy», «Ábilqayyr handyghy» atalghan 15-shi ghasyrdaghy memlekettik qúrylym әmirshisin Birinshi Ábilqayyr, al 18-shi ghasyrda tarihy arenada qazaq atymen әreket etken memlekettik birlestik qayratkerin Ekinshi Ábilqayyr deu oryndy bolmaq).
Batyr han jiyrma segiz jyl han taghynda otyrdy. Búl kezende dәstýrli ekonomikasyn, kórshi eldermen sauda-sattyghyn, mәdeny tynys-tirshiligin damytyp, el ishi belgili bir dәrejede tynysh zamandy bastan keshti. Óitkeni, jogharyda aitqanymyzday, ishki jaghdaylaryna baylanysty jongharlar tarapynan qazaq eline eleuli qater tóndirerliktey shapqynshylyq jasalghan joq. Osy shaqta oirattardyng torghauyt taypasy – qalmaqtar – Úly dalanyng batysyna bekem qonys tepken. Orys patshalyghy әskerimen birlesip, noghaylardy tarihy mekeninen Qyrymgha jәne Kavkazgha yghystyrugha qatysqan. Olar ontýstiktegi Terekten teristiktegi Samaragha, batystaghy Donnan shyghystaghy Jayyqqa deyin kóship-qonyp jýrdi. Sol ghasyrdyng ortasynda osy qalmaqtargha shyghystaghy oirat úlystarynan dýrbit taypasynyng ýlken toby kóship kep qosyldy. (Olardy orystar Zengoriya, yaghny Jonghariya dep ataghan). Osylay qatary kóbeygen qalmaqtar Suvorov әskerine qosylyp, noghaylardy qyryp-joydy jýzege asyrysty. (Qalmaqtardy jana ólkege 1633 jyly bastap kelgen Ho-Órlýk tayshydan keyin handyqty 1644 jyly Shýkýr-Dayshyn, 1661 jyly Monshaq basqardy, al 1672 jyly biylikke kelgen Aiyke han taqta jarty ghasyrdan astam otyrdy). Olar jer-suyna kóz alartqan basqynshylargha qarsy kóterilgen qazaqtar men bashqúrttardy 1644–1661 jyldary patsha әskerimen birge «juasytugha» tikeley atsalysyp túrdy.
Qazaq handyghynyng irgesi qalana bastaghan shaqta Orys memleketining ontýstiginde kazaktar qauymy (kazachestvo) atalghan әleumettik top payda bolghan. Olar әuelde biylikke baghynbay qashyp jýrgenderden qúralghan-dy. Odan, tez qatary kóbeyip, Edil boyynda qaraqshylyqpen shúghyldanghan da, kóp úzamay patshalyqtyng shekarasyn týrkilerding jer-suyn basyp alu jolymen keneytuding alghy shebine shyqqan.
(Orys kazaktary óz atalymyn qazaqtardan alghany dausyz. «Qazaq» sózi, tarihshylardyng aituynsha, altynordalyqtar soqqan tengelerde bederlengen, әigili «Mongholdyng qúpiya shejiresinde» jazylghan, yaghny qazaqtar memlekettiligin erteden kele jatqan kóne týrkilik atauyn jalau etu arqyly jana sapalyq beleske kótergen. Al «erkin adam» retinde týzilgen orys kazaktary kóp úzamay agressiyashyl patshalyqtyng ong qolyna ainalyp, qazaqtardy jaulau sharalarynyng bel ortasynda jýrdi).
1580 jyly kazaktar toghyz jol torabynda túrghan ýlken sauda ortalyghy, noghaylar men qazaqtardyng astanasy bolghan Sarayshyq shaharyn mýldem qiratyp, tonap ketti. 1582 jyly Sibir handyghyn joigha jol ashyp berdi. Sol 80-shi jyldary Jayyq boyyn jaulap ala bastady. 1584 jyly Jayyq pen Shaghan ózenderi arasyndaghy týbekke Jayyq qalashyghy (qazirgi Oral) salyndy. Kazaktar qauymy 1591 jyly patsha biyligin moyyndaytyndyqtary jóninde resmy ant berip, jana jerlerdi jaulap alu nauqandarynyng alghy shebinde, patshalyqtyng negizgi soqqy beretin kýshi qyzmetinde jýrdi. Patshalyq solardy algha sala otyryp, Sibirge, Qiyr Shyghysqa súghynudy sәtimen jýzege asyrdy. Qosyp alghan úlan-ghayyr jer-suyn iygeruge kóshti. (Oral kazaktary 1991 jyly Resey patshasyna qyzmet ete bastaghandarynyng 400-jyldyghyn toylaugha tyrysty, alayda qazaq jerin otarlauda kazachestvo atqarghan ról sanalarynda sayrap túrghan qazaq últtyq qozghalysy mýshelerining qatang qarsylyghy nәtiyjesinde toylay almady). 1640 jyly Jayyqtyng tenizge qúyar túsyna Guriev qalashyghy salynyp, balyq aulau kәsipshiligi qolgha alyndy.
Qazaq jerine teristigindegi agressiyashyl kórshiler taraptarynan iri shapqynshylyq jasalghan joq. Tiyisinshe, Batyr han basqarghan Qazaq handyghynyng orys patshalyghymen osy kezendegi qarym-qatynastary negizinen sauda-ayyrbas baylanystaryn damytu sipatynda órbidi. Qazaq jeri arqyly orys kópesterining keruenderi Orta Aziya elderine jii óte bastady. Qazaqtardyng ontýstiktegi Búhar handyghymen qarym-qatynastary da belgili dәrejede dostyq rәuishte damydy. Búl jyldary Búharada ashtarhandyqtar әuletining ókilderi Nәdirmúhammed han (1642–1645) men onyng úly Abdalaziz hannyng (1645–1680) biyligi jalghasyp jatqan.
Osynday ahualda qazaq eli negizinen tynyshtyqta, beybit ómir keshti.
Al Jonghar handyghynda taqqa talasuyn qoymaghan Erdeny Batyr qontayshynyng ýlken úldary Sesen tayshy men Szotba batyr 1670 jyly, aqyry, Senge qontayshyny óltiredi. El biyligin Sesen han qolgha alady.
Osy jaghdayda Sengening inisi Galdan taq ýshin kýrespekke bel buyp, Tiybettegi Dalay-lamadan ózining diny mәrtebesinen bosanugha rúqsat súraydy. Ol jastayynan Zaya-panditanyng batasyn alyp, Tiybette oqyghan, buddizm ilimi sonyna týsken, ghylymy dәreje alghan dindar edi. Dalay-lama oghan Zaya-panditanyng isin jalghastyrushy retinde qarap, taqqa otyrghan aghasy Sengening janynda diny qyzmet atqaru ýshin Jonghariyagha qaytarghan bolatyn. Múnda kelgeli Galdan az uaqytta buddalyq ýsh hram salyp, ýsh monastyri mektebin ashqan bolatyn. Dalay-lama onyng din taratushylyq qyzmeti әmirshi lauazymyna qol jetkizgen jaghdayda mýldem pәrmendi bolatynyn dittep, ótinishine say, tikeley diny mindetterinen azat etedi.
Sóitip Galdan taq talasyna bilek sybana qoyyp ketedi. Kezinde Sengening taqqa otyruyna kómektesken Alashan oirattarynyng әmirshisi Ochirtu-Sesenmen birlese qimyldap, jasaq jiyady. Handyqtaghy biylikti basyp alghan Sesen hannyng әskerimen shayqasady. Jeniske jetip, Sesendi óltiredi. Szotbany elden quady. Odan, ózine qarsy shyqqan inileri – Sengening úldary Sonom-Rabdan men Sevan-Rabdandy jeniliske úshyratady. Alghashqysy ulanyp óledi, ekinshisi Edil boyyndaghy Qalmaq handyghynyng әmirshisi, naghashysy Angkege qashady.
Alayda ishki qarsylyqtar bәsendemeydi, tipti ýdey týsedi. Galdan qontayshynyng yqpalynyng arta týsuinen Ochirtu-Sesen de qauiptengen. Galdannyng taqqa otyruyna ózi kómekteskenine jәne qyzy Anudy oghan túrmysqa bergenine qaramastan, endi oghan – ózining kýieubalasyna qarsy shyghyp, onyng qontayshy boluyna narazy toppen birigedi.
Degenmen 1677 jyly Galdan qontayshy barlyq qarsylastaryn jenip (keybiri qaza tabady, bireuleri Qytaygha qashady), ózining barlyq oirat iyelikterindegi basty әmirshilik jaghdayyn moyyndatyp bekitip alady. Osy oqighagha baylanysty, Dalay-lama oghan sol jyly han mәrtebesin beredi. Sonda Galdan han 1640 jylghy «Dalalyq zandar jinaghyna» ózining algha qoyghan maqsattaryna sәikes tolyqtyrular jasaydy. Ishki sayasy jaghdaydy osylaysha birshama retke keltiredi. Sodan son Reseymen sauda jәne diplomatiyalyq qatynastaryn damytady. Sosyn kórshi elderge kóz alarta bastaydy. Shyghys Týrkistangha (Mogholstangha) 1679 jyldan birneshe әskery joryq jasap, aqyry ony Jonghariyagha tolyq qosyp alady. Sol jaghdaydy – buddizm dinin ústanatyn oirattardyng «dinsizderdi» (músylmandardy) baghyndyrghanyn eskerip, Dalay-lama oghan Boshogtu (yaghny «Shapaghatqa bólengen») mәrtebesin beredi.
Jonghariyadaghy negizgi qarsylastaryn jenip, jerin keneytken, ortalyq biylikti nyghaytqan Galdan Boshogtu han endi qazaq eline shapqynshylyq jasaugha dayyndalady...
Sonymen, Salqam Jәngirden keyin el biylegen Batyr hannyng kezinde memleketke bolashaqta qauip tóndiretin jaghdaylar jan-jaqtyng bәrinde (teristik-batys, teristik, shyghys) birtindep ornay bastaghan, degenmen esh jaqtan ashyq jaulyq kórsetile qoymaghan edi. Qazaq handyghynyng basty jauy sanalatyn Jonghariya tynyshtyq saqtap túrghan. Óitkeni ol, jogharyda aitqanymyzday, óz ishinde kýrdeli sayasy jaghdaydy, shiyelinisi mol sayasy daghdarysty bastan keship jatqan. Sondyqtan da kóshpendi eki el arasynda eleuli soghys bolghan joq-tyn. Kóp jyldar boyy qazaq elinde tynysh zaman ornap túrghan. Ádette Tәuke han esimine oraylastyrylatyn osynau «qoy ýstine boztorghay júmyrtqalaghan zaman» kezeni sol Batyr han taqta otyrghan jiyrma segiz beybit jylgha sәikes keledi.
Tәuke han memleket ishinde ornyghyp qalghan osy alansyz jaqsy dәuirdi jalghastyrugha tiyis edi. Biraq olay bolmady. Ol taqqa otyrghan 1680 jyly Qazaq elindegi mamyrajay tynyshtyqty jonghar әmirshisi Galdan Boshogtu han búzdy...
IX. JANA ShAPQYNShYLYQ JELEUI JÁNE OGhAN QARSYLYQ
Qazaq elindegi «qoy ýstine boztorghay júmyrtqalaghan» zamanda asa elenbeytin úsaq qaqtyghystarmen shektelip kelgen qazaq-jonghar qarym-qatynasy, aqyry, 1680 jyly kýrt búzyldy.
Osy jyly qazaq taghyna Jәngir hannyng úly Tәuke otyrghany mәlim. Ákesi el biylegen shaqta elshilik qyzmetter atqarghan, alghashqy әskery erlikterimen kóringen Tәuke súltan Bolat hannyng qúzyrynda da el iygiligi ýshin enbek etip, әr salada kózge týsken, júrt yqylasyna bólengen. Ol naghyz kemeline kelgen, aqyl-oyy tolysqan, ómirlik tәjiriybesi mol, erekshe qasiyetterge ie súltan bolatyn. Aqyldylyghy men sheshendigi, kemengerligi men danyshpandyghy ony biyleushi әulet ókilderi arasynda airyqsha bedeldi etetin. Salqam Jәngirding tikeley úrpaghy boluy, әri memlekettik isterge jastayynan aralasyp kele jatqandyghy onyng qazaq taghyn iyelenui mýmkin ekendigine kýdik qaldyrmaytyn. Bolat han dýnie salghannan keyin el aghalary ony birden aq kiyizge otyrghyzyp kókke kóterdi. Sonymen, Tәuke han biylikke keldi. Tiybettegi buddashy dinbasynyng sheshimimen «shapaghatqa bólengen taghdyr iyesi» Galdan Boshogtu «qoy ýstine boztorghay júmyrtqalaghan» qazaq eline soghys ashar qarsanda keldi. Jonghar әmirshisi búl joly qalyng әskerimen elge tútqiyldan bas salmaghan. Aldymen qazaq elining jana hanyna qoyar shartyn elshisi arqyly jetkizgen...
Al sharty mýldem tosyn estilgen edi. Jongharlardyng jayylym ýshin jortuyldap jýretini beseneden belgili bolghanmen, búl joly Galdan qontayshynyng elshisi auzymen Tәuke hangha qoyylghan talapta ol mýldem auyzgha alynbaghan. Elshi әueli Qazaq hanynan Jonghar әmirshisining lauazymyn óitip tómendetpeuin jәne tandanbauyn súrady, sosyn Jonghariyanyng biyleushisi qontayshy mәrtebesinen ósirilip han atanghan, qatardaghy kóp hannyng biri emes – tәnir shapaghatyna bólengen han – Boshoktu han – ataghyn Tiybet memleketining astanasy qasiyetti Lhasa (tiybetsheden audarghanda – «Qúdaylar oryny») shaharynda otyrghan Dalay-lamadan alghan әmirshi ekenin aitty. Mine osy Galdan Boshoktu (Qaldan Boshoqtú), әlem boyynsha asa zor oqymysty Ziya-panditanyng shәkirti jәne onyng isin jalghastyrushy Boshoktu han qazaq elining endi ghana saylanghan biyleushisi Tәuke hangha arnayy sәlem joldap otyr. Mәsele mynada. Ziya-pandita ústazdyng atsalysuymen osydan qyryq jyl búryn qabyldanghan «Iky Saadjin Bichik – Úly Zandar Kodeksi» barlyq oirat handyqtarynyng memlekettik dini etip Budda ilanymyn bekitken. Atalmysh «Dalalyq zandar jinaghynda» osynau qaghidatty tújyrymdaugha bas-kóz bolghan Ziya-pandita 1462 jyly dýnie salghan. Sýiegi tiyisti rәsimmen órtelgennen keyin, arnayy boyaugha aralastyrylghan kýlimen Galdan jәne ózge de monahtar qasiyetti tantra mәtinderin jazghan. Solardy ústazdyng arnayy soghylghan mýsini ishine salyp, Galdan Jonghariyagha alyp kelgen. Sodan beri barsha júrt oghan úly ústaz isin birden-bir jalghastyrushy retinde qaraghan. Mine sol ataqty Ziya-panditanyng shәkirti, kýlli oirat iyelikterining әmirshisi Galdan Boshoktu han byltyrlary Saadjin Bichikti tolyqtyrdy. Budda dinin búdan bylay tek oirattar ghana emes, Tórt oirat konfederasiyasyna kiretin barlyq ózge handyqtarda da ústanatyn bolady. Galdan-Boshoktu han kýni keshe Mogholstandy tize býktirdi. Býginde búrynghy Mogholstan joq, ol Jonghariyanyng ajyramas bir bóligi, ondaghy biyleushiler Buddagha baqúl. Tәuke han da sol jolmen jýrsin. Buddagha syiynsyn. Sonda barshasy oirattyng aidahar beynelengen qara tuy astynda kezinde Úly Shynghys han týzgen aumaqty bayyrghy mәrtebesinde qayta janghyrtyp, jalghandy jalpaghynan basa dәuirleytin bolady...
Han ordasynda jonghar elshisin qabyldau rәsimine qatysyp otyrghan barsha el aghalary shekterin tartty. Demderin ishterine alyp, Tәuke hangha qarady. Sonda ol qazaq taghy biyiginen bәrining kókeyinen shyghatyn sóz aitty. Oirat Qaldannyng talaby Úly Shynghys hannyng jolyn búrmalaghanyn kórsetedi dedi. Elshisi oghan mynany jetkizsin – ózinen búrynghy izasharlary sekildi, qazaq handyghynyng jana әmirshisi Tәuke han, jahandy dirildetken Shynghys hannyng tikeley úrpaghy bolyp tabylady. Al onyng úly babasy Shynghys qahan әlemning jartysyn jaulap alghanmenen, ondaghy el-júrttardyng jan-dýniyesine zorlyq jasamaghan. Ol ózi syiynatyn kók tәnirine tabynudy eshkimge tyqpalamaghan. Sonday tәrtipti jihanger úldary men nemerelerine de ósiyet etken. Oirattar Shynghys әskerining asa erjýrek, jauynger qanaty bolghanmen, úly qahannyng kýshining syryn úqpaghan eken. Elshi qojayynyna aita barsyn, onyng qoyyp otyrghany – eshqashan oryndalmaytyn jәne sol talapkerding ózin orgha jyghatyn jónsiz shart. Qazaqqa músylmandyqty Múhammed payghambardyng alghashqy jaushylary jetkizgen. Búdan pәlen ghasyr ilgeride ony Qarahan әuleti, odan keyin Altyn Orda biyleushileri memlekettik din retinde qabyldaghan. Músylman ilanymynyng úly uaghyzshysy Qoja Ahmetting osynau bas ordadan qol sozym jerde túrghan kesenesin halyqtyng qasterlep saqtaytyny sonday, býginde onda qazaqtyng kýlli handary men iygi jaqsylary tynshyghan. Jonghar hany qisynsyz talabyn qaytyp alsyn, onday orynsyz sharttar emes, dostyq qarym-qatynastar elderimizdi dәulet pen baqytqa keneltedi...
Jonghardyng Shapaghatty hanynyng shartyn qabyl almauy Qazaq hany tarapynan jiberilgen ýlken qatelik dep sanaydy elshi. Degenmen onyng әli de oilanuyn, shartty qabyldamaudyng arty jaman bolaryn bajaylauyn qalaydy. Taghy bir paryqtasyn, Boshoqtú han oghan óte beybit joldy úsynyp otyr. Eger búl keri qaghu Tәuke hannyng bekem baylamy bolsa – onda amal joq, solay aityp barady. Endi qazaq hany ózine ózi ókpelesin... Alayda búl shart qazaq ýshin mýldem jat, sondyqtan da ýzildi-kesildi qabyl alynbaydy – múnday kesimdi sóz estisimen elshi attanyp ketti. Al Tәuke han qabyldaugha qatysqan súltandar, batyrlar men biylerdi jongharlardyng jana agressiyasyna qarsy túrugha ayaldamay әzirlenuge shaqyrdy. El ishinen sarbazdar shaqyryldy, әsker jasaqtalyp, qorghanysqa dayyndyq bastaldy.
Elshisi oralghan song kóp úzatpay, Galdan Boshoktu jonghardyng qazaqqa qarsy asa auqymdy soghys qimyldaryn janghyrtty. Arnayy dayyndyqpen joryqqa shyqqan bes qaruy say jongharlargha qazaq jasaqtary tosqauyl bola almady. Basqynshy Shu ózeninen ótti, Jetisu men ontýstik ólkege basyp kirdi. Tarihta «Sayram soghysy» dep atalghan 1680–1684 jyldarghy shayqastar bastaldy. Qazaq әskerining jan ayamay kórsetken qatty qarsylyghyna qaramay ilgerilep, Sayramsu men Aqsu ózenderi aralyghyndaghy qorghany biyik, iri de әsem shahardy – islam dinin taratushylardyng uaghyzdaryn alys 8-shi ghasyrda-aq elty tyndaghan, keruen joldary torabynda jatqan sauda jәne qolónershiler ortalyghy Sayram qalasyn basyp aldy. Basqa da qalalargha kirdi. Basqynshylargha qarsy kóterilgen halyqty juasytu ýshin 1684 jyly jazalaushy jasaq jiberip, Sayramdy mýldem qausatty, talan-tarajgha týsirdi, birqatar túrghyndaryn Jonghariya men Shyghys Týrkistangha aidap әketti. 1686 jyly Tyani-Shani qyrghyzdaryn baghyndyryp, Ferghana alqabyna ótti. Árdayym qatty qarsylyqqa úshyraghanmen, jeniske jetip otyrdy. (Shayqastardyng birinde Tәuke hannyng úlyn qolgha týsirip, Jonghariyagha alyp ketti. Artynsha ony Lhasagha jóneltti. Ynghayy, Qaldan Boshoqtú Tәukege joldaghan alghashqy shartyn onyng balasynyng sanasyna Budda ilimin darytu arqyly oryndatqysy kelgen boluy kerek). 1688 jyly Shyghys Mongholiyany, halhalardy baghyndyrugha attandy, qazaq jerindegi basyp alghan qalalarynan garnizondaryn ala ketti. Alayda shyghysta jeniske jete almady.
Halhalar oirattardan góri manchjurlarmen odaqtasqandy artyq kórgen, sóitip, Sin imperiyasynan kómek súraghan. Halhalardy alyp Qytaydaghy sany az manchjurlardyng ýstemdigin ornyqtyra týsuge paydalanghysy kelgen boghdyhan Sin armiyasyn Shyghys Mongholiyagha kirgizdi. Sodan, Galdan Boshoktu 1890 jyly is jýzinde siyn-qytay әskerimen soghysty. Jendi. Jenilgen qytay imperatory oirattardy Sin әuletining asa qaterli jauy sanap, jana shayqasqa әzirlendi. Osy kezde Galdan Boshoktudyng nemere inisi Jonghariyanyng ortalyq bóligin ózine qaratyp, aghasynyng jolyn kesip tastaghan. Handyghynda inisining býlik shygharghanyn estigen Boshoqtú han tez teristikke qaray shegindi. Alayda ony jýz myng jauyngeri bar manchjur armiyasy quyp jetip, Beyjiynge taqau audanda ýlken úrys saldy. Tórt kýn shayqasta eki jaq ta jenise almady. Sosyn, ózinen bes ese kóp әskermen taban tirese soghysyp, әskery ónerge әbden mashyqtanghanyn tanytqan oirattar bir týnde shepterinen kóterildi de, soltýstikke qaray ketti. Olardyng jaujýrektigin moyyndaghan qytay әskeri sonynan qumady. Kelesi 1691 jyly halhalar Sin imperiyasynyng bodandyghyna ótti. Osy birikken qos ot ortasynda Galdan Boshoktu olargha qarsy taghy alty jyl soghysty. Aqyry, eng songhy zamanauy qaru-jaraqpen – artilleriyamen qarulanghan siyn-qytay әskerinen 1696 jyly jenildi. Barar jer, basar tauy qalmaghandyqtan (aldynda – halha–manchjur–qytay, artynda, ortalyqta – is jýzinde biylikte býlikshil nemere inisi otyrghan), 1697 jylghy nauryzda u iship óldi...
«Sayram soghysy» kezinde teristik-batystan Ayke han qalmaqtarymen shabuyldaghan bolatyn. Qazaq sarbazdary oghan oidaghyday toytarys berdi. Jaghday birshama tynshyghan shaqta jongharlardyng әskery qimyldary halha baghytyna audy. Sol kezendi Tәuke han útymdy paydalandy. Elding birligin, qorghanys qabiletin arttyratyn sharalar jasady. Qazaqtardyng «Alty-alash» atauymen belgili alty bólikten túratyn federasiyasyn (alty alash odaghyn) dýniyege әkelip, el birliginin, syrt dúshpangha júmyla qarsy túrudyng sol shaqtaghy ontayly týrin jýzege asyrdy. Federasiyagha basynda Tóle by túrghan Úly jýz, Qazybek by basqaratyn Orta jýz, Áyteke by biyleytin Kishi jýz, Qoqym by qolastyndaghy qyrghyzdar, Sasyq by basqaratyn qaraqalpaqtar men jeke bir top retindegi qiyat, qataghan, ýz jәne basqalar kirdi. Alty alash odaghy is jýzinde jongharlardyng shabuylynan qorghanudy maqsat etken qazaq, qyrghyz, qaraqalpaq halyqtarynyng әskeriy-sayasy odaghy edi. Osy odaqtyng ókilderi – halyqtyng belgili biyleri men bas adamdary Tәuke han ordasy manyndaghy Kýltóbede bas qosyp, әdet-ghúryp zandaryn jetildirudi qolgha aldy. Sonau Shynghys hannyng «Yasasynan» bastau alyp, Qasym hannyng «Qasqa jolymen», Esim hannyng «Eski jolymen» jalghasqan zannamalardy jetildirdi. El auzynda «Kýltóbede kýnde jiyn» degen tirkespen aishyqtalghan zangerler qúryltayy ong nәtiyjesin berip, olar jasaghan «Jeti jarghy» zandar jinaghy handyqtyng әleumettik-ekonomikalyq túrmys-tirshiligin jәne qúqyqtyq sanasyn damytty. Halyq tatu-tәtti ghúmyr keshti. Tәuke han Áz Tәuke atandy.
X. KÝRDELI SAYaSY JAGhDAY JÁNE JANA REFORMA QAJETTIGI
Eldegi ishki jaghdaydy birshama rettep alghannan keyin, Tәuke han jongharlar ústap әketken úlyn bosatyp alugha әrekettendi. Dalay-Lama onyng tilegine qúlaq asyp, balasyn Tiybetten eline qaytarghan. Qasyna bes jýz adam ilestirildi. Tәuke han olardy óz dinderin uaghyzdau maqsatymen jiberilgen buddashylar retinde tútqyndap, qoshemetshilerdi basqaryp kele jatqan noyondy ólimge búiyrghan. Osy jәitti jongharlar keyin qazaq handyghyna taghy da bir joyqyn shapqynshylyq jasau ýshin syltau etti...
Galdan Boshoktu hannyng kózi tirisinde is jýzinde kóterilispen biylikke kelgen Senge úly Sevan Rabdan búl kezde Jonghariyanyng resmy әmirshisine ainalghan. Sodan 26 jyl ilgeride ony taq ýmitkeri retinde qughyndaghan aghasy Galdan, әkesining tughan inisi Galdan, qansha Shapaghatty (Boshoqtú) atansa da, Mongholiyany Shynghys han sekildi biriktire almady. Onyng halha jerindegi jenilisinen keyin Sin imperiyasy shyghys Mongholiyany mýldem jútyp qoydy. Búdan bylay halhanyng taypalyq әkimshilik birlikteri manchjurlar ókimetinen talap týsisimen Úly dala jýiesindegidey tәrtippen, әr on otbasynan bir jauyngerdi kýlli jaraghymen siyn-qytay әskeri qataryna jiberip, barlyq shyghynyn kóteretin boldy. Al tәuelsiz oirattar jerden, adamnan, materialdyq iygilikten airylyp, qatty zardap shekti. Osynday jaghdayda Sevan Rabdan qontayshynyng aldyna auyr mindet tartylghan – oghan handyqty qayta janghyrtyp, nyghaytu kerek edi.
Sin imperiyasymen soghys kezinde Shyghys Týrkistan men Jetisu Jonghariyagha auylsharuashylyq, qolóner ónimderimen jiberip túru jónindegi kelisimshartpen kózdelgen mindetterin búzghan, sondyqtan oirattardyng jana әmirshisine búl aimaqtardaghy sayasy ýstemdigin qayta qalpyna keltiru qajettigi tudy. Sol sebepti, memleketindegi ishki jaghdaydy retke keltirisimen, qontayshy 1698 jyly Shyghys Týrkistangha qayta basyp kirdi. Bir jyl ishinde Qashqar, Jarkent sekildi manyzdy sayasy ortalyqtardy baghyndyryp, ólkeni ekinshi mәrte jaulap aldy. Sosyn Emil ózenindegi ordasyn jana oryngha – Ile ózenine, Qúlja qalasy aimaghyna auystyrdy. Eski ordany Soltýstik-Shyghys Jonghariyany basqaratyn nemere aghasyna qaldyrdy. Handyqtyng quaty birtindep arta týsti. (1700 jyly qytay bodandyghyn qabyldaghysy kelmegen eki tayshymen on myng hoshouyt Jonghariyagha keldi. 1701 jyly Edil boyynan qazaq dalasyn kesip ótetin Ýlken qalmaq jolymen Ayke hannyng úldarynyng biri, әkesimen úrsysyp qalghandyqtan, óz úlysyn – 15–20 myng shanyraqty, yaghny 60 myng jandy – kóshirip әkeldi. Sevan Rabdan úlysty oirat ónirinde qaldyryp, úlyn keshirim bergen әkesine qaytarghan). Sondyqtan qontayshy Shyghys Týrkistangha jasaghan basqynshylyq joryghyn sol jyly-aq qazaq handyghyna qaray úlastyrdy.
Tәuke han qosyndary jaqsy qarulanghan dúshpannyng jan-jaqtan lek-legimen antalap úmtylghan kýshterin toqtata almady. Janqiyarlyqpen soghysty, biraq әbden qaljyrady. Shapqynshylyq soghystar ýdey kele, qazaqtar birtindep Jetisudaghy, Tarbaghataydaghy, Ertis boyyndaghy jayylymdarynan airyldy. Al Jonghar әmirshisi ózining Qazaq handyghyna qarsy soghys ashqany mәjbýrlikten bolghanyn aityp, ýlken kórshileri (Qytay, Resey) aldynda aqtalyp jatty: soghystyng bastaluyna «Dalay-lamanyng ókilderin óltirgen», «Edilden Jonghariyagha sapar shekken Aike hannyng qyzyn (Sevan Rabdan qontayshynyng qalyndyghyn) tonaghan», «Reseyden oralyp kele jatqan jonghar saudagerlerining keruenin talan-tarajgha týsirgen» «satqyn» Tәuke han aiypty dep, sin imperatory men orys patshasyna elshilikter jiberdi. Mәskeuge adaldyghyn shegelep kórsetti, adaldyghyna dәlel retinde qazaq tútqynynan bosatylghan orystardy eline qaytarghandyghyn habarlady. Áriyne múnysy jәy ghana aldausyratu edi, múnday iri әskery joryqtar jongharlar tarapynan qazaq eline dýrkin-dýrkin jasaldy. Al eldegi kýizelisti kýsheyte týsken úsaq qaqtyghystarda esep joq-tyn.
Qazaq elining teristigin de tynysh deuge kelmeytin edi. Búl kezde Edildegi Qalmaq handyghynyng kýsh-quaty artyp, shyrqau biyikke kóterilgen. Taqta handyq mәrtebeni Tiybettegi Dalay-lamadan alghan Ayke otyrghan. Ol elindegi jekelegen biyleushilerding derbestenushilik pighyldary men әreketterin jenip, Reseyge jartylay tәueldi memleket qúryp aldy. Qalmaq handyghynyng basty mindeti orys memleketining ontýstik shekarasyn kóshpendilerden, sonyng ishinde qazaqtardan qorghau bolatyn. 1697 jyly I Petr patsha Angke hangha Reseydin shyghysyn kýzetudi resmy týrde mindettedi. Qalmaqtar Reseyding kóptegen basqynshylyq joryqtaryna belsene qatysty. I Petrding qoldauy arqasynda zamanauy qarularmen jabdyqtalghan qalmaqtyng jauynger jasaqtary orys armiyasymen birlese soghysyp, qazaqtardyng aralas-qúralas tuysy noghaylardy tas-talqan etti, atamekeninen qudy. Bashqúrttardy da tuyp-ósken ejelgi jer-suynan yghystyrugha tyrysty, Kavkaz elderine de shabuyldar jasady, Reseyding ózge soghystaryna da atsalysty. Árәdik qazaq eline de shabuyl jasap túrdy. Qazaqtar qalmaq iyelengen mal jayylymdaryna shyghugha tyrysatyn, sonday sebeptermen osynau qos kóshpendi kórshi el arasynda qaqtyghystar men kezek shabuyldar da jiyi-jii oryn alyp túrdy. Ár sonday oqigha bir-birinen mal barymtalap, tútqyndar alugha, shayqastar saldarynan halyqty qyryp-joygha úlasatyn. Qysqasy, soltýstik-batys jaq mazasyz edi.
Qauipti mazasyzdyqty Edil qalmaqtarynyng alys Jonghar handyghynan әldeqayda jaqyn jerdegi, jelkesindegi qojasy bolyp otyrghan orys memleketi astyrtyn ýdetip kele jatqan. Kóshim handyghyn joygha jol salyp bergeli kazachestvo qanatyn jaya týsken. Ertisting boyyna, Tobyl ózenining saghasyna taman, Sibir handyghy astanasynyng ornyna 1587 jyly salynghan Tobolisk qalasy Jayyq ózeni men Tynyq múhiytqa deyin sozylghan Sibir guberniyasynyng ortalyghyna ainalghan. Tәuke han ony orys memleketining Ibir-Sibirdegi basty әskeri, sayasi, әkimshilik jәne shirkeulik-diny kindik qalasy dep biletin, key elshilikterin sonda jiberetin. (Patshalyqtyng shekarasyn keneytip, kóshpendiler ishine batyl súghynyp qana qoymay, qorghana da alu ýshin jәne jana jerge tistese bekuin nyghayta týsu ýshin Petr patsha Ertis boyyn týgel iygeruge kirisken. 1716 jyly Ertiske Om ózeni qúyatyn jerde Omby, Ertis boyyna 1718 jyly Semey, 1720 jyly Ertis pen Ýlbi ózenderining qúiylysyna Óskemen qamaldaryn saldyrdy). Jalpy, Tәuke han I Petr basqarghan orys memleketimen jýrgizgen sayasatynda eki jaqty baylanystargha, negizinen sauda jәne shekaralyq isterge kónil bóldi. Orys patshalyghynyng Shyghys elderine baratyn sauda joldarynyng bir tarmaghy qazaq eli arqyly ótetindikten, qajet kelissózder jýrgizildi. Sauda keruenderining qauipsizdigine kepildik beru, tauarlargha salynatyn baj salyghynyng kólemi men mólsherin belgileu, sonday-aq eki el shekarasy aimaghyndaghy túrghyndar arasynda úshyrasyp qalatyn әrtýrli dau-damaylar, irili-úsaqty janjaldar men qaqtyghystar ózara elshilikter almasu arqyly sheshimin tauyp túrdy. Tarihshylar Tәuke hannyng elshileri Resey memleketi men Qazaq handyghy arasyndaghy baylanystardy damytugha belsendi týrde atsalysty dep qorytady. 17-shi ghasyrdyng sonynda Tәuke han orys patshalyghymen teng dәrejeli dengeyde qarym-qatynas jasady dep sanaydy. Eger әldebir sebeptermen qazaq elshiligi Reseyde ústalsa nemese olardyng júmysyna qanday da bir bóget jasalsa, Qazaq handyghy aumaghyndaghy orys elshilerine de dәl sonday kózqaras kórsetilgen. Birde, shekaralyq kiykiljinderge baylanysty, Tәuke hannyng elshileri Reseyde tútqyngha alyndy. Sonda Tәuke han I Petrge hatynda: «Úrylar ýshin elshini qamaugha alu degendi Adam atadan beri osy uaqytqa deyin eshbir qúlaq estip, kóz kórmegen edi», – degen sózdermen renish bildirgen. Tәuelsiz qazaq handyghy әmirshisining orys patshasyna teng dәrejede kórsetken tabandylyghy arqasynda qazaq elshileri bosatylyp, mәsele beybit jolmen sheshildi. Tәuke han Resey memleketimen ghana emes, ózge de kórshi eldermen, әsirese Búharany biylep otyrghan ashtarhandyq әuletpen jýrgizgen qarym-qatynastarynda eki aradaghy dauly mәselelerdi beybit týrde sheshuge jәne sol eldermen beybit baylanystaryn damytugha zor mәn berip, kýsh salyp kele jatqan.
Múnday beybit qarym-qatynasty Jonghar handyghymen jasau mýmkin bolmay qaldy. Óitkeni Sevan Rabdan qontayshynyng maqsaty ózining «Ómirding berik te myqty biyleushisi, qojayyny» sipatty maghyna bildiretin esimine say, qazaq elining úlan-ghayyr aumaghyn ózine baghyndyryp alu, sóitip, oirat konfederasiyasynyng shetki bir púshpaghyna – Edil boyyndaghy qalmaq handyghynyng shekarasyna shyghu jolymen Shynghys han tәrizdi zor imperiya qúru edi. Tәuke han oirattardyng bir kezderi qazaqqa jaqyn halyq bolghanyn jaqsy biletin. Qazaqtyng key ruy óz atasyn oirattan bastaytyn, júrttyn edәuir bóligining etnikalyq týri de sol ejelgi dúshpanyna qatty úqsaytyn. Eki etnosty da kóshpendiler órkeniyeti biriktiretin, ómir salty úqsas, tilderi de sonshalyqty alshaq emes, beybit jyldarda qara da, aqsýiek te qyz alysyp, qyz berisip jatatyn. Tәukening ózi de oiratqa jiyen edi, onyng anasy oirattyng hoshouyt taypasynyng әmirshisi Kýndelen tayshynyng qyzy bolatyn. Alayda sonday tuystyq tamyrlargha qaramastan, jaulasa kelgen oiratpen endi qazaqtyng birigui mýmkin bolmay qalghan. Sebebi, jer-sugha talasu óz aldyna, olardy din bólip túrghan. Kezinde Galdan Boshoktu músylman qazaqqa óz ilanymyn – budda dinin shart qoyyp tanghysy kelse, Sevan Rabdan mәseleni birden soghysyp sheshuge úmtyldy. Onyng әskerleri qazaq sarbazdarynyng qorghanys maqsatynda jankeshtilikpen jýrgizgen kýresterin enserip, Jetisudyng bir bóligin basyp aldy, aldynghy sheptegi qosyndary Sarysu ózenine jetti.
Osynday sayasy ahual Tәuke handy qatty oilandyrdy. Ol elding birligi men tynyshtyghyn oilap edәuir reforma jýrizgen. Ýsh jýzding tynys-tirshiligin әigili biyler men belgili rubasy, aqsaqaldar, ózining bas adamdardan taghayyndaghan ókilderi jәne barsha júrt moyyndaghan, ómirde basshylyqqa alghan «Jeti jarghy» arqyly rettep otyrghan. Alayda jaghday kýrdeli kýige týsken edi. Úlan-ghayyr Dala tósin mekendeytin halqyn, beybit ómirden qol ýzip, soghys jaghdayynda kýizelip jatqan elin qorghau, ainalasyndaghy qater tóndire qorshaghan jaugha qarsy túrudy úiymdastyru isin Týrkistandaghy ordasynan basqaru qiyn bolyp bara jatqan. Qart Tәuke, dana Tәuke, júrty әspettegen Áz Tәuke jalpaq eldi basqaru mәselesine uaqyt talabyna say jana reforma jasau qajettigin zayyr týsingen...
XI. JOGhARY DÁREJEDEGI SAYaSY OIDYNG ONG NÁTIYJESI
Taqqa otyrghan bette dushar bolghan jonghar shapqynshylyghynyng betin qaytarghannan keyin, Tәuke han memleketting ishki mәselesine qatty nazar audarghan bolatyn. Ondaghan jyldargha sozylghan «qoy ýstine boztorghay júmyrtqalaghan» tynysh zamanda bosansyp, bytyranqy kýige týsken qazaq qoghamyn qayta tútastyrugha kýsh salghan.
Osy orayda Tәuke han memleketti, memleketting qúrylymyn nyghaytu joldaryn qarastyrdy. Tynysh zamanda úmyt qalghan tәrtipti – Esim han dәuirinde engizilip, bertingi kezende jayyna qalghan reformany – janghyrtty. Handyqtyng jýzderge bólingen memlekettik qúrylymynyng buyndaryn basqaru isine әr týrli әleumettik toptan shyqqan daryndy, aqyldy adamdardy tartty. Biyler kenesining júmysyn jandandyrdy. Jogharghy ókimet baspaldaghynda ghana emes, jýzderdi basqaru buyndarynda da júmys isteuge tiyis kenesterge júrtshylyq arasynan tanymal biyler men ózge de bas adamdardyng tandauly ókilderi saylanuyn, olardyn eldegi qalyptasqan ahualdy jiti saralap, әr mәselede әdil sheshim jasauyn talap etti. Esim han reformasynyng mәni osynda – halyq ókilderin biylikke tartuda, olardyng alqalyq sheshimderine basymdyq berude jatqan. Biyler kenesining kelisiminsiz han jeke-dara sheshim jasaugha haqyly emes-tin, yaghny han biyligi zany túrghyda shekteuli keletin. Tәuke han osy qaghidagha nazar audardy. Biyler kenesining el basqaruda, sot tóreligin qúruda sheshim shygharatyn, biylik jasaytyn auqymyn keneytti.
Degenmen, jalpaq elding ontýstik qiyryndaghy astanada – Týrkistan shaharynda shygharylghan sheshimning handyq jayylyp jatqan úlan-ghayyr aumaqtyng bar týkpirine der kezinde jetip, qaltqysyz oryndaluy mýmkin bolmaytyn. Shyndap kelgende, Jonghar handyghynyng Qara Ertis yaky Urga (Qúlja) jaghynan shyghyp lek-legimen tógilgen әskerlerining shabuyldary ótindegi ónirde otyryp, alys Edildegi Qalmaq handyghymen shektesetin audanda әrәdik búrq ete týsetin qaqtyghystargha baylanysty jedel sharalardy oilastyru da, jýzege asyrudy basqaru da qiyn edi. Shalghay ólkelerde jaghdaygha qaray jedel týrde qajet sheshimdi jasaytyn da, ony oryndaytyn da jergilikti ókimet boluy qajettigin uaqyt algha tartyp túrghan. Handyqtyng jergilikti jerlerdegi tolyq ókiletti uәkili bolyp tabylatyn atqarushy biylik buyny jasaluy tiyis. Qazirgi basqynshylyq shabuyldar saldarynan ayaq astynan ornay qalatyn auyr sayasy jaghdaydy tez taldap, qajet sheshimdi jedel qorytyp shyghara alatyn biyler kenesi men ony jýzege asyratyn yqpaldy atqarushy túlgha boluy óte-móte kerek-aq. Handyqtyng memlekettik qúrylymynda tap osynday buynnyng joqtyghy әbden qartayghan, biraq tiyisinshe danalyghy kemeline kelgen Áz Tәukege qatty sezilip túrghan.
«Qoy ýstine boztorghay júmyrtqalaghan» dәuirde әr ru-taypa óz tirshiligimen, óz atamekenderinde beybit kýn keship, el arasynda ózara qyzyqty, dumandy qarym-qatynas jasaghan erkindik ahualda baqytty ómir sýrip jatqan edi. Keshegi kýnderi elge jau tiygende, bayyrghy әdetimen, han ordasynan jaushy jetkizgen jarlyqqa oray tez sarbaz shygharyp, ortaq tu astyna birige aldy. Búl solay, әitkenmen, jer shalghaylyghyn eskere qoymaghan ókimet qúrylymyndaghy biylik әlsizdigi syr berip-aq túrghan. Kindik biylikting әmiri jergilikti jerlerge jetkenshe jer shalghaylyghynan eskirui әm әlsireui qazirgi tolassyz jaugershilik túsynda eriksiz kózge úratyn. Dúshpan shabuyldaghan ólkelerde halyqty shúghyl qorghanysqa júmyldyra alatynday yqpaldy túlgha jetpeytini anyq edi. Ár ónirde sonday yqpaldy da bedeldi túlghanyng boluy asa tiyimdi, sondaylardy tauyp, jer-jerdegi tiyisti ókimettik biylikke taghayyndau kerek. Búlar әskery iske, qolbasshylyqqa tumysynan beyim súltandar ishinen tabylady, osy jaugershilik kezende kózge týsip jýrgenderding layyqtylaryn biylikke tartugha әbden bolady. Esim han salghan eski jolmen – el qúrmetine bólengenderden tandau jolymen, yaghny meritokratiyalyq tәrtippen alys jatqan aimaqtargha, naqtylap kelgende әr jýzge han saylau – qazirgi ómir talaby bolyp otyr. Olar alyp qazaq eli túrghysynan qaraghanda – ortalyqtaghy úly hangha (qahangha) baghynyshty handar bolugha kerek. Is jýzinde osylay, jýzdik handar institutyn qalyptastyryp, nyghaytu arqyly Qazaq handyghynyng birtútastyghy men quatyn arttyrugha bolady. Qart Tәukening búl oigha bekem toqtauyna jongharlardyng 18-shi ghasyr basyndaghy jana shapqynshylyqtary men el jappay tartyp jatqan qayghy-qasiret, kýizelis sebep boldy. Payymdaryn ordasyndaghy han kenesine jinalghandargha, eng aldymen Tóle, Qaz dauysty Qazybek, Áyteke biylerge bayan etti. Sosyn Shynghys hannyng ýlken imperiyany tórt balasyna bólip berip basqaru tәsilining mәnin, Joshy Úlysy keregesin keneytip Úlygh Úlys (Altyn Orda) bolghan kezde de Qaraqorymgha tәueldiligin moyyndap túrghan tәrtipti ortagha salyp, bәri birge paryqtasqan. Altyn Orda óz memlekettik qúrylymynda kishi úlystar men ordalardy imperiya retindeti túrpaty ydyraghangha deyin-aq boy kótertip, solardyng biyleushileri arqyly býkil eldi basqaru әdisin qoldanghan, múny barshasy moyyndaydy. Alys zamandy qoya túrghanda, kýni býgin qazaq elin alasapyrangha týsirgen jongharlardyng ózining memleketi birneshe handyqtan túrady. Teristiktegi kórshi, Edilding tómengi aghysyn iyelenip alghan Qalmaq handyghy da, shyntuaytynda, sol jonghar memleketining qúramyna kiredi. Múny bәri biletin. Jonghar handyghynyng is jýzinde alys-alys jatqan derbes handyqtar tóbesindegi handyq ekenin, yaghny oirattardyng konfederasiyalyq ókimeti ekenin, sonday qúrylymy boluynyng arqasynda jongharlar jalpaq qazaq elin jan-jaqtan qysudy oilaryndaghyday jýzege asyryp túrghanyn payymgha salyp, terennen oy tolghasqan.
Orasan zor alqapqa jayylghan jer-su tósinde qily elmen shektesip, nebir oqighany bastan keship jatqan Qazaq handyghy basshylyghynyng әr qiyrda kýnbe-kýn tuyp jatqan mәselelerdi jedel sheshe alatynday mýmkindikke qol jetkizudi qarastyruyn ómirding ózi algha tartty. Qazirgi tanda shyghysy men ontýstiginen shekarany búzyp-jaryp tap-tap berip jýrgen jongharlardyng dýley shapqynshylyghynan da, teristigi men batysynan kýnbe-kýn qauip tóndirip túrghan qalmaq, kazak jәne ózge júrttyng jortuyldarynan da qorghanu mәselesi kýn tәrtibinen týspeytin. Dúshpandyq shabuyldargha jedel jәne der kezinde qarsylyq kórsetudi úiymdastyra bilu handyqtyng qúrylymynda eskeriluge kerek. Býgingi jaghdayda aishylyq alysqa sozylghan shartarapty Tәuke hannyng Týrkistandaghy ordasynan jedel basqaryp, uaqtyly tiyimdi sheshim qabyldap otyru mýmkin emes. Osy uaqytqa deyin Tәuke han senim artyp kelgen, kýlli el basyn iyetin osynau ýsh әigili by de, jer-jerdegi ózge bas adamdar da búl sharuany orynday almaydy. Ýsh ólkege handyq mәrtebesi bar ýsh әmirshi qoy qajet. Shúghyl әreket etetin jaghdaylarda eldik mýddeni qorghaugha batyl shygha alulary ýshin...
Ordasynda bas qosyp otyrghan iygi jaqsylargha ayan, Tәuke han ózinen búrynghy handar túsynda, әsirese «qoy ýstine boztorghay júmyrtqalaghan» mamyrajay beybitshilik kezendegi qamsyzdyq tughyzghan bosbelbeulik pen ishki tartystar saldarynan ydyray bastaghan ýsh jýzdi qayta biriktirdi. Jeke-jeke úlystardy biylegen súltandardyng ortalyqtan bólektenuine tejeu saldy. Qazaq handyghynyng ishki birligin bekemdeuge barlyq sharalardy qoldanyp, ony edәuir kýsheytti. Býgingi tandaghy jaghdayda endi, әr jýzding óz hanyn saylau arqyly, birlikti odan sayyn nyghaytugha bolady. Búl – qajettilik, múny ómirding ózi talap etip otyr. Qysqasy, kýshti armiyasy bar jonghar konfederasiyasy ýlgisimen qazaq ta handyghyn konfederasiya sipatynda damytugha tiyis. Sonda әr taraptan tiyisetin dúshpandargha qarsy jedel shara jasau mýmkindigi artady. Elding tynys-tirshiligin, túrmysyn jaqsartyp, qorghanys qabiletin, uaqyt talabyna jauap bere alatynday qauqaryn arttyru joly osy. Tәuke hannyng búl úsynysy keneske qatysushylar tarapynan qoldaugha ie boldy. Qazaqtyng ýsh jýzine ýsh han saylau qajettigin moyyndau sol kezdegi el aghalarynyng qoghamdyq-sayasy oiynyng eng biyik shyny, sayasy shygharmashylyqta tanytqan asa kóregen jәne dúrys qorytyndysy edi. (Bolashaqta onyng handyqtyng bólshektenui retinde qarastyryluy jәne shynymen de is jýzinde sonday kóriniske týsui sol kezdegi qily pighyldy is adamdarynyng óresi tar is-әreketterinen jәne bertindegi týrli dәrejedegi oishyldardyng jaghdaydy jan-jaqty eskermey oy qorytuynan tuyndaghan mәsele). Sodan eki ghasyr ilgeride Tәuke hannyng babasy Qasym han kýshti memleket qúra bilgen-tin. Ol syrt elden kelgen qonaqtargha qazaqtardyn, yaghny ózderining keng dalany jaylaghan sahara perzenti ekenin, qoldarynda ne siyrek kezdesetin zattardyn, ne qymbat búiymdardyn, ne qanday da bir tauarlardyng joqtyghyn aitatyn. Júrttyng basty baylyghy jylqy ekenin, jylqynyng eti men terisi әri tandauly as, әri ynghayly kiyim, al sýti, yaghny qymyz – asa sýikimdi de jaghymdy susyn, mal sýtinen jasalatyn qúrt, irimshik, airan syndy qily ónim tendessiz tagham qyzmetin atqaratynyn, kónil kóteretin oryny – mal men jylqy tabyndarynyng jayylymy, sýisinip qaraytyny – bәige, kókpar kórinisteri ekenin әngimeleytin. Sodan beri qazaqtyng ómir saltyna pәlendey ózgeris engen joq, biraq sony saqtau, qorghau mәselesi kýn tәrtibinen týspey keledi. Tәuke elding ishki birligin jaqsartu maqsatymen Kishi jýz ben Orta jýzdegi jeke-jeke әlsizdik tanytatyn úsaq rulardy toptastyryp, kýshti birlikter (Jetiru, Uaq-Kerey) qúrdy. Endi, mine, ókimetine әr aimaqta mәseleni jedel qarastyryp, tiyisti sheshimge kele alatyn jәne sot biyligin jýrgize alatyn biyler kenesin meritokratiyalyq tәsilmen saylatudy tapsyrdy.
Az uaqytta Tóle by Úly jýz, Qazybek by Orta jýz, Áyteke by Kishi jýz ishinde layyqty el aghalarynan biyler kenesin jasaqtaudy jýzege asyrdy. Jýzderdegi biyler kenesi el ishindegi ózge de belgili túlghalar qatysqan jiyndarda eldik mýdde jolyndaghy kýresterde kózge ilinip, aimaqtarynda el rizashylyghyna bólenip jýrgen súltandar arasynan han lauazymyna layyqtardy iriktedi. Osylay, Tәuke han biyleytin Qazaq handyghynda 18-shi ghasyrdyng alghashqy jyldarynda ýsh kishi han – Úly jýzde Abdolla, Orta jýzde Qayyp, Kishi jýzde Ábilqayyr payda boldy. Tarihta búl jaghdaydy birtútas qazaq handyghynyng ómir sýruin toqtatqany, qazaq handyghynyng ýsh jeke handyqqa ydyraghany dep týsindiriledi. Patsha zamanynda da, sovet zamanynda da, qazirgi tәuelsizdik dәuirinde de osy oy jappay ornyqtyrylghan. Áli kýngi sol qalpynda, sol eskirgen jәne janartyluy kýni býginge deyin qolgha alynbaghan ahualda qalyp, qayta qaralmay túr.
Biz búl bólinisti qazaq handyghynyng tútastyghyn, birligi men quatyn arttyrugha baghyttalghan shara dep bilemiz. Jogharyda aitylghan sebepterge baylanysty solay oilaymyz. Shara Tәuke hannyng kózi tirisinde jýzege asyryldy. Ol is jýzinde bas han, úly han, qahan sanaldy, al janadan aimaqtyq taqqa otyrghan ýsh han (Tashkenttegi Abdolla, Arqadaghy Qayyp, Qaraqúmdaghy Ábilqayyr) derbestigi bar, biraq iri mәselelerde jalpyqazaq mýddesin kózdeytin sheshimderdi basshylyqqa alatyn, bas biyleushi Tәuke hangha qarasty әmirshiler bolyp sanaldy. Búl zaman talabynan tughan qajettilik bolatyn. Ony babalarymyzdyng sayasy oy tolghauynyng zamanyna say kemeldene damuy mýmkin etti.
XII. BATYS ÓLKEDEGI MANYZDY QORGhANYS ShARASY
Tәuke han elding batys ónirining qauipsizdigin qamtamasyz etu ýshin batyl shara alugha tekten-tek bekinbegen edi. Onyng týpki sebebi sol, orys memleketining jýrgizgen soghystaryna belsene qatysu arqyly patsha senimine әbden kirgen, tiyisinshe, patshalyqtyn qamqorlyghy arqasynda Qalmaq handyghyn kýsheytip, quatty, jaqsy úiymdastyrylghan әsker jasaqtap alghan Aike han Qazaq handyghynyng teristigindegi bitispes jauyna ainalghan bolatyn.
Qalmaq handyghynyng әmirshisi shapshang da oralymdy jasaqtarymen әuelde qazaqtardan eriksiz aiyrylghan noghaylargha jortuyldatyp, olardyng Kubanidaghy auyldaryn, auyldardaghy qazandaryn (shanyraqtaryn) shauyp ketip jýrdi. (Qalmaqtar orys әskerlerimen birlesip qanshama qyryp-joyghanmenen, noghaylar әli de patshalyq yqpalyna tolyq týse qoymaghan edi). Odan Qazaq handyghyna – Petr patshanyng qoly jetpegen tәuelsiz elge túraqty joryq jasap túrudy әdetke ainaldyrdy. Bәlkim múnysy ózining ontýstiktegi konfederativtik qojayyny (nemese suzereni) Jonghar handyghymen onyng Shynghys han zamanyndaghyday alyp imperiya qúrudy kózdeytin basty maqsatyna birlesip jetu orayynda qimyl ýilestiru jóninen kelisip alghandyghynan shyghar. Qalay bolghanda da, ol jortuyldarymen qazaq jerine tereng súghynyp, Kaspiy tenizining ontýstik-shyghys jaghalauyn mekendeytin júrtty, týrikmenderdi de shapty. Aral manyndaghy eldi, qaraqalpaqtar men ózbekterdi de shapqynshylyqqa úshyratty. Tipti Hiua handyghyna deyin shabuyldap baryp jýrdi. Ne kerek, Edil qalmaqtary da, olardyng ontýstiktegi qatygez tuystary jongharlar sekildi, tipti solarmen birdey dәrejede qazaq eline qater tóndirip túrghan. Tәuke han osyny zayyr úqty.
Qalmaq handyghy әskerlerining Qazaq handyghyna jasaghan shapqynshylyghyn Kishi jýz qazaqtarynyng ru-taypalary basynda túrghan súltandar bastan keship jatty. Solardyng biri Tәuke hanmen atalas tóre túqymdarynyng biri, Jәnibek hannyng kishi úly Ósekeden taraghan Bólekey súltan úrpaghy Qajy súltan edi. Ol bauyry Bólekeyúly Batyr hanmen qatar ósken bútaq ókili bolatyn. Qajy súltan kýlli ózine qarasty әuletimen, balalarymen (ishinde ortanshy úly, bolashaq Ábilqayyr bahadýr bar) Syrdyng tómengi aghysynda ómir sýrdi. Qaraqúm atyrabyn qystap, jaz ailarynda Torghay men Yrghyz ózenderining jogharghy aghysynda, Jemge tayau manda kóship-qonyp jýretin. 17-shi ghasyrdyng sonyna qaray osy aumaqty mekendeytin qazaqtar Edil qalmaqtarynyng әskery shabuyldaryna jiyi-jii úshyrady. Osynday ahualda jasóspirim Ábilqayyr shayqasqa erte aralasyp, úrystarda tanytqan erjýrektigimen, batyrlyghymen erekshelendi. (Resmy tarihy әdebiyette ol 1693 jyly dýniyege keldi dep jazylyp jýr. Alayda Ábilqayyr hannyng ómir jolyn tereng jәne jan-jaqty zerttep, tendessiz ghylymiy-zertteushilik júmys jýrgizgen tarihshy Irina Erofeeva ony 17-shi ghasyrdyng 80-shi jyldarynyng orta kezinde tughan dep sanaydy. Onyng tamasha júmysyn jәne ózge de tarihy maghlúmattardy salystyryp qarastyra kele, biz búghan sәl týzetu engizip, Ábilqayyrdy Tәuke han taqqa otyrghan shamada – 1680 jyldary dýniyege kelgen degen oigha toqtadyq).
1698 jyly Qazaq handyghy ontýstik-shyghysynan Jonghar handyghynyng joyqyn shabuylyna úshyraghanda, soltýstik-batysynan Qalmaq handyghynyng jasaqtary da jer-suyna tarpa bas saldy. Angke hannyng orys patshasy әskerimen týrli soghystarda bir sapta shayqasyp kóp tәjiriybe jinaqtaghan jauyngerleri jaqsy qarulanghan, әskery ónerge kәsiby mashyqtanghan bolghandyqtan da, kóp jaghdayda qazaqtardan әldeqayda basym týsip jýrdi. Alayda, otanyn qorghap jýrgen sebepti, qazaq sarbazdarynyng ruhy myqty bolatyn. Olar ózderinen kýshti jaudan jenilgenmen, qúty qashpaytyn, ensesin týsirmeytin.
Úrystar arasyndaghy bir beybit sәtte jasóspirim Ábilqayyrdy kópke әigili qazaq batyrynyng qalay kórip, tanysqanyn jәne bir kórgende qanday dengeydegi baghalaumen әspettegenin aita keteyik. Búl jóninde ghasyrlar boyy el ishinde saqtalghan anyzdy dala tósinde aidauda bolghan әldebir orys ziyalysy jazyp ketken eken. Óz aty-jónin kórsetpey, «Nevoliniyk», yaghny «Bas bostandyghy joq» dep qol qoyyp, «Predanie o kirgiyz-kaysaskom hane Abulhaiyre» – «Qazaq hany Ábilqayyr turaly anyz» degen taqyryppen 19-shy ghasyrdyng sonynda Torghay oblystyq baspasózi betinde jariyalapty. Anyzdy ghylymy ainalymgha Erofeeva engizdi. Sondaghy jogharyda atalghan epizodty әngimeleyik. Bir ghana ózgeris – batyrdyng esimin naqtylaymyz. Bizding oiymyzsha, Ábilqayyrdy 17-shi ghasyrdyng sonynda, yaky 18-shi ghasyrdyng alghashqy jyldarynda keziktirgen – keyin hannyng senimdi serigine ainalatyn Jәnibek batyr emes (óitkeni búl shaqta ol tym jas – 1693 jyly tughan), dúrysy – Jәnibekting әkesi Qoshqar batyr bolsa kerek. Anyz sonysymen de anyz, uaqyt óte kele key detali beykýnә ózgeriske úshyraghan ghoy dep oilaymyz.
Sonymen... Úly Dala. Týs kezi. Esimi elge әigili, erligine bek razy halyq tik túryp qúrmetteytin Qoshqar batyr dulyghasy kýnge shaghylysa jaltyldap, jasaghynyng aldynda jelip keledi. Aldynan jeke-dara ósip túrghan qalyng bútaqty aghash kórinedi. Aghashtyng janynan ótip bara jatyp, batyr tizginin tartady. Jasaq onyng qos qaptalynan, qaumalay toqtaydy. Bәrining nazary batyr qaraghan jaqqa auady. Aghash týbinde asa kórkem bir jasóspirim jigit qatty úiqy qúshaghynda jatyr eken. Jәnibek batyr oghan sýisine qaraydy. «Órimdey jas, alayda netken ór keskin! Quat pen jiger tóguin qara... Myna balausa bozbalanyng qanynda tektilik bar!» – dep sýisinedi ol. Jan-jaghynan qaumalaghan sarbazdaryna jýzin búryp: «Qarandarshy, – deydi, – qúshaghyn qalay batyl da keng jaza jayyp jatqanyna kónil bólindershi! Ol qúddy ózining qajyrly qoldarymen býkil әlemdi qúshaqtap alghysy keletindey!»
Sarbazdar auyzdyghymen alysqan attarynyng basyn tartyp, jetekshilerining auzyna qaraydy. Batyr úiyqtap jatqan jigitting әdettegiden tys ghalamat kórkine sýisingennen, oghan at ýstinen esi kete ýnilip túryp: «Búl balanyng bolashaghy zor. Aytpady demender!» – deydi. Sosyn úzyn nayzasynyng úshymen bozbalanyng qolyn týrtip qalady. Sol-aq eken, bala jigit oyanyp ketedi. Qoshqar batyr nayzasyn keri tartyp alugha ýlgerer-ýlgermesten, jolbaryssha serpimdi qimylmen ornynan atyp túrady. Janynda jatqan sadaghyn ala kóteriledi. Túrghan bette jebeni batyrdyng keude túsyna baghyttaydy. Sadaq jaghyn kere tartyp, atugha әzir ójettigin tanytady. «Toqta, jankeshti bala, toqta, – dep aiqay salady batyr, – tasta sadaghyndy, men Qoshqar bolam! Qoshqar batyr jayynda talay estigen bolarsyn, sening sadaq kezenip túrghan – sol, Qoshqar batyr! Men saghan jau emespin. Men saghan jaqsylyq tileytin dos bolam!» Bala jigit sadaghyn kezep túrghan qalpy, batyrdyng betine tik qarap, ór ýnmen: «Meyli, sen ataqty Qoshqar batyr bolsang – bola ghoy, biraq sening óz betinshe tynysh jatqan adamdy mazalauyng qalay? Al men Ábilqayyr súltanmyn! Áldekimning at ýstinde otyryp, ózimdi nayzamen týrtkileuine men tózbeymin!» – deydi.
Batyrdyng nókerleri myna beytanys bozbalanyng ójettigi men jasyna say emes órkókirek menmendigine qayran qalady. Anyryp, bir-birine qarasady. Jabyla qamshynyng astyna alyp, juasytyp jiberse qayter edi?! Biraq Qoshqar batyr beytanys bozbalanyng qylyghyna razy bolghany sonday, bәrin odan sayyn tanyrqatyp, atynan týsedi de, tatulasu niyetin kórsetip, ójet balagha qolyn ózi sozady. Sonda bala jigit sadaghyn tómen týsiredi. Basyn iyip, izet kórsete túryp, el qadirlegen batyrdyng qolyn qysady. Jas Ábilqayyr súltan el tanyghan dala batyrymen osylay tanysady. Búl kezde Qoshqar batyrdyng balasy Jәnibek әli jeti-segiz jasta ghana. Ol da әke jolyn qua kele, el qorghanyna ainalghan batyr, Shaqshaq Jәnibek atanady. Sosyn Ábilqayyr hanmen ýzengiles bolady.
Al oghan deyin Ábilqayyr edәuir taghdyr talqysynan ótedi. Nebir shayqastardy bastan ótkeredi. Útady da, útylady da. Edil oirattarynyng qolbasylary ony tútqyngha týsiredi. Olar jýrek jútqan jas qazaqqa әri tandana, әri qyzygha qaraydy. Búl kezde olar asa quatty edi. Kóptegen sәtti әskery joryqtary barysynda qalmaqtardyng da, olardyng bas әmirshisi Angke hannyng da bedeli arta týsken. Sol 18-shi ghasyrdyng basynda Qalmaq handyghynyng ishki sayasy jaghdayy әldeqayda nyghayghany sonday, әli de patshalyq qarmaghyna týse qoymaghan kórshi aimaqtargha óktem biylik jýrgizuge tyrysqan. Osy rettegi onyng ózge kórshilerinen basymdyghy kózge úryp, tiyisinshe, abyroylylyghy artqan, halyqaralyq dәrejede tanylghan. Osynday biyik mәrtebege jetken Aiyke hannyng qúzyrynda edәuir ózge júrt ókilderi, solardyng ishinde, qalmaqtardyng jenisti joryqtarynyng birinde әldeqanday taghdyr talqysymen tútqyndalghan jas Ábilqayyr súltan da qyzmet etken edi.
Qalmaq handyghynda erkinen tys ótkizgen uaqytyn jas Ábilqayyr nәtiyjeli ótkizip, paydasyna asyra bildi. Batyl, zerek, aqyldy jas batyr sol shaqtaghy asa bedeldi jәne tanymal dala qolbasshylarynyng biri retinde moyyndalghan Ayke hannyng әskery isti qalay útymdy týrde qayta qúryp alghanyn zerdeledi. Onyng jýzege asyryp otyrghan el basqaru jýiesin paryqtady. Qalmaq hanynyng әskeriy-sayasy qyzmetindegi eleuli ozyq tәjiriybeni angharyp, ol jýzege asyrghan amaldyng – bayyrghy dala әdetine europalyq dәstýrlerdi kiriktiruding anyq artyqshylyqtaryn bayqady. Ne kerek, qúday boyyna asa zor kýsh-qayratqa qosa darytqan aqyl-oydyng arqasynda, Ábilqayyr súltan ózining erkinen tys biraz mezgil uaqytsha әmirshisi bolghan Angke hannyng qyzmetinde jýrip, ony belgili dәrejede jauyngerlik sharua men memlekettik isterdi úiymdastyruda ónege kórsetken ústazy retinde de qabyldaghanday boldy. Aqyry, tanyghany men ýirengenin, qol jetkizgen biligin óz eli iygiligine júmsaytyn shaq tughanyn týisindi. Sóitip, Edilding tómengi aghysyndaghy Qalmaq handyghynda ótkizgen azyn-aulaq uaqytynan keyin, Ábilqayyr súltan ózining tuyp-ósken ónirine – Syr suyna shektesetin dala men Qaraqúm alqabynda ómir sýrip jatqan tughan-tuysqandary arasyna qaytty. Elge oralghannan keyin tez arada ainalasyn ózining jeke basynyng batyrlyghymen birge, shayqas jýrgizudegi óte ontayly tәsilderdi úiymdastyra biletin әskery sheberligimen qayran qaldyryp, moyyndatty. Úzamay qazaqtar men qaraqalpaqtardan qúralghan jasaqty bastap, bashqúrt elinen bir-aq shyqty.
Qaharly Ivan (Ioann Groznyi) túsynda bodandyqqa týsken bashqúrttar orys taghyna Romanovtar kelgeli beri airyqsha qysym kórip jýrgen. Bashqúrt jer-suy talan-tarajgha úshyratylyp, atamekenderine shekaralyq beketter, qamaldar, patshalyqtyng óz túrghyndary ghana jaylaghan eldi mekender, hristian monastyrilary salyndy. Tarihy qúqtary taptalyp, bostandyqtarynan airylghan bashqúrttar 17-shi ghasyrda әldeneshe ret kóteriliske shyghyp, jerge, dinge baylanysty kóptegen talaptaryn oryndatugha qol jetkize alghan. Alayda patshalyq qashanda óz ozbyrlyghynda bir qadam sheginse, artynsha eki qadam ilgerilep, nebir jәdigóy әreketke baratyn. Onyng ýstine, ókimetting bashqúrt ishindegi paydakýnem sheneunikteri ókilettilikterin asyra paydalanyp, qily zorlyq kórsetu jolymen, bodandardan zanda joq alym-salyq alghan. Sonday qysymdar saldarynan bashqúrttar 1704 jyly qayta kóterildi. Alty-jeti jylgha sozylghan búl kóterilisting belgili bir kezeninde, 1708 jyldar shamasynda, bashqúrttardyng orys patshalyghynyng әskerlerine qarsy shayqastaryna Ábilqayyr súltan da atsalysty. Ol múnda bashqúrt jetekshisi Aldar Esengeldinning shaqyruymen kelgen edi. Ózi bastap әkelgen qazaq-qaraqalpaq odaghynyng qúrama jasaghy patsha әskerine qarsy belsendi úrystar jýrgizdi. Osy shaqta Ábilqayyr ózi iygergen jәne mashyqtanghan әskery ónerin bastap әkelgen jasaghy men kóterilisshilerge riyasyz ýiretti. Soghysudyng qyr-syrymen bólisip, óz әskerine de, bashqúrt jasaqtaryna da sheber jetekshilik etti. Sonyng nәtiyjesinde bashqúrt kóterilisshileri men olardy qoldaushy sarbazdar Sarytau (Saratov), Astrahan, Samara, Qazan, Vyatka, tipti Kavkaz ben Tobylgha deyin at oinatqan. Ábilqayyr bahadýrding jeke basynyng erligine, jaugershiligine, әskery qolbasylyq qabiletine tәnti bolghan bashqúrttar ony ózderining hany dep atady.
Teristiktegi bashqúrt kóterilisining songhy kezeninde orys ókimetine qaru alyp qarsy túru ontýstikte 1708 jyly qaytadan óristedi. Ol Qazaq handyghynyng uaqyt ótken sayyn ýdey týsken jonghar basqynshylyghyna qarsylyq kórsetu sharalaryn úiymdastyryp jatqan shaghyna sәikes keldi. Kýrdeli sayasy jaghdaydy jan-jaqty sarapqa salghan Tәuke han, jogharyda aitqanymyzday, el biyligine reforma jasaudy qolgha alghan. Soghan oray Áyteke by bastaghan bas adamdar bashqúrt elinde orys әskerimen soghysyp jýrgen Ábilqayyr súltannyng elge qaytuyn súraghan. Sodan, qazaq-qaraqalpaq qolyn basqaryp, bashqúrt kóterilisin qoldauda edәuir tabysty jenisterge jetken, europalyq jalpaq ónirde de jihanger, qolbasshy retinde keninen tanylghan Ábilqayyr bahadýr tughan eline oralady. Oralysymen, oirattardyng eki tústan da jasap jýrgen shapqynshylyghyna qaytip tótep beruge bolady degen ómirlik mәseleni aqyldasqan bas qosulargha qatysady. Osy taghdyrly saualdy qarastyru ýshin (tarihta Qaraqúm qúryltayy degen ataumen әigili bolghan) halyq ókilderi jinalysyn shaqyrugha belsene atsalysady.
Qaraqúm qúryltayyna qatysqan Kishi jýzden jәne Orta jýzding bir bóliginen kelgen biyler men rubasylar, aqsaqaldar, basqa da bas adamdar 1710 jyly Ábilqayyrdy han lauazymyna saylaydy jәne osy eki jýzden jaugha qarsy jasaqtalatyn әskerding bas sardary etip taghayyndaydy. Ábilqayyr han memleketting Týrkistandaghy ortalyq ordasynda otyrghan Bas han Áz Tәukening batys ólkedegi arqa sýieytin senimdi tiregi, qazaq handyghynyng qabyrghaly, qarymdy qorghaushysy retinde qabyldanady.
XIII. QARAQÚM QÚRYLTAYY
1710 jyly Aral tenizining soltýstigindegi Qaraqúmda Qarakesek qúryltayy ótti. Ony tarihta Qaraqúm qúryltayy dep te, Qarakesek qúryltayy dep te tanbalay beredi. Óitkeni búl jiyn ótken Qaraqúm alqabyn negizinen Qarakesek ru-taypalary mekendeytin. Osy halyq qúryltayyna shartaraptan jinalghan júrtshylyq ókilderi (tóreler, biyler, rubasylar, ózge de týrli shonjarlar, aqsaqaldar, batyrlar, sarbazdar) ózderinen kýshi basym qaharly jaugha júmyryqsha júmylyp, býkil el-júrt bolyp birigu jolymen qarsy túramyz dep bir auyzdan sheshken. Sheshim asa kýrdeli, qayghyly-zarly jan kýizelisi búrqaghan auyr ahlaqtyq ahualda qabyldandy. Qúryltayda әuelde kýizelisti elding ýmitin ýze týsken kýnirenis ornap túrdy.
Aqylman aqsaqaldyng biri mәseleni terennen qozghap tolghanghan-dy. Qasym han zamanynan beri biz salt etken ústanym qanday edi dep ah úrghan... Auyzdan auyzgha berilip keledi – sonau úly әmirshi bizdi dala tólimiz degen. Bizde qymbat mýlik joqtyghyn aitqan. Bizding bar baylyghymyz – jylqy, sol kezde de, qazir de biz ýshin jylqynyng eti men terisi as әri kiyim, sýti susyn. Áli kýngi kónil kóterer ornymyz – mal jayylymy, jylqy ýiirleri. Qashannan at kórinisine sýisinetinbiz. Býgingi jau bizdi atam zamannan ústap kele jatqan osy saltymyzdan aiyrdy. Atamekenimizden tyqsyruda. Jer-suymyzdy basyp aluda... júrt bosyp ketti. Qaytip jan saqtaymyz? Eldigimiz qayda qalmaq? Dúshpan atynyng túyaghy astynda taptalyp qala beremiz be? Op-onay jan bere salamyz ba? Álde bir aqtyq serpilisimizdi kórsetemiz be? Babalar jolyna salsaq, kýresken jón. Qasyq qanymyz qalghansha soghysu lәzim. Elimizdi, jerimizdi, ata-ana, әiel, qyz-kelinshek, bala-shaghamyzdy, bir-birimizdi, oshaghymyzdy bir jennen qol, bir jaghadan bas shygharyp qorghaghan dúrys bolmaq. Biraq qaytip? Ne isteu kerek bizge qazirgi asa auyr jaghdayda? Jan-jaqtan at sabyltyp Qaraqúm qúryltayyna kelgen aghayyn, osy jayynda keleli kenes qúrayyq degendi aitty. Jiyn barysynda týrli dauys shyqty, toryqqan pikir estildi. «Toz-tozy shyqqan el-júrtty saqtau ýshin, tym qarsylasa bermey, qalmaq qontayshynyng meyirimine ýmit artayyq, – dedi әldebir bas adam qoyanjýrek qorqaqtyq kórsetip, – sonda qalghan mal-janymyzdy aman alyp qalarmyz, búdan arghy ómirimiz qauipsizirek bolar». Tap sonday kónil-kýidegi ekinshi bireui: «Qoy, keteyik búl jaqtan, Edil asayyq, shalghaygha qonys audarayyq, pәleden sóitip qashyp qútylayyq», – dep, ýrey ýstine ýrey qosyp jatty. Ony ýshinshisi: «Alysqa ýdere kóship nemiz bar, jan-jaqqa, sekseuil arasyna qoyansha bytyray shashylyp ketsek te bolmay ma, toptalyp qarsylyq kórsetpesek bizdi jau izdey de, ala da qoymas», – dep tolyqtyra týzetip jatty.
Osynau jeniliske beyil toptyng aitqandary qúryltaygha ýmit arta kelgen kópshilikting oi-pikirine qobalju kirgizgendey boldy. Halyq jinalysyn shaqyrudyng bel ortasynda jýrgen Ábilqayyr bahadýr múndaydy kýtpegendikten týiilip otyr edi, bir kezde nayzaghaysha jarq etip, qamyqqan júrttyng ensesin kýrt kótergen jәit oryn aldy. Ortagha Bókenbay batyr júlqyna shyqty. Tәuke hannyng aqylymen úiysqan Jetiru birlestigining Tabyn ruyn basqaratyn, erjýrektigimen el auzyna kópten iligip jýrgen batyr, jigit aghasy. Ol mәjilis qúrghan júrtshylyqqa ainala qarap, qatty aitys ýstinde kiyimining ónirin aiyryp jyrtyp jiberdi. Qylyshyn qynynan suyryp alyp, keneske jiylghandar aldynda ýiire kóterdi de, ýzdige sóilep, jan aiqaygha basty: «Dúshpanymyzdan ósh aluymyz kerek! – dedi ol emosiyagha toly jarqyn da qozdyrghysh dauyspen. – Talqany shyghyp tonalghan kóshterimiz ben tútqyngha týsken úrpaghymyzdyng qor bolghanyn sharasyzdana baqylaumen shekteletin beyshara bolmayyq! Biz kek qaytarugha tiyispiz! Qolymyzdan qaruymyzdy tastamay, qylyshymyzben dúshpanymyzdy shauyp túryp jan tapsyrayyq! Qypshaq jazyghyndaghy, ata-babamyz aunap-qunaghan osynau qazaq dalasy tósindegi sarbazdar qay kezde jýreksinip edi! Men qolymdy jau qanyna malghanda – myna saqalgha aq kirmegen edi ghoy! Endi men pútqa tabynghan jabayylardyng óktem zorlyghyn jaybaraqat qabylday bermekpin be?! Shýkir, tabyndarymyzda sәigýlikter jetkilikti, shayqasqa minetin myqty túlpar azayghan joq! Beldegi qoramsa ótkir súr jebeden ortayghan joq! Keruli sadaqtyng quatty jaghy serpimdiligin joghaltqan joq! Qylysh mayyrylghan joq! Shayqasamyz!» Bókenbay batyrdyng osynau jýrekjardy sózi jeniluge moyynsúnghandargha eltigenderding kónil-kýiin shapshang óz jaghyna búryp aldy. Jer-jerden jinalghan rular men atalyqtardyng basshylary, aqsaqaldar, biyler men súltandar birinen song biri sóilep, qazaq jer-suynan jaudy quyp shyghudy, qaytkende jeniske jetudi maqsat etken sózder aitty.
Qúryltaygha jana serpin endi. «Qúp aldym Bókenbay batyrdyng sózin!» – dep jariya etti el aghalarynyng biri. «Ant etem jaudan ósh alugha!» – dedi ekinshisi ony qostap. Osylay, saltanatty ant beru rәsimi kenetten bastalyp ketti de, jyldam úlghaya týsti. Bir jigit ortagha suyryla shyqty da, sapysyn kókke kótere jalandatty. Sodan song bilegin tilip jiberdi. Búrq etip aqqan qandy ortada janghan alaugha tamyzyp túryp: «Ant ishem!» – degen sózdermen, bilegin otqa keptirdi. Onyng ýlgisin qoldaghandar kóbeydi. Jigitter qandy bilekterin týiistiristi. Tós qaghystyrysty. Ata jaudan qorghanu, tughan jerdi azat etu barshanyng esil-dertin aldy. Ant bermegen jan qalmady. Biri ortagha aqboz at jetektep әkeldi, tórdegi aqsaqaldan bata súrady. Bata berildi. Qúran oqyldy. Jylqy bauyzdaldy. Qúryltaygha qatysushylar arnayy soyylghan aqboz attyng etin asyp jep, qúrghan odaqtarynyng tabandy da myqty bolmaghyn aityp jatty.
Jer shalghay, Tәuke han alysta. Úly hannyng óz kelisimi bar. Ol búdan búryn aimaqtardy basqarugha óz ókilderin taghayyndaghan, keyingi jyldary jana jaghdaydy eskere otyryp, әr aimaqtyng óz hanyn saylaudy qosh kórgen. Búdan birer jyl ilgeride, shyghys aumaqtaghy júrtty basqarugha Tәuke hannyng batasymen Qayyp han saylanghan bolatyn. Oghan Orta jýz ben sol jaqty mekendeytin Kishi jýzding bir bóligi qaraydy. Sol shamada Úly jýz Abdolla handy taqqa otyrghyzyp aldy. Endi osynau qúryltayda, osynau keneytilgen biyler kenesinde Kishi jýzding hanyn saylap alghandary oryndy bolmaq.
Han lauazymyna kýni keshe bashqúrt taghynda bolyp kelgen, joryqtarda jihangerlik jaqsy aty shyghyp jýrgen Ábilqayyr bahadýrdi saylau úsynyldy. Qúryltay mýsheleri búl úsynysty qyzu qoldady. Súltandar men biyler Ábilqayyr bahadýr súltandy aq kiyizge otyrghyzyp, júrtshylyq aldynan alyp ótti: han kóterdi. Tabyn Bókenbay batyr halyq jasaghyna jetekshilik etetin sardar retinde tanyldy. Osylay, oirattardyng ýdey týsken agressiyasyna jauap retinde, qazaq elining batysyndaghy ólkede memleket ishindegi jana әkimshilik birlik – ózining әskeri bolatyn Ábilqayyr handyghy payda boldy. (Búl – Joshy әuletinen shyqqan II Ábilqayyr. Búdan búryn aitqanymyzday, I Ábilqayyr Aq Orda әmirshisi Baraq han qaza tauyp, Noghay Ordasy bólingen son, Aq Ordanyng qalghan bóliginde qúrylghan «Ábilqayyr handyghyn» biylegen). Handyqqa Kishi jýzding Álimúly, Bayúly, Jetiru birlestikterining kóp bóligi kirdi, Orta jýzden qypshaq pen nayman rularynyng biraz bóligi endi. El ishine kóterinki kónil-kýy ornady. Basqynshylargha tosqauyl qoygha júrt tas-týiin әzirlendi. Ókilderi qúryltaygha qatysqan aimaqtardan jәne qúryltay sheshimin estigen ózge jerlerden de sarbazdar otan qorghaytyn joryqtargha saylana bastady. Auyl-auylda ústalar, sheberler, ismerler iske kiristi. Qaru-jaraq dayyndady. Dulygha, sauyt tigip, jebe, sadaq, aibalta, qylysh, shoqpar soghyp jatty. Júmys qyzdy.
Taqqa otyrghan bette Ábilqayyr han kóptegen ózekti mәselelermen betpe-bet kelgen edi. Qúryltaydan keyin ile-shala ótken Qaraqúm shayqasy qazaqtyng otanshyldyghy, namysy joghary ekenin kórsetti. Dúshpandy úiymdasqan týrde týre qudy. Alayda Edil qalmaqtary men Jayyq kazaktary, tipti kýni keshe mýddelerin ózi aralaryna baryp qorghasqan bashqúrttar da elding teristigi men teristik-batysyndaghy qúnarly jer-sugha, Edil-Jayyq aralyghyna, Yrghyz, Tobyl ózenderi alqaptaryna sol alapat úrystan keyin de údayy kóz alartyp, әlsin-әlsin qazaqtarmen qaqtyghysyp qalularyn dogharmay túrghan. Al ontýstikte Sevan Ravdannyng jongharlary tegeuirindi joryqtaryn toqtata qoymaghan edi. Osynday kýrdeli ahual saldarynan Ábilqayyr birneshe baghytta bir mezgilde әreket etu joldaryn oilaugha mәjbýr boldy. Halqy ony týsindi, qoldady. Ár atadan iriktelgen jigitter atqa qondy. Sonda Ábilqayyr han men Bókenbay batyr bas bolyp, az uaqytta qalmaqty Qaraqúm alabynan asyrdy. Jem ózeninen qudy. Jayyqtyng arghy betine deyin tyqsyrdy. Sarysu ózenining syrtyna qashyrdy.
Ábilqayyr hannyng qalyptasqan jaghdaygha baylanysty tastaghan úranyna Qayyp han men Abdolla han óz ýnderin qosty. Tabyn Bókenbay batyr bastaghan qaharman sarbazdar qataryna el ishindegi Tama Eset batyr, Qoshqarúly Shaqshaq Jәnibek, Qanjyghaly Bógenbay, Qarakerey Qabanbay syndy ondaghan aituly batyrlar qosyldy. Solar bastaghan sarbazdar azattyq ýshin alysyp, dúshpan jasaqtaryn elden quyp shyqty. Joghaltqan kóshi-qondyq jerlerin, shúrayly jaqsy jayylymdaryn qaytaryp aldy. Qazaq handyghynyng әskeri 1711–1712-shi jyldary jonghar basqynshylaryna toytarys berumen, olardy handyqtyng jer-suynan alastap, shyghysqa yghystyryp tastaumen ghana shektelmey, olardyng eline – Jonghariyagha basyp kirdi. Sәtti joryq jasap, oljaly oraldy. Oirattardyng qarymta qaytaru maqsatymen 1713 jyly jasaghan qarsy shabuylyn da jeniliske úshyratty. Aragha az uaqyt salyp, jongharlardyng qazaq elimen shektesetin úlystaryn taghy shapty. Sodan keyin birneshe jyl boyy qazaq jәne jonghar elderimen eki arada úsaq qaqtyghystar ghana oryn alyp túrdy. Biraz uaqyt tynysh ótti. Sevan Ravdan qontayshy әzirge qazaq eline ýlken armiyasyn búra qoymady. Onyng iri shabuyl jasamauynyng bir sebebi qytaymen eki aralarynda jana soghystyng bastaluynda jatqan. Oirattardyng negizgi әskery kýshi Siyn-Qytay imperiyasy әskerlerine qarsy soghysqa júmyldyrylghan bolatyn. Búl 1715 jyl edi. Qazaqtargha ishki jaghdaydy túraqtandyryp, nyghayta týsu mýmkindigi tudy.
Osy rette úlan-ghayyr Úly dala tósin alyp jatqan qazaq elin zamana dauyldaryna tótep beretindey dәrejede damytyp, basqara aludy kózdegen jana jýiening engizilgeni ondy bolghanyn aita ketu lәzim. Jýzder óz aralarynda әldebir basymdyqqa qol jetkizudi eshqashan maqsat etken emes, bir de bir ret ózara qaqtyghystargha barghan joq. Kerisinshe, aralas-qúralas, aghayyngershilikpen kýn keshti. Al qajettilik tughanda, ru-taypalardyng bәri ýsh jýzding birikken әskerine sarbaz berdi, syrtqy jaudan birlesip qorghanudan esh uaqytta bas tartpady. Tәuke han men onyng ýzengilesterining jogharyda aitylghan nәtiyjege jetkizgen sayasy tvorchestvosy shyn mәninde el aghalaryna layyq danyshpandyq pen kóregendikti tanytqan edi. Alayda әbden qartayghan Tәuke han ózining osynau reformasy mýmkin etken jana tarihy jaghdaydaghy elin úzaq basqara almady. Ol 1715 jyly dýnie saldy. Sýiegi Qoja Ahmet Yassauy kýmbezi janyndaghy qazaq handary panteonynda mәngi tynshugha qoyyldy. Búl kezde zamana qazaq eline jana syndaryn әkele jatqan. Tarih ghylymynda qalyptasqan kózqaras túrghysynan qarasaq, Tәuke han qazaq elining tarihyndaghy handyq dәuir dep atalatyn tarihy kezenning eng songhy jәne eng kemenger hany bola bildi, ol qaytys bolghannan keyin birtútas memleketting de tarihy ayaqtaldy, sóitip, qazaq elining әr jýzindegi kishi handyqtardyng tarihy bastaldy – kәsiby de, әuesqoy da tarihshy bitken býginderi osylay sanaydy. Áytse de, belgili bir dәrejede jany bar bolghanmen, búl sonshalyqty әdil tújyrymgha jata qoymasa kerek. Bizding oiymyzsha, Tәuke han túsynda qazaq handyghynyng konfederativtik sipatta damu kezeni bastaldy deu әdil bolmaq. Al ol qaytys bolghannan song búl joba qanday ýderisterdi bastan keshti – búl aldaghy әngimeler ýlesinde...
XIV. ALAPAT APAT QARSANYNDAGhY JAGhDAYLAR
Qaraqúm qúryltayynan keyingi jyldary Ábilqayyr hannyng әskery jasaqtary teristik-batys shekarany qorghaugha batyl kiristi. Edil qalmaqtarymen, Jayyq kazachestvosymen, tipti bashqúrttarmen de jiyi-jii shayqasyp qalyp jýrdi.
Ábilqayyr hannyn ózi de әlsin-әlsin el tynyshtyghyn búzushylargha qarsy shabuyldar jasap qoyatyn. Qazan qalasyna deyin bardy. Jayyq qalashyghyn aidan astam uaqyt boyy qorshaugha alyp túrdy. Ontýstik Oral, Edilding orta aghysy jәne Sibir aimaqtaryndaghy qazaq elimen shektesetin jerlerde óte shapshan, júldyzsha aqqan túlparlarmen shapqan qazaq sarbazdarynyng kórinui patsha әkimshilikterine edәuir qobalju tughyzdy. Jigitterding patshalyq jerine tereng súghyna joryqtar jasauy Astrahan, Qazan, Sibir guberniyalary әkimshilikterine qorqynysh tughyzyp qana qoymay, solardyng bas qolbasshysy Ábilqayyr hannyng esimin әbden tanyp aldy. Resey guberniyalary men Qazaq handyghy arasynda elshiler tolassyz jýrip jatty. Eki jaqtan alynghan tútqyndardy bosatudyng yaky ózara almasudyng joldaryn kelisu, qazaqtar men reseylik bodandar (Jayyq jәne Sibir kazaktary, qalmaqtar, bashqúrttar) arasyndaghy әskery qaqtyghystardy, týrli ózge de kiykiljinderdi sheship, retke keltiru, sonday-aq sauda-sattyq baylanystaryn damytu, kópesterding qazaq halqy ishine baruyna jaghday tughyzu, dala ýstimen ótetin sauda keruenderining qauipsizdigi mәselesin sheshu – kelissózderding negizgi taqyryptary boldy.
1715 jyly Týrkistanda Tәuke han dýnie saldy. Qazaqtyng bas hanyn arulap qonggha ýsh jýzding de handary, keybir qalalardaghy kishi handardyng bәri, súltandar, biyler men el ishindegi ózge de bas adamdar týgel qatysty. Qaraly astan keyingi mәslihatta el basqaru tizginin kim ústaytyny talqylandy. Qazaqtyng kóne zamannan kele jatqan jasy ýlkendi syilau haqyndaghy jol-jorasyna sәikes, jalpyqazaq әmirshisining ókilettilikteri han taghynda otyrghan merzimi men jasy esepke alynyp, jýzderdegi handardyng birine berilgeni jón dep sheshildi. Solay tandalghan agha han óz aimaghyndaghy biyligimen qosa, basqa әriptesterimen aqyldasa otyryp Áz Tәukening mindetin atqarsyn, sonday tәrtip el birligine tiyimdi qyzmet etedi degen úigharymgha toqtasty. Sóitip, qazaqtyng agha hany retinde Tәukening kózi tirisinde eng birinshi bolyp shyghys ólkede han mәrtebesine kóterilgen Qayyp han tanyldy. Osy oqighanyng artynsha, sol 1715 jyly, búl jayynda Ábilqayyr han orys patshasynyng Tobyl (Tobolisk) qalasyndaghy sibirlik ókimetine hat jazyp habarlady. Qayyp hannyng ózi de Tobyldaghy gubernator әkimshiligine jibergen arnayy elshisi arqyly hat joldap, Áz Tәukening izbasary bolghanyn bayan qyldy.
Sibir aimaghy ókimetining basshylyghyna taghayyndalghan Matvey Gagarin gubernator qyzmetine 1711 jyly kirisken-tin. Ol múnda Qayyp qaza tauyp, Ábilqayyr agha han bolghan 1719 jylgha deyin istedi. Guberniya әkimi kezinde Tәuke hanmen, Qayyp hanmen, Ábilqayyr hanmen hat jazysyp, elshilerin qabyldap, ózi de olargha elshi jiberip, jiyi baylanys jasap túrdy. (Ol erterekte Nerchinskide voevoda bolghan. Tobylda gubernator lauazymynda otyrghanynda Sibirdegi obalardy qazghyzyp, kóne zaman kósemderimen birge kómilgen altyn búiym, әshekeylerdi jiyp alghan da, I Petrge jiberip túrghan. Mәskeu men Petrborda zәulim saraylary bar, Reseydegi eng bay adamdardyng sanatyna jatatyn. Gubernator shaghynda Qytaymen jasyryn sauda-sattyq jasaghany, Sibirden ýkimetke tólenui tiyis alym-salyqty kem bergeni, tipti Sibirdi derbes memleket retinde bólip almaq oiy bary anyqtalghan da, Petr patsha ony 1721 jyly sybaylas jemqor retinde Sankt-Peterburgte dargha astyrghan. Eldegi ózge korrupsionerlerdi ýreylendiru ýshin, mәiitin birneshe ay boyy dargha asuly túrghan kýii alannan alangha kóshirip, el nazaryna ashyq kórsetip qoyyp otyrghan desedi). Gagarin atalghan handardyng ýsheuine de jonghar qontayshysynyng Qazaq handyghyn jaulap aludy kózdeytin orasan zor jospary bar ekenin aityp, orys patshasynan qoldau izdegenderi jón degen maghynada kenes bergen. Eger olar Resey memleketine baghynar bolsa, atalmysh jaudan qorghanularyna ózining kómektese alatynyn aitqan. Alayda jeme-jemge kelgende olay etpedi. Qayyp han men Ábilqayyr han jonghargha qarsy orys әskerimen birlesip joryq jasau jayynda 1717–1718 jyldary úsynys bildirgen, biraq qoldau tappady. Óitkeni orys ýkimeti, shyndap kelgende, Jonghariyanyng әlsiregenin qalamaytyn. Reseyge búl kóshpendi handyq sol shamada kýsheyip kele jatqan Siyn-Qytay imperiyasyna qarsy kýsh retinde qajet edi. Ári, jongharlar da, Edil boyyndaghy qalmaq tuystary sekildi, orys patshalyghynyng bodandyghyn qabyl eter dep te ýmittenetin. Sondyqtan Gagarin qazaq handarynyng jonghargha qarsy birlesip qimyl jasau jayyndaghy naqty úsynysyn qúrghaq uәdemen aldausyratyp, әskery kómek súraghan ótinishine syrghytpa jauap berumen shekteldi. Al orys ýkimetinen әskery jәrdem ala almaghan qazaq armiyasy 1917 jylghy jazda Ayagóz ózeni manynda qalmaqtardan oisyray jenildi. Býginde búl jәitti tarihshylar Qayyp han men Ábilqayyr hannyng alauyzdyghy saldarynan oryn aldy dep baghalaugha qúlaghan...
Shyghysta Sevan Rabdan qontayshy orys ekspansiyasyna azu tisin kórsetip qalyp jýrdi. Gagarin Sibirge әkim bop taghayyndalar qarsanda, I Petrding jarlyghymen Bie jәne Katun ózenderining qúiylysyndaghy qazirgi Biysk qalasynyng ornyna 1709 jyly Bikatun qamaly salynghan bolatyn, jongharlar sony jana әkim túsynda tas-talqan etken. Odan olar Petr patshanyng Ertis aimaghynan altyn izdeuge attandyrghan ekspedisiyasyn joyghan. (Podpolkovnik Buhgolis basqarghan ýsh myng adamdyq ekspedisiya 1715 jyly Tobyldan shyqqan edi, ony jasaqtaugha Gagarin jauapty bolatyn. Ekspedisiya sәtsizdikke úshyraghan son, ony joryqqa dayyndaudy úiymdastyru júmysyn nashar jýrgizgen dep, ýkimet Gagarindi aiyptaydy). Ekspedisiyagha qatysushynyng birazy tútqyngha alynghan-dy. Tútqyndar ishinde shved artilleriya serjanty Yuhan-Gustav Renat bolatyn. Ol 1709 jylghy Poltava shayqasy kezindegi soghys tútqyny edi, sodan orys әskerinde qyzmet etip, patshalyqtyng shyghys sheginen bir-aq shyqqan. Renattyng qolgha týsui Jonghar handyghy ýshin naghyz olja boldy. Ol handyqta 17 jyl qyzmet etti. Zenbirek qúyatyn zauyttar saldy. Ken óndiru zauyttaryn ashty. Oq-dәrimen atylatyn qaru-jaraq jasaudy jolgha qoyyp berdi. Óstip, jonghar tútqynynda jýrgen reseylik әskery adamdardyng arqasynda, Jonghar handyghynda soghys óndirisi payda boldy. Handyqtyng әskery kýsh-quaty artty. Múnyng I Petrdi alandatyp, oilandyrghany sonday, mәselening nasyrgha shabuy yqtimaldyghynyng aldyn alu ýshin, 1716 jyly Sevan Rabdangha arnayy elshi jiberuge mәjbýr boldy. Sosyn kazaktar men soldattar qaytadan Ertis boyymen joghary órley bastady. Olar әr basqan jerlerine qamaldar salyp, qaruly garnizon qaldyryp otyrdy. Al jonghar qontayshysy orys syndy kýshti qarsylaspen tikeley aiqasa ketuden tartyndy. Áskery teke-tireske barudan, soghysudan qashqandyqtan, orys ekspedisiyasynyng shyghysqa qaray tek Ertis boyymen jasaghan ekspansiyasyna kóz júma qarady. Ertis pen Obi arasynda kóship-qonyp jýrgen Altay kóshpendilerin ishki audandaryna qonys audartty. Syrtqy sayasy jaghday kýrdeli sipat aldy. Handyghyna qaraytyn aumaqtyng birazynan airylugha tura keldi. Degenmen Jonghariyanyng óz ishinde halyqtyng tyghyz boluyn qamtamasyz etti. 1715 jyldan beri jongharlardyng negizgi әskeriy-soghys qimyldary ekinshi oirat-sin soghysy maydandaryna auysqan bolatyn. Al 1717 jyldan bastap soghys Kukunor (Kók kól) aumaghy men Tiybet jerlerinde jýrip jatty. Kukunor handyghy Tiybettegi buddizm ortalyghynyng ýstinen qaraytyn, al búl Siyn-Qytay biyleushileri ýshin – jol beruge bolmaytyn jәit edi, sondyqtan olar óz әskerin solay qaray baghyttap, 1719 jyly Tiybetke basyp kirdi. Onyng aldynda oirattar Tiybetti basyp alyp, Lhasany talan-tarajgha týsirgen. Endi ózderine soghys asha kelgen sin әskerin talqandady. Sonda Siyn-Qytay imperatory Kansy Tiybetke arnayy әskery ekspedisiya jiberip, oirattardyng sondaghy handyghyn 1720 jyly mýldem joydy. Odan Hami, Túrpan alqaptaryn aldy. Jonghar handyghyna kiruge dayyndaldy. Tiybettegi jenisti sheruining jalghasy retinde, 1720–1721 jyldary Shyghys Týrkistangha joryq jasady. Ýrimshini basyp aldy. Jeri men qalasyn ózine qaytaru ýshin jongharlargha ýlken kýsh-jiger júmsaugha tura keldi. Osy shaqta Qara Ertispen jýzgen Reseyding ekspedisiyalyq kýshteri Jonghariyanyng tap ortasynan shygha keldi. Jongharlar olardyng ózen boyymen ilgerileuin kórmegensigenmen, tap múnysyn kýtpegen bolatyn. Onsyz da sindermen, halhalarmen, qazaqtarmen soghysyp jýrgendikten, endi orystarmen arada jana maydan tuuy olar ýshin mýldem qolaysyz edi. Sondyqtan Sevan Rabdan shúghyl attandyrghan elshilik I Petrge kómek súray barady, alayda ong nәtiyjege jete almaydy.
Sol 1721 jyly I Petr Coltýstik soghysynda jeniske jetip, el aumaghyn Baltyq tenizi jaghyna qaray keneytken. Sodan song patshalyqty imperiya, ózin imperator dep jariyalaghan. Al senat imperatorgha Úly Petr degen ataq bergen. Jana mәrtebe Úly Petrge úlan-ghayyr jana jospar jasatty. Ol ontýstik-shyghys baghytqa nazaryn tikti. 1722 jyldyng basynda Jonghar әmirshisi Sevan Rabdangha arnayy elshilik attandyrdy. Qúramynda geodeziya jәne tau-ken isi mamandary bar, yaghny ghylymy sipatty búl ekspedisiyany artilleriya kapitany Ivan Unkovskiy basqardy. Unkovskiy basqarghan osynau elshilikting aldyna tek qana qontayshymen diplomatiyalyq kelissózder jýrgizu ghana emes, sonymen birge Sibirden Orta Aziyagha baratyn ózen joldaryn zerttep, altyn kenin izdey qaytu mindeti qoyylghan bolatyn. Missiya kerueni erte kóktemde Tobylgha keldi, odan jalpaq taban qayyqtargha minip, Ertis boyyndaghy Semeyge, sosyn Ertisting sol jaq salasy Shar ózeni angharymen Qalba qyrqalaryna bardy, ýlken qiyndyqpen qalyng qarly Tarbaghataydan asty. Emil ózeninen ótti. Sodan keyin Altyn-Emil qyrqalarymen jýrip, kýzde Jonghar qaqpasy arqyly jazyqqa shyqty, taghy biraz jer-sudy artqa salyp, 1722 jylghy qarashanyng sonyna qaray Ile ózenining orta aghysyndaghy qontayshy ordasyna jetti.
Búl kezde Sevan Rabdan qytay qateri jәne qazaq elin shabu jayyn oilastyryp otyrghan...
XV. AQTABAN ShÚBYRYNDY, ALQAKÓL SÚLAMA...
Jonghar handyghynyn әmirshisi Sevan Rabdan siyn-qytay armiyasyna qarsy túru sharalaryn jasaumen qatar qazaq eline jana shapqynshylyq jasau josparyn da oilastyryp otyrghan shaqtaghy, yaghny qayghy-qasireti úshan-teniz әigili apat qarsanyndaghy qazaq elining basqarylu qúrylymyn shola keteyik.
Keyingi jyldarghy bedeldi zertteushilerding ghylymy ainalymgha qosqan sony mәlimetterine qaraghanda, Úly jýzdi 1720 jyldan bastap Abdolla hannyng úly Jolbarys han basqaryp túrghan. Onyng ordasy, әkesining múrageri retinde, Tashkentte boldy. Jazghy kóshpeli ordasy Shyrshyq, Arys ózenderi angharlarynda kóship-qonatyn jayylymdarynda, sonday-aq Tashkent pen Týrkistannyng arasynda tigilip jýrgen. Tәuke han 1715 jyly dýnie salyp, Qayyp han agha han mәrtebesine kóterilgennen keyin, shamamen «Aqtaban shúbyryndy...» bastalghan jylgha deyin, Orta jýz aumaghynda Tәukeúly Bolat han, odan onyng inisi Sәmeke han biylik jasady (kópten qalyptasqan úghym boyynsha Bolat han Anyraqay shayqasy kezinde, yaghny 1729–1730 jyldardyng birinde ómirden ótti, Tәuke hannan keyingi úly han sol bolghan delinedi. Alayda ghalymdardyng qily derekkózderdi zerttey kelip qorytqan búltartpas tújyrymdaryna qaraghanda, Bolat han jongharlardyng 1723 jylghy shabuyly shaghynda, yaky sodan kóp úzamay dýnie salghan. Ári Tәuke hannan keyin saylau ótkizilgen joq. On shaqty jyldan beri Orta jýzde әmirshi bop kele jatqan Qayyp Áz Tәukeni jerleu rәsimi kezinde agha han retinde moyyndalghan. Tәukening balasy Bolat úly han bolghan emes, ol әkesining ordasynda túra bergen, biraq Orta jýzdi basqarghan. Biylikti belgili bir kezende inisi Sәmekemen bólisken. Bolat han ómirden ótkennen keyin, 1724 jyldan Orta jýz hany Sәmeke boldy). Degenmen múnday ahualgha súltandardyng bәri birdey kelise qoymaghan da, ishki yryn-jyryng órshy bergen. Sonyn saldarynan baqtalastary, aqyry, 1718 jyly Qayyp handy óltiredi. Barlyq kishi handar men súltandar 1719 jyly Týrkistanda taghy da bas qosady. Oilasa kele, batyrlyghymen, qolbasshylyghymen kópke tanylghan, barshasynan han taghynda otyrghan merzimi de úzaq, jasy da ýlken, el basqarudaghy tәjiriybesi de mol, 1710 jyldan Kishi jýz ben ishinara Orta jýzding bir bóligining hany bolyp kele jatqan Ábilqayyr bahadýrge agha han tizginin bergendi qosh kóredi.
Ábilqayyr ýlken ordasyn Aral tenizi aimaghynan jalpyqazaq astanasy Týrkistan shaharyna kóshiredi, otbasy men jaqyndaryn (eki әieli, tórt úly men eki qyzy, eresek inileri jәne ózge de jaqyn aghayyndaryn) sonda ornyqtyrady, han qazynasyna Týrkistan men Tashkent jәne olargha qarasty qalashyqtar men auyldardan belgili dәrejede tabystar týsirip túrady. Búl kezde qazaq-oyrat shekarasy, úsaq qaqtyghystardy esetemegende, birshama tynysh bolatyn. Óitkeni jongharlar ekinshi oirat-sin soghysyna kiyligip, sol shaqta qytay әskerining shabuyldarynan qorghanu mәselesimen bas qatyryp jýrgen. Sol sebepti Ábilqayyr han búl jaqqa asa alandamay, elding teristik-batysyna nazar audardy, sebebi ol jaq mazasyz bolatyn. Sondyqtan ol 1720 jyly atqa qonyp, aldynghy tarauda aitylghanday, orys patshalyghymen shekarada joryqtaryn jalghastyrghan. Jenisti sheruimen Qazan guberniyasyna terendep, taza orys ýiezderine jetti. Tútqyndar alyp, soghys oljalaryn óz eline qaray asyrdy. Al ontýstik pen shyghys aimaqtardyng qauipsizdigin qamtamasyz etu Úly jýz ben Orta jýz biyleushilerining qúzyrynda qala berdi. Alayda ontýstik pen ontýstik-shyghysqa shoghyrlanghan tóre túqymdarynyng el tútastyghynyng sharty haqyndaghy týsinigi ala-qúla, tiyisinshe auyzbirligi kem boldy. Olar ózara baqtalastyqpen jýrip, elding qorghanys qabiletin arttyru sharalaryn oilastyra qoymady.
Tap osy jәit jonghar qontayshysy Sevan Rabdangha 1640 jylghy «Dala erejesi» orayyndaghy úly jospardy oryndaugha qolayly kórinetin. Ol ordasyna Reseyden Unkovskiy elshiligi kelgen kezde tuystarynyng sonau Edil boyyndaghy handyghy ornalasqan aumaqqa deyingi óz eli irgesinen bastalatyn alyp aralyqty qúzyryna qaratyp alu jayyn payymgha salyp otyrghan. Qazaq elin baghyndyru arqyly kóshpendiler imperiyasyn janghyrtu, sonday jolmen shyghysy men ontýstigindegi siyn-qytay, teristigindegi orys memleketterine erkin tótep beru dәrejesine jetu – oirattardyng ózine deyingi basshylary sekildi, múnyng da kózdegeni edi. Jauyngerlik qabileti zor jasaqtaryna sengendikten de, Sevan Rabdan quatty Qytaymen jana әskery qaqtyghystargha baryp, ýnemi soghys jaghdayynda boludan tayynbaghan. Biraq әiteuir ebin tauyp, mýldem jenilip qaludan aman jýrgen. Sonday jaghdayda teristiginen taghy bir qaterli de kýshti orys syndy kórshi boy kórsetkende, sayasatynda jaghdaygha oray amal qoldanugha mәjbýr bolghan edi. 1721 jylghy qyrkýiekte I Petrge elshi jibergen. Elshisi arqyly joldaghan hatynda qontayshy óz handyghyn qaharly qytay shabuylynan qorghaudy orys patshasynan ótingen edi. Eger Petr patsha Jonghariyany óz qorghauyna әm qamqorlyghyna alsa, ol Qalmaqiya әmirshisi Aike han tәrizdi Reseyding senimdi bodany bolyp túrugha uәde beretinin habarlaghan. Reseylikterge óz handyghy aumaghynan altyn, kýmis kenderin izdeuine rúqsat etetinin aitqan. Tiyisinshe, jonghar qontayshysynyng osy ótinishine oray mәseleni pysyqtau ýshin, orys imperatory oghan arnayy elshi jiberetinin bildirgen. Mine sol uәdege say jasaqtalghan I Petr elshiligi Ivan Unkovskiyding basshylyghymen 1722 jylghy 20 qarashada qontayshy ordasyna jetti. Sonda qystady.
Úly Petrding búl kóshpendiler imperiyasyna degen yqylasty meyiri, osynau jauynger júrtty zamanauy ozyq qaru-jaraqpen qamtamasyz etu joly, sóitip osynau jaujýrek jongharlardy proteksiyasyna qabyldau sharty jayynda elshi lauazymyndaghy artilleriya kapitany Unkovskiy men qontayshy arasynda úzaqqa sozylghan mәmilegerlik jәne iskerlik әngimeler bastaldy. Jonghar әskerining soghysu qabiletin arttyrugha baghyttalghan naqty ister qyzu jýrip jatqan shaqta, ózara kelisimder jasap otyrghan eki tarapqa da kórshi jәne ekeui ýshin de qauipti Qytaydyng úzaq jyldarghy basshysy imperator Kansy (boghdyhan Suani E) dýnie saldy. Ol kýlli Qytaydy biylegen manchjurlyq Sin әuletining tórtinshi ókili. Alty jasynan taqqa otyryp, eldi alpys bir jyl biylegen. Qytay tarihynda eng kóp uaqyt imperator bolghan. Sol merzim ishinde lauazymyna oray alghan esimine («Kansiy» – maghynasy: «Gýldenip kele jatqan jәne jyly shúghyla shashqan») say halqyn jaqsylyqqa bólep, sәttilik simvolyna ainalghan әmirshi. Osy imperator Kansiyding kezinde Qytaydyng quaty óte artqan. Odan qanshama jasqanbay shayqasyp jýrgenmen, eki aradaghy soghystar týbi Jonghar handyghyna eleuli qater tóndirip túrghany aiqyndalyp kele jatqan. Sondyqtan da, jonghar qontayshysy orys patshasyna ýmit arta qaraghan. Biraq Sevan Rabdan orys qamytyna moynyn tyghyp ýlgergen joq – Unkovskiyding missiyasy kelgeli bir ay bolghanda, 1722 jylghy 20 jeltoqsanda imperator Kansy qaytys boldy. Búl oqigha qontayshygha birshama tynshu әkeldi. Óitkeni Qytay taghyna Kansiyding 64 әielining birinen tughan 44 jasar úly knyazi Yun otyrghan. Úly knyazi Yun boghdyhan Kansiyding amanatyna qúpiya ózgertu engizu jolymen, biylikke zansyz kelgen dep sanaldy. Solay oilaghan kóptegen tuysqandarymen teketires jaghdaygha týsken jana imperator ishki kýresti qaytkende óz paydasyna sheshuge tiyis edi. Sondyqtan ol oirattarmen sozylmaly jaghdayda túrghan soghysty toqtata túrugha mәjbýr boldy. Qontayshy Sevan Rabdan men imperator Ini Chjeni (Yunchjen) ekeui bitim jasasyp, dostyq jaghdayda qarym-qatynas jasap túru jayynda kelisimge keldi. Osy jәit onyng Qytaydan qorghanu maqsatynda jasaqtap jatqan әskerining baghytyn qazaq eline búrugha jәne Reseymen qúrmaq baylanysynyng mazmúnyn alghashqy sipatynan ózgertuge alyp keldi. Ol Resey bodandyghyn Ayke ýlgisinde qabyldaudan da, qytaymen shekarasyna orys qamaldaryn saldyrudan da tayqydy. Áytse de, diplomatiyalyq kelissózderin amaldap soza týsken Unkovskiy elshiligimen Jonghariyada qystaydy, sosyn, 1723 jyldyng nauryzynan qyrkýiekting ekinshi jartysyna deyin, qontayshymen birge Ile alqabynda jәne Ystyqkólge shyghysynan qúyatyn tau ózenderi angharynda kóship-qonyp jýredi. Ol Úly Petrding tapsyrmasyn oryndaugha janyn saldy. Qontayshyny Resey proteksiyasyna kóshuge ýgittedi. Onyng iyelikterinde orys garnizony túratyn qamaldar salugha kelisimin alugha tyrysty. Múnday qadamnyng Jonghariyany Qytaydan senimdi qorghau ýshin paydaly bolmaghyn dәleldedi. Alayda Sevan Rabdan ózining qytaylarmen jәne qazaqtarmen soghysuyna qajet әskery qaru-jaraqty orys patshasynan alugha keliskenimen, orys әskerining qanday da týrmen bolsyn eli ishine kiruine jol berudi oiyna da almaytyn. Óitkeni sol uaqytqa deyingi Reseymen tatulyq onayshylyqpen kelmegen edi (orystardyng Ertis alqaby men Altaydy mysyqtabandap, «aqyryn basyp otarlauy» saldarynan jonghar memleketi óz aumaghynyng besten birinen airylghan). Sol ahualgha kóngendikten ghana olarmen beybit qatar ómir sýru mýmkin bolyp túrdy. Unkovskiy jýrgizgen kelissóz kezinde qontayshy dauly shekara men alym-salyq jayyn qozghaghan. Ázirge óz soghys óndirisi zenbirek qúndy jolgha qoyyp ýlgermegendikten, osynau qaharly qarudy orys patshalyghynan aludy maqsat etken. Sevan Rabdannyng búl pighylyna septese túra, Unkovskiy missiyasy negizgi maqsatyna qol jetkize almady. Aqyry, kelgen baghytymen keri qaytty. Jonghar әskerining qazaq eline 1723 jylghy erte kóktemde, aqpan aiynda jasaghan joyqyn shabuyly jәne onyng kýsh-quaty men joryghynyng jenisti nәtiyjeleri jayyndaghy naqty derekterdi Reseyge ala keldi...
Qazaq eline tútqiyldan shabuyl jasaghan jonghar әskerine Sevan Rabdannyng úldary Galdan Seren men Lauzan Shono jetekshilik etken bolatyn. Joryqqa әskery jabdyqtary jaqsy, zenbirek, oq-dәrili myltyq syndy qaru-jaraqtary mol, jauynger attary jeldey esken qalyng qosyndar qatysqan edi. Jeti tústan synalay kirgen jýz myng jauyngeri bar bes qaruy say armiya kýrsildetip zenbirek atyp, myltyqtan oq jaudyryp, Shu jәne Talas ózenderi angharynan bir-aq shyqty. Tasqyn seldey tasyp aghylghan basqynshynyng atty әskerine qarsy dәstýrli qylysh-nayzasymen batyl kóterilgen qazaq jasaqtary tosqauyl bola almady. Tosyn da joyqyn soqqydan qatty shyghyngha úshyrady. Halyqqa qorghan bola almay qaldy. Qorqynyshty qatygezdikpen astasqan shabuyldan el esin jinay almay, beti aughan jaqqa ýdere kóshuge, tipti ýi-jayyn, dýniye-mýlkin, maldaryn tastay qashugha mәjbýr boldy. Jongharlar tez arada Tashkent, Sayram, Týrkistan, Sozaq, Qúmkent, Saudakent sekildi qazaq shaharlaryn, úzyn sany 25 qalany basyp aldy. (Anyzdarda basqynshylardyng talay rulardy tútasymen qyryp jibergeni aitylady. Qazaq halqynyng taghdyryndaghy osynau asa qasiretti kezen tarihta «Aqtaban shúbyryndy, Alqakól súlama» degen atpen tanbalandy. El auzynda saqtalghan mynanday: «Qarataudyng basynan kósh keledi, Kóshken sayyn bir taylaq bos keledi. Qaryndastan aiyrylghan qiyn eken, Qara kózden móldirep jas keledi. Myna zaman qay zaman, qysqan zaman, Basymyzdan baq-dәulet úshqan zaman. Shúbyrghanda izinnen shang boraydy, Qantardaghy qar jaughan qystan jaman. Myna zaman qay zaman, baghy zaman, Bayaghyday bola ma taghy zaman. Qaryndas pen qara oryn qalghannan son, Kózding jasyn kól qylyp aghyzamyn», – dep keletin sheksiz qayghygha túnghan sózderi bar «Elim-ay» atty rekviyem-әnmen bederlendi). Basqynshylyq soghys qazaqtardyng toz-tozyn shyghardy. El tonaldy. Jayylym men egistik taptalyp, bosap qaldy, qolónershiler qanaldy, sauda toqyrady, mal basy kýrt kemidi. Júrt bas saughalap bosyp ketti. Qos úly su Ámu men Syr arasyndaghy otyryqshylar da aityp-jetkizgisiz kýizeliske úshyrady. Ashtyqtyng jaylaghany sonday, shejirelerde saqtalghan habarlargha qaraghanda, adamdar ólikterdi jerlemey, jeuge mәjbýr bolghan. Bayyrghy Búhara, Hiua, Ferghana, Samarqan bosap qalghan. Áskerining soghys qimyldaryn sәtti jýrgizip jatqany haqynda habar tiyisimen Sevan Rabdan Edil boyyndaghy oirat tuysqandaryna – Qalmaq handyghyna jaushy attandyrady. Ózining әskery joryghynyng nәtiyjesinde qazaqtardy birjola jenip, aldaghy uaqytta Jayyq pen Edilde Ayke hanmen birge jaylaugha shyghudan dәmelenetininen habardar etedi...
XVI. AZATTYQ ÝShIN ARPALYSUDYNG ALGhAShQY KEZENI
Basqynshylardyng qaraqúrym әskeri ontýstik audandargha tóbeden jay týskendey basa-kóktey kirip, el-júrtty kól-kósir qayghy qasiretke dushar etken «Aqtaban shúbyryndy» tragediyasynyng alghashqy ailarynda qazaq әmirshileri qatty esengirep qalghan.
Dúshpan qazaqtardyng basty sayasy ortalyghy Týrkistan shaharyn basyp aldy. Jeniliske úshyraghan el biyleushileri qandy shayqas barysynda qalany tastap ketuge mәjbýr boldy. Astanada túratyn basqarushy elitanyng kóship ýlgermegen otbastary, solardyng ishinde agha hannyng bәibishesi, ógey sheshesi, bauyrlarynyng әielderi tútqyngha alynyp, Jonghariyanyng ishki úlystaryna әketildi. Et-jaqyndarynan airylu óz aldyna, kýlliqazaq astanasy men ólkedegi oghan japsarlas otyryqshy eldi mekenderdin basqynshy oirattardyng baqylauyna ótui el aghalaryn qatty kýizeltti. Olardyng jaugha qarsylyq kýresti úiymdastyru mýmkindikterin tómendetip, jigerlerin jasytty.
Mine osynday ahualda solardyng ishinen tez es jiyp, jaghdaydy aiqyn saralay bilgen jәne tiyisinshe maqsatty is-әreket úiymdastyra alghan jalghyz ghana túlgha qazaqtyng agha hany Ábilqayyr bahadýr boldy. Ol Aral manyndaghy ru-taypalardyng namysyn janyp, jonghar agressiyasyn qaytkende keri qaghudy kózdeytin ahual tughyzdy. Ózin sodan bir mýshelden astam uaqyt búryn han kótergen qúmdy ónirdi meken etken barshany otan qorghau isine júmyldyra aldy. Sondaghy el-júrtynyng qoldauymen qysqa merzim ishinde qazaq jәne qaraqalpaq jigitterinen jiyrma myng sarbazdan túratyn qol úiymdastyryp, jaraqtandyrdy. Áskery ónerge baulydy. Sheshimtal joryqqa dayyndady. Sosyn jer qayysqan qalyng jasaqtyng basyna ózi túryp, jaugha attandy. Biraq ontýstikti, ontýstiktegi qazaq elining bas qalasyn basyp alghan jonghargha emes, soltýstik-batystaghy qalmaq iyelikterine qaray shapty.
Bahadýr han oirattardyng eki qiyrdaghy memleketteri arasynda jýrip jatqan baylanystardyng týpki maqsatyn ne ózining týisigimen boljap, ne barlau retimen jetken týrli habarlar men derekterdi saraptau nәtiyjesinde, aldyn-ala әbden bilip alghan bolatyn. Qalmaq hany Aiykening jonghar qontayshysy bop otyrghan kýieu balasy gha kómektesuge tyrysatyny kýmәnsiz edi. Edilding tómengi aghysyndaghy qalmaq pen onyng Ertisting bastauyndaghy týp tuysy jonghar aralaryn alyp jatqan qazaqty baghyndyryp aludy Boshoqtudyng sonau arnayy zandar jinaghyn qabyldap alghan zamanynan armandaytyn. Sevan Ravdannyng balalary ot-qaruly ýlken armiyasymen tútqiyldan basyp kirip, qazaq elin qansyratqan qazirgi jaghday kókeylerin tesken sol armandaryn jýzege asyrugha әbden qolayly sәt tughyzghan. Jonghardyng ontýstiktegi jenisin bayandy ete týsu ýshin teristikten qalmaqtyng shabuyldauy ghana qalghan. Ashyq dúshpanymen betpe-bet kelgen qazaqtyng tu syrtynan әne-mine soqqy berui yqtimal edi. Ábilqayyr han sonyng aldyn alugha úmtylghan.
Ol qatelespegen edi. Qyz berip, qyz alysyp túrghan búl eki handyqtyng әmirshileri arasynda jekjattyq alys-beris, әngime-súqbattar astarymen 1640 jyly barlyq oirat túqymdary qúryp túrghan handyqtardyng ókilderi qabyldaghan zannamalyq «Iky Saadjin Bichiyk» qújaty sóz bolatyn. Sonda negizdelgen úly jospar eske alynyp túratyn. Sol boyynsha әskeriy-sayasy odaq qúru mәselesi qaralyp jýrgen. Al 1723 jyly kóktemgi sәtti soghys sony tiyanaqtaudy kýn tәrtibine shyghardy da, Sevan Ravdan Aikege arnayy jaushy jiberip, qazaqtargha qarsy birlesip әskery qimyl jýrgizudi úsyndy. Ony Aike han yqylaspen qabyl aldy. Izinshe orys patshalyghyna da qolaysyzdyq tughyzyp jýrgen qazaqtargha qarsy joryq jasau ýshin ýkimetten ózine ot-qaruly jasaq bóluin ótingen. Alayda jongharlardyng qazaq jerindegi әskery jenisinen habardar reseylik biylik onyng búl soghysqa aralaspauyn qoshtamady. Sebebi Resey ýshin eki qiyrdaghy oirattyng tútasyp kýshenginen góri olardyng arasynda derbes kýsh retinde qazaqtardyng saqtala túruy tiyimdi-tin. Ótken jyly ghana Úly Petr qazaq dalasynyng ózderin shyghys elderine shygharatyn qaqpa ekenin, ony paydalaryna asyru qajettigin aitqan. Eger sol qaqpa zengorlardyng qolastyna týsse – orys ýshin jabylghanmen parapar edi. Sebebi sol shamada Sevan Ravdan ordasynan oralghan Unkovskiy onyng orys bodandyghyn qabyldamaytynyn, kytaymen shekarasyna qamaldar da salghyzbaytynyn jetkizgen. Demek, Aykening Sevan Ravdangha qosyluyna jol beruge bolmaydy. Sondyqtan da oghan búl soghysqa aralaspaghany jón degen sypayy kenes berildi. Alayda qalmaq hany bәribir alghashqy niyetinen bastarta qoymaghan, óitkeni ol qazirgi jonghar soqqysynan qansyrap jatqan qazaq elin orystyng kómeginsiz-aq jaulap alatyn kýsh ózinde de bar dep biletin. Oirattardyng qanqúily basqynshylyghy úshyratqan «Aqtaban shúbyryndy, Alqakól súlama» jaghdayynda ol, shynynda, Qazaq handyghyna eleuli qauip tóndirip túrghan. Osyny aiqyn ajyratqan Ábilqayyr han jedel de úshqyr jasaqtarymen Syrdyng orta aghysy túsynan Edil qalmaqtaryna qaray shúghyl attanghan edi.
Qazaq hanynyng ýlken qolmen Jayyqqa qaray jasaghan sheshimdi joryghy qalmaq әmirshilerin әbigerge saldy. Olar bitim jasau jolyn izdep, Ábilqayyrdyng aldynan elshi attandyrady. Alayda Aykening senimdi ókiline Ábilqayyr «qalmaqtar men orystargha qarsy soghysugha kele jatqany, jasaghynda qyryq myng sarbazy bary» jayynda ymyrasyz mәlimdemesin jariya etedi. Sonda, imperiyanyng týstiktegi qalqanynyng jaghdayy mýshkildigin paryqtaghan Astrahan gubernatory Ayke hangha kómekke artilleriya komandasy men alty eskadron soldat jiberedi. Biraq onysy ahualdy jaqsarta almaydy. Ábilqayyr hannyng iri әskery kýshi Jayyqqa jetken bette qarsy shyqqan qalmaqtardy alghashqy shayqasta-aq tas-talqan jenedi de, teristikke qaray terendey beredi. Qazaq jasaqtary jenisti sherulerin jalghastyra týsedi. Patsha ýkimeti sol jyldyng sonyna qaray Aykege «imperator úlylyghy mәrtebesimen araylanghan bizding qalalarymyz ben sening – bizding bodanymyzdyng úlystaryna kele jatqan» qazaqtar men qaraqalpaqtargha tosqauyl qoyyp, «qalalarymyz ben ýiezderimizdi talan-tarajgha týsiruge jol bermeudi» tapsyrady. Áriyne, tiyisti әskery jәrdemi de bolady. Nәtiyjesinde, qalmaqtardyng birikken әskerleri qazaqtardyng Jayyq boyyn týgel tazalaugha bet alghan qozghalysyn toqtatady.
1723 jyldan 1724 jylgha qarayghy qys ailarynda eleuli әskery qimyl jasalghan joq, biraq, kóktem kele (1724 jylghy aqpanda Aike han dýnie salady), Ábilqayyr bahadýr men onyng Eset jәne basqa da batyrlary bastaghan jasaqtar Edil qalmaqtaryna shabuyldaryn janghyrtty. Qalmaqtar Eset batyrdyng jasaghyn patsha ókimeti bergen zenbirekterden atqylay otyryp jendi. Sodan keyin Ábilqayyr hannyng batyrlary qalmaq-orys jerine odan әri joryq jasauyn doghardy. Degenmen, eki jyl boyy oryn alyp túrghan irili-úsaqty әskery qaqtyghystar óz jemisin berdi.1724 jyldyng ortasyna qaray qalmaq handyghy búdan әri qazaq eline búrynghyday qater tóndiruge qauqary jetpeytin kýige týsken edi.
Osylay, soltýstik-batys aimaqqa jasaghan joryghy nәtiyjesinde Ábilqayyr han elding teristik jaqtaghy shekarasyn qauipsizdendirip aldy da, shapshang qimyldap daghdylanghan jauynger jasaqtaryn birden Týrkistan qalasy baghytyna búrdy. Úzaq sherude jolshybay kezikken jonghardyng alghy sheptegi beketterin búzyp-jara úrys salyp, kýzde Týrkistangha jetti. Jau qolyndaghy qalagha birden tikeley shturm jasap, tez azat etti. Qazaq әskerining quatty shabuyly barysynda jonghar qontayshysynyng balasy, tәjiriybeli qolbasshy Lauzan Shono qalany tastay qashyp, Qaratau qoynauyna sheginuge mәjbýr boldy. Al Ábilqayyr qazaq astanasyn bosatysymen, jenisti sheruin kýlli ónirde jalghastyrdy. Qaharman sarbazdarymen Tashkentti jәne sol aimaqtaghy dúshpan basyp alghan ózge de qalalardy týgel azat etip, jarty jyldan astam óz qarauynda ústap túrdy.
Alayda qazaq jerindegi jonghar әskerine kóp úzamay qosymsha kýsh kelip qosylghan. Sóitip ólkede basqynshy kýshi basymdyq etken. Sol sebepti, birqatar qantógisti shayqastardan son, 1725 jyldyng kókteminde Ábilqayyr bahadýr búl aimaqty tastap ketuge mәjbýr boldy. Batyrlarymen birge әueli Búhara handyghy aumaghyna, odan teristikke qaray auysty. Ol sheginisimen, Syr boyy qalalaryn, Jetisudy jyldam jongharlar basyp aldy. Úly jýz biyleushisi Jolbarys hannyng iyeliginde esepteletin ólke Sevan Ravdan qontayshynyng qolastyna qaytadan týsti. Qazaqtyng Úly jýzining halqy mekendeytin aimaq tәueldilik jaghdayda, jonghar noyondarynyng baqylauynda qaldy.
Búl shaqta teristiktegi jer-su qatynastary taghy da shiyelenisken edi. Soghan baylanysty Ábilqayyr han 1726 jyly Orta jýz hany Sәmekemen birlesip, on myng jigitten qúralghan qaruly jasaqpen jana joryqqa attandy. Qalmaq tayshylaryn úlystarymen Jayyq boyynan kýshpen quugha tyrysty (jalpy, Ábilqayyr bahadýr qyryq jylgha tarta uaqytqa sozylghan jauyngerlik, qolbasylyq, el biyleushilik qyzmetinde qazaq memleketining teristik-batys shegin qorghauda jan ayamay shayqasqan, orys patshasy ókimetine «qazaqtar Jayyqtan suy sarqylghansha aiyrylmaydy» dep, esh búljymay, tabandy týrde әlimdegen kýresker). Jayyqtyng sol jaghalauynda qazaq әskeri jenisti úrysta jýrgizgen edi, alayda ong jaghalauda sany da basym, qaru-jaraghy da ozyq qalmaqtardyng ýsh jaqtan shýilikken shabuyly astynda qaldy. Qorshaugha týsken qazaq jasaqtary tórt kýn boyy jan alyp, jan berise shayqasty. Aqyry jaghdaymen sanasugha tura keldi. Kelissózder jýrgizilip, qos tarap ózara bitimge kelisti. Ábilqayyr han qalmaq jaghyna amanatqa Tama Eset batyr, Tabyn Bókenbay batyr bastaghan ondaghan sarbazyn berdi. Ras, bitim aldaghy uaqyttarda eki jaqtan da әlsin-әlsin búzylyp túrady, kiykiljindi retteu ýshin odan keyingi jyldarda Sәmeke han qalmaqtarmen jana kelisimder jasaydy. Degenmen, taraptardyng búdan bylay shekara búzbay, beybit qatar ómir sýru jayynda qol jetkizgen alghashqy uaghdalastyghy arqasynda qazaq әmirshileri sol shaqtaghy jalpy el jaghdayyna naqtyraq kónil bóluge mýmkindik aldy.
XVII. OTAN QORGhAUGhA BÝKIL HALYQTY JÚMYLDYRU
Ábilqayyr bahadýr qalmaqtarmen eki arada 1726 jylghy kelisimge qol jetkizisimen, Jayyq aimaghyndaghy әskeriy-sayasy qyzmetin ontýstikti jaylap alghan basqynshy jongharlargha qarsy kýresu mәselesine audardy.
Sevan Rabdannyng qolbasshy úldary bastaghan jonghar әskerining 1723 jylghy qanqúily shapqynshylyghy ekpinine Ábilqayyr han tótep bere almaghanyn eske týsirdi. Keskilesken shayqas barysynda kýlli ontýstik jazirany qazaq elining astanasy Týrkistanmen, sol ónirdegi barsha qalalarymen jau qolyna qaldyrugha mәjbýr bolghanyn, jasaghynyng aman qalghan bóligimen Qaraqúm aumaghyna auysqanyn eske týsirdi. Sol aimaqtaghy jigitterden jana qol qúryp, teristik-batysqa attanghanyn oiyna aldy. Qansyrap jatqan qazaq elin teristikten shabugha dayyndalghan, sonysymen ontýstik aimaqty basyp alghan jonghar basqynshylarymen tútasuy yqtimal qalmaq shabuylynyng aldyn alghanyn oilady. Sol әskery sharasynan keyin, 1724 jyly Úly dalany týstik-shyghys baghytynda úshqyr jasaghymen kóktey kesip ótkenin, jolda beket salyp tastaghan jongharlarmen qiyan-keski úrys sala otyryp ontýstikke aimaqqa jaryp kirgenin esine aldy. Ol bir qaharmandyqqa túnghan shaq edi. Agha han bolghaly ordasy tórt qys tórinde ornalasqan qazaq astanasyn jauynger jasaqtarymen sonda jaudan birden tazartqan. Ólkening astana ainalasyndaghy basqynshy ayaghy astynda qalghan ózge qalalaryn, barsha jer-sudy, úzyn sany otyz eki úlysty azat etken. Biraq aimaqtaghy osynau jenimpaz sheruin, ónirdi qaytaryp alghan qandy shayqastardyng saltanatty nәtiyjesin bayandy ete almady. Alty-jeti aidan keyin, 1725 jyly aimaqty qayta tastap ketuge mәjbýr boldy. Solardy eske týsirip saralay kele, ordasy ornalasqan Týrkistan shaharyn, kýlli qazaq jer-suyn azat etken qalpy túraqty ústap túra almauynyng sebebin izdedi. Sol sebepti jong jolyn paryqtady.
«Aqtaban shúbyryndy» saldarynan qalyptasqan jaghdayda eldi, jer-sudy saqtau jәne qorghaugha baylanysty ózining tarihy missiyasyn Ábilqayyr han adal atqaryp kele jatqan. Qaramaghyndaghy әskery kýshting jaujýrektiginde, soghysu ónerine jaqsy mashyqtanghanynda, ondyq, jýzdik, myndyq toptardan jasaqtalghan qúrylymynyng ýilese әreket ete alghanynda kýmәni joq. Ol jauynger sarbazdary men sardarlaryna kinә arta almaydy. Solarmen birge sauyt sheshpey, attan týspey, jalpaq qazaq dalasyn teristik-batysy men ontýstik-shyghysy aralyghynda әrili-berili kóktey ótip әldeneshe әskery joryqtar jasaghan. Sol jenisti joryqtary barysynda el-júrtqa ózining agha han mәrtebesin is jýzinde moyyndatqan. Endi ol qazaq memleketining basshysy, agha hany retinde, eldi jaudan tútastay azat etu sharasyn jasaugha tiyis bolatyn. Al búl sharany jýzege asyrudyng kilti dýley basqynshygha qarsy býkil halyqty kóterude jatyr edi. Jenisterin bayandy ete almauynyng sebebi men syry sol kiltti ózining jәne ózimen qosa barsha әmirshilerding uaqytynda dúrys paydalana almaghandyqtarynda jatqan.
Demek, jaugha qarsy bir jaghadan bas, bir jennen qol shygharyp shayqasu mәselesin túnghysh ret halyq ortasyna salghan, ózin aq kiyizge otyrghyzyp han kótergen 1710 jylghy Qaraqúm qúryltayy ispetti jana basqosu úiymdastyru kezek kýttirmeytin shara bolugha kerek. Agha hannyng múnday kózqarasyn batys pen soltýstiktegi jer-su kiykiljinderin ózimen birge sheshuge atsalysyp jýrgen Sәmeke han birden qoldaydy. Alayda Qazaq handyghynyng ontýstik aumaghy jәne Jetisu ólkesi tolyghymen jongharlar qolastynda jatqan. Sol basqynshy әkimshilikke bodan retinde týrli alym-salyghyn berip, Tashkent syndy shaharda tәueldilik ahualda kýn kórip otyrghan Úly jýz biyleushisi Jolbarys hangha osy toqtamdy tez jetkizu kerek. Ábilqayyr bahadýr han bekem sheshim jasady. Janghyz oghan emes, eng aldymen eldegi jýzder biylerine (ordabiylerge), aimaqtardaghy barlyq bi, batyr, rubasy, bas adamdargha jәne aqsaqaldargha shúghyl týrde jaushylar attandyryldy...
Ábilqayyr bahadýr elding agha hany lauazymymen qazaq astanasy Týrkistangha ornyqqanynda, batys ólkedegi Kishi jýzge qarasty el-júrt ishinen kóp auyl onyng ordasymen birge sol aumaqqa kóship kelip qonystanghan. Jaz ailarynda agha hannyng kóshpeli ordasy solardyng arasyna – Arys suynyng salasy Badam ózenining alqabyna tigiletin. Sol sebepti de sondaghy Ordabasy atalatyn jerdi 1710 jyldan keyingi jana býkilhalyqtyq qúryltay ótetin oryn etip belgiledi. Sóitip, Ábilqayyrdyng jazghy stavkasy qonys teuip jýrgen Ordabasy biyiginde 18-shi ghasyrdyng alghashqy shiyreginen óte bere, 1726 jylghy qara kýzde, basqynshy jonghargha qarsy kýrespek halyqtyng ahlaqy ruhyn nyghaytqan, tiyisinshe, otan soghysyn jeniske jetkizu ýshin ýsh jýzding birikken qolyn qúrugha bekem baylam jasaghan әigili mәjilis ótti. Tәuelsiz elimizding ýkimeti kýlli júrtshylyq ókilderin 20-shy ghasyrdyng songhy onjyldyghynda sonda jinap, jaudan qorghanuda el birligining manyzdy ról atqarghanyn saltanatpen atap ótti. Al 21-shi ghasyrdyng basynda Ordabasy shoqysynyng úshar basyna aq mәrmәrmen qaptalghan ýsh qyrly biyik eskertkish múnara túrghyzyldy. Ýsh qyryndaghy arnayy taqtalarda ataqty ýsh biyimizding barshany sýisintetin qanatty sózderi jazyldy...
Qazaq halqynyng basqynshygha qarsy sheshimdi týrde otan soghysyna shyghuyna baylanysty Tóle bi, Qazybek bi, Áyteke by syndy ýsh úly biyimizding esimderi erekshe qúrmetpen aitylatyny mәlim. Olar barlyq qazaq ru-taypalaryn jongharlargha qarsy biriktiru mәselesin qarau ýshin Ordabasy qúryltayyn shaqyrdy delinedi. Qalyng búqaramen tyghyz baylanysta boludyng joly retinde, biylikke qara qazaq ókilderin tartu qajettigi Esim hannyng kezinen bastap moyyndalghany belgili. Onyng «Eski jol» atalghan zannamasynyng týpki mәni de sol bolatyn. Sony basshylyqqa alghan Tәuke hannyng túsynda belgili biyler eldi basqaru jәne zandardy sonau «Esim hannyng Eski joly» ýlgisimen jetildiru júmystaryna belsene qatystyryldy. Áygili «Jeti jarghy» osy ýsh jýz biylerining belsene atsalysuymen qabyldanghan. Mine solar el basyna kýn tughan kýrdeli tarihy kezende jonghar shapqynshylyghyna el bop birigip qarsy túru úranyn kóterdi. El sanasyna solay singen. Úly jýzdegi on bir taypany, Orta jýzdegi alty taypany, Kishi jýzdegi jiyrma bes taypany biriktiretin ýsh taypalyq odaqty ortaq mýddege úiystyrudaghy búl asa kórnekti túlghalarymyzdyng enbegin joghary baghalay otyryp, olardyng úly kenesti ótkizude bas әmirshining bastamasyna say solay әreket etkenin әdilettilik túrghysynan qisyndy kóretinimizdi biz jasyrmaymyz. 18-shi ghasyrda sodan búrynghy kezderdegidey daghdymen, býkilhalyqtyq mәjilister men kenester asa joghary dәrejeli biyleushilerding ordalarynda jýrgizilip jýrgenin tarihshylar moyyndaydy. Múnday jiyndardaghy biylerding sózi qashanda ótimdi keletin, biyler ózge shonjarlardan әrdayym basym týsetin. Esim han zamanynan beri han biyligining ózi sol biyler kenesining sheshimine tәueldi bolatyn.
«Aqtaban shúbyryndy» qasireti kezinde әsker bastap qazaq elining teristigine de, týstigine de azattyq joryqtaryn jasaghan Ábilqayyr hannyng azattyq jolyndaghy kýresti óristetu ýshin kýlli el azamattaryn biriktirudi kózdegende, osynau ataqty biylerding kómegine sýiengeni tarihy shyndyqqa әbden say keledi. Jýzderding handary, jekelegen ru-taypalar men qalalardy basqaratyn kishi handar, súltandar, rubasylar, aimaqtardaghy biyler, aqsaqaldar, ózge de bas adamdar jәne, әriyne, batyrlar bas qosqan qúryltay basqynshydan otandy azat etu ýshin jalpaq el ishinen birikken qol jiidy birauyzdan qoldady. Qazaq birikken әskerining bas qolbasshysy mindetin agha han Ábilqayyr bahadýrge jýktedi.
Qazirgi qalyptasqan kózqaras boyynsha – qúryltay Kishi jýz hany Ábilqayyrdy agha han lauazymyna emes, bas qolbasshy etip qana saylady delinedi. Múnday kózqarastaghylar qazaqtyng búl kezdegi agha hany Bolat han bolatyn dep sanaydy. Alayda bayypty ghylymy zertteuler Bolat hannyn, birinshiden, agha han emes, Orta jýz hany bolghanyn, ekinshiden, ol «Aqtaban shúbyryndy» bastalghanda dýnie salghanyn aitady. Demek, Bas qolbasshy retinde tandalghan Ábilqayyr bahadýrdi Ordabasy qúryltayynda agha han mәrtebesine saylaudyng qajeti joq edi, ol búl mәrtebege Tәuke hannyng izbasary Qayyp han qaza tapqannan beri, 1719 jyldan ie bolatyn. 1724 jyldan Orta jýz hany Sәmeke men 1720 jyldan Úly jýz hany Jolbarys ony ózderinen barlyq jaghynan joghary bolghandyqtan da moyyndaghan, kóne meritokratiyalyq tәrtipti basshylyqqa alghan biyler kenesining qoldaghan, Osylay ol jeti jyldan beri agha han sanalatyn. Eger búl bastapqy kezende zaty emes, tek aty ghana bar lauazym sanalsa, sondyqtan da ony júrt tek Kishi jýz hany dep qana qabyldaghan bolsa da, jonghardyng joyqyn shapqynshylyghynan bermengi kýlli qazaq dalasyn sharlap kórsetken jauyngerlik, qolbasylyq enbegi men erligi onyng is jýzinde agha han ekenin dәleldegen edi. Qazaq handyghynda taqta otyrghan әmirshi әdette әskerding de bas qolbasshysy bolatyn, demek, Ábilqayyrgha bas qolbasshylyqty beru onyng agha han ekenin moyyndaghandyqtan, el ýshin janyn otqa da, sugha da salghan janqiyarlyghyn baghalaghandyqtan jasalghan shara. 1710 jylghy Qaraqúm qúryltayynda da, 1726 jylghy Ordabasy qúryltayynda da ol ózine kórsetilgen senimdi aqtap, han dәrejesi mindetteytin qolbasylyqty adal atqardy.
Ábilqayyr han ýsh jýzden jinalghan әigili batyrlarmen әskery kenes ótkizip, shúghyl sarbaz jinau, olardy soghys ónerine tezdetip ýiretu, sosyn eldi birtindep dúshpan ezgisinen azat etu josparyn qúrdy. Birinshi kezekte byltyrghy jenisti sheruden keyin qaytadan jau qolynda qalghan astanadan bastap aimaqtaghy barlyq qalalardy jonghar biyliginen qútqaru mәselesi kýn tәrtibine shyqty. «Ýlken orda qonghan», «Kishi orda qonghan» degen jer ataulary Ábilqayyr bahadýr han men onyng kómekshilerining sol kezdegi azattyq soghysyn basqarghanda әreket etken ortalyqtaryn anghartsa kerek. Birikken qazaq armiyasy atalmysh ordalarda jasalghan soghys josparlaryna say úrystar jýrgizip, ontýstiktegi qalalardy birinen song birin azat ete bastady...
HVIII. OTAN SOGhYSYNDAGhY IRI JENISTER
Jongharlar qazaq jerining shyghysy men Jetisudy jәne Syrdariyanyng orta aghysy ónirin basyp alghannan son Úlytaugha qaray bet búrghan. Ordabasy qúryltayy jigerlendirgen birikken qazaq әskerleri Ábilqayyr hannyng qolbasshylyghymen Týrkistan–Tashkent alqabyndaghy ondaghan qazaq qalasyn qaytadan jaudan tazartyp, elding ortalyq aimaghyna bettegen jonghar qolyna sheshushi soqqy beruge әzirlendi.
Bas qolbasshy Ábilqayyr hannyng basshylyghymen qazaq batyrlary 1726 jyldyng sonynda jәne 1727 jyly әskery qimyldardy ýilesimdi әri útymdy jýrgize otyryp, Torghay dalasynyng ontýstik-shyghys bóliginde iri jenisterge jetti. Úlytau manyndaghy Búlanty men Bileuti ózenderining jaghalarynda ótken shayqas el aibynyn erekshe asqaqtatty. Qazaq jasaqtary jongharlarmen әueli Qarsaqpay qyrattarynan bastalatyn sol qos ózen qúiyp jatqan Shúbar-Teniz kóli manayynda soghysqan. Talqandalghan basqynshylar kólden әrmen qashqanda, atalghan eki ózen aralyghyndaghy Qarasiyr (ony «shoqy» maghynasyn beretin Qarasiyre dep te ataydy) jazyghynda olargha qatty soqqy berip, tamasha jeniske jetti. Dúshpan oisyray útylghan búl úrys tariyhqa Búlanty-Bileuti shayqasy degen atpen endi. Osy iri jenis nәtiyjesinde qazaq jasaqtary jonghar kýshin Úlytaugha jetkizbey toqtatty. Shayqasta Qanjyghaly Bógenbay, Qarakerey Qabanbay, Shaqshaq Jәnibek, Tama Eset, Bәsentiyin Malaysary, Taraqty Bayghozy, Taylaq, Sanyryq, Qabanbay, Derbisaly, Satay, Eset, Jәnibek, Tileuli syndy kórnekti qolbasshylar men kóptegen batyrlar, barsha sarbazdar kózsiz erlik kórsetti. Jongharlar zor shyghyngha úshyrap, keri qashty.
Búlanty-Bileuti shayqasynyng tarihtaghy manyzy erekshe. Óitkeni ata jaudy talqandaghan osynau úrys halyqtyng ensesin kóterip, azattyq ýshin, otan ýshin kýreske bir jaghadan bas, bir jennen bilek shygharyp kóteriluge jigerlendire týsti. Qazaq sarbazdary búdan keyin ahlaqy jәne ruhany ýstemdikke ie bolyp, jongharlar basyp alghan jer-sularyn birinen song birin azat ete bastady. Búl 1727 jyl edi. (Sol jenisten keyin jazyqtyng ortalyghyndaghy maydan kindigi bolghan tóbe «Qalmaq qyrylghan» dep atalyp ketti. Búlanty alqabyndaghy býginde «Ýitas» dep atalatyn, qabyrghalarynyng qalyndyghy qos qúlashtay, kýmbezdep órilgen tóbesi qúlaghan qúrylys osy aituly jenis qúrmetine kezinde salynghan eskertkish bolghan desedi. Al tәuelsizdik jyldary babalar erligine sheksiz riza iygilikti úrpaq tarapynan sondaghy shoqylardyng birine eskertkish taqta ornatyldy). Osy jyly kenetten qontayshy Sevan Rabdan (Syban Raptan) dýnie saldy da, jongharlardyng qazaq jerindegi kýshterine arttarynan qosymsha kómek kelmey qaldy. Búl jaghday belgili dәrejede ruhy kýsheye týsken qazaq jasaqtarynyng jenisti sheruining sәtimen jalghasa beruine qolayly jaghday tughyzghan bolatyn.
Sevan Rabdannyng ólimi handyq ishinde dýrbeleng tughyzdy. Taqqa onyng ýlken úly Galdan Seren (Qaldan Seren) otyrghan. Ol әkesining oida joqta dýniyeden ketuin ógey sheshesi – han taghyna talasuy yqtimal inisi Lauzan Shononyng tughan anasy Seterjab pen sol shaqta Qalmaq handyghynan kelgen elshilerden kórdi. Qatygezdikpen jazalaular jýrgizdi. Sosyn handyqtyng shyghys shekarasyna nazar audarugha mәjbýr boldy. Onda Siyn-Qytay әmirshileri boghdyhan auysqan (imperator Kansy qaytys bolyp, taqqa Yunchjen otyrghan) kezdegi uaghdalastyqty jiyp qoyyp, elge qaytadan qauip tóndire bastaghan edi. Soghan baylanysty Galdan Seren әskerining negizgi kýshin sol jaqqa shoghyrlandyrugha kiristi. Sodan kóp úzamay qytaylyqtarmen qarym-qatynas shiyelenisti de, jongharlar olarmen jana soghysty bastady. Osynday jaghdayda Galdan Seren qazaq jerindegi jasaqtarynyng biraz bóligin jonghar elining shyghysyndaghy maydangha salu ýshin keri shaqyryp alghan. Búl ahualdy qazaq elining Qaratau óniri men ontýstigindegi jer-sudy basqynshydan tazartu kýresinde jýrgen Ábilqayyr han múqiyat saralaghan da, 1730 jyldyng kókteminde jaugha Anyraqay dalasynda sheshushi soqqy bergen bolatyn. Anyraqay shayqasy qazaq halqynyng 18-shi ghasyrda jonghar basqynshylaryna qarsy jýrgizgen Otan soghysynyng eng eleuli belesi, ruhty kóterip, bolashaqqa degen senimdi bekitken jenisti shyny retinde óte oryndy týrde maqtan tútylady. Áygili jenis el sanasynan eshqashan óshpes ýshin Tәuelsizdik azamattary úrys bolghan dep sanaytyn Shu-Ile taularyndaghy jerlerge – Súnqar tauynyng etegine 1998 jyly jәne ýstimizdegi ghasyrdyng basynda Anyraqay tauynyng soltýstik betkeyindegi Almaly kentining janyna, sonday-aq, Almatydan Bishkekke shyghatyn halyqaralyq joldyng boyyna, danghyldyng Qaskelennen on shaqty shaqyrym әridegi ontýstik jaghyna arnayy eskertkish taqtalar qoyghan.
Júrtshylyq sanasyna sinirilgen mәlimet boyynsha – shartaraptan jinalghan sarbazdardan birikken otyz myndyq qazaq qoly qyryq myndyq jau әskerimen bir-bir jarym aiday uaqyt boyy soghysyp jeniske jetken. Alayda jenimpaz qazaq jasaqtary jýrgizgen shayqastar sonymen dogharylghan, qazaqtar búl soghysty әri qaray damyta almaghan, sebebi «shayqas sonynda Bolat han jaralanyp, qaytys bolghannan keyin» (taghy bir kóp taralghan qisyn boyynsha – «dimkәs Bolat han nauqasynan dýnie salghan son») bastalghan «taq ýshin talas» oghan kedergi keltiripti-mis, kópshilik «Bolat hannyng balasy jas Ábilmәmbetti qoldaghan» da, «búghan narazy bolghan Ábilqayyr maydan dalasyn tastap, Kishi jýzding qolyn batysqa, Orta jýz qolyn Sәmeke han soltýstikke» alyp ketipti-mis.
Ghylymy zertteuler búl úigharymdardyng jansaqtyghyn kórsetedi. Birinshiden, ótken taraularda aitqanymyzday, Bolat han 1723 jylghy «Aqtaban shúbyryndy» bastalghan kezende ómirden ótken. Anyraqay shayqasynan keyin (1730) han saylauyn jasaugha qajettilik tughan joq. Óitkeni soghysty jenisti shynyna jetkizgen bas qolbasshy Ábilqayyr bahadýr әri agha han da bolatyn, onyng ýstine, Ábilqayyrmen taq talasyna týsip bәsekelesetindey dәreje jas jaghynan da, bedel jaghynan da eshbir kishi handa bolghan emes. Ekinshiden, «Ábilqayyr men Sәmekenin maydan dalasyn tastap» ketui mýldem ózge sipatta jәne basqa jaghdaygha baylanysty oryn alghan. Búl jayynda keyinirek sóz etermiz...
Qúramyna tarihshy, geolog-geomorfolog, etnograf, arheograf, paleoklimatolog, shyghystanushy, palinolog, geograf ghalymdar engen zertteushiler toby 2005–2007 jyldary Shu-Ile aimaghynyng ortanghy bóligine birneshe ret ekspedisiyagha shyqqan. Jasaghan dalalyq zertteuleri men izdenisterining nәtiyjelerin birneshe salalyq ghylymy institut qyzmetkerleri qatysuymen óndegen. Sóitip, ataqty shayqas ótken Anyraqay ónirine keshendi týrde jýrgizgen arnayy zertteu nәtiyjelerin syndarly ghylymy tilmen enbekterinde bayan qylyp, keybir qalyptasqan pikirlerge syn kózben qaraugha mәjbýr etetin qorytyndylar jasaghan bolatyn.
Ekspedisiyalar kezinde tarihy oqigha aimaghy jer betinen, sonday-aq biyikten (úshaqtan) suretke týsirildi, aumaqtaghy negizgi tabighy jәne әleumettik-ekonomikalyq obektilerdi geografiyalyq, geometriyalyq túrghyda kórsetetin ghylymy syzbalar jasaldy. Jer bederi men su kózderining qazirgi syrt keskinine ghylymy zertteuler men esepteuler jýrgizilip, olardyng ýsh ghasyrgha jete-ghabyl uaqyt úshyratqan ózgeristerden búrynghy keypi elestetildi. Jer men meken-jaydyng tarihy ataulary, әr kezgi geografiyalyq kartalar, ólkeni mekendegen taypalardyng túrmystyq jәne mәdeny erekshelikteri, olardyng tirshiligi men qyzmetining bizding zamanymyzgha jetken materialdyq qaldyqtary, búrynghy Anyraqay auyly túrghyndarynyng ekspedisiya mýshelerine bergen aqparattary qarastyryldy. Solardyng bәrin ólkening әskeriy-sayasy tarihymen tyghyz baylanysta zerttey otyryp, aimaqtyng 1730 jylghy tabighaty men jorymaly beynesin jәne tarihy shayqastyng bas-ayaghy men ótu retin ghylymy әdispen qalpyna keltiru әreketi jasaldy.
Qysqasy, ghalymdar zertteuge alynghan ónirding topografiyasyn, geomorfologiyasyn, landshafyn, paleoklimatyn, arheologiyasyn, tarihy toponimikasyn, kartografiyasy men etnografiyasyn, sol tústa oryn alghan sayasat pen jaugershilikter shejiresin jan-jaqty taldap, zerttey kele, alynghan derekterding pәnaralyq sintezi negizinde, Anyraqay shayqasynyng naqty bolghan jerin, dәl uaqytyn jәne sondaghy oqighalardyng qanday retpen ótkenin, qazaq әskery jasaqtarynyng Anyraqay tauy audanynda jongharlargha qarsy ústanghan shabuyldau strategiyasy men taktikasynyng ózindik erekshelikterin anyqtaghan. Irgeles ghylymdar ókilderin tarta otyryp ýilesimdi sipatta jasalghan zertteuler nәtiyjesinde otan tarihyn biluge qúmartushylar tanymynyng kókjiyegin keneyte týsetin tyng janalyqtar ashyldy, solardyng ishindegi biregeyi Anyraqay shayqasyna qatysty edi.
Foliklorlyq derek kózderine qaraghanda, Otan soghysynyng sheshushi shayqasy bolghan tarihy maydan dalasy Anyraqay jotalary men Alakól jazyghy aralyghynda, yaghniy, Anyraqay alqabynyng soltýstik-shyghys bóliginde jatyr. Osyny negizge alghan zertteushiler Anyraqay shayqasynyng tabighy shekarasy ontýstik-batysta – su bóletin sala men Anyraqay (kóne kartalarda – Kýmisti) jotalarynyng soltýstik-shyghys shoqylaryn, batysynda – Qopaly ózeni men Qarakemerding tarmaqtaryn, soltýstik-shyghysta – Beskól alqabyn, al shyghysta – Sarybúlaq ózenining angharyn alyp jatqan 210 sharshy shaqyrymdyq aumaq dep tapty. Qazaqtardyng jonghar basqynshylaryna kórsetken jalpyhalyqtyq qarsylyghynyng qorytyndy kezenindegi basty әskery qimyldar osy audanda ótti. Áygili shayqas dalasy aiqyn ýshbúrysh týrin elestetetini anyqtalghan. Ýshbúryshtyng tabanynda Anyraqay qyrqalarynyng soltýstik-shyghys baurayy, al qos qanatynda – biyik jarqabaqty Qopaly jәne Sarybúlaq ózenderi jatyr. Eki su ortasyndaghy Beskól alqabynda barlyq qorghanys sharalary eskerilip salynghan myqty bekinisti qamal (qazirgi Qalmaqtóbe) boy kótergen. (Jetisudaghy osy Qalmaqtóbe kesheni ondaghy qorghanys qamaly men óz әskerining úrys jýrgizuin jenildetudi, al dúshpannyng әreketin qiyndatudy kózdeytin barlyq fortifikasiyalyq qúrylysymen jәne oghan jәrdemin tiygizetin nysandarymen birge túnghysh ret 2005–2007 jyldary tarihshy Irina Erofeevanyng basshylyghymen ashylyp, ishinara zertteldi).
«Qalmaqtóbe» jonghardyng ontýstik-shyghys shekaradaghy eng iri qarauyl beketi edi. Ony 1653–1666 jyldary belgili oirat noyony (Salqam Jәngirdi jekpe-jekte jengen delinetin) Galdamba saldyrghan bolatyn. Osy bekinis pen ýsh taraptaghy tabighy shekaralar sol aumaqty mekendeushi basqynshylardy qazaqtardyng yqtimal shabuylynan senimdi týrde qorghap túrghan. Tek soltýstik-shyghys jaghy (Qopaly, Qarakemer jәne Sarybúlaq alqaptarynyng eng tómen әri jazyq bólikteri ghana) birshama ashyq, yaghny syrtqy qaruly jasaqtardyng sol jerden ghana kire aluy yqtimal edi. Bekinisting shyghysynan 8–10 shaqyrymday jerden Ýlken Qalmaq joly ótetin. Osynau kósh jәne keruen joly Shu-Ile aimaghynyng ontýstik bóliginen Qazaq dalasynyng batys aimaghy men soltýstik-batysyna qaray sozylyp, Jonghariyany Edil-Jayyq aralyghyndaghy Qalmaq handyghymen baylanystyryp jatatyn. Sondyqtan da onyng qazaq ýshin de, qalmaq ýshin de ýlken әskeriy-strategiyalyq manyzy bar bolatyn.
Jalpy, Shu men Talas ózenderi alabynan Shu-Ile taulary audanyna deyingi geografiyalyq kenistikte oirattardyng 19 әskeriy-qorghanys beketi ornalasqan, olar 17-ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynan 18-ghasyrdyng alghashqy shiyregindegi Jonghar handyghynyng shekaralyq aimaghyn belgilep, oirat kóshterining negizgi bóligin Qazaq handyghynyng halqy ornalasqan aumaqtardan qorghap túrghan. (Ábilqayyr han basqarghan azattyq shayqastary nәtiyjesinde jongharlardyng alghy shepterindegi әskeriy-qorghanys beketteri alynyp, ónirler dúshpannan tazartylghan, alghys sezimine bólengen qazaq halqy eldi azat etushi bas qolbasshygha rizashylyq bildirip, osy ónirlerdegi talay jer-su attaryn Ábilqayyr esimimen atap ketti). Qazaq jerine salynghan jonghar bekinisterindegi qaruly jasaqtargha әskerbasy etip qontayshy Galdan Seren ózining kýieu balasy Laszan Serendi 1728 jyldyng ortasynda taghayyndaghan. Birikken qazaq әskeri Otan soghysynyng Anyraqay maydanynda sol tәjiriybeli jonghar qolbasshysy basqarghan basqynshylargha qarsy sheshushi shayqasqa shyqty.
Jogharyda aitqanymyzday, qytay-jonghar qatynasy qayta shiyelenisip, 1729 jyly Sin imperiyasy Jonghar handyghyna qarsy jana soghys ashqan. Sondyqtan handyqtyng әmirshisi Galdan Seren qontayshy 1730 jyldyng basynda qazaq aimaghyn meken etken halqy ishinen soghysugha qabiletti oirattardyng kóbin asyghys týrde ontýstik maydangha shaqyrugha mәjbýr boldy. Jetisudaghy әskeriy-qorghanys beketterinde sany shaghyn qarauyl jasaqtaryn ghana qaldyrdy. Osynshama qolayly ahualdy qazaq elining ontýstiginde azattyq kýresin jýrgizip jýrgen Ábilqayyr han paydalanyp qalugha tyrysty. Ayaldamastan, әskery kýshterin Shu-Talas ózenderi aralyghynan Ontýstik-Batys Balqash many audanyna baghyttady. Sóitip, 1730 jylghy sәuirding basynda, jonghardyng qazaq jerindegi әskeriy-sayasy jýiesining Beskól (Qalmaqtóbe) forpostyna qazaqtardyng birikken qoly sol kezgi әskery ilim-bilimning ozyq tәsilin qoldana otyryp shabuyl jasady.
Qazaq jasaqtary Anyraqay ýshbúryshyna soltýstiktegi basty danghyl bolyp tabylatyn Ýlken qalmaq jolymen emes, qarama-qarsy eki baghyttan (Balqashtyng ontýstik-batys jaghasy men Shu alqabynan) keldi. Shabuyldyng negizgi maqsaty Anyraqaydyng soltýstik-shyghys búryshyndaghy Qalmaqtóbe bekinisine shoghyrlanghan 5-6 myndyq jonghar әskerin qorshap alyp, joyyp jiberu bolatyn. Bas qolbasshy Ábilqayyr han sheshushi shabuylda qoldanghan әdisinde halyqtyng kópghasyrlyq dәstýri bar «dala soghysy» orayyndaghy әskery oigha, onyng «andy jan-jaghynan qaumalap aulau» tәsiline sýiengen-tin. Jauyngerlik soghys qimyldaryn әigili qazaq qolbasylary men batyrlary qatysqan ýsh atty jasaq jýzege asyrdy. Olardyng ekeui Sarybúlaq pen Qopalydaghy jaugha ótkel boluy yqtimal jazyq tústardy torydy әri Qalmaqtóbe bekinisin shabuyldady. Shaqpaqty, bilteli myltyqtarmen atqylay otyryp, әueli dúshpannyng qamalyn basyp aldy, sosyn bekinisting manyna toptasqan jәne ony tastap shyqqan oirattardy tyqsyra quyp, taugha qashugha mәjbýr etti. Qashqan jaudy Anyraqaydyng ortalyq shatqaldaryna bekingen sadaqshylar qarsy aldy...
Búl 1723 jylghy «Aqtaban shúbyryndygha» úryndyrghan joyqyn shapqynshylyqtan beri tynymsyz jýrip kele jatqan, 1726 jylghy Ordabasy qúryltayynan keyin airyqsha serpin alghan Otan soghysyndaghy sheshushi shayqas boldy. Osy aumaqta qazaq halqy, qazaqtyng ýsh jýzining sarbazdarynan qúralghan halyq jasaghy basqynshy-jongharlardy birjolata jendi. Bayyrghy kýshti de qaharly qarsylasyn osyghan deyin jaulap alghan qazaq jerinen quyp shyqty. Sóitip, azattyq jolyndaghy qiyndyghy mol kýrdeli qaharmandyq dastandy is jýzinde saltanatty jenispen ayaqtady.
HIX. OTAN SOGhYSYNDAGhY JENIS JÁNE BITIM
Birikken qazaq әskerining bas qolbasshysy Ábilqayyr han 1730 jylghy sәuirding sonynda jonghar qontayshysy Galdan Serenmen beybit kelisimshart jasady. Sol aktimen «Aqtaban shúbyryndy» qasiretinen beri órshy ýsken qantógisti azattyq kýresining shyrqau shynyna ainalghan Anyraqay shayqasyn qorytyndylap, 1723–1730 jyldarghy Otan soghysyna jenisti nýkte qoydy. Búl jenis qazaq halqynyng jauyngerlik ruhyn nyghaytty, halyqtyng etnostyq birligin, tútastyq sezimin jәne óz eline degen sýiispenshiligin, jýzder, ru-taypalar arasyndaghy auyzbirshilikting manyzyn arttyrdy.
Kóshpendi handyqtar ishindegi asa quatty jonghar әmirshisi Galdan Serendi jengen ataghy Ábilqayyr bahadýrdi sayasy túrghyda qazaqtyng agha hany mәrtebesinde tanyta týsti. Qadirli batyr-hanynyng esimin jenisti shayqastar jýrgizgen tau, ózen, anghargha bergen (Arqada «Qalmaqqyrylghan» degen jerde «Ábilqayyr ózeni», Shu men Talas ózenderining arasynda «Ábilqayyr dalasy» bar. Sonda «Qalmaq qyrylghan» degen eki jer atauy saqtalghan. Qaratau qoynauynda «Ábilqayyr búlaghy» bar. «Ýlken Orda qonghan», «Kishi Orda qonghan» degen jer ataulary – azattyq soghysyn basqarghan agha han, kishi han stavkalarynyng túrghan ornyn kórsetedi. Al Balqashtyng ontýstigindegi әigili Anyraqay shayqasy ótken ónirde, Ilege taqauyraqta – Hantau, odan Shugha qaray sozylyp jatqan «Ábilqayyr jaly» degen tau atauy saqtalghan. Býgin bizdin kónilimiz qanshama tarylyp, qazaqtyng 1723–1730 jyldardaghy Otan soghysynyng bas qaharmanynyng enbegin moyyndaghymyz kelmese de, geografiyalyq jer ataularynyng ózi-aq onyng da, bizding de kim ekenimizdi kózge shúqyp aityp túrghan joq pa?) óz júrtynda ghana emes, kórshi elderde de ol ýlken qúrmetke bólendi. Orta Aziya handyqtarynyng biyleushileri onymen tuystyq qarym-qatynasqa jetuge úmtyldy. Qolbasshy, әmirshi, sayasatker Ábilqayyr han Anyraqay shayqasynan keyingi jaghdaydy kóregendikpen saralay bilgendikten, jonghar qontayshysymen bitimge keldi...
Alayda búl tújyrymnyng tarihshylar arasynda: «Anyraqay shayqasynan keyin qazaq biyleushilerding arasynda jik tudy» degen maghynada kópten qalyptasqan, tipti resmy «Qazaqstan tarihynyn» ýshinshi tomy tanbalap qoyghan elita ishinde «jogharghy biylik ýshin kýres» jýrgeni jayyndaghy pikirge qayshy ekeni týsinikti. Resmy tariyh: «Tәukening úly, qaytys bolghan agha han Bolattyng ornyna Orta jýzden – Sәmeke, Kishi jýzden Ábilqayyr ýmittendi. Kópshilikting tandauy Ábilmәmbetke týsti. Sәmeke men Ábilqayyr ózderin eleusiz qaldyrdy dep tauyp, shayqas alanynan ketip qaldy, sol arqyly qazaq jerlerin jonghar basqynshylarynan azat etuding ortaq isine ondyrmay soqqy berdi», – dep habarlaydy. Elimizding eng basty tarih kitabynyng kýni keshe – 2010 jyly jaryq kórgen akademiyalyq basylymynyng tap osynday eskirgen maghlúmatty shegelep taratuy ókinishti-aq. Óitkeni sodan bir mýshel ilgeride, ótken ghasyrdyng songhy jyldarynda, jekelegen tarihshylar (aytalyq, IY.Erofeeva) senimdi derekkózderdi ainalymgha tartu arqyly onday baylamnyng qate ekenin dәleldegen bolatyn. Bolat hannyng «Aqtaban shúbyryndy, Alqakól súlama» qasiretining bastapqy jyldarynyng birinde dýniyeden ótkenin, onyng eshqashan agha han bolmaghanyn, agha han mәrtebesi 1715 jyly Qayypqa, 1719 jyly Ábilqayyrgha tiygenin, Anyraqay shayqasynan keyin eshqanday da agha han (úly han) saylauy ótkizilmegenin dәleldegen zertteulerin jariya etken edi. «Sәmeke men Ábilqayyr ózderin eleusiz qaldyrghandyqtan» emes, kýn tәrtibindegi jaghdaygha baylanysty, soghys ayaqtalyp, tiyisti bitim jasalghannan son, ózderine qarasty ru-taypalar mekendeytin aumaqtargha kýn tәrtibine shyqqan mәselelerdi retteu ýshin ketken bolatyn. Demek, «shayqas alanynan» ketip qaldy deu de, «sol arqyly qazaq jerlerin jonghar basqynshylarynan azat etuding ortaq isine ondyrmay soqqy berdi» dep tújyrymdau da naqty tarihy shyndyqqa sәikes kelmeydi.
Bas qolbasshy Ábilqayyr han ontýstikte belgili bir maqsatta, belgili bir mólsherde әskery kýsh qaldyrdy. Tәuelsizdikting alghashqy jyldary «Sin úly dinastiyasynyng hronikasy» degen atpen jariyalanghan qytay qújattary jinaghynda qazaq hany Ábilqayyr (Abuerhayli) qazaq jigitterining 70 myndyq әskerin óz búiryghymen inisi Búlqayyrgha (Buerhayli) basqartyp, jongharlargha qarsy joryqqa shyqty delinetin aqparat keltirilgen. Sonday-aq olardyng Shu-Talas jerinde túratyn oirattardyng myng shanyraghyn týgel basyp alghany jәne Jonghariyanyng ózge kóshi-qondarynan 2–3 myng at aidap әketkeni aitylghan. Búl oqigha imperator Yunchjen basqarghan merzimning 9-shy jylyndaghy 2-shi aida oryn aldy dep kórsetilgen. Ony bizding tarihshylar 1731 jylghy nauryz ben sәuir ailarynyng bastapqy kýnderine sәikesedi dep belgilep jýr. Imperator Kansy 1722 jyly qaytys boldy, artynsha taqqa Yunchjen otyrdy. Demek, imperator Yunchjenning biylikti qolgha alghan uaqyty 1722 jyl, al onyng imperiyany basqarghan merzimining toghyzynshy (toghyz emes!) jyly 1730 jylgha, yaghny jongharlargha qarsy Otan soghysyn tamamdaghan Anyraqay shayqasy bolghan jylgha tura keledi. Demek Yunchjen jylnamasynyng 9-shy jylyndaghy 2-shi aida, yaghny 1730 jylghy 8 nauryz ben 6 sәuirding arasynda bas qolbasshy Ábilqayyr han, aldynghy tarauda aitqanymyzday, әskerin Shu-Talas aimaghynan Anyraqay ónirine auystyryp, jonghar kýshterimen sheshushi shayqasqa shyghugha әzirlendi jәne ony sәtti jýrgizip, sol sәuirding sonyna qaray Galdan Serenning kýieubalasy, tәjiriybeli әskerbasy Laszan Seren basqarghan jonghar jasaqtaryn birjola jendi de, mamyr aiynda qontashynyng ózimen kelissóz jýrgizip, bitimge kelgen. Sodan song oirattardyng yqtimal shabuyldaryna toytarys beru ýshin Búlqayyr súltan qolbasshylyq jasaytyn әskerdi ónirde qaldyryp, ózi batys shekaragha attandy.
Jogharyda atalghan Sin boghdyhany Yunchjenning jylnamasynda «Galdan Serenning inisi Lobuszyan-Shunu (Lauzan Shono) qazaq hany Ábilqayyrdyng qyzyn әieldikke aldy, qazir, ynghayy, qazaq jerinde túrady» degen mәlimet bar. Biz múnyng aqiqaty qanday ekenin aita almaymyz, degenmen, Ábilqayyr hannyng bәibishesi qyzymen Týrkistandaghy ordasynan 1723 jyly tútqyndalyp Jonghariyagha әketilgenin eske alsaq, Lauzan Shono han qyzyn aluy yqtimal dep payymdaymyz. Atalmysh qytay derekkózinde odan әri: «Lauzan Shono múrager retinde әkesining taghyna otyru mәselesin sheshu ýshin 1-shi aida óz jaushylaryn Galdan Serenge jiberdi» degen habar aitylady. Búl oqigha, shamasy, Sevan Rabdan dýniyeden kóshken 1727 jyldy menzese kerek. Aldynghy tarauda aitqanymyzday, Galdan Seren әkesi Sevan Rabdannyng kenetten bolghan ólimin ózining ógey sheshesi, Lauzan Shononyng tughan anasy Seterjabtan kóredi de, ony balalarymen, sonday-aq sol tústa Qalmaqiyadan (bәlkim, qytay jylnamasynda aitylghanday maqsatpen Lauzan Shonodan) kelgen elshilerding keybirin óltiredi. Sondyqtan, boghdyhan sarayynyng shejiresinde odan әri aitylghanday, «Galdan Seren onyng anasyn, sonday-aq birge tughan inisi men qaryndasyn óltirgendikten», Lauzan Shono «Galdan Serennen ósh aludy qatty tilep jýr. Oghan әskery shabuyl jasaghysy keledi». Búnday ahualdyng Ábilqayyr hannyng oirattarmen de, qalmaqtarmen de bitim jasauyna janama týrde bolsa da әser etui mýmkindigin moyyndaymyz. (Tek Lauzan Shono «qazaq jerinde túrady» degeni jansaq, ol Qalmaq handyghynda túrghan. Qontayshy Galdan Seren ózining taghyna bәsekeles dúshpanyn ústap berudi qalmaq hany Seren Donduktan talap etken bolatyn).
Anyraqay shayqasynan keyin jasalghan beybit kelisimshart eki jaqqa da tiyimdi edi. Galdan Seren qazaqtarmen bitimge kelu arqyly siyn-qytay jaghyndaghy shekarasyna әskery kýshterin toptastyrugha mýmkindik aldy. Imperator Yunchjen oirattarmen soghysty qayta janghyrtu jayynda 1729 jyly sheshim qabyldaghan bolatyn. Qazaqtarmen 1730 jyly bitimge kelip, qolyn kýsheytuge mýmkindik alghan qontayshy sol jyldyng ózinde qytay әskerin Barkól manynda tas-talqan etip, endi Altayda soghysugha әzirlik jýrgize bastady. Al jongharmen soghysty odan әri sozbay, bitim jasaudy maqúl kórgen Ábilqayyr han soltýstik-batys shekaragha jana shabuyldarymen qaytadan qauip-qater tóndirip túrghandar kórshilermen – orys memleketine qarasty kazaktar qauymymen, qalmaq jәne bashqúrt elderimen ara-qatynasty retke keltiruge attanghan edi. Ol orys imperiyasymen shekaradaghy mazasyzdyqty tynyshtandyrugha kýsh saldy.
1730 jylghy mamyr aiynda Ábilqayyr hannyng Torghay ólkesindegi jazghy ordasyna Kishi jýz ben Orta jýzding bas adamdary bas qosty. Búl mәjiliste orys shekarasyna taqau kóship-qonyp jýrgen júrtqa qyrghiday tiyip jýrgen Jayyq jәne Sibir orys kazaktarynyn, Edil qalmaqtarynyng shapqynshylyq qylyqtary, qalmaqtarmen aradaghy qatynas, jonghardy jenuge baylanysty, qazirgi sәtte birshama rettelip, tynshyghanmen, týbi bir týrki bolsa da, jelkelerindegi otarshyl әkimderining astyrtyn aidap saluyna kónip, qazaq auyldaryna tútqiyldan jortuyldatyp airyqsha maza ketirip jýrgen bashqúrttar jayy talqygha týsti. Osynau mәjiliske deyin Ábilqayyr hangha bashqúrt elining qúrmetti adamy tarhan Aldar Esengeldin (IYsekeev) jolyghyp qaytqan. Búl sodan jiyrma shaqty jyl búryn Ábilqayyr bahadýrdi bashqúrt taghyna shaqyrudy úiymdastyrghan, onymen birge orysqa qarsy iyq tirese kýresken әskeriy-basshy túlgha bolatyn. Búl qos ýzengiles bahadýr әrәdik kezdesip, әrdayym dostyq peyilmen jyly súqbattasyp otyratyn. Osynau kózqarastary erteden jarasqan eki el aghalarynyng súqbattary әrdayym ózara týsinistik rәuishte ótetin. Endeshe osynau qarulas әm pikirles qos әmirshining qaramaghyndaghy adamdar nelikten ózara shabuylgha shygha beruin dogharmaydy? Múnda qanday syr bar? Áriyne, ekeuara ótken kenesting býge-shigesin bilmegenmen, shamalaugha bolady: olar sol mәseleni týbegeyli sheshudegi kedergilerdi saraptap, olardy joy joldaryn aqylgha salysty...
(Kezinde imperiyagha qarsy túrghan bashqúrt jetekshisin óz jaghyna útymdy tarta alghan patsha әkimshiligining úsynuymen oghan atalghan tarhan aiyrym-belgisi berilgen. Jalpy, tarhan ataghy Altyn Orda handary dәuirinde shirkeu adamdaryna olardyng óz sharualaryn sheshuge erikti ekendikterin kórsetu ýshin berilip túrghan. Keyin ony orys knyazideri de jekelegen adamdargha alym-salyqtan bosatylatynyn, dauly mәselelerde eshkimge baghynbay, tek úly knyaziding óz qúzyryna keluge haqyly ekendigin bildiru ýshin berip jýrdi. Bir-eki mәrte tarhandyq beru mýldem joyylyp tastaldy da, bodan últtardyng bedeldi adamdaryn imperiyagha senimdi ete týsu ýshin, qayta engizildi. Bashqúrt kóterilisshisi Aldardy tarhan mәrtebesine kóteru arqyly patsha әkimshiligi ony ózine órkeniyeti tәsilmen tәueldi etti. Qazaqtar arasynda da tarhan bolghandar bar).
Sol jylghy mamyrda hannyng jazghy ordasyna jinalghan Kishi jәne Orta jýzder súltandarynyn, batyrlary men belgili adamdarynyng qúryltayynda orys patshasynyng ýkimetimen onyng qolastyndaghy qalmaq, bashqúrt jәne orys kazaktarynyng qazaq eline shabuyldaryn doghartudy kózdeytin bitim jasau jóninde sheshim qabyldanghan...
HX. MÁN-MAGhYNASY BÚRMALANYP ÓMIRGE ENGIZILUGE JAZYLGhAN BETBÚRYS
Ordasynda ótken mәjiliske qatysushy biyler, batyrlar, bas adamdar men súltandardyng teristiktegi alyp kórshimen bitim jasasu jayyndaghy újymdyq sheshimin jýzege asyru ýshin Ábilqayyr han orys patshayymyna arnayy hat jazdy. Ony aparyp tapsyru mindettelgen elshilerine joldaghy orys әkimine kórsetu ýshin de hat berdi, sosyn olarmen onasha úzaq kenesip, diplomatiyalyq sapar barysynda qol jetkizuleri tiyis mәselelerdi pysyqtady...
Úzamay qúramynda on bir adam bar Ábilqayyr han elshiligining kerueni orys imperiyasynyng astanasyn betke ústap, imperator әiel Anna Ioannovnagha hannyng hatyn tapsyru ýshin arnayy sapargha shyqqan. Jolshybay toqtaghan orys qalalaryndaghy patsha әkimshilikteri Sankt-Peterburgti betke ústaghan qazaq elshiligining algha qoyghan maqsaty jayynda olardan súrap bilgen maghlúmattaryn jogharygha joldap otyrghan. Solardan mynanday aqparat mәlim. 1720 jylghy 20 shildede elshilik Ufagha kelgen. Sol jerde, Ufanyng әskery kensesinde, «Qútlúmbet bi, Seytqúl batyr, Toqtamys myrza» auyzsha әngimede ýsh bólikke jýielengen mynanday mәlimet bergen:
Birinshi. «Kóshpendi qazaq halqy 40 myng shanyraq bolady, olardyng basty adamy Ábilqayyr han, elshilikti sol jibergen. Odan basqa taghy eki hany bar – Baraq jәne Ábilmәmet. Úly jәne Kishi taularda, Syr, Sarysu jәne Torghay ózenderi boylarynda, Qaraqúm dalasynda jәne sol jaqtardaghy basqa jerlede kóship-qonyp jýredi. Sol jaqtarda qazaq qalalary bar: basty qalasy Tashkent, ondaghy qoja Jolbarys han, ekinshi qala Týrkistan, onyng iyelenushisi Sәmeke han, ýshinshi qala Sayram, ondaghy iyelenushi Kýshik han. Osy qalalargha qaraytyn qystaqtardyng sany az emes. Barlyq kóshpendilerding de, qalalyqtardyng da handary – múragerlikti ústanady. Olardyn, qazaqtardyn, zany – músylmandyq».
Ekinshi. Osyghan deyin osy qazaq handary qontayshymen jәne Edil qalmaqtarymen, sonday-aq bashqúrttarmen soghysqan. Qazir olar qontayshymen de, qalmaqtarmen de tatulasty, al bashqúrttar olarmen, qazaqtarmen, imperatordyng úlylyghynyng erik-jigeri bildirilmeyinshe tatulasar emes. Al qazaq handary ózge halyqtardyng shabuyldarynan danqty Resey imperiyasynyng proteksiyasy arqyly qorghanugha mýddeli, sondyqtan olar múny Ábilqayyr hangha tapsyrdy. Sodan onyng elshileri barlyq handardyng kelisimimen belgili bir shartty patshayymgha jetkizu ýshin jiberilip otyr.
Ýshinshi. Eger «úly mәrtebeli imperatrisa qazaq handaryn bodandyqqa qabyldaugha kenshilik etip núsqau berse», sóitip bashqúrttardyng jәne ózge de reseylik bodandardyng olardan oljalaghan bendelerin qazaq handaryna qaytarsa degen úsynystaryn aitpaq. Sonda olar, qazaq handary, ózderindegi oljalanghan reseylik bodandardy qaytarugha jәne qyzmet etip, yasak (búlghyn, týlki, qúndyz, susar jәne basqa da ang terileri týrinde alynatyn alym-salyq – B.Q.) tólep jýrgen bashqúrttar tәrizdi «adal qyzmet etuge» jәne yasak beruge uәde etedi. Al eger olargha әldebir dúshpanda shabuyl jasasa, olardy, «qazaq handaryn úly mәrtebelining bodandarynday» eseptese deydi.
Mәtinnen bayqalyp túrghanday, elshiler bashqúrttarmen til tabysu (tútqyndarmen almasu, ekinshi qaytyp ózara shabuyl jasaspau) jayynda, bashqúrttar imperiya qaramaghyndaghy el bolghandyqtan, imperatrisadan arnayy núsqau beruin súramaq. Múnday tynyshtyqqa jaghday tughyzylghan jәne patshayym syrtqy dúshpandardan qorghanugha septesken jaghdayda, qazaqtar da bashqúrttar tәrizdi yasak berip túrugha әzir. Ábilqayyr hannyng elshileri Resey astanasyna saparynyng maqsatyn osynday auqymda ghana týsindiruge haqyly bolghan. Mәtindegi biz tyrnaqshagha alghan jalynyshtylyq kýy tanytatyn sóilemder orys әkimshilikterindegi qyzmetshilerding patshalyq imperiya atalghaly beri astamshylyq derti ýdey týsken pighyldaryna sәikes óz jandarynan qosqan úghymdardy bildiredi.
Ufadan Sankt-Peterburgke joldanghan aqparatta «Al olargha jol kórsetip kele jatqan bashqúrttar әskery kensege qazaqtardyng Ufadan alty aptada, al olardan, bashqúrttardan, bir aida atpen jýrgende jetuge bolatyn jerde kóship-qonyp jýrgenin aitqan» degen habar bar. Orystardan osynday qashyqtyqta ómir sýrip jatqan halyqtyng olargha basybayly bodan bolugha beyildigin bildirui qisynsyz ekeni dәlel tilemese kerek. Bóten tektilerding tilderindegi qújattardy orysshalaghanda óz pighyldaryn tújyrymdap qoidy orys әkimderi qalmaqtarmen jasaghan kelisimsharttarynda kórsetken (basqy tarauda aitqanymyzday, 17-shi ghasyrda jasalghan qújat boyynsha qalmaqtar orystarmen әskery odaq qúrdyq dep sanasa, orystar olardy bodandyghymyzgha aldyq, qalmaq jasaqtary orys әskeri qúramynda bolady dep sanaghan).
Aymaghynan ótip bara jatqan qazaq elshiligi jayynda ile-shala Basqarushy Senatqa jibergen Ufa voevodasynyng bayanhatynda mynanday qyzyq derek aitylghan. Sol 1730 jylghy 28 mausymda kensege Ufa ýiezi Noghay jolyndaghy (jol – sózbe-sóz alghanda, is jýzinde mәtindegi oryssha «doroga» degen sóz aimaq, ónir, oblys úghymyn beredi, bashqúrt elinde Altyn Orda dәuirinde «daruga» dep qoldanylghan aumaqtyq-әkimshilik birlik úghymyn bildiretin atau – B.Q.) Kubelek, Tabyn bolystarynyng bashqúrttary Qarabay Túrymbetov pen Lyqay Seyitov Qazaq Ordasynyng qazaghy Biatshy Tóleevti joldastarymen alyp kelgen. Ol Ábilqayyr han iyeliginen eken, Ufa ýiezindegi Noghay jolyna (yaghny Noghay aimaghyna, oblysyna) qúddy әskerler jayyn biluge kelgen kórinedi. Olardyng iyesi Ábilqayyr men Sәmeke handar jәne olardyng qazaqtary býginde onyng imperatorlyq úlylyghy proteksiyasynda «qyzmet etip», «bodan bolghysy» keletin siyaqty. Sóitip olardyng qojalary shapshandatyp ózderinen úly mәrtebelige elshiler jibergileri keledi eken. Búl jayynda Basqarushy Senatqa 8 shildede habarlanghan. Demek, búl habar Syrtqy ister alqasyna da mәlimdelse kerek...
Bayanhatta odan әri: «Al Qazaq ordasynan 20 shildede Ábilqayyr hannyng elshileri retinde kelgen qazaqtar ózderinde úly mәrtebeli imperatrisagha arnalghan hat bar ekenin aitqan. Ekinshi hat Ufa provinsiyasynyng voevodasy atyna jazylghan. Ony bergen elshiler Qútlúmbet Qoshtaev pen onyng alty joldasy. Olardyng qastarynda bes adam qosshy bop jýr. Osy bayanhatpen qazaq hanynyng voevodagha jazghan haty orys tiline tәrjimalanyp qosa jiberildi» delingen.
Elshiler Ufadaghy memlekettik qyzmet atqaratyn adamdarmen birge, kýzetpen 1730 jylghy tamyzdyng basynda Sankt-Peterburg (Piyterburh) qalasyna, Basqarushy Senatqa jóneltiledi. Olar 28 tamyzda Mәskeuge, odan qyrkýiekting ayaghyna qaray imperiya astanasyna jetedi. Syrtqy ister alqasyna qazaq elshilerin alyp kelgen bashqúrttar 29 qyrkýiekte jogharyda aitylghan mәlimetterdi qaytalap, ózderining túrghyn-jaylarynyn tórt jolda (yaghny tórt oblysta), atap aitqanda Noghay joly (oblysy), Sibir joly (oblysy), Osy joly (oblysy), Qazan jolynda (oblysy) jerlerinde ekenin, qazaq ordalarynan qashyqta túratyndyqtan olarmen soghys jaghdayynda emestigin aitady. «Úly mәrtebeli patshayymnyng asa meyirimdi pәrmenimen qazaq halqy bodandyqqa qabyldansa», onda bashqúrttar da tynyshtyqta ómir sýrer edi, qazaqtar olargha shabuyl jasap, túrmystaryn kýizeltuge týsirmes edi, bashqúrttan alghan tútqyndaryn qaytarar edi. Bashqúrttargha keler payda osy. Al osynday qazaq syndy úly halyqtyng «óz erkimen bodandyqqa kelui» úly mәrtebelining danqyn arttyra týser edi. Búl jerde de orys әkimshiligi niyetin kórsetetin, búrmalanyp tyqpalanghan sózderdi tyrnaqshagha alyp kórsetip otyrmyz.
Syrtqy ister alqasynda 1730 jylghy 21 qazanda qazaq elshilerining Ábilqayyr hannyng orys patshayymyna hat jazu sebebin týsindirgen sózderi rәsimdeldi. Hattama is jýzinde olardyng 20 shildede Ufada bergen habarlamasyn qaytalaghan, tek qazaq qalalaryndaghy ýiler sanyn: «...bas qala Tashkent, onda qyryq myng túrghyn ýy bar, ekinshi qala Týrkistan, ondaghy túrghynjay otyz eki myng ýi, ýshinshi qala Sayram, ondaghy túrghyn ýiler sany otyz eki myng nemese odan da kóp...» dep qosyp keltirgen. Jәne olardaghy handardyng bәri Ábilqayyrgha baghynatynyn atap kórsetken.
Osy hattamanyn, sonymen birge, әriyne, Ábilqayyr hannyng imperatrisagha jazghan hatynyng orysshalanghan núsqasynyng kóshirmesi asa manyzdy tapsyrmamen qazaq eline attandyrylmaq tilmәsh jәne mәmileger Tevkelevke beriledi. Bәlkim, solardyng imperiya ynghayynda jasalghan mәtini men audarmasyna osynau diplomattyng ózining tikeley qatysy bolghan da shyghar...
Qútlú-Múhammed (Mәmed) Tevkelev jastayynan Reseyding sheteldermen baylanys jasap túratyn ortalyq ýkimettik mekemesi Posoldyq prikaz tilmәshi bolghan. Múnda, jalpy, onyng әkesi Mamesh, nemere aghalary Ramazan men Múrtaza da tilmәshtyq qyzmet atqaratyn. Ortalyq basqaru mekemelerin reformalau kezinde I Petr Posoldyq prikazdy 1720 jyly mýldem joyyp, ornyna Syrtqy ister alqasyn qúrdy. Al Qútlú-Múhammed aghalarynyng kómegimen sol Syrtqy ister alqasyna qyzmetke alyndy. Patsha qúzyryndaghy memlekettik chinovnik lauazymy ony odan әri ósuge, baigha, biyik әleumettik mәrtebege jetuge úmtylta týsedi. Ol I Petrding qaterli bastamalarynyng bәrine qatysady. Tilmashy retinde 1711 jyly Prut joryghyna qatysyp, týrikting sany basym armiyasy orys armiyasyn joyyp jiberuding az-aq aldynda qalghanyn kóredi. Patsha tapsyrmasymen 1717 jyly Ýndistangha jol ashqysy kelgen knyazi Bekovich-Cherkasskiyling Orta Aziya ekspedisiyasynda bolady. Ekspedisiyagha qatysushylardy Hiua hanynyn әskeri qyryp jibergende, әiteuir, ghayyptan aman qalady. Sosyn qaytadan patsha janynan tabylady. 1722 jyly I Petrmen birge onyng tilmәshi retinde Parsy joryghyna shyghady.
Búl joryqtyng da ong nәtiyje bermeui I Petrding nazaryn Qazaq Ordasyna búrady. Tevkelevting jazbalaryna qaraghanda, I Petr qazaq jeri arqyly shyghysqa jol ashu ýshin «million som shyghyndasaq ta qazaq hanynan orystyng qorghauynda bolghymyz keledi degen bir japyraq qaghazdy qolgha týsiru kerek» degen josparyn sol saparynan keyin ile-shala aitqan eken. (Jonghar handyghyn bodany etu әreketi ong nәtiyjege jete qoymaghandyqtan, Aziya qaqpasy kiltin Qazaq Ordasyn qúzyryna qaratu arqyly qolyna alghysy kelgen). Alayda taghdyr onyng josparyn ózine oryndatugha jazbady (1725 jyly qaytys boldy). Ony jýzege asyrugha I Petrding amanatyn kókiregine myqtap baylaghan mansapqor tilmәsh Mәmed (Aleksey Ivanovich) Tevkelev Ábilqayyr hannyng Resey bodany bolyp tabylatyn bashqúrtpen qarym-qatynasty beybit sipatqa týsiru ýshin Anna Ioannovna patshayymgha bitim jasau jayynda elshilik jiberuine oray qúlshyna kiristi...
HXI. TAGhDYRShEShTILIK MÁNI BOLGhAN HATTYNG TÝP MÁTINI
Mәn-maghynasy búrmalanyp ómirge engiziluge jazylghan taghdyrsheshti betbúrystyng negizgi qújaty Ábilqayyr hannyng orys imperatrisasyna jazghan haty ekeni belgili. Kýni býginge deyin ózgere qoymaghan kópshilik arasyndaghy pikir boyynsha, ol jeke basynyng qamy ýshin Reseyge qaramaghyndaghy halqymen bodan bolugha ózi súranghan, yaghny satqyn delinedi. Alayda múnday pikirding týrli búrmalaushylyqtyng jeteginde ketu saldarynan qalyptasqany songhy jyldary anyqqa shyqty.
Ábilqayyr hannyng bizge orys tili arqyly mәlim bolghan «satqyndyq hatyn» ýstimizdegi ghasyrdyng basynda tarihshy Amantay Isin týpnúsqadan oqyp, qayta tәrjimәlady. Nәtiyjesinde ghylymy ainalymda jýrgen tarihy hattyng oryssha núsqasyndaghy birqatar sózderding týpnúsqada joq ekenin, birazynyng maghynasy ózgertilip berilgenin anyqtady. Onyng sebebin tarihshy «dala biyleushileri jazghan hattardyng resmy audarmalarynda... basy artyq, baghynyshty sózderdi qosyp jiberu – Mәskeu memleketi kense qyzmeti qalyptastyryp, Resey imperiyasy ýdetip jibergen әdet» bolghandyqtan, sodan jәne «kenes zamanyndaghy úly halyqty agha tútqan qúlshynystan» kóredi. Sol zamandaghy shyghys әmirshileri qoldanghan arab, parsy sózderi aralas týrki-qazaq tilinde jazghan hatyndaghy «han sózderi ústamdy, belgili bir tústarynda asqaq. Kishireni de, ózge memleket iyesimen teng sezinui de, qúrmet kórsetui, sypayy sóz saptauy, mýddeli isi de ýilesimdi, salmaqty ólshemmen jetkizilgen. Búl hattan artyq jalbarynu, Resey patshalyghyna ashyq moyynsúnu, qúldana sóileu degen bayqalmaydy». Endi A. Isin zertteu maqalasynda keltirgen týpnúsqalyq mәtinge kóz jýgirteyik:
«Úlúghlaryng auua marhamaty biyik, dәuleti artyq, yer yýzine biylegen aqna úlúgh padsha hazyretlering húzyryna bendelik etemiz. Kýnden kýn, aidan aigha, yyldan yylgha dәulet sәlemet ziyada olar ansha tasyghay.
Biz gharyzbande hazyretinizge bú dәrge. Siz úlúgh hazyretning Oral eshtegi bashqúrt halayyqy birle arada elligimiz yoq erdi.
Emdi el-hal, Siz dәuleti úlúgh padsha hazyretine sayasyda panah olyp, satigh munqaz olmaq ýchin toghay yoly Oral eshtegi bendeniz Aldarbaygha elshi qosyp yiberdim. Ol Aldarbay Siz úlúgh padshanyng haziretige elshi tilegeni ýchin biz, Ábilhayyr han, qyryq san qazaq Orta yýz, Kishi yýz barsha raghayat qarashalarym birle bash saldym.
Yarlyq: Siznin-dýr ol qullarynyz Oral eshtegi birle el qylyp Irishu[i]nni tileymiz. Sizning yarlyghynyz birle el bolghaymyz.
Seyitqúl yibergen elshi bash Qútlymet yoldashlary birle».
Imperiyanyng Syrtqy ister alqasyndaghy audarmashylar – bәlkim, tәrjimә jasaugha Qútlúmúhammed (Mәmed, Aleksey Ivanovich) Tevkelevting tikeley qatysy da bolghan shyghar – qazaq hanynyng hatyn patshayymgha úsynu ýshin mәtindi orys tilinde mynanday núsqagha týsirgen eken:
«Velichayshey, blagorodnoy, bogatoy y umnoy obladateliniyse mnogih zemeli, ee velichestvu gosudaryne imperatriyse ejednevno, ejemesyachno y ejegodno jelaem bojiey milostiu blagopoluchnogo gosudarstvovaniya. Nashe zayavlenie Vashemu velichestvu sostoit v tom, chto s poddannym Vam bashkirskim narodom, kotoryy nahoditsya za Uralom, u nas blizkih otnosheniy ne bylo. Jelaya byti sovershenno podvlastnym Vashemu velichestvu, ya posylai svoego poslannika vmeste s Vashim poddannym Aldarbaem. Etot Aldarbay treboval poslannika ot nas k Vashemu velichestvu, y poetomu my, Abulhaiyr-han s podvlastnym mne mnogochislennym kazahskim narodom Srednego y Malogo juzov, vse preklonyaemsya pered Vami, yavlyaemsya Vashimy slugamy y vse vmeste v prostym narodom jelaem Vashego pokroviytelistva y ojidaem Vashey pomoshi, chtoby s poddannym Vam bashkirskim narodom, nahodyashimsya za Uralom, jiti v soglasiiy.
Jelaem Vam vsyakogo blagopoluchiya y budem Vashimy poddannymiy.
(Peredaliy): Seitkul. Glavnyy poslannik Kuttumbet s tovarishamiy».
Tәrjimәdaghy «blagorodnoy», «umnoy», «bojiey milostiu», «kotoryy nahoditsya za Uralom», «blizkih otnosheniy», «mnogochislennym», «yavlyaemsya Vashimy slugamy y vse vmeste v prostym narodom jelaem Vashego pokroviytelistva y ojidaem Vashey pomoshiy», «nahodyashimsya za Uralom», «Jelaem Vam vsyakogo blagopoluchiya y budem Vashimy poddannymiy» degen sózderding balamasynyng týpnúsqada joqtyghyn, yaghny olardyng audarma jasau barysynda mәtinge janadan nemese maghynasy ózgertilip qosylghanyn aita kelip, A.Isin hattyng mynanday jana audarmasyn jasaydy:
«Velichiya y milosty vysokoy, gosudarstva prevyshe, pravyashey [vsemi] zemlyamy ee velichestvu beloy velikoy imperatriyse obrashaemsya s obydennym namereniyem. Izo dnya v deni, iz mesyasa v mesyas, iz goda v god gosudarstvo [Vashe] da prebyvaet v zdraviy y priumnojaetsya.
Nashe zayavlenie Vashemu velichestvu sleduishee. S narodom Vashego velichestva uraliskimy eshtek-bashkortamy mej namy net soglasiya.
Teperi, jelaya poluchiti pod pokrovom Vashego imperatorskogo velichestva zashitu y spokoystviye, posylaiy, prisoediniv k lesnoy dorogy uraliskomu eshteku poddannomu Vashemu Aldarbay, svoego posla. Poskoliku etot Aldarbay prosil posla k Vashemu imperatorskomu velichii, my, Abulhaiyr-han, sorok sanov kazahov, Sredniy y Mladshiy juzy so vsemy podvlastnymy mne karasha sklonyaem golovu.
Yarlyk: s Vashimy slugamy uraliskimy eshtekamy hotim dostichi soglasiya. S Vashim yarlykom da budem v soglasiiy.
Poslannyy posol Seitkul vo glave s Kutlymetom s tovarishiy».
Endi týpnúsqanyng key tústarymen eki audarmany salystyryp qarayyq Týpnúsqa: «Biz gharyzbande hazyretinizge bú dәrge. Siz úlúgh hazyretning Oral eshtegi bashqúrt halayyqy birle arada elligimiz yoq erdi». Syrtqy ister alqasynyng audarmasy: «Nashe zayavlenie Vashemu velichestvu sostoit v tom, chto s poddannym Vam bashkirskim narodom, kotoryy nahoditsya za Uralom, u nas blizkih otnosheniy ne bylo». Tarihshy A.Isin jasaghan jana audarma: «Nashe zayavlenie Vashemu velichestvu sleduishee. S narodom Vashego velichestva uraliskimy eshtek-bashkortamy mej namy net soglasiya». Osy ýzik býgingi qoldanystaghy óz tilimizde bylay bolar edi: «Biz Sizding úly mәrtebenizge mynanday mәlimdeme jasaymyz. Sizding úly mәrtebenizding halayyghy Oral bashqúrt-estekterimen arada eldik kelisim bolmay túr».
Odan әri hattyng týpnúsqasynda: «Emdi el-hal, Siz dәuleti úlúgh padsha hazyretine sayasyda panah olyp, satigh munqaz olmaq ýchin toghay yoly Oral eshtegi bendeniz Aldarbaygha elshi qosyp yiberdim. Ol Aldarbay Siz úlúgh padshanyng haziretige elshi tilegeni ýchin biz, Ábilhayyr han, qyryq san qazaq Orta yýz, Kishi yýz barsha raghayat qarashalarym birle bash saldym», – delinedi. Patshalyq tәrjimәsinde búl ýzik týpnúsqada joq sózder men úghymdardy qosyp, bylay berilgen: «Jelaya byti sovershenno podvlastnym Vashemu velichestvu, ya posylai svoego poslannika vmeste s Vashim poddannym Aldarbaem. Etot Aldarbay treboval poslannika ot nas k Vashemu velichestvu, y poetomu my, Abulhaiyr-han s podvlastnym mne mnogochislennym kazahskim narodom Srednego y Malogo juzov, vse preklonyaemsya pered Vami, yavlyaemsya Vashimy slugamy y vse vmeste v prostym narodom jelaem Vashego pokroviytelistva y ojidaem Vashey pomoshi, chtoby s poddannym Vam bashkirskim narodom, nahodyashimsya za Uralom, jiti v soglasiiy». Artyq sózderdi alyp tastap, maghynasy ózgergen sózderdi (aytalyq, «elshi tilegeni», yaghny «elshi jiberudi ótingeni» degen tirkesti – «treboval poslannika», yaghny elshi jiberudi talap etti» dep bergendi) týzetip jasaghan jana audarmada jogharghy ýzindi bylay bop shyqqan: «Teperi, jelaya poluchiti pod pokrovom Vashego imperatorskogo velichestva zashitu y spokoystviye, posylaiy, prisoediniv k lesnoy dorogy uraliskomu eshteku poddannomu Vashemu Aldarbay, svoego posla. Poskoliku etot Aldarbay prosil posla k Vashemu imperatorskomu velichii, my, Abulhaiyr-han, sorok sanov kazahov, Sredniy y Mladshiy juzy so vsemy podvlastnymy mne karasha sklonyaem golovu». Qazaqshasy: «Endi, Sizding úly memleket patshasy mәrtebenizdin sayasynda qorghalyp, tynyshtyq almaq ýshin Noghay jolyndaghy Oral estegi bendeniz (bodanynyz) Aldarbaygha elshi qosyp jiberdim. Osy Aldarbay Sizding úly patsha mәrtebenizge elshi jiberudi ótingeni ýshin biz, Ábilqayyr han, qyryq san qazaq, qaramaghymdaghy Orta jýz ben Kishi jýzdegi barsha qarashalarymmen birge bas iyemin».
Angharylyp túrghanday, týpnúsqadaghy: «...toghay yoly Oral eshtegi...» degen tirkes jana audarmada: «...k lesnoy dorogy uraliskomu eshteku...» dep berilgen. Yaghny «...toghay yoly...» – «lesnaya doroga» dep tóte audarylghan. Búl jayynda A. Isin týpnúsqada solay «toghay» týrinde túrghanyn kórsete otyryp: «Tarihta «Noghay joly» degen jol (baghyt) bar. Biraq búl jerde «noghay joly» dep qabyldau ýshin anyq jazylghan «toghay joly» degen úghymdy joqqa shygharu kerek», – deydi. Alayda arab әripterimen jazylghan týpnúsqada bir noqattyng abaysyzda artyq týsip ketui de yqtimal ekenin oilau jón, eki nýkte – «t», eger bir nýkte bolsa – «n» bolar edi. Ári ol zamanda, bashqúrt kóterilisin qangha boyap basqannan keyin, patshalyq bashqúrt jerin tórt әkimshilik aumaqqa – jolgha bólgen, «jol» (yol, doroga, daruga) – okrug, oblys, audan siyaqty aumaqtyq-әkimshilik birlikti bildiretin sóz bolyp ketken. Qazaq jerimen әldeneshe bolystardan qúralatyn Noghay jәne Sibir joldary (audandary) shektesip jatatyn. Sondyqtan, hat mәtinindegi «toghay» degen sózdi kezdeysoq qos nýkte týsip ketkendikten ketken qate retinde týzetip, «noghay» dep batyl ózgertip jazu kerek. Mәtindi qazaqshalaghanda solay – «Noghay joly» dep kórsetildi.
Hattyng týiini: «Yarlyq: Siznin-dýr ol qullarynyz Oral eshtegi birle el qylyp Irishu[i]nni tileymiz. Sizning yarlyghynyz birle el bolghaymyz». Patshalyq tәrjimәsi: «...s poddannym Vam bashkirskim narodom, nahodyashimsya za Uralom, jiti v soglasiiy. Jelaem Vam vsyakogo blagopoluchiya y budem Vashimy poddannymiy». Jana audarma: «Yarlyk: s Vashimy slugamy uraliskimy eshtekamy hotim dostichi soglasiya. S Vashim yarlykom da budem v soglasiiy». Qazaqshasy: «Jarlyq: Sizding qúldarynyz Oral estekterimen yntymaqqa qol jetkizgimiz keledi. Sizding jarlyghynyzben yntymaqtas bolamyz».
Ábilqayyr han 1730 jyly Anna Ionnovnagha osynday tilek aitqan edi.
HXII. BETBÚRYS ShYNDYGhY
Ábilqayyr han elining soltýstigindegi kýshti de qaharly imperiya taghynda otyrghan patshayym Anna Ioannovnagha joldaghan, qazaq ýshin taghdyrsheshtilik mәni bolghan hattyng týp mәtinindegi: «Jarlyq: Sizding qúldarynyz Oral estekterimen yntymaqqa qol jetkizgimiz keledi. Sizding jarlyghynyzben yntymaqtas bolamyz», – degen týiindi joldar onyng maqsatyn jetkilikti dәrejede aiqyn kórsetip túr. Jәne onyng eshqanday da «óz erkimen bodandyqqa súrandy» degen úghym bermeytini de anyq.
Orys imperiyasy qolastyndaghy Oral bashqúrttary qazaq jer-suynyng biraz ónirin ózderiniki dep esepteytin de, patshalyq qysqan sayyn, jana jayylymdargha kóshu maqsatymen, Qazaq eline jiyi-jii shabuyldap tynym bermeytin. Ábilqayyr hannyng haty solardy imperatrisa jarlyghymen auyzdyqtaugha qol jetkizudi kózdegeni kýmәn tughyzbaydy. Hatynda estekterdi (bashqúrttardy) orys memleketining «qúldary» dep atap kórsetip otyrghanynda, endi óz halqyn da sonday «qúldyqqa» aluyn patshayymnan «jalbarynyp» súrauy qisynsyzdyng qisynsyzy ekeni dәlel tilemese kerek. Tarihshylardyng birqatary 1926 jylghy Qoybaghar Kóbekúly elshiligin de Sankt-Peterburgke Ábilqayyr han jibergen, ol osylay orys qolastyna ótuge búryn da әreket etken dep sanaydy. Alayda búl kezde Ábilqayyr han Otanynyng basqynshy tabanyna týsken týstik ónirin azat etu, basqynshynyng teristiktegi sybaylasynyng arqadan pyshaq saluy yqtimal shapqynshylyghynyng aldyn alu sharalaryn jasap, birese ontýstikte jongharlarmen, birese soltýstikte kazachestvo, qalmaq, bashqúrttarmen qazaq jer-suyn qorghau jolynda alasúra soghysyp jýrgen. Atalghan missiya jekelegen rubasylardyng bastamasy bolatyn. Qoybaghar bastaghan elshilikting Qazaq handyghy bas әmirshisining jiberuimen kelmegenin, sondyqtan da onyng tiyisti ókilettilik kýshi joqtyghyn patsha ýkimeti birden týsingen. Týsingen de, oghan eshqanday jauap bermey, eleusiz kýide qaytarghan bolatyn. Al Qútlúmbet bi, Seytqúl batyr, Toqtamys myrza bastaghan 1930 jylghy elshilik qazaq hanynyng tikeley ózinen orys patshayymyna arnayy jazylghan hat әkelgen edi. Sol sebepti imperiyanyng Syrtqy ister alqasy, ondaghy jauapty qyzmetker – kezinde Birinshi Petrding qazaq eline qatysty josparyn óz auzynan estigen Aleksey Tevkelev, sonday-aq әriyne, patsha ýkimeti men patshayymnyng ózi oghan óte múqiyat qarady. Bәri de Úly Petr amanat etken jobany jýzege asyrar uaqyttyng tuyp kele jatqanyn týisindi. Mәseleni paryqtay kele, patsha ýkimeti qazaq hany ótinishining imperiya mýddesine say tiyanaqtalyp oryndaluyn qamtamasyz etudi oilastyrdy. Sol ýshin barlyq kerek-jaraq, mol qarjy-qarajatpen jabdyqtalghan, qúramyna qazaq elining jer-su bederin, qoghamdyq jәne әleumettik qúrylymyn, hal-jaghdayyn jan-jaqty zerttey alatyn mamandar engizilgen ýlken ekspedisiya qúrdy. Orys imperatrisasy Anna Ioannovnanyng osynau elshiligin basqarugha Syrtqy ister alqasynyng chinovniygi Qútlú-Múhammed Tevkelev taghayyndaldy. Onyng aldyna qoyylghan iri diplomatiyalyq mindetti atqaruda mýltiksiz oryndalugha tiyis núsqaulyq jasaldy. Sonday úiymdastyru jәne jan-jaqty dayyndyq sharalarynan son, ekspedisiya jol jýruge saqaday say boldy. Aqyry, keri qaytatyn mezgili jetken Ábilqayyr hannyng elshilerimen birge, 1731 jylghy sәuirding 30-y kýni Tevkelev bastaghan missiya Qazaq elin betke ústap, Peterburgten shyqty. Eki aidan keyin bashqúrt aimaghyndaghy ortalyq qala Ufagha jetti. Sol jerde elshilikti Aldar tarhan kýtip alghan. Ol Tevkelevke aldymen Ábilqayyr hangha habar jibergen jón degen kenes berdi. Habarshylar attandy da, tamyzdyng 22-sinde han ókilderimen birge oraldy. Olar Ufada qúrmetti eskortpen, qaruly kýzetpen kýsheytilgen ekspedisiyany (imperatrisa Anna Ioannovnanyng elshiligin) hannyng jazghy ordasyna qaray sol aidyng ayaghynda bastap shyqty. Qazaq elining shegine ilige bergende, olardy Ábilqayyr hannyng úly Núraly súltan qarsy aldy. Ol patsha elshiligine protokoldyq qúrmet kórsetu ýshin arnayy jiberilgen edi. Sóitip, qazaq әskerining han tarapynan bólingen eki jýz sarbazdan túratyn saltanatty eskorty әri kýzetining ortasynda, aidan astam jol ýstinde bolghan ekspedisiya, aqyry, 1731 jylghy 5 qazanda Yrghyzdaghy Mәnitóbe alqabyna tigilgen hannyng jazghy ordasyna at basyn tiredi.
Ábilqayyr han orys patshayymynyng elshisi әkelgen habardy kópke sozbay talqygha salu qajet dep sheshti. 1731 jylghy 10 qazandy jinalys ótkizetin kýn dep belgiledi. Oghan 1730 jylghy mamyr aiyndaghy qúryltaygha qatysqan Kishi jәne Orta jýzder shonjarlaryn shaqyrtty. Jinalysqa deyin han aldymen óz elshilerinen múqiyat esep aldy, sosyn orys elshiligining basshysy Tevkelevti qabyldady. Tevkelev hanmen, qazaqtyng bedeldi túlghalarymen (bi, súltan, batyrlarymen), ekspedisiyagha Ufada qosylghan qúrmetti eskortty bastap kelgen Aldar tarhanmen jәne Taymas batyr sekildi ózge de yqpaldy bashqúrttarmen әldeneshe ret kezdesip, aldyna qoyghan mәselesining sheshilu jolyn aqyldasty. Onyng kýndeliginde (jurnalynda) jazylghan aqparattargha qaraghanda, syi-siyapat tarata otyryp qozghalghan әngime týp-týgel qazaqtardy imperiya bodany boluyna moyynsúntu jóninde bolghan siyaqty. Alayda, tapsyrmagha say toltyryp otyrghan jurnalyna patsha qyzmetshisi tek qojayynyna jaghatyn mazmúndaghy sózderdi jazuy tiyis ekenin este ústau kerek. Yaghni, týpki maqsaty bolyp tabylatyn jasandy qújatty – «Reseyge kiriptarlyghyn moyyndaytyn bir japyraq qaghazdy qaytkende qolgha týsiru ýshin, million som júmsasa da, bedeldi qazaqtardy satyp alu» jolynda jýrgizgen júmystaryn әsirelep tanbalauy kýmәn tughyzbaydy. Jurnalyndaghy aqparattardyng imperiyada ózge júrttargha qatysty qalyptasqan toltyru ýlgisinde, kense qaghazyn ózgeni tómenshiktete otyryp jýrgizu dәstýrinde jazylghany anyq. Patshalyq jәne kenestik dәuirlerde, sonday-aq bizding tәuelsiz zamanymyzda da kóptegen ghalymdar Tevkelevting sol shaqta jýrgizgen diplomatiyalyq kelissózderi qazaqqa Reseyding bodany boludy moyyndatugha tireldi dep sanaydy. Dúrysynda, sondaghy kelissózge әr tarap óz úghymynsha mәn bergen. Ábilqayyr hannyng patshayymgha jazghan hatyndaghy «jarlyq» (týiin) maghynasy orys memleketining qazaq eline mazasyzdyq tughyzyp túrghan bodan elimen beybit qatar ómir sýruge qol jetkizudi kózdeu ekeni aiqyn tújyrymdalghan. Hatty imperiya astanasyna aparghan elshiler «imperiya qaramaghyndaghy bashqúrttardyng qazaq eline agressiyasyn toqtatu ýshin imperatrisanyng arnayy núsqau beruin» súrady, shartyn bayan etti: patshayym osylay tynyshtyq tughyzsa jәne qazaqtardyng syrtqy dúshpandardan qorghanuyna septesse – onda Qazaq handyghy da patsha qazynasyna baghaly ang terilerinen dayyndalghan alym (yasak) berip túratyn bolady. Ábilqayyr hannyng elshileri Sankt-Peterburgke saparynyng maqsatyn osynday auqymda ghana týsindiruge haqyly bolghan, solay etken de. Jogharyda qarastyrghanymyzday, orys qújattarynda búl jәit «bodan bolugha qúlshynu» sipatynda jazylghan. Tevkelev qyzmeti barysynda solardy basshylyqqa alady. 1731 jylghy 10 qazandaghy qazaq aqsýiekteri men bedeldi túlghalary aldynda mәmilegerlik amal-aylamen aitqan sózinde qazaqtardyng Resey imperiyasyna eshqanday da qauip-qater tóndire almaytynyn shegeley ayan qylyp, sondyqtan qazaqtarmen beybit kelisimshart jasaudyng Reseyge týkke de kerek emestigin jariya etedi. Múnday kelisimshart qazaqtargha qajet. Óitkeni olargha Resey bodandary tarapynan tónip túrghan qater asa zor. Al odan tek aibyndy Rossiyanyng bodany qataryna qabyldanyp qana qútylugha bolady, eger qazaqtyng osynau bas adamdary «bodan boludy» (jurnalyna týsirilgen búl etistik chinovnikting ishki pighyly bolugha kerek, jiynda, ynghayy, Reseyding qazaq handyghyn qorghauyna aluy, naghyz maghynasyndaghy protektoraty sanauy jayynda aityluy kónilge qonymdy) qabyl kórmese, úly mәrtebeli patshayymnyng elshisi olardy mәjbýrlemeydi. Biraq qazaq әmirshilerimen «beybit kelisimshart jasaugha da barmaydy», sebebi onday shara «quatty da aibarly Rossiya imperiyasy ýshin abyroysyzdyq bolar edi», patshalyqty «múnday masqarashylyqqa úshyratugha» Tevkelev eshqanday da kelise almaydy...
Jinalysqa qatysushylargha orys elshisining keng auqymdy, bayypty, tereng sózi qatty әser etedi. Oghan Tabyn Bókenbay batyr qoldau kórsete sóileydi. Qazaq ýshin qazirgi tanda kýshti elge arqa sýieu asa qajet ekenin aitady. (Bókenbay batyr 1710 jylghy qúryltayda qazaq jasaqtarynyng sardarlygyna saylanyp, Ábilqayyr hanmen birge jaudan elin azat etuge belsene qatysqan. 1726 jyly Jayyq ýshin shayqasyp jýrip, beybit kelisimshart jasaugha qajettilik tughanda, qalmaq әskerinde amanatta qalghan. Jalpy, Otan soghysy kezinde talay shayqastyng kýiinishi men sýiinishin hanmen birge bastan keshken. Ábilqayyr hannyng eng senimdi batyrlarynyng biri bolatyn. Ol osy jiyn aldynda ghana Tevkelevting ózine úsynghan iri kólemdegi tólemaqysyn aludan bastartqan edi: aqsha alsam – aqshagha satylghan bolyp shygham degen, men elime qorghan bolatyn patshayymgha aqysyz-púlsyz, elimning tynyshtyghy men abyroyy ýshin adaldyq saqtaudy ózime borysh sanaymyn degen). Onyng sózi bas adamdardyng birqataryna ong әser etti. Olar Reseydi qorghanysh tútugha beyildik tanytty. Al birqatary qarsy boldy. Olar orys patshalyghymen beybit kelisim jasaugha qarsy emes. Ángime eki el arasynda bir-birine әskery kómek berudi eskeretin uaghdalastyqqa qol jetkizu jóninde bolsa – qúba-qúp. Múny olar qoldar edi. Byltyrghy qúryltayda olar hangha patshayymmen kelisip, bashqúrt mazasyzdyghyn tynyshtandyrudy tapsyrghan. Basqa eshtene emes. Patshayymdy qazaq handyghynyng birden bir qamqory tútugha shaqyryp, han óz ókilettigin asyra paydalanbaq. Búghan búlar qarsy. Orys memleketin qorghanysh kóruge qarsy. Kelisim tek qana beybitshilik saqtau jayynda ghana bolsyn. Olar Ábilqayyr hangha imperatrisa elshiligin osynday jauappen keri qaytarugha shaqyrady.
Sonda Ábilqayyr han ózining sayasy oiyn meylinshe aiqyn, esh býkpesiz jariya etti. Eger handyq Reseyding qorghauyndaghy el qataryna kirse, onyng qolastyndaghy qalmaq pen bashqúrt, Jayyq jәne Sibir kazaktary jýgensizdik jasay almaytyn bolady. Olardyng әskery qúrylymdarynyng qazaq elin shaba beruine toqtau salynady. Resey de olargha astyrtyn kómek beruin, qazaqtargha qúpiyalap aidap sala beruin qoyady. Búl bir. Ekinshiden, Qazaq handyghy Resey qorghaytyn el qatarynda bolsa, onyng qolastyndaghy Qalmaq handyghynan kem týspeytin, ortalyqtandyrylghan birtútas kýshti memleket qúruyna Ábilqayyr hangha da mýmkindik tuady...
HXIII. PROTEKTORAT JÁNE MÝDDELER QAYShYLYGhY
Soltýstiktegi quatty memleketke qaray sheshimtaldyqpen betbúrys jasauynyng shyndyghyn Ábilqayyr han 1731 jylghy 10 qazanda dala elitasy aldynda aiqara ashty. 1730 jylghy mamyr qúryltayy sheshimine say ol orys patshayymyna arnayy hat jazyp, elshi jibergen. Hatynda aitylghan tilek pen qoyghan shartynyng mazmúnyn qanday auqymda týsindiruge bolatyny jayynda elshilerine qúpiya da múqiyat týrde tiyisti núsqauyn bergen. Alystan boljaytyn kóregen sayasatker retinde, Ábilqayyr han teristigindegi alyp kórshisimen tatu túru arqyly ghana jýzderge bólinip basqaruly Qazaq handyghynyng tútastyghyn saqtay alatynyn, sonda ghana ózining jalpaq jer-sudy alyp jatqan bytyranqy elinde bir ortalyqqa baghynatyn birtútas kýshti memleket qúruyna mýmkindik tuatynyn úqqan. Alayda búghan kedergi kóp-tin...
Orys patshayymynyng elshiligi qatysqan jiynda qazaqtyng eldik mýddesin oilaytyn bas adamdar Ábilqayyr handy týsinuge tiyis jәne onyng úsynysyn qoldaugha mindetti bolugha kerek edi. Mәsele mynada. Ony jiyrma jyldan beri han deydi. Kishi jýz ben Orta jýzding bir bóligining hany, onyng ishinde keyingi on bir jyl boyy qazaq elining agha hany lauazymyn alyp keledi. Osy uaqyt boyynda qily jaghdaygha oray jasaq jiyp, әsker qúrdy, soghys ónerin tәp-tәuir mengergenining arqasynda, qazaqtyng aituly batyrlarymen birge manyzdy jenisterge jetip jýrdi. Beybit shaqtardaghy el biyleuding qyr-syryn da әjepteuir týsindi, sonday kezenderde ózining tóre túqymdastary men kýlli qara halyqtyng qily ókilderining jaqsy-jaman qasiyetterin әbden tanyp-bildi...
Orys derekkózderinen mәlim, bashqúrttyng belgili bas adamdary (Aldar tarhan, Taymas batyr jәne t.b.) 1730 jyly imperiyanyng Syrtqy ister alqasyna bergen mәlimetterinde «qazaqtarda alty han bar, ishterindegi zory Ábilqayyr han. Sol handardyng bәri barlyq isterde Ábilqayyr hangha qúlaq asady», – degen. Bir aidan keyin búl mәlimetti patshayymgha arnayy jiberilgen qazaq elshileri rastaydy. Olar әlgi mәlimetti Úly jýz biyleushisi Jolbarys han men Orta jýz handary Sәmeke men Kýshik Ábilqayyr hannyng aitqanynan shyqpaydy degen sózderimen naqtylay týsti. Áygili qazaq batyry Tabyn Bókenbay 1731 jyly qazaq dalasyna kelgen Qútlú-Múhammed Tevkelevke: qazaq elinde «Tәuke hannan keyingi basty әmirshi – Ábilqayyr han, ol óz erkimen, eshkimnen kedergi kórmesten, kóp isti jýzege asyrdy» dedi. Orta jýz hany Sәmeke Ábilqayyrdy «bas hanymyz» dep atady. Orystyng kóptegen qújattarynda belgili qazaq batyrlary men bas adamdarynyn, sonday-aq Abylaydyng jәne ózge de súltandardyn Ábilqayyrdy bas han, agha han dep ataghan derekteri saqtalghan.
Jogharyda ataghanymyzday, búl lauazymgha ol 1719 jyldan ie bop kele jatqan jәne sonsha uaqyt boyy attan týspey, úlan-ghayyr qazaq jerining ontýstigine de, teristigine de qorghan bolmaqqa, jauynger jasaghyn bastap әldeneshe attanghan. Nebir shayqastar jýrgizip, elding azattyghy men tútastyghyn saqtau ýshin alysqan. Osynsha uaqyt belden qylysh qyny men jebe toly qoramsa sheshilmedi. Sadaq pen semserdi bekem ústap, túlparynan týsken joq. Jauynger sarbazdaryn bastap, damyl tappay, qazaq jerining bir qiyrynan ekinshi qiyryna qúiyndata shapty. El mýddesi ýshin qústay úshyp, qysqa merzimde aishylyq jerlerdi shaldy. Bas qolbasshy retinde, qazaq әskerin kýrdeli maydandarda jeniske bastady. Ontýstikte qazaqtyng astanasy men talay ózge de shaharyn, shúrayly jer-suyn jonghar-basqynshydan azat etti. Teristik-batysta orys ýkimeti aitaqtaghan, orys qolastyndaghy qalmaq, kazak-orys, bashqúrttan el-júrtyn qorghady. Jayyq ýshin jan ayamay shayqasty («qazaq halqy Jayyqtan ózen suy sarqylyp bitkenshe airylmaydy!»). Jonghar basqynshylaryna qarsy jýrgizgen Otan soghysyn jenispen ayaqtady. Qontayshy Galdan Seren syndy quatty әm qaterli, әskery kýshining mýmkindigi mol bas dúshpanymen abyroyly kelisimge qol jetkizdi. Ne kerek, Ábilqayyr bahadýr ózining agha han retindegi lauazymyn bilegining kýshimen, qolbasshylyq biligimen bekemdedi. Ol bir mýsheldey uaqyt boyy ózining is jýzinde elding basty hany ekenin isimen dәleldep keledi.
1736 jyly ordasynda bolyp qaytqan shetel sayahatshysy Djon Kestliding jazuyna qaraghanda, Ábilqayyr han biyik boyly, myghym deneli, qyzyl shyrayly jýzi jaqsylyq, tilektestik núryn shashqan bahadýr bolatúghyn. Sonymen qatar ol óte qajyrly, asa quatty kýsh iyesi edi, býkil qazaq halqy ishinde sadaq tartuda oghan teng keletin jan joq bolatyn (Kestli kýndeliginde ony osylay surettedi, búl oghan Ábilqayyr hannyng eluding ortasyna kelgen shaghyndaghy beynesining bergen әseri). Ábilqayyr han shynynda da kelbetti, kýsh-quaty kemerinen asqan, óte qaruly, jauyngerlik sheberligi jauyn da tәnti etken, sonymen birge asa iri úiymdastyrushy jәne ghalamat qolbasshy talantyn qúday bir boyyna ayamay darytqan jan bolghan. Onyng jongharlargha qarsy jauyngerlik shayqastarynda da, Rossiyanyng shekaralyq audandaryna jasaghan әskery joryqtarynda da kórsetken essizdikke barabar jýrekjútqandyghyn, keremet batyldyghyn orys әkimderi erekshe qolbasylyq darynymen qosa atap kórsetip otyrghan. Sýiikti arghymaghynan týspeytin dala qolbasshysynyng asa sheber shabandozdyq ónerine tikeley kuә bolghanyn shekara jasaqtarynyng komandirleri de jii eske alghan. 1723 jylghy apatty jenilis tughyzghan kónil-kýy halyqtyng ensesin basyp, jappay týnilu oryn alghan eng qiyn jaghdaylardyng ózinde Ábilqayyr han sabyr saqtap, oy aiqyndyghyn joghaltpay, ózining erjýrektigi, sheshimtaldyghy arqasynda batyl әreketter jasay bildi. Júrt bosyp ketken «Aqtaban shúbyryndyda» esteri shyqqan kóptegen qarulas shynghystúqymdy bauyrlaryna úqsamay, ol tez әsker jinay aldy. Sarbazdaryn dúshpannyng shapqynshylyq jasaghan baghyttarynda toptastyrdy. Basqynshy qoldaryn shapshan, qarqyndy týrde shabuyldau arqyly kóp rette basymdyqqa jetip, shayqastarda jii jenip shyghyp jýrdi.
Kýreske toly úzaq jyldarda kózining jetkeni – qazaq júrty erkindikti sýiedi, dúshpangha aldyrghysy kelmeydi, batyr, alayda, memleketining qúrylymy әlsiz. Tәuke hannyng reformasynda kózdelgen ólkelerdegi biylikti kýsheytu arqyly memlekettik birlikti arttyru iydeyasy jýzege aspay qalghan. Bas-basyna by bolugha qúmarlyq ýdep, eldi bytyranqylyq jaylap ketken. Óitkeni tóre de, qara da myqty memlekettik qúrylym jәne ony nyghayta týsu jolynda atqarylmaq paryz haqynda sanasyna ong úghym úyalatpaghan. Olar Ábilqayyrdy bas han dep sanamaydy, onyng agha han retindegi biyligin moyyndamaugha beyim, ony tek Kishi jýz hany ghana dep tanugha ong iyqtaryn berip túrady. Al Kishi jýzding ózinde de, shyndap kelgende, han biyligine sózsiz qúldyq úra bermeydi. Biyler kenesine sonau Esim han zamanynan berilip, Tәuke han dәuirinde kýsheytile týsken ókilettilik tap qazirgi tanda keri әser etip túr. Ókinishti-aq, biraq hannyng el birligin kózdeytin pәrmendi júmys jýrgizuine kedergi bola týsude.
Ábilqayyr han 10 qazandaghy mәjiliste osy jәitti kýiine aitty: onyng býginde han degen aty ghana bar, qúzyryndaghy bodandaryna beybit kýnde sózi ótpeydi, qazaq ishindegi qazirgi jaghdayy «iyesiz jabayy atqa úqsaydy», «onday atty adamdar úryp-soghyp, quyp әlek, al andar ústap alyp jep qongha úmtylady». Alayda ol elding tútastyghyn arttyrghysy keledi. Memleketi kýshti, ornyqty bolsa eken deydi. Solay jasau ýshin naqty biylikke qol jetkizudi armandaydy. Al onday jaghday Resey syndy quatty monarhiyany arqa tútqanda ghana mýmkin bolmaq. Reseyding protektoraty retinde birtútas, biylik jýiesi bir ortalyqtandyrylghan quatty memleket qúru qajet. Múnday jaghdaygha, әne, ózderi talay shayqasqan Qalmaq handyghy jetip otyr...
Ábilqayyr hannyng tap osylay aghynan aqtaryluyn barshasy múqiyat tyndady. Soltýstiktegi kýshti kórshini suzeren retinde tanudyng tap sol shaqtaghy ahualda shyn mәnindegi memlekettik mýdde túrghysynan jasalugha qajet shara ekenin oghan eng qarsy toptyng ózi de týsindi. Jәne moyyndady, tek ishtey ghana. Biraq hannyng onday sheshimimen kelise almady. Sebebi Ábilqayyr hannyng jýzege asyrugha bekem bekingen maqsaty qazaq elindegi dәstýrli әleumettik-sayasy jýiege ýlken ózgeris engizetinin qay-qaysysy da sezdi. Turasyn aitqanda, onyng ortalyq ókimetti qatty kýsheytuge aparatyn shara ekenin úqty. Búl sharanyng qazaq eli aumaghynda Qasym han zamanynan beri bolmaghan biylik jýiesin janasha janghyrtatynyn payymdady. El ishinde agha hannyng bir ózi basqaratyn kýshti rejim ornatugha aparatynyn zayyr týsindi. Sony týsingendikten de, tiyisinshe – qoryqty. Óitkeni, agha hangha býkil eldi bir ózi biyleytin әmirshi qúqtaryn bergen jaghdayda, qazirgi barsha bas adamdar ózderining qazaq halqyn basqaru salasyndaghy búrynghy artyqshylyqtarynan airylyp qalatyndaryn týisindi. Bir qolgha alynghan handyq biylikke búryn-sondy bolmaghan dәrejede tәueldi bolyp shyghatyndaryn shamalady. Sondyqtan da, 10 qazandaghy jinalysta elding birqatar bas adamdary (bi, súltan, batyr, starshyn) alauyzdyqqa jol berdi. Hangha bir auyzdan qoldau kórsetpedi. Degenmen, sýienetin suzeren tandau mәselesinde ol joly Ábilqayyr handy Bókenbay, Eset batyrlar jәne Qúdaynazar myrza ashyq qoldaghan, olardy el ishinde bedeli bar taghy jiyrma jeti belgili túlgha jaqtady.
Ábilqayyr hannyng Reseyge arqa sýieu arqyly kýshti memleket ornatpaq jolyndaghy alghashqy ashyq qadamy osylay jasaldy. Jogharyda aitqanymyzday, mәjilis ýstinde birden eldik mýddege basymdyq bere almaushylyq pen pendeshilik úsaq mýddeler boy kórsetip, basqarushy elita arasyndaghy tar óristi kembaghal qayshylyq kózge úrdy. Degenmen Ábilqayyr han búl alauyzdyqty jenuden ýmittendi. Alayda onyng jenilmek týgil, ýdey týsuine han senim artqan suzerenning ózi mýddeli edi. Ol Ábilqayyr hannyng birtútas handyq qúru josparyn qaytkende oryndatpau jaghyn kózdeytin...
HXIV. SUZERENGE ADALDYQ JÁNE EKI TARAPTYNG ÓZARA MINDETTEMELERI
Qazaq dalasynda 1731 jylghy 10 qazanda ótken aqsýiekter men bedeldi adamdar mәjilisining taghdyrsheshtilik mәni bar. Ol tarihy ahual tandatqan suzerenge arqa sýieu mәselesin qaraghan jәne qazaq elin jana tarihy jaghdayda janasha tútastandyru iydeyasy Ábilqayyr han tarapynan ashyq kóterilgen túnghysh ta songhy jinalys edi. Osy jinalys sodan beri ýzdiksiz jýre bastaghan kýrdeli ýderisting basy boldy.
Sol jinalysta tolyq qoldaugha ie bola almaghandyghyna qaramastan, Ábilqayyr han Resey protektorattyghyna ótu jayyndaghy óz ústanymyn ózgertken joq. (Osynau protektorattyqqa ótu oqighasy pәlen jyldan keyin qazaqtyng jer-suy men elin orys eli men jerine ainaldyratyn taza orys ýlgisindegi otarlaugha úlasuy yqtimal-au degendi anghal dala әmirshisi elestete de almaghan bolugha kerek). Ol búl sheshimine kezdeysoq emes, iri sayasy qayratker payymymen kelgen de, óz úigharymynyng qazaq halqynyng el retinde saqtalu mýddesi ýdesinen shyghatynyna kәmil sengendikten, ózgertpegen. Ábilqayyr han orys imperiyasynyng protektoraty bolu arqyly, birinshiden, eldegi handyq biylikti janartyp jetildirudi kózdedi. Onyng oiynsha, búghan deyingi tәjiriybe – handy halyq jinalysynda saylau qazirgi tanda el birligin arttyrugha jauap bere almaytyn. Handyqtan ýmitker shynghystyq-joshylyq súltandar auqymy ýlken, sondyqtan olar mindetti týrde baqtalastyq pen alauyzdyqty órshite týsedi. Sol sebepti elde monarhiyalyq tәrtip engizilip, taq kelesi buyngha saylau jolymen emes, múragerlikpen beriletin ereje engiziluge tiyis. Múnday retpen modernizasiyalanghan jýiede Ábilqayyr han qazaq elindegi jeke-dara jogharghy әmirshi dәrejesine kóterilmek jәne taq әrdayym tek onyng óz kindiginen taraghan úrpaqqa tiyip otyrmaq. Ekinshiden, eldegi kýlli әleumettik saty boyyndaghy buyndardy qamtyp basqaratyn, monarhiyalyq qúrylymgha say әkimshilik-kýshtik apparat jasaqtalugha tiyis. Halyqty tútastyrudy jәne bir ortalyqqa mәjbýrlep baghyndyrudy әm tynys-tirshiligin qamsyzdandyrugha qajet sauda-sattyqty jandandyru joldaryn sayasy túrghyda osynday úiymdastyru sharalarymen qamtamasyz etuge bolady. Búl ýshin Ábilqayyr han Or ózenining saghasyna, Elek ózenining orta aghysyna jәne Syr boyyndaghy búrynghy Jankent shaharynyng ornyna arnayy qalalar saludy, sonday-aq ontýstikten ózi ketkeli beri jonghar qolastynda qalghan qazaq astanasy Týrkistan shaharyn qaytaryp aludy, sóitip olardy ózi qúratyn jana memlekettik biyliktin quatty túghyryna ainaldyrudy kókseydi.
Ábilqayyr hannyng oiy osynday edi, al patsha elshisi Mәmed Tevkelev hannyng múnday jospary baryn birden bile qoymaghanmen, onymen orys proteksiyasyn qabyldau haqynda tez týsinisip, ekeui tamyr bop ketken. Ol orys qorghauynda boludyng paydalylyghyn qazaqqa ilandyrudy basty mindeti dep sanaghan. Óitkeni kókireginde Petr patshanyng qazaq dalasyn Aziyagha jol ashar qaqpa dep baghalaghan kózqarasy jәne soghan oray tikeley ózinen alghan núsqauy sayrap túrghan. Patshalyqta mansaptyq satymen óse beruden ýmitker qyzmetshi retinde, qanday shyghyngha baru kerek bolsa da tәuekel etip, qazaqtardy qaytkende orys tuy astyna iykemdeuge tyrysqan. Oghan han qazaq halqynyng ereksheligin – óz bas adamdarynyng sonynan eruge qashanda dayyn túratynyn aitqan-dy, sondyqtan solarmen týsindiru-ýgitteu júmystaryn jalghastyra týsu ýshin ol elshiligimen qazaq dalasynda qala bergen. Tevkelev el ishinde bir jylday boldy. Hannyng ashyq mәlimdemesinen orys patshasynyng qamqorlyghyn ózining ishki sayasy maqsattaryna paydalanbaq oiy baryn anyq bilgen biyler men rubasylardyng basym kópshiligi, jogharyda aitqanymyzday, jana jaghday hannyng olardyng ýstinen qaraudaghy qúzyrettiligin arttyra týsse, tiyisinshe, el basqarudaghy osy kýnderi qolda bar artyqshylyqtaryn sózsiz joq etetinine kýmәndanghan joq. Sol sebepti olar Tevkelevten, sonday-aq orys elshiligi keruenimen birge kelgen bashqúrttyng iygi jaqsylarynan proteksiyanyng egjey-tejeyin súrastyryp biluge yntalylyq kórsetti. Tevkelev elshiligi syilyqtaryn ýlestirip, ýgit-nasihattaryn jýrgizip bolghan son, aqyry, 1733 jyly Reseyge qaytty. Ábilqayyrdyng ekinshi úly Eraly súltanmen, hannyng inisi Niyaz súltanmen, Qúdaynazar, Týgelbay myrzalarmen, Sadyq bi, Myrzageldi batyrmen jәne taghy birer han ókilderimen birge oraldy.
Osy jyly Úly jýzding asa yqpaldy bes bas adamy (Tóle bi, Qolar bi, Hangeldi bi, Satay batyr, Bólek batyr) patshayym tuy astyna súrandy. Orta jýzding bir top starshyndarymen birge Sәmeke han patshayymnyng qorghauyna ótuge ekinshi ret súrandy (alghashqysy 1731 jyly bolatyn). Osy oqighalar birinshiden, qazaq elindegi agha han mәrtebesi memlekettik birlikting tútas ta myghym boluyna qyzmet ete almaytynyn kórsetti, ekinshiden, qazaq elindegi belgili túlghalardyng (kishi handar, súltandar, biyler, batyrlar) el birligin arttyru jolyndaghy memlekettik kózqarastary damymaghanyna dәlel boldy. Eger parasatqa salyp, Ábilqayyr hannyng orys proteksiyasyn qabyldaugha barghan jaghdayyn jan-jaqty saraptasa jәne ony el iygiligine qalay paydalanu jolyn oilasa, onda ózderin orys biyligi qorghauyna tikeley aluyn súramaghan bolar edi, kerisinshe, protektorat biyleushisi Ábilqayyr hannyng tóniregine toptasyp, orys tuy sayasynda qazaq memlekettiligin nyghaytyp alu baghytyn ústanghan bolar edi. Olardyng imperiya bodandyghyna jeke-jeke súranuy qazaqtyng kýshti handyghyn qúrghyzbaugha mýddeli orys sayasatyna әbden sәikes keldi.
Ábilqayyr hannyng úly Eraly súltan 1734 jylghy 10 aqpanda Anna Ioannovna patshayymnyng saltanatty qabyldauynda bolyp, әkesining tilegin qaytalady. Osy jyly qazaqty imperiya qolastyna әkeludegi eren enbegi ýshin Tevkelevke imperatrisanyng jeke ózi tikeley polkovnik shenin berdi. Qazaq elining jekelegen bólshekterin patshalyq bodandyghyna әkelu ýderisi jalghasa berdi. Tiyisinshe, Ábilqayyr hannyng kýshti handyq qúru jayyndaghy oiyn jýzege asyrmaudy kózdeytin patsha әkimderining odan basqa da qiytúrqy sayasaty ashyqqa shyqty. Ábilqayyr hannyng tabandy týrde bildirgen tilegine sәikes, Or ózeni qúiylysyna arnayy qala salynghan. Ony han qazaq-orys sauda-sattyq jasaytyn oryny jәne ózining Edil-Jayyq ónirindegi biyligining tiregi etpekshi edi. Qala salyndy, biraq ol qazaq handyghyn kýsheytuge emes, kerisinshe, orys biyligin arttyrugha qyzmet etetin ortalyqqa ainaldyryldy. Or qalasynyng salynuy bashqúrt azattyq kóterilisin janadan tútatqan sebepterding biri boldy. Kóterilisshi bashqúrttar Ábilqayyr handy, aragha eki mýshel uaqyt salyp, taghy da, ekinshi ret, ózderine han bolugha shaqyrdy. Patsha әkimshiligining naqty isterine kónili tolmaghan Ábilqayyr han oghan qarsylyq kórsetu ýshin búl úsynysty qabyl aludy da oilaghan bolu kerek. Ol 1938 jyldyng kókteminde Noghay joly aumaghynan bir top bashqúrtty ilestirip, óz nókerlerimen Or qalasyna kirdi. Qala komendanty aldynda qylyshyn jalandata kókke kóterip: «Búl mening qalam, men ýshin salynghan, kim de kim tyndamaytyn bolsa, basyn shabamyn», – dep mәlimdedi. Oqighanyng Resey ýshin qolaysyz baghytqa búrylyp bara jatqanyn sezgen patshalyqtyng ýkimeti men әkimderi kýlli mәmilegerlik sheberlikterin qoldanyp, Ábilqayyr hanmen meylinshe jyly qarym-qatynas ornatugha tyrysty. Onyng Reseyge adaldyghyna eleuli kýdik payda bolghandyqtan, odan jәne onyng qolastyndaghy bas adamdardan qayta ant alu qajettigi tudy. Ári búl shara qazaq әmirshisining talabyn da qanaghattandyruy, orys imperiyasynyng proteksiyasynda boludyng qazaq halqyna paydaly bolatynyna barshanyng kózin jetkizetindey bolyp ótkizilui kerek edi. Ábilqayyr han men qazaqtyng bas adamdary 1738 jylghy 3 tamyzda, Or qalasynda ótkizilgen biyik dengeydegi asa zor saltanat kezinde, ekinshi ret Resey proteksiyasyn qabyl aldy. Ábilqayyr hannyng qúrmetine sәn-saltanaty mol diplomatiyalyq qabyldau jasaldy. Qazaq hany men handyghy delegasiyasyna mys kerneyler men dabyldardyng әuezdi kýiining sýiemeldeuimen dragundyq soldattar rotasy hor bop qosylyp resmy sәlem joldady. Áskerding jergilikti bólimshelerining merekelik bayqauy boldy. Artiyleriyadan salut berildi. Áygili túlghalargha baghaly syilyqtar tartyldy. Orys tarihshylarynyng jazuynsha, qabyldaudyng osylay ótui qazaq aqsýiekteri men shonjarlaryna Rossiya memleketi basshysynyng bedelin búrynghydan da tartymdy etip, asqaqtata kórsetti jәne búdan búryn jasalghan tandaudyng dúrys bolghanyna kózderin jetkize týsti. Múnday qabyldau Ábilqayyrdyng da oiynan shyqqan. Ol elin quatty patshanyng qanaty astyna alynyp, qamqorlyghyna ótui ózine handyqtaghy tolyq mәnindegi biylikke qol jetkizuge, sonymen birge qazaq hanynyng kórshi memleketterdegi bedelin arttyrugha mýmkindik beredi dep sanaghan. Myna ózderine kórsetilgen qoshemet sonyng aighaghy ispetti edi. Ol óz sózinde: «Adam ózi jayynda balalary arqyly estelik qaldyrady, biraq múnday jad januargha da layyq, al adamnyng ózi qol jetkizgen abyroyy ghasyrlar boyy ólmeydi», – dep, orys patshayymyna adal ekendigin tanytatyn ant beruge әzirligin mәlimdedi. Hanmen birge onyng úly Eraly súltan jәne Kishi jýz ben Orta jýzding 56 bas adamy – rubasylar, biyler men batyrlar imperiya qamqorlyghyna adal bolugha ant etti. Kelesi kýnderi kelisimshartqa otyrghan taraptar ózara mindettemelerin naqtylasty: Ábilqayyr han orys tútqyndaryn bosatugha jәne jerinen ótetin sauda-sattyqqa qamqorlyq jasaugha, qazaq jerindegi sauda keruenderin kýzetpen qamtamasyz etuge uәde berdi, al Orynbor ekspedisiyasynyng bastyghy Vasiliy Tatiyshev qazaqtardy qamqorlyqqa alyp, syrtqy dúshpandardan qorghaytynyna sendirdi...
HXV. ÓZARA BITISPES MÝDDELER TOLQYNYNDA
1731 jylghy 10 qazan jinalysynan beri qazaq elinde teristikten tandalghan ishmerez suzerenge anghyrt arqa sýieushilik arqyly eldik tútastyqqa jetu mýddesine say keletin de, onday birlikti maqsat ete qoymaytyn da әreketterge toly kýrdeli ýderis ýzdiksiz jýrip jatqan.
Búl ýderis, birinshiden, qazaqtyng basqarushy elitasynyng sayasy aqyl-oyynyng kenjelep qalghanyn tanytty. Birtútas, bir ortalyqtan basqarylatyn memleket qúrudy kózdegen iydeyany tereng jәne jan-jaqty taldap, saraptaugha el aghalarynyng qauqarsyzdyghyn bayqatty. Zamana talabyna jauap bere alatyn, eng dúrys dep moyyndaugha túratyn bastamany qostau nemese jetildire otyryp qoldau dengeyine jete almaghanyn, qaytkende de memlekettilikti saqtau syndy jasampaz iydeyany pysyqtay otyryp ong sheshim qabyldaugha dayyn emestigin, múnday eldik múratty oilaugha sayasy túrghyda pisip-jetilmegenin kórsetti.
Ekinshiden, el taghdyryn memlekettik kózqaras túrghysynan payymdaugha kóterilmegenin dәleldedi. Protektorattyq damudyng bolashaghyn elestete almady. Shyndap kelgende, olardy qazaq elining Resey protektoraty boluy emes, sol beles arqyly Ábilqayyr hannyng qatang ortalyqtandyrylghan biylik jýiesin qúru niyeti shoshytty. Olar kýlli el biyligin bir adamgha – Ábilqayyr hangha berudi oilaryna da alghysy kelmedi. Óitkeni jekelegen ru-taypalardyng qojayyny bolyp jýrgen ózderin endi, kenetten, jeke-dara biyleushige tәueldi etudi, sóitip, әmirshi qolastyndaghy pende sezinudi qorlyq kórdi. Olargha býgingi jýre tyndap, óz degenderin istey beruge ynghayly agha han instituty qolayly edi. Bir hannyng biyligin qoldap kýsheytip, oghan ózderining baghynyshtylyghyn arttyrghannan góri, әrqaysysynyng óz aimaqtarynda, is jýzinde hangha tәuelsiz týrde, erkin qojayyndyq jasap jýruin jalghastyra berui olar ýshin әldeqayda tiyimdi bolatyn.
Sondyqtan da qazaq aqsýiekteri men shonjarlarynyng kópshiligi 1731 jyldyng 10 qazanyndaghy jinalysta Ábilqayyr hannyng kórshi alyp memleketke arqa sýieu iydeyasyn keri qaghyp, orys patshasymen teng dәrejede beybit kelisimshart jasaudy qúp kóretinin jariya etti. Onday teng dәrejedegi beybit kelisimshartqa otyrudyng mýmkin emestigin búl jinalysqa izashar bolghan 1730 jylghy mamyr qúryltayynyng sheshimi tek andatqan ghana bolsa, osy jiynda jasalghan han mәlimdemesi men aralaryna arnayy kelgen orys elshisining sózi aiqyn kórsetken. Shyndap kelgende, múny olar týp-týgel jәne mýldem anyq týsindi. Biraq ózderining bas paydasyn kýittedi. Sol sebepti qaytkende Ábilqayyr hannyng kýshengine jol bermeudi kózdedi. Shyntuaytynda, olar protektorattyqqa emes, Ábilqayyrgha, onyng bolashaqta monarhqa ainaluy yqtimal qúzyretine qarsy shyqqan edi. Búl top tek onysyn ashyp aitpay, qalyptasqan tynys-tirshilikterine jana qauip tóndirui mýmkin úsynys әkelgen orys elshiligin keri qaytarudy talap etti. Talaptary oryndalmaghandyqtan, ishki pighyldaryn býgip, kinәni hangha audarugha jandaryn saldy. Solardyn: «Ábilqayyr han jeke basynyng paydasyn kózdep, halyq ókilderimen (biyler kenesimen) aqyldaspay, qazaq elin orysqa baghyndyrudy qosh kórdi» degen aiyptauymen, sony qoshtay ketken bertingi úrpaqtyng tilimen aitqanda, «jeke basynyng paydasyn kózdegen Ábilqayyr han satqyndyq jasap, qazaq eline otarlyq qamyt kiygizdi» degen tújyrymmen túzdyqtalyp, ghasyrlargha ketken zildi jala ornyqty.
Alayda Ábilqayyr han Resey imperiyasy taghyna adaldyqqa ant bergende, orys patshayymynyng qoldauyna sýienip, qazaq handyghyn birtútastandyrudy, biylikti ortalyqtandyryp, ókimetin edәuir kýsheytip aludy kózdegen bolatyn. Sóitip ózine bashqúrttar men qaraqalpaqtardy, Hiua men Búhara biyleushilerin qaratudy, ontýstiktegi qazaq jer-suy men astanasyn jongharlardan qaytaryp aludy maqsat etken. Búlardyng óteuine ol patshayym elinen shyqqan orys sauda keruenderining saparlaryn qauipsizdendirudi moynyna aldy, reseylikterding qazaq jeri aumaghynan altyn ken oryndaryn izdestiruine jәrdemdesuge, qazaqtardyng Resey qolastyndaghy halyqtar mekendeytin aimaqtargha shabuyldauyn toqtatugha, basqa da kómekterin beruge uәde etti. Al orys ýkimeti Ábilqayyr han da, ózge túlghalar da Resey tuyna adal bolamyz dep bergen antty Reseyge mәngilikke baghynugha kelisti dep eseptedi (qazaq biyleushileri múnday aktini aghymdaghy jaghdaygha oray ózderine qajet uaqytsha odaq qúrugha degen zandy qúqynyng kórinisi retinde sanaghan).
Teristiktegi quatty monarhiyanyng protektoraty bolugha beyildigin rastap,1738 jyly ekinshi ret ant beru arqyly Reseymen beybit qarym-qatynas ornatugha jol ashqan, sóitip eline kóp jaqsylyq әkelgen Ábilqayyr hannyng danqy shartarapqa tarady. Kishi jýz (teristik-shyghys Aral manyn mekendeytin sany kóp Shekti o bastan onyng negizgi әleumettik tiregi bolatyn, ýlken úly Núraly súltan basqaratyn Bayúly birlestigi rularynyng kópshiligi, basynda Eset batyr túrghan Jetiru birlestigi) týgel derlik, Orta jýz rularynyng edәuir bóligi (Arghyn taypasynyng Jәnibek batyr jetekshilik etetin kóptegen rulary, hannyng ekinshi úly Eraly súltan basqaratyn Kereyler, ishinara soltýstikti mekendeytin Nayman men Uaq) ony óz hany dep tanydy. Ishki sayasy jaghday birshama túraqtanyp, nyghaydy. Protektorat retinde damudyng alghashqy jyldarynda Ábilqayyr hannyng sayasy jaghdayy osylay, is jýzinde agha han mәrtebesine sәikes kelip túrdy.
Biraq Orta Aziyadaghy halyqaralyq ahual qazaq qoghamyn bir ortalyqqa baghyndyryp basqaru jýiesin qúru qajettigin kýn tәrtibinen esh týsirmegen edi. Ábilqayyr han Syrdyng tómengi aghysyna qala salyp, jongharlar men irandyqtardan qorghanu sharalaryn jýzege asyru ýshin, qazaqty syrtqy jaudan qorghaugha mindettengen patsha ýkimetinen 1739 jyly әskery kómek súrady. Biraq, birneshe ret súraghanyna qaramastan, kómek berilmedi. Sonyng saldarynan qazaq elining ontýstigi men teristik-shyghysyndaghy sayasy jaghday shiyelenise týsti. Parsylar Hiua men Búharany jaulap aldy. Jongharlar Ertis pen Esil arasynda, Syr aumaghynda kóship-qonyp jýrgen qazaq rularyn shapty. Reseylik әkimshilikting jәrdem bermey aldausyratuyna ashulanghan Ábilqayyr han patsha ýkimetine senimsizdik bildirip, jonghar qontayshysymen tikeley kelissóz jýrgizip kórdi. Ózbek aqsýiekteri men shonjarlarynyng shaqyruymen Hiuagha az uaqyt han bolyp ta qaytty. Búl kezde onyng patsha ýkimetin ózining biyligin kýsheytuge paydalanuyna kedergi keltiru ýshin, shyqqan tegining artyqshylyghyn dabyraytyp erekshe maqtan tútatyn, qazaqtyng eldik birligin arttyrugha qatysty esh jobasy joqtyghyn bylay qoyghanda, sol mәseleni oilanyp ta kórmegen Baraq súltan ózining qaytkende orys biyligine tikeley baghynyshtylyqqa jetuin qamtamasyz etetin sharalar jasaugha әreket etip jýrdi.
Jongharlardyng qalyng qoly 1741–1742 jyldary Ýly jýz ben Orta jýzge shabuyl jasaghan shaqtardaghy shayqastardyng birinde Abylay súltan tútqyngha týsti. Dúshpan tegeuirinine tótep bere almaghan Ábilmәmbet han jasaghymen Elekting jogharghy aghysynan Orynborgha qaray sheginuge mәjbýr boldy. Sonda, Ábilqayyr hannyng ótinishine sәikes, Or qamalynyng komendanty jonghar әskerining qolbasshysyna qazaqtardy Resey memleketi óz bodany retinde qorghaytynyn mәlimdedi. Shapqynshylyq toqtatyldy. Biraq, qalyng qolymen Orta jýzding edәuir bóligin basyp alghan jonghar qontayshysy Galdan Seren qazaq әmirshilerinen Jonghariyanyng sayasy protektoraty ekenin moyyndaudy talap etti. Osy talapty talqylau ýshin, 1742 jylghy kóktemde 1500 adam qatysqan jinalys ótti. Kópshilik Galdan Serenning talabyn oryndau qajet degen oigha keldi. Biyler Ábilqayyr hangha: «Biz qalmaqtarmen ýirenisip qalghanbyz, qalmaqtardyng súraghanyn beru kerek», – dep mәlimdedi. Ábilqayyr han qatty ashu shaqyryp, olardy dóreki týrde aqymaqsyndar dep sókti. Jonghar mәselesi boyynsha ózining Orynbor ekspedisiyasynyn jana basshysymen kenesui kerektigin jariya etti. Biraq Orta jýz hany Ábilmәmbet pen Batyr jәne Baraq súltandar qontayshy talabyna kónip, oghan amanattaryn jiberip jatty.
Al Anyraqay jenisining bas qaharmany Ábilqayyr bahadýr hannyng ilanymynsha, qazaq handyghy jonghar qontayshysyna baghynam dep abyroydan airylady. Osylay oilaghandyqtan, ol jonghar proteksiyasyn moyyndaugha ýzildi-kesildi qarsy shyqty. Kýsh-quaty artyp túrghan Galdan Serenge kiriptarlyqtan soghyspen qarsy shyghyp qútylu ýshin, qazaqty qorghaugha mindettengen Reseyden naqty әskery jәrdem súraudy jón kórdi. Ári ózektiligi arta týsken ózining bayyrghy sayasy maqsatyna jetuding – handyqty bir ortalyqqa tolyghymen baghyndyrudyng sәti tudy dep eseptedi. Ol 1742 jylghy 18 mausymda Orynbordaghy jana әkim Ivan Nepluevke Galdan Serenning qazaqtargha qoyghan talap-hatyn jәne ózining Resey tәjine adaldyghyn bildire otyryp, kómekke qaruly kýsh súraghan jeke hatyn joldady. Reseydin әskery kómegi oghan eng aldymen jonghar qontayshysynyng talabyn oryndaugha bet alghan Ábilmәmbet han men Baraq, Batyr súltandardy kýshpen auyzdyqtap toqtatu ýshin kerek edi. Osynday jolmen ol memlekettik tútastyqqa qol jetkizudi, Orta jýzdegi ózine bәsekeles bolyp jýrgen shynghys túqymdas bauyrlaryn birjolata baghyndyryp alyp baryp, yqpalyn kýlli qazaq eline jýrgizudi oilady. Alayda imperiya ýkimeti Ábilqayyr han armandaghanday qazaq elining sayasy qúrylymyn ortalyqtandyrudy, qatang memlekettik jýiesin qúrudy oiyna da almaytyn. Sondyqtan búl ótinishi de jauapsyz qaldyryldy. Biraq qazaq elitasynyng arasynda jonghar qontayshysyna qaray baghdarlanu kýsheyip bara jatqanyn eskerip, Orynbor ekspedisiyasynyng jana bastyghy general Nepluevke arnayy tapsyrma berildi: Kishi jýz ben Orta jýzding Resey qolastynda ekenin Galdan Seren resmy týrde moyyndasyn, soghan qaytkende de qol jetkizu kerek...
Osy mәsele orayynda Orynbor ólkesining patshayym bekitken jana qojayyny men qazaq hany túnghysh ret betpe-bet kezdesti...
HXVI. RESEY QAMQORLYGhYNA ARTYLGhAN ÝMITTING KÝIREUI
Imperatrisa ýkimetindegi Syrtqy ister alqasy algha qoyghan mәselening sheshimin tabuyna Ábilqayyr hannyng Yrghyz ózeni boyyndaghy jazghy ordasyna jonghar elshilerining kelui qolayly jaghday tughyzdy. Ábilqayyrdyng ontayly diplomatiyalyq amaldar qoldanuynyng nәtiyjesinde Orynbor ólkesining jana biyleushisi olardy Or qamalyndaghy reziydensiyasyna shaqyrtty.
Ábilqayyr han ýsh jýzding 155 ókilin (Kishi jýzden – 83, Orta jýzden – 68, Úly jýzden – 4 adam), sonday-aq ordasyndaghy jonghar men qaraqalpaq elshilerin ertip, 1742 jylghy 23 tamyzda Or qamalyna keldi. Orynbor ekspedisiyasynyng bas komandiyri lauazymyna sonyng aldynda ghana taghayyndalghan, keyinirek «Orynbor ólkesining Úly Petri» atanghan general Ivan Nepluev pen Ábilqayyr han sol sapar alghash ret kezdesip, qazaq-jonghar qatynastarynyng kýrdeli qyrlaryn ekeuara talqygha saldy. Sosyn, qazaq elitasynyng ýlken delegasiyasymen ótken sol asa manyzdy kezdesude, general Nepluev jonghar elshilerine Kishi jýz ben Orta jýzding Resey bodandary bolyp tabylatynyn, yaghny olardan alym-salyq talap etuge Jonghariyanyng eshqanday da zandy qúqy joq ekenin ashyq, aiqyn, batyl mәlimdedi. Qazaqtargha qatysty dauly mәselening bәrin tek orys ýkimeti arqyly sheshu kerektigin aitty. Han-súltandarmen oirat biyligi separattyq kelissóz jýrgizbesin, kiykiljinge aparatyn mәselelerdi sheshu ýshin jonghar qontayshysyna tayauda arnayy elshilik attandyrylmaq dedi. Generaldy kezdesuge qatysushylar qyzu quattady. Ábilqayyr han Jonghariyagha jiberilmek elshilikke tútqyndaghy Abylay súltandy bosatudy tapsyru mәselesin kóterdi. Mәselening sheshiluin jyldamdatu ýshin jolbasshylyqqa úlyn qosyp berudi jәne, Abylaygha almastyruy ýshin, qazaqtarda tútqynda jýrgen jongharlardy jinap, elshimen qosyp jiberudi úsyndy. Hannyn óz aitqandaryn tez jәne tolyghymen oryndaghany elshilikting jóneltpe qújattarynda kórinis tapqan.
Nepluev jasaqtaghan airyqsha elshilik mayor Karl Millerding bastauymen Or qamalynan 1742 jylghy 3 qyrkýiekte ontýstik-shyghys baghytpen jolgha shyqty. Elshilik qúramynda on bir adam boldy. Olardy Ábilqayyr hannyng úly Eraly súltan bastaghan senimdi adamdary alyp jýrdi. Elshilik aldyna ýsh týrli maqsat qoyylghan edi. Birinshisi – jonghar qontayshysy Galdan Serenge Resey imperiyasynyng bodandary bolyp tabylatyn qazaqtar isine aralaspaudy talap etken patsha generalynyng resmy hatyn tapsyru, ekinshisi – Abylay súltandy jonghar tútqynynan bosatu, ýshinshisi – ýsh jýz jerimen jýrip ótu barysynda qazaq súltandary men rubasylaryn jonghar qoqanloqqysyna berilmey, Resey qúzyrynda qala beruding dúrystyghyna ilandyru. Eki jarym ay jolda bolghan elshilik jonghar әmirshisi ordasyna jetpey, Jetisuda saparyn toqtatugha mәjbýr boldy. Elshilikti Galdan Serenning Shu boyyndaghy senimdi noyony Sary Manjy qontayshy tapsyrmasyna sәikes toqtatty, ol qazaq mәselesine baylanysty mayor Millermen eki ay boyy kelissóz jýrgizdi. Kelissóz nәtiyjesinde Galdan Seren qazaq rularynan alym talap etuin qoydy, qazaq-jonghar saudasy jandandy jәne, eng bastysy, Abylay súltan azat etildi. Ábilqayyr hannyng tilegine say jýrgizilgen búl shara qazaqtar arasyndaghy orys әkimshiligining bedelin belgili dәrejede arttyrdy. Alayda sol 1742 jyly ghana ólke әkimi bolyp kelgen (1744 jyldan gubernator) Nepluev ýshin búl shara óz kókeyindegi ýlken jobanyng baspaldaghy ghana siyaqty edi. Ol Elizaveta patshayym taqqa otyrghan kezde Malorossiya komandiyri lauazymynan taydyrylyp, abaqtydan bir-aq shyqqan, biraq jazyqsyz ekeni dәleldengennen keyin ghana osy jana ólkege jiberilgen bolatyn. Patshayymnyng senimin ol múnda tolyghymen aqtap, orys imperiyasynyng protektoraty mәrtebesindegi qazaq elimen qarym-qatynasty otarshyldyq sipatty kórsetetin dengeyge týsirilgen jana baghytqa saldy. sóitip, Reseydi protektory retinde moyyndaghan, orys imperiyasynyng vassaly sanatyndaghy qazaq elin oryssha otarlaudyn, yaghny ony mýldem orys jerine ainaldyrudyng negizin qalady.
Az uaqyttyng ishinde Nepluev Ábilqayyr hannyng orys qamqorlyghyna arqa sýieudegi týpki maqsatyn aiqyn týsindi. Ol ózining bytyrap jatqan kóshpendi júrtyn biriktirip, bir kýshti handyq qúryp almaqshy. Biraq búl jýzege asugha tiyis emes, birinshiden, oghan orys imperiyasy mýddeli bola almaydy, ekinshiden, qazaqty múnday tútastyqqa jetkizbeuge qazaq elitasynyng memlekettik mýdde haqyndaghy sayasy oiynyng tómendigi, ortaq maqsatty oilaugha joq ózara alauyzdyghy kómektesip túr. Kýni keshe Nepluev jonghar elshilerine orys biyligi syrtynan qazaq biyleushilerimen separattyq kelissózder jýrgizuge bolmaytynyn aitty. Al qazaq birligin ydyratugha aparatyn separattyq kelissózder Ábilqayyr hannyng syrtynan orys ókimeti tarapynan әldeqashan jýrip jatqan. Ábilqayyr ózin qazaqtyng bas hany, agha hany sezinip, orys qamqorlyghyna ózimen birge kýlli qazaq halqyn әkeldim dep oilady, alayda qazaq elitasy ókilderi ony mise tútpay, orys tuy astyna Ábilqayyr hannyng syrtynan jeke-jeke súranumen keledi. Resey proteksiyasyn moyyndaghan óz bas hany ainalasyna toptasyp, handyqty kýsheytuge atsalysudyng ornyna, protektor qamytyn jeke-jeke kiyip, is jýzinde yqtimal tútastyqty ydyratugha ýles qosyp keledi. Búl rette óz aralaryndaghy basty hanmen bәsekelesip jýrgen qazaq biyleushilerining onyng syrtynan sonday әreketti jýzege asyrugha óte beyim túrghany tez bayqaldy. Reseyge arqa sýieu qajettigin, múnyng tarihy múqtajdyq ekenin úqqan Ábilqayyrdy qoldau, el birligin saqtau ýshin onyng manynda toptasu, ýlken memleketting qamqorlyghymen birtútas kýshti handyq qúryp alu mәselesin oilaugha olardyng sayasy óresi jetpedi. Jeke bastarynyng shamshyldyghy onday mýmkindikke oy jýgirtkizbedi de. Mәselen, «múnday shara haqynda bas han menimen aqyldaspady» dep shamdanghan Orta jýz hany Sәmeke óz betinshe, Ábilqayyrdyng syrtynan ótinish bildirip, Reseyge bodandyqty qabyl aldy. Úly jýz hany Jolbarys jonghar hany Galdan Serenge vassaldyq tәueldilikte, alym-salyq tólep jýrgen, tәueldilikten qútylu ýshin agha han Ábilqayyrgha arqa sýieuding ornyna, onyng syrtynan eki mәrte orys bodandyghyn alu әreketin jasady. 1733 jylghy Tóle by bastaghan toptyng hatynan keyin, 1738 jyly Jolbarys hannyng ózi Resey bodandyghyn qabyldau niyetin bildirip, patshayymgha hat jazdy. Ol hatynda Úly jýzdi Resey qamqorlyghy men qorghauyna alsa, Reseyding ortaaziyalyq qalalarmen sauda baylanysyn jaqsartugha ózining septesuge әzirligin bildirgen-di. Biraq jerding shalghaylyghynan oryndaluy sozylyp ketken jospary 1740 jyly jergilikti qojalar qolynan oida joqta opat boluy saldarynan jýzege aspay qaldy. Sәmekeden keyin Orta jýz hany bolghan Ábilmәmbet pen onyng qamqorlyghyndaghy bedeldi әskery qolbasshysy Abylay súltan sol 1740 jyly qazaq handyghynyng tútastyghyna óz ishinde agha han Ábilqayyrdyng ainalasyna toptasu arqyly qol jetkizu qajettigin oilamastan, tikeley Resey bodandyghyn qabyldady. Sodan birer jyldan keyin Nepluev jonghar tútqynynan qútqarghan Abylay súltan 1745 jyly Tobyl gubernatoryna Ýisin ruynyng 300 ýiin Resey bodany bolugha alyp keldi. Osynday separattyq bodandyq súrau nauqanynda Nepluev airyqsha kónil audarghan túlgha – Orta jýz súltany Baraq edi. Ol Nepluevting oiynan shyghyp, 1742 jylghy qarashada imperatrisa Elizavetagha hat joldady, Resey qolastyna «óz ordasymen, atap aitqanda, qyryq myng týtini bar nayman ruymen bodandyqqa kelgenin» jazdy. Bir sәt qazaq elindegi agha handyq mәrtebeni resmy moyyndap («ýlken bauyrymyz Ábilqayyr hannyng adal bodandyqta túrghanyna razymyz»), sóite túra orys sayasatkerlerining qazaqtyng separattyqqa beyim bedeldi túlghalaryn jeke-jeke bodandyqqa alu astarynda ne jatqanyn payymdamastan («bizge de bodandyqqa keluge әmir etilgen erekshe gramota alghandyqtan»), tikeley Resey bodandyghyna ótti («biz... adaldyqqa ant beremiz»). Elshisi arqyly óz tilegin bildirdi («...bizding jiberip otyrghan Syrymbet auyzsha ne aitsa, soghan senudi súraymyn»). Baraq súltannyng osynau elshisi 1743 jylghy 13 nauryzda Elizaveta patshayymnyng qabyldauynda boldy. Orys kense qyzmetshileri toltyrghan qújatta jazylghanday, imperatrisagha «Orta ordanyng Baraq súltany elshisi arqyly bodandyq alghysyn bildiredi, ayaghyna jyghylyp, ony barlyq iyeligimen imperatorlyq meyirimining qamqorlyghyna aludy ótinedi». Tiyisinshe patshayym bodandyqqa «Baraq súltandy qabyl alady, ony meyirine bóleytininen ýmittendiredi, sonyng belgisi retinde qylysh syilaydy». Búl oqighany Nepluev Ábilqayyr hannyng bedelin týsiruge útymdy paydalandy. Ol endi Ábilmәmbet pen Baraqty әrdayym kótere týsip, Ábilqayyrdy tómenshiktetip, kemsite týsti. Nepluevting olargha (agha han – han – súltan) tengermeshilikpen qarauy, resmi, beyresmy jaghdaylarda Baraq súltandy dosy retinde atauy, 1745 jyly onyng taghy bir elshisin patshayymnyng zor qúrmetpen qabyldauyna qamqorlyq etui, patshayymnyng Baraq súltangha taghy da arnayy baghaly syilyq pen gramota jiberui, oghan qosymsha, Baraqqa gubernatordyng ózi túlpar mingizui ýlken eseppen jasalghan sharalar edi. Bәsekelesi Ábilqayyr handy qorlaytyn múnyng bәri nayman әmirshisining jalyn kýdireyte týsti. Namysqoy Ábilqayyr han renishterin әldeneshe ret qúpiya kenesshi Nepluevke, patshayym Elizavetagha jazdy. Qaruly joryqqa shyghyp, orys qalalaryn, Orynbor jelisindegi kýsheytilgen bekinisterdi shabuyldady, sauda keruenderining jolyn kesti. Osynday әreketterine baylanysty tarihshy Vladimir Viytevskiy belgili zertteuinde ony «orys halqynyng jauy», «Nepluevting jeke dúshpany» dep atady.
Syrtqy ister alqasynyng qaulysyn eskere otyryp, Basqarushy Senat 1747 jyly Ábilqayyr han men gubernator Nepluevti tatulastyru ýshin «brigadir Aleksey (Qútlú-Múhammed) Tevkelevti» jiberuge, eger Ábilqayyr qitygha berse, ornyna basqa han qoigha sheshim shyghardy. Alayda búl Syrtqy ister alqasynda: handy halyq ókilderi saylaydy, oghan Reseyding aralasuy ynghaysyz, әri Ábilqayyr han qazaq arasynda tek han bolghandyghymen emes, «әkkiligimen jәne úly familiyasymen» ýlken kýshke ie degen sebeppen qoldau tappady. Aqyry, 1748 jylghy mamyrda diplomatiyalyq maqsatpen Orynborgha Tevkelev keldi, artynsha, mausym aiynda Ábilqayyr hannyng ordasynda Kishi jәne Orta jýzderding aqsýiekteri men shonjarlary (500 adam), «barlyq iste erkine berilip, Ábilqayyr hangha senu jәne qalyptasqan jaghdaydan shyghudyng jaqsy amal tabuyn hannan ótinu» qajet dep bir auyzdan sheshti. Sol aidyng sonynda han Tevkelevpen birge, Or qamalynda Nepluevpen kezdesti. Kelissóz barysynda Ábilqayyr han men gubernator Nepluevting tatulasu rәsimi ótti. Ábilqayyr orys tútqyndaryn qaytarugha, Reseyge qarsy jauyngerlik joryqtaryn toqtatugha, orys kópesterining qazaqtarmen, ózge de kórshi halyqtarmen sauda isin damytuyna jәrdemdesuge uәde etti. Óteuine, reseylik taraptan Resey bodandyghy instituty turaly óz úghymyn moyyndaudy tabandy týrde talap etti. Orynbor әkimshiligi onyng qazaq qoghamyndaghy agha handyq mәrtebesin nyghaytugha, agha han institutyn kýsheytip, qazaqtardy óz biyligine baghyndyrugha kómektesui tiyis dep sanady. Tarihshy Pavel Matviyevskiy «Ábilqayyr hannyng ymyragha tek bir ghana jaghdayda – qazaqtardy onyng biyligine biriktiruge Nepluev tolyghymen kelisken jaghdayda ghana kelui yqtimal ekenin kórsetti» dep óte dәl anyqtap jazghan. Qoyghan mәselesining patshayym sarayynda sheshim tabuyn tosyp jýrgeninde (qazaqtardy el biyligin bir ortalyqqa, bir qolgha shoghyrlandyryp, Ábilqayyr han arqyly basqarudyng dúrystyghyn, sol ýshin arnayy pәrmen shygharu jayyn Tevkelev qoldaghan), Nepluevpen tatulasu rәsiminen bir ay ótkende, Ábilqayyr han Baraq súltannyng qolynan qaza tapty...
HXVII. ARYSTAN MEN AYDAHARDYNG ORTASYNDA
Myqty memlekettilik qúryp alu haqynda Ábilqayyr hannyng Resey qamqorlyghyna artqan ýmiti onyng ólimimen birge kýiredi. Dalalyq anghal әmirshi, birinshiden, qazaq tәrizdi kóshpendi qalmaqtyng Resey bodandyghyn qabyldau jәne orys memleketin qamqorshysy retinde tanu arqyly kýshti handyq qúryp alghanyn kórip, handyghyn tap sol sekildendire tútastyru әm kýsheytu mýmkindigi tudy dep aldandy. Ekinshiden, bodanynyng kýshti memlekettik qúrylym jasauyna orys patshalyghynyng eshqashan jol bermeytinin, bodan boludy birjola baghynu dep úghatynyn, bodandyq súraghan eldi ózine týbegeyli baghyndyru ýshin qily amalgha baratynyn bilmey aldandy. Ýshinshiden, ózining sayasy óresi tayyz shynghystúqymdas bauyrlarynyng qazaq halqynyng eldigin emes, jeke bastarynyng iygiligin kýitteuge beyim túrghandyghyn, hannyng syrtynan imperiya qoltyghyna tikeley kiruge qúlshynyp qana qoymay, qazaq elin bólshekteuge mýddeli aitaqqa onay erip, hannyng kózin jonggha tyrysatynyn bilmey aldandy.
Ábilqayyr han aqyry, bitispes jauy general Nepluevpen formalidy týrde tatulasyp, handyghynyng memlekettik tútastyghyna qoldau kórsetilui yqtimal asa biyik dәrejeli pәrmen beriluinen ýmittenip jýrgeninde, jolyn toryghan dúshpanynyng qandy qanjaryna týsti. Sayaz da óresiz, mansapqúmar, baqtalas súltandarmen jәne orynborlyq gubernatormen keskilesken sayasy kýreske týsken qazaqtyng eng belgili, eng әigili, eng basty hanyn Torghay ózenining jogharghy aghysyndaghy ordasynan eldegi ishki mәselelerdi qaraugha shyqqan shaghynda bas dúshpany Baraq súltan kóp jigitimen 1748 jylghy 1 tamyzda shabuyldap, óltirip ketti. Halyq ýshin, qazaqtyng belgili túlghalary ýshin, jauynger bahadýrding talay shayqasty birge ótkizgen ýzengiles batyrlary ýshin búl orny tolmas qaza edi. Al Nepluev ýshin – óte jaghymdy janalyq boldy. Óitkeni Ábilqayyr hannyng óliminen song oryn alugha tiyis biyik mәrtebeli auysymdar qúpiya kenesshige asa qajet sayasiy-qúqyqtyq qúral berip túr edi. Resey bodandyghyn moyyndaghan qazaq әmirshilerin bastaryn biriktirmey, is jýzinde jeke-jeke birjolata baghyndyryp alugha qolayly jaghday tughan. Qazaq elitasy arasyna ózara baqtalastyq pen birin biri moyyndamaushylyq uyn sәtimen shashyp jýrgen gubernator әm qúpiya kenesshi Nepluev 1748 jyldyng qazanynda, Ábilqayyr hannyng qazasynan aidan sәl-aq astam uaqyt ótkennen keyin, ortalyqqa: «Ábilqayyr siyaqty әkki adamdar taqqa jiberilmese, Qazaq handyghy degenimiz týk te emes», – dep habarlady. Onysy ras edi, Ábilqayyr han óltirilgennen keyin qazaq basqarushy elitasy ishinen orys imperiyasymen elining tútastyghy ýshin aiqasatyn ol siyaqty túlgha shyqpady. Qazaq eli ýstinde Resey patshalyghynyng naqty memlekettik-sayasy proteksiyasyn erkin jýzege asyratyn dәuir tudy. «Jeke dúshpany» Ábilqayyr hannan qútylghan qúpiya kenesshi general Nepluev orys-qazaq qatynastary tarihynyng shyn mәnindegi jana kezenin bastaugha jol saldy. Ol Ábilqayyr hannyng sýiikti zayyby Bopay hansha men úldaryn mynaghan: biyler kenesinde әkesining ornyna han bop saylanghan Núralynyng handyq mәrtebesin orys imperatrisasyna bekitkizip alu óte tiyimdi bolady degen oigha sendirdi. 1748 jyldyng qysynda arnayy delegasiya Peterburgke attanyp, Ábilqayyr hannyng ýlken úly Núralyny 1749 jylghy 13 sәuirde han mәrtebesine bekitken patshayymnyng pәrmenimen 1749 jyldyng jazynda oraldy. 30 mausymda Orynborda Nepluev túnghysh ret qazaqtyng Kishi jýzining hanyn orys әkimshiligine saltanatty týrde tanystyru rәsimin ótkizdi. Qúpiya kenesshi engizgen búl janalyqtyng sayasy mәni sol – búdan bylay han saylau tek orys ýkimetining kelisimimen ótkiziluge tiyis...
Sonymen, Núraly Ábilqayyrúly biyler, rubasylar men batyrlar kenesinde Kishi jýz hany lauazymyna saylandy. Qalyptasqan dәstýr boyynsha qazaq elining agha hany mәrtebesi jiyrma shaqty jyldan bergi Orta jýz hany Ábilmәmbetke ótti. Biraq búl óte nominalidy ataq edi, ol agha han retinde tútastay qazaq elin óz qolastyna baghyndyrugha eshqanday әreket jasaghan emes, orys әkimshiligi aldyna óz mәrtebesin moyyndatu talabyn eshqashan qoyghan emes. Ókinishke qaray, jalpy qazaq elitasynyng memlekettilik túrghysyndaghy sayasy oy óresining tarlyghy saldarynan, onyng ózi de Ábilqayyrdyng agha handyq mәrtebesine tereng sayasy mәn berip qaray almaghan-dy. Kezinde qazaqtyng agha hanynyng orys tuyna adaldyghyn bildirgen anty bәrimiz ýshin jetkilikti, biz agha han biyligin moyyndaymyz dep mәlimdey almady. El basqarushylar sóitip imperiya aranyna jeke-jeke jútyldy. (Ábilmәmbet Abylay ekeui Or qamalyna 1740 jyly ózderimen birge Orta jýzding 128 aqsýiegi men shonjaryn ertip әkelgen de, orys bastyqtyng talabyna say kilem ýstinde tizerlep, bórikterin sheship, qúran ústap ant bergen). Al ontýstikte Jolbarys han qaza tapqannan keyin Tashkentti basqarugha Tóle by taghayyndaldy, han saylanghan joq, ólke jonghar qolastynda qalyp kele jatqan. Qaharly qontayshysy Galdan Seren 1745 jyly ómirden ótkennen keyin jaghday ózgere bastady. Jonghariya ishinde ýzdiksiz taq talasy jýrip, handyq búrynghy qaharynan airyldy. Tiyisinshe, Jetisu, Tarbaghatay ólkelerinde qazaq batyrlarynyng azattyq ýshin kýresui órshy týsti.
Jongharda tútqynda bolghan kezinde Abylay súltan qontayshy әuletimen jaqyn bolugha tyrysqan, oirat noyony Amursanamen dostasqan, elge oralarynda tatulyq jayynda shart jasasyp ketken. Onyng Angke hannyng jesiri Darma-Balagha jazghan hatynda: «Men, Abylay súltan, sizge densaulyq tileymin, bizding barlyq bodandarymyz sizge iyilip sәlem joldaydy. Ózim jayynda sizge mynany habarlaymyn: men Galdan Serenning qolynan aman-esen jәne abyroymen bosanyp, ýige keldim. Meni Galdan Seren ózining úlynday kóredi, al sizding nemereles bauyrynyz Septen meni inisi dep biledi. Men de sizding ininiz bolamyn», – degen joldar bar. Tútqynnan bosanyp qyrgha kelisimen Ábilmәmbet hangha joldaghan hatynda ony әreketsizdik kórsetken jauapsyzdyghy ýshin sóge otyryp, ózine bostandyq beriluine jonghar eline mayor Millerding elshiligining kelui septeskenin atap kórsetti. (Onyng handy kinәlay sóileui kezdeysoq emes edi, ózin hanmen teng jaghdayda ústaugha tyrysuy, orys qújattaryna qaraghanda, alghash ret ekeuining – Orta jýzding jana hany men onyng әskery basshysynyng – 1739 jyly Tobylgha kelgeninde angharylghan. Ábilmәmbetke otyrugha kreslo, Abylaygha oryndyq qoyylghanda, súltan ózine handikindey oryntaq beriluin talap etken, kelissóz kezinde údayy hannyng aldyna týsip sergek sóilep otyrghan). Jongharlardyng 1735 jylghy shapqynshylyghy kezindegi jekpe-jek aiqasta jeniske jetip kózge týskeli beri ózin әskery qayratker retinde keninen tanymal etken Abylay súltan Ábilmәmbet hangha renish bildirgenmen, ony joqqa shygharmay, әrdayym qasynda boldy, biraq ózin tәuelsiz ústady. Ol, jalpy, nebir kýrdeli mәselelerdi tikeley óz sheshimimen jýzege asyryp jýrdi. Esim han kezinen qalyptasqan alqalyq sheshimge bas ii tәrtibin tәrk etip, Qasym han túsyndaghyday sheksiz jeke biylikke qúmarlyghyn kórsetti. Biyler kenesin elemeytin, qatal, qatygez әmirshi boldy. Halyq ony ózderining is jýzindegi qorghaushysy dep bildi, sodan da el arasynda Abylay qyryq jyl han bolghan degen úghym ornyqqan. Ol jongharlarmen qazaq jeri ýshin soghysyp jýrip, olardyng taq talasynda belgili bir shaqqa deyin Amursana noyondy qoldady.
Jonghariya ishindegi mazasyzdyq siyn-qytay imperiyasy biyligining qily amal qoldanghan sheber diplomatiyasy saldarynan da toqtamay túrghan bolatyn. 1735 jyly ómirden ótken Yunchjenning taghyna otyrghaly beri onyng tórtinshi úly Hunly (Syanilun) Jonghar handyghyn shauyp alu josparyn oilastyrumen jýrgen. 1745 jyly Galdan Seren dýnie salghan song bastalghan taq múragerligine talas Syanilunning oirat memleketin ishten ydyratugha baghyttalghan kýrdeli qúpiya sayasy júmystar jýrgizuine, sóitip 50-shi jyldardyng ortasyna qaray jonghardyng ortalyqtandyrylghan biyligin әbden әlsiretuine mýmkindik berdi. Han taghyna talasqan noyondardyng biri onyng qoldauyn, ekinshisi – araaghayyn boluyn nemese mýldem aralaspauyn súraugha mәjbýr boldy. 1753–1756 jyldarghy soghysta Siyn-qytay armiyasy jonghar elin birjolata basyp alyp, halqyn qyrghyngha úshyratty. Bir kezdegi asa kýshti kóshpendiler memleketi qangha bóktirilip, tarih sahnasynan joyyldy. Sinder oirattardyng әskerimen qosa halqyn da qyryp, azyn-aulaq tiri qalghandaryn qazaq arasyna bytyratyp sinistirip jiberdi. Sosyn, is jýzinde qanyrap qalghan ólkeni imperator Syanilun ýshke – Ile, Ýrimshi, Tarbaghatay okrugterine bólip, uәkilderining basqaruyna berdi. Ómir sýruin dogharghan Jonghariyanyng aumaghyn iyemdengen siyn-qytay imperiyasy endi qazaq eline tikeley qauip tóndirip túrdy. Osy tústaghy Abylay súltannyng sheshimtaldyghy men batyldyghy, mәmilegerligi qazaq jer-suyn qorghap, saqtap qaludy mýmkin etti. Ol 1759 jyly elshilik saparmen Beyjiynge baryp, qytay bodandyghyn qabyldady. Imperator Syanilun oghan «van» lauazymyn berdi («van» – uaghdalasqan alymdy tólep túratyn, is-әreketin tәuelsiz jýrgizetin vassaldyq knyazi). Abylay súltan ózi 1740 jyly bodandyghyn qabyldaghan Resey imperiyasymen de baylanysyn ýzgen joq. Sin imperatory elshisi arqyly talap etkendikten, 1762 jyly Beyjiynge úlyn amanatqa jiberdi. Oghan ymyralasu syilary, Shәueshek pen Qúljada qazaqtar ýshin tauar almastyratyn saraylargha ie bolu qúqy berildi. Osylay, ózining «arystan men aidahar arasyndaghy» әigili sayasatyn ústanyp, ebimen jýrgizu arqyly, kýrdeli sayasy jaghdaylarda qazaq eline tiyimdi nәtiyjelerge qol jetkizip otyrugha tyrysty.
1771 jyly Ábilmәmbet han dýnie salyp, Týrkistangha jerlendi. Qaraly oqighada bas qosqan basqarushy elita Abylay súltandy agha han lauazymyna saylady. Tәuke han ómirden ótkennen keyin qalyptasqan tәjiriybe boyynsha agha han lauazymy sol shaqtaghy qazaq handarynyng jasy men taqta otyrghan merzimi ýlken túlgha – 1748 jyldan Kishi jýz hany bolyp otyrghan Núraly hangha tii kerek edi, alayda elding ontýstik-shyghysyndaghy jaghdaydy sauyqtyrudaghy Abylaydyng erekshe rólin, onyng qazaq elin qatang tәrtippen basqarugha beyimdigin әdil baghalaghan bas adamdar meritokratiyalyq erejege say óte syndarly sheshim jasady. Al Ábilqayyr hannyng qazaq memleketin orystyng qorghauymen bir ortalyqqa baghyndyrmaq bolghan úzaq jyldarghy әreketin qúrdymgha ketirgen suzeren-patshalyq endi tap sonday niyettegi Abylay hannyng birtútas myqty memleket ornatuyna mýmkindik jasaudan aulaq bolatyn, sondyqtan da ony Orta jýz hany mәrtebesine ghana bekitti...
HXVIII. BÓLShEKTENGEN QAZAQ MEMLEKETI – ORYS IMPERIYaSYNYNG OTARY
Qazaq әmirshilerining «arystan men aidahardyn» arasyndaghy mәmilegerlik әreketteri belgili bir dәrejede ong nәtiyje berip túrdy. Degenmen, eng basty maqsatqa – birtútas qazaq memleketin qúryp alugha qol jetkizilmegendikten, týpting týbinde, protektorat mәrtebesinde saqtalugha tiyis sholaq tәuelsizdiginen de airylugha mәjbýr boldy.
Qazaq handyghynyng oirattargha qarsy ghasyrlargha sozylghan soghysyna 1771 jyly songhy nýkte qoyyldy. Osy jyly edildik oirattar (qalmaqtar) tarihy otanyna qaray ýdere kóshken edi. Qalmaq handyghynyng kýsh-quaty Angke hannyng túsynda mýldem artyp, shyrqau shynyna shyqqan. Osy 20-shy jyldary qalmaqtardyng Jonghariyagha kóshu mәselesi túnghysh sóz bolghan. Olardyng eline oraluy qajettigin Angke hannyng shaqyruymen Edil qalmaqtarynyng diny jetekshisi bolugha Tiybetten kelgen Shokur-lama aitqan. Lhasadaghy Dalay-lamanyng әmiri retinde habarlaghan. Oryndaluyna Angke hannyng dýnie saluy kedergi bolghan edi. Endi sol iydeya qyryq shaqty jyldan keyin qayta kóterildi de, úzamay naqty qadam jasaldy. Búnyng jýzege asuyna Ubashy (Úbashy) hannyng namystanuy sheshushi әser etti. Imperiya hannyng qúqtaryn zargo (kenes) qúru arqyly shektep, songhy sózdi orys әkimshiligi aitatyn tәrtip engizgen. Jalpy, handyqqa týrli qysym jasaudy kýsheytken. Onyng ýstine, Ubashy han Soltýstik Kavkazdaghy soghys qimyldary kezinde patsha generalymen qatty renjisip qaldy. Ketiskeni sonday, әskerin alyp, 1770 jyly eline oralghan da, kelgen bette oiyndaghy ýlken jobany naqty iske ainaldyrugha kirisken. Ne kerek, imperiyanyng jyldan jylgha beti ashylghan pighyly qorlanghan, kemsitilgen Ubashy handy batyl sheshim jasaugha iytermeledi. (Kóshke dayyndyq qúpiya týrde birneshe jyl jýrgizilgen-tin. Aqyry, qyrghyngha, bosqyndyqqa úshyratylghan jongharlardan bosaghan jerlerge qonystanugha qytay imperiyasyn biylep otyrghan manchjurlardan rúqsat alynghan). 1771 jylghy qantarda 40 myn jauyngeri bar túraqty armiyasymen Ubashy han 33 myng shanyraqty, yaghny 170 mynday adamdy bastap, Edilden Ilege qaray attandy. (Edilde 12 mynday ghana qalmaq otbasy – 60 mynday jan qaldy, sol jylghy kýzde II Ekaterinanyng jarlyghymen Qalmaq handyghy tarqatyldy). Patshayym ýkimeti kóshti toqtatu ýshin Jayyq kazaktaryna, Orynbor gubernatoryna, imperiyagha qarasty qazaq handaryna hat joldap, tapsyrmalar berdi. Biraq Jayyq kazaktary qalmaq kóshin toqtata almady. Qalmaqtar sonyng aldynda ghana jasaqtalghan Jayyq jelisining 70 shaqyrymday bóligindegi forttary men bekinisterin órtep, tas-talqan etti de, bir aptanyng ishinde Jayyqtan otbastary men maldaryn ótkizip aldy. Orynbordan kelgen әsker de qalmaqtardyng túraqty armiyasyna tótep bere almay, keri oraldy. Núraly han patsha әskerbasynan artilleriya men dragun qosyndarynyng birin ózine qaldyrudy ótindi, alayda ótinishi qabyl alynbady. Sodan, qamqorshy-suzeren Resey patshalyghynan kómek bolmaghandyqtan, jer-suyn basyp qaptap kele jatqan ejelgi jaudyng soghysu tәjiriybesi mol, jaqsy qarulanghan túraqty armiyasyna halyq jer-jerden Bayan, Jәnibek, Ýisinbay, Bayghozy, Orazymbet, Elshibek, Rayymbek sekildi batyrlardyng jetekshiligimen qarsy kóterildi. Shúghyl jiylghan qazaq jasaqtary ózderi ghana dúshpandy birneshe ay boyy óksheley quyp shayqasugha mәjbýr boldy. (Tarihta búl kezeng «Shandy joryq» dep bederlengen). Aqyrynda, dala tósinde qalmaqtargha esengirete soqqy beru arqyly, qazaqtar eki ghasyrday uaqytqa sozylghan joyqyn soghysty ayaqtady. (Sol jylghy tamyzda qalmaqtardyng aman qalghan bóligi Sin imperiyasynyng qarauyndaghy búrynghy Jonghariya aumaghyna – Ilening jogharghy aghysyna jetip, shekara kýzetinde bolatyn әsker retinde Shynjangha qonystandyryldy). Qazaq halqy oirattardyng teristikten de, týstikten de is jýzinde ýzdiksiz jasap kelgen joryqtary men shapqynshylyqtarynan birjolata qútyldy. Edil men Jayyq arasyndaghy búrynnan kóship-qonyp jýrgen atamekenine oralu ýmiti qayta tútandy (qazaq biyleushilerining imperiya basshylyghymen jýrgizgen sәtti diplomatiyalyq is-әreketterining nәtiyjesinde 19-shy ghasyrdyng basynda Reseyde Ishki orda – Bókey ordasy payda boldy). Tarbaghatay óniri men Ile ózeni angharyn ózderining atamekeni retinde saqtap qala aldy. Biraq birtútas memlekettilik qúra almady.
1781 jyly dýniyeden ozghan Abylay handy Týrkistandaghy panteongha qoyghannan keyin, Orta jýzding bas adamdary onyng ýlken úly Uәliydi han saylady. Ol biylikke kelisimen Resey men Siyn imperiyalaryna elshilikterin attandyryp, eki taraptan da ózining mәrtebesin tanyghan qújattar aldy da, әkesi Abylaydyn isin jalghastyrugha tyrysty. Ishki sayasatta – Orta jýz rularynyng ishindegi túraqtylyqty saqtaudy, syrtqy sayasatta – eki alpauyt elmen teng qarym-qatynas jasaudy nazarda ústady. Al Resey ýkimeti týrli amal qoldanyp, onyng Qytaymen baylanystaryna toqtau salugha úmtyldy. Shekaralyq shepti qazaq dalasynyng ishine jyljytyp, eldegi handyq basqaru jýiesin qúlatugha baghyttalghan týrli әreket jasady. Uәly hannyng biyligin birte-birte әlsirete týsu ýshin, әigili Baraqtyng túqymy Bókeydi 1816 jyly Orta jýzding ekinshi hany etip bekitti. Degenmen Uәly han eki alpauyt el men Ortalyq Aziya memleketteri tolyq moyyndaghan eng songhy qazaq әmirshisi edi. 1821 jyly qaytys boldy. Sodan keyin kóp úzamay әueli Orta jýzde, odan Kishi jýzde han saylau mýldem toqtatyldy.
Patsha ýkimeti qazaq elin basqarudy imperiyalyq jýiege beyimdeuge kiristi. 1822 jylghy «Sibir qazaqtary turaly Jarghyda» qalyptasqan handyq qúrylymdy, dәstýrli biylik ýlgilerin joiy, qazaq elin jalpyreseylik basqaru jýiesine sinistirip jiberu kózdelgen-tin. Qazaq eli ózin Reseyding protektoraty, yaghny Reseydi qamqorshysy, syrtqy isterdegi qorghaushysy dep biletin, al ishki isterde ózindik avtonomiyasyn saqtaytynyna enetin. Alayda qazaqtyng bodandyq haqyndaghy úghymyn jayyna qaldyryp, proteksiyagha ózinshe maghyna bergen imperiya biyleushileri otarshyldyq ashyq әreketke kóshti. Qazaq elining eng shúrayly jerlerin tartyp aldy, Aqtau, Aqmola, Qyzyljar, Kókshetauda óz әskery bekinisterin saldy. Soltýstik jәne shyghys aimaqta suy men jayylymy mol Ertis, Esil ózenderining boyyndaghy jerdi birtindep kazak-orys sharualarynyng iyeligine bólip berdi. Jergilikti halyqqa salghan alym-salyghyn ósire týsti. Osynday qysastyqtar qazaq memleketin qalpyna keltirudi ansatty. Imperiyanyng otarshyldyq sayasatyna qarsylyqty alghashqy kezende Uәly hannyng úly Ghúbaydolla súltan, keyin Abylay hannyng balasy Qasym súltannyng úly Sarjan súltan basqarghan. Odan Sarjan súltannyng tughan inileri Kenesary men Nauryzbay shyqty. Kenesary bastaghan 1837–1847 jyldarghy asa iri últ-azattyq qozghalysqa qalyng qazaq júrty qatysty. Áskery ónerge aghasy Sarjan súltannyng jasaghynda bolghanynda mashyqtanghan Kenesary súltan qazaq handyghynyng aumaqtyq tútastyghyn qalpyna keltirudi basty maqsaty tútty. Biraq otarshyldargha qarsy birden soghys bastaghan joq. Birneshe ret diplomatiyalyq qadamdar jasady. Imperator I Nikolaygha, Orynbor, Sibir general-gubernatorlaryna hat joldap, talaptar qoydy. Batys Sibir general-gubernatoryna eki jaqtyng da halqynyng jaymashuaq ómir sýruin tileytinin aita kele: «Aqtau, Ortau, Qazylyq, Jarqayyn, Obaghan, Tobyl, Qúsmúryn, Ólkeyek, Toghyzaqtan Jayyqqa deyingi jerler qazirgi patshanyng túsynda tartyp alynyp, qaptaghan qamaldar túrghyzyldy. Endi, mine, jerimizge kýn sayyn basa-kóktep súghynyp, bekinister salyp, halyqtyng zyghyrdanyn qaynatyp otyrsyzdar. Búlarynyz bizding bolashaghymyz ýshin ghana emes, býgingi tirligimiz ýshin de qaterli», – dep jazdy. I Nikolaygha joldaghan alghashqy hattarynyng birinde ózining atasy Abylay han zamanynda eki el arasynda beybit qatynas oryn alghanyn eske salyp, patshany sol shaqtaghy shekara ispetti mejege qayta oralugha shaqyrdy. «...Sizding arghy babalarynyz ben mening atam Abylay patshalyq qúrghan uaqyttarda halyq beybit jәne tynysh jaghdayda ómir sýrdi, ony eshkim búzghan emes. Eki jaq ta ózara sauda jasady, bizding júrtymyzgha eshqanday da salyq salynghan joq», – dey kele: «Al odan keyingi mezgilde bәri ózgerdi, bizding halqymyzdan salyq jinala bastady, halqymyzgha basqa da týrli tarshylyqtar jasaldy. Sizding qarauynyzdaghy tómengi basshylarynyz búrynghy beybit kelisimdi búzyp, býkil qazaq halqy Resey bodandyghyna qarady dep jalghan kórsetti, sonyng saldarynan mening Abylay atama qarasty jerlerde segiz duan ornady», – dep habarlady. Sosyn: «Búl bizding halqymyz ýshin óte qayghyly jaghday, әsirese oghan salyq salynuy ókinishti-aq. ...bizding halqymyzdy sol búrynghy kýiinde qaldyryp, dalamyzda ornalasqan segiz okrugtik duandar men ózge de mekemelerinizdi jonynyzdy súraymyn», – dep mәlimdedi.
Ozbyr patshalyq jón sózge qúlaq asudy oiyna da almaytyn. Kenesary súltan soghysqa dayyndaldy. Orystyn jәne ózge de últtardyng sheberlerin tartyp, qaru-jaraq soghudy, tipti zenbirek qúndy da qolgha aldy. Kóp úzamay kóterilisshiler tuy astyna Orta jýzding arghyn, qypshaq, Kishi jýzding shekti, tama, tabyn, alshyn, shómekey, jappas, jaghalbayly, taghy basqa rularynan, Úly jýzding ýisin, dulat, basqa da rularynan Aghybay, Iman, Basyghara, Anghal, Janaydar, Jәuke, Súranshy, Bayseyit, Jolaman Tilenshiúly, Búqarbay, Mynjasar, Sauryq, Toyshybek, Bayzaq tәrizdi batyrlar bastaghan 20 myngha juyq sarbaz jinaldy. 1841 jylghy qyrkýiekte ýsh jýzding ókilderi Kenesaryny qazaq halqynyng hany lauazymyna saylady. Sol jyly Kenesary hannyng әskeri Qoqan handyghyna qarap túrghan Sozaq, Janaqorghan, Aqmeshit qamaldaryn aldy. 1843 jyly Resey armiyasyna jәne Resey jaghyndaghy qazaq súltandaryna birneshe ret oisyrata soqqy berdi. Ásirese Orynbor jasaghymen shayqas bir júmagha sozyldy. 1844–1845 jyldary azattyq kóterilisi shyrqau shegine jetti. Kenesary han ordasyn Jetisugha kóshirip, qyrghyz manaptarynan ózine baghynuyn talap etti. Alayda patsha әkimderimen qúpiya baylanysqan olar handy qolgha týsirip, 1847 jyly óltirdi de, basyn kesip alyp, orys әkimshiligine jiberdi. Osy jyly qazaqtyng patshalyq ishindegi avtonomiyasy ispetti songhy memlekettigi (Bókey handyghy) ómir sýruin toqtatty, biraq Ordada han ornyna taghayyndalghan Uaqytsha Kenes dep atalghan jana әkimshilik handyq basqaru qúrylymyn is jýzinde revolusiyanyng alghashqy jyldaryna deyin saqtap keldi. Osy jyldardan patshalyq qazaq elining Qoqan handyghy qolastynda jatqan ontýstik ólkesin jaulap alu sharalaryn bastaghan. 1864–1867 jyldary Áulieata, Shymkent, Tashkentti baghyndyrghannan son, ólkedegi qazaqtyng jer-suy men halqyn imperiya qúramyna qosty. Bólshektengen qazaq eli otarlyq qamyt kiyip, imperiyanyng birneshe guberniyasy men oblystaryna qaratyldy. Halyqtyn memlekettilikten airylyp, tәueldi, otarlyq jaghdayda ómir sýru kezeni bastaldy.
HXIX. JOGhALTQAN MEMLEKETTILIKTI JANGhYRTUGhA ÚMTYLYS
Uaghdalasqanday qamqor-suzeren bolu shartyn otarshyldyq arnagha búryp alghan Resey imperiyasy ghasyrdan sәl astam uaqyt ishinde qazaq halqynyng memlekettilik belgilerin birjolata joydy. Ontýstikti jaulap alghannan keyin qazaqtyng kýlli jer-suyn bólshektep, imperiyanyng birneshe aumaqtyq-әkimshilik birlikterine qaratty. Týrli zandar men uaqytsha erejeler shygharyp, solardyng negizinde maqsatty reformalar jýrgizdi. Mústafa Shoqay aitqanday, qazaq jerin orys soldatynyng artyn ala jiberilgen orys sharuasynyng kýshimen orys jerine ainaldyrudy maqsat etti. Sóitip, qazaq elin taza oryssha, ozbyr otarshyldyq ýlgimen otarlay otyryp, imperiyagha kiriktiru ýderisin kózdegen aqyryna jetkizdi.
1891 jylghy Dala Erejesi qazaqtardy basqaru ýshin shygharylghan songhy zang bolatyn. Qazaq elining ken-baytaq jeri Reseyding memlekettik menshigine ainaldyryldy. Patsha ýkimeti ony kóshpendilerge uaqytsha paydalanugha berilgen dep sanap, týrli syltaumen op-onay tartyp ala beretin boldy. Qúnarly jerlerge ishki Reseyden agrarlyq tolqulardy bastan keship jatqan sharualardy kóshirip әkep qonystandyrdy. Qonys audaru sayasaty josparly sipat aldy. Múnyng saldary Úly dala túrghyndaryna ózderining ejelgi atamekeninde ógeyler kýnin keshuge mәjbýr etti. Kóshpendi qazaqtar shúrayly jer-suynan aiyrylyp, qúnarsyz jerlerge yghystyryldy. Otarshyl ýkimet Qazaq elining mynghyrghan mal ústaghan halqyn aidauynda jýrgizdi, bay tabighy resurstardy, arzan shiykizatty ondy-soldy emin-erkin paydalandy, ólke imperiya ekonomikasynyn qosalqy da arzan calasyna, onay tabys kózine ainaldyryldy.
Jana jerlerdi iygeruge kelgen otarlyq әkimshilik ýkimetting týpki maqsatyna say sayasat ústandy. Qazaq halqyna «týri etnikalyq sipatyn saqtaghanmen, jan-dýniyesi orystyng kәdimgi mújyghyna ainalugha tiyis» material retinde qarady. Orystandyrudyng qily sharalaryn jýrgizip jatty. Biraq halyq ózining bolmysyn, salt-sana, әdet-ghúrpyn saqtap, dәstýrli ekonomikalyq jәne mәdeny tynys-tirshiligin jalghastyrugha tyrysty. Otarshyldyqqa qarsy kóterilister, últ azattyghyn kóksegen tolqular oryn aldy. Halyq qatty kýizelgen, әdebiyettanuda zar zaman dep atalghan kezende ómir sýrgen aqyndar men jyraular (Dulat Babatayúly, Shortanbay Qanayúly, Múrat Mónkeúly, Ábubәkir Kerderi, Alban Asan, t.b.) poeziyasy júrtty azattyqqa ýndedi. Aghartushylyq is-әreketter kórine bastady. Áueli Reseyding óz ishindegi avtonomiya («memleket ishindegi memleket») syndy Bókey Ordasynyng әmirshisi Jәngir han qazaq balalaryna arnap mektep ashty. Odan Resey әkimshilik jýiesine sinistirilgen aimaqtarda Ybyray Altynsarinning qazaq úl-qyzdaryn oqytatyn mektepteri dýniyege keldi. Sodan beri orys-qazaq mektepterining kóptep ashylghany, shәkirtterdi Abay Qúnanbaev, Shoqan Uәlihanov, Ybyray Altynsarin syndy úly túlghalardyng sureti salynghan maqtau gramotalarymen marapattap, oryssha oqugha yntalandyrghany mәlim. Jәngir mektebin bitirgender ishinen Salyq Babajanov ýlken ghalym, aghartushy, qogham qayratkeri, al Maqash Bekmúhamedov Astrahan aimaghynyng qazaq jeri ekenin patsha komissiyasyna dәleldep qorghap qalghan (qazaq ol aimaqtan bolishevizm túsynda airylghan), otarshyldar jýzege asyrmaq bolghan batys qazaqtaryn shoqyndyru rәsimine toqtau salghyzyp, missionerler búghauynan qútqarghan qayratker, birneshe mektep ashqan aghartushy, ónir jayyn jetik biletin tarihshy, folilorshy, etnograf ghalym, elu jyl el basqaryp, halyq auzynda sýiispenshilikpen Maqash-praviyteli, Maqash-әkim atanghan, aimaq túrghyndaryn balyq kәsipshiligine tartyp, kapitalistik qatynasqa beyimdegen әigili túlgha boldy. (Ol orys revolusiyalyq qozghalysynyng mәnisin týsinu ýshin Astrahan abaqtysynan әigili tútqyn Chernyshevskiydi birneshe kýnge súrap alyp shyghyp, úzaq pikirlesken bolatyn). Qazaq eli azamattary ataqty Gaspralyq Ysmayyldyng Qyrymdaghy Baqshasarayda «Tilde, pikirde, iste – birlik!» úranymen 1883 jyldan shyghara bastaghan «Tәrjiman» gazetin aldyryp oqyp túrghan. Gazet týrki halyqtaryn azattyq ýshin kýreste birigip qimyldaugha, diny oqu oryndarynda zayyrly pәnderdi oqytudy kózdeytin jәdidtik qozghalysty qoldaugha, týrkilerdi týgel ortaq әdeby tilge kóshuge ýndedi. Sonymen qatar Orta Aziya halyqtarynyng sauatyn ashugha at salysyp, erkindik pen bilimge úmtylghan týrki halyqtarynyn kóshbastaushysyna ainaldy. Ozyq oilary Ordadan Tashkentke deyin tarap, qazaq ziyalylaryna ong yqpalyn tiygizdi.
Imperiyadaghy revolusiyashyl qozghalys ýlgisimen jalpymúsylmandyq qozghalys, solardyng auqymynda býginderi Alash qozghalysy dep atalatyn qazaq últ-azattyq qozghalysy dýniyege keldi. Últ qayratkerleri 1902 jyly qazaqtyng auyr halin talqylau, ne isteu kerektigin aiqyndau ýshin ziyalylardyng basyn qosugha әrekettendi, 1905 jyly birinshi orys revolusiyasy dýmpuimen tughan petisiya nauqanyna atsalysty. Sol jylghy tamyzda arnayy qazaq delegasiyasy (jetekshisi Baqytjan Qarataev) II Nikolay patshanyng qabyldauynda boldy, qazaq múnyn jariya etip, shaqyrylmaq Memlekettik dumagha qatysu jayyndaghy tilegin aitty. Qazaqtardan alghashqy Dumagha tórt, ekinshi Dumagha jeti deputat saylanghany mәlim. II Memdumada birshama jemisti júmys atqaryldy. Músylman fraksiyasy qoldaghan «Dini men últyna baylanysty sayasy jәne azamattyq qúqtaryn shekteudi alyp tastau jónindegi negizgi erejeler jobasyn» jasaugha ýsh qazaq deputaty (Baqytjan Qarataev, Shәimәrden Qosshyghúlov, Ahmet Birimjanov) qatysty. Qarataevtyng ózi «Ókimetting pereselendik sayasaty turaly» arnayy zang jobasyn jasap úsyndy, Duma minberinen jer-su mәselesin kóterip, ýkimetting qazaq mýddesine qayshy is-әreketin әshkerelegen ataqty sózin sóiledi. Biylikting jer sayasatyna baylanysty qazaq qayratkerleri ózara qayshylyqty kózqarastar ústanghan bolatyn. Patsha ýkimeti ortalyqtaghy dýrbelendi basu ýshin sharualardy qazaq jerine qonys audartyp, belgilengen normamen jer ýlesin berudi jobalady. Sonday normamen qazaqtargha da jer alyp, otyryqshylanudy úsyndy. Ýkimetting basty synshysy Baqytjan Qarataev osy normany qabyl alugha shaqyrdy. Onyng oiynsha, eger qazaq qauym-qauym bolyp, belgilengen normamen qúnarly jerlerden qomaqty ýlesterin alyp ornyqsa, onda solay qonystanghandardyng ara-arasyndaghy óndeuge qolaysyz jerlerdi mal jayylymyna paydalana alar edi. Alayda agrarlyq mәselening asa zor bilgiri Álihan Bókeyhanov kóshpendi qazaqqa otyryqshy normasyn alugha esh bolmaydy dep payymdady (patshalyq taghayyndaghan normany qabyl almay, otyryqshylanbaghan kóshpendi qazaqty jiyrma shaqty jyldan keyin bolishevizm eshqanday jer normasynsyz-aq otyryqshy etuge kirisip, qalyng qasiretke bóktirdi). Uniyversiytetten keyin joldamamen Qara teniz jaghalauyna baryp on shaqty jylday zang qyzmetin atqaryp elge oralghan Jihanshah Seydalin 1913 jyly qazaq halqynyng jay-kýiin talqylau ýshin siyez shaqyru jayynda bastama kóterdi. Bastamany Qarataev qoldady. Alayda ýkimetke jaqpaytyn onday sharany ótkizuding qajetsizdigin aityp, Bókeyhanov qarsy shyqty. 1916 jylghy kóteriliske Alash qozghalysynyng serkeleri qoldau kórsetpedi, biraq qazaqtardy maydannyng qara júmysyna alu merzimin keyinge yghystyru qajettigin bir auyzdan kóterdi. Seydalinmen bir pikirdegi Qarataev Petrogradqa baryp, ekeuining atynan Duma men ýkimetke jazbasha úsynys jasady. Al Bókeyhanov Orynborda gubernatordyng rúqsatymen arnayy jinalys ótkizdi, batys maydandaghy «Zemgorsoyz» mekemesinde soghys qúrylystaryna alynghan júmysshylarmen júmys jýrgizetin Búratanalar bólimin ashyp, basqardy.
Aqpan revolusiyasynan keyin Uaqytsha ýkimet Bókeyhanovty Torghay oblysyna komissar etip jiberdi, ol is jýzinde qazaqtan shyqqan túnghysh gubernator boldy. Osy shaqta Resey músylmandarynyng ortalyghy rólin atqaryp kele jatqan dumalyq músylman fraksiyasy mekemesinen shartarapqa jiberilgen jón-jobagha sәikes, monarhiya tarih sahnasynan ketkennen keyingi ahualdy talqylaghan jinalystar ótip jatty. Sonau oblystyq sezderde qazaq memlekettigin janghyrtu mәselesi ashyq kóterildi, tiyisinshe, búrynghy imperiyanyng bolashaq memlekettik qúrylymy federativtik boluy kerek degen oilar aityldy. Memleket taghdyryn qúryltayshy jinalys sheshedi, qúryltayshy jinalys búrynghy imperiya qúrsauynda ezilgen últtargha avtonomiya beredi degen ýmit boldy. Alayda qúryltayshy jinalysty ótkizuge bolishevizm ynta bildirmedi. Últtyq avtonomiyalardyng shanyraq kótergenine de kýdikpen qarady. Ortalyq biylikti basyp alyp, kenes ókimetin jariyalaghan bolishevikter jer-jerdegi óz taghdyrlaryn ózderi aiqyndap jatqan últtyq qúrylymdardy joyyp, avtonomiyalardy taptyq negizde, kenestik platformada qúru baghytyn ústandy. Qazaqtardyng memlekettiligin qalpyna keltirgendey synay tanytqan Týrkistan avtonomiyasy (1917 jylghy qarashanyng 28-inde Qoqanda jariyalanghan) men Alash avtonomiyasyn (jeltoqsannyng 12-sinde Orynborda jariyalanghan) moyyndamau baghytyn ústandy. Al qazaq qayratkerleri eki ólkede bólinip jatqan qazaq halqynyng ortaq memlekettik qúrylymyna qol jetkizu jolyn izdestirip, Týrkistanda ótken jinalysta eki avtonomiya ózara til tabysyp, qyzmettestikke qol jetkizgen jaghdayda ólke qazaqtarynyng Alash avtonomiyasyna qosylatyndyqtary jayynda qauly alyp jatty. Biraq kenes ókimeti jaghdaydy basqasha sheshti. 1918 jylghy aqpanda qaruly kýshpen Qoqandy qangha bóktirip, Týrkistan avtonomiyasyn (ýkimet basy Mústafa Shoqay) qúlatty. Onyng ornyna sәuir aiynyng sonynda Týrkistannyng kenestik avtonomiyasyn jariyalady. Alash avtonomiyasynyng Semeyge auysqan ortalyq ýkimetine (tóraghasy Álihan Bókeyhanov) qyzmetine kirisuine 1918 jyldyng ortasyna deyin mýmkindik bergen joq jәne tolyqqandy qyzmet atqartpady da. Is jýzinde respublikalyq rejimde eki jylday júmys istegen Batys Alash-Orda (tóraghasy Jahanshah Dosmúhamedov) sovet ókimetin moyyndap, kýlli memlekettik qúrylymyn, әskeri men barsha jabdyghyn Qazaq әskeriy-revolusiyalyq komiytetine ótkizdi. 1920 jylghy 26 tamyzda sovet ýkimeti qazaq avtonomiyasyn qúru jayynda arnayy dekret qabyldady. 4 qazanda Orynborda Qazaqstan Sovetterining qúryltayshy sezi ashyldy...
Qazaqtyng 19-shy ghasyrdyng ortasynda joyylghan últtyq memleketin 20-shy ghasyrdyng alghashqy shiyreginde sovettik negizde janghyrtu júmystary bastaldy...
HXX. ÚLTTYNG JANYN AUYRTQAN QAYGhY-QASIRETTERGE QASAQANA MEMLEKETTI JANGhYRTU JÁNE TÁUELSIZDIKKE QOL JETKIZU
Memlekettiligin tarih sahnasyna qazaq atymen túnghysh ret 15-shi ghasyrda shygharghan halqymyz tórt ghasyrgha jeter-jetpes uaqytta eldik nyshanynan ghana emes, ózining atalymynan da airylghan bolatyn. Sovet ókimeti dәuirlegen jetpis jylda joghaltqanymyz tabylyp, sharttylyghy shash-etekten bolsa da, memlekettiligimiz janghyrtyldy. Býgingi memlekettik tәuelsizdigimizge bastaghan danghyl jol salyndy. Biraq búl últymyzdyng aityp jetkizgisiz ashtyq apatty, qorlau pen kemsitulerdi bastan keship, ensesin kótere bilui arqasynda ghana mýmkin boldy. Úly múrat jolyndaghy sonau qayghy-qasiretke túnghan belester әrdayym este túrugha tiyis. Bayandy bolashaghymyz ýshin...
Týrkistan ólkesine sovet ókimeti qyzylәskerding nayzaly myltyghynyng úshymen, kóshpendilerding jylqysyn qyzyl armiya múqtajdyghy ýshin tartyp alyp, olargha azyq-týlik te bólmey, qúrghaqshylyq tóndirgen jútty jasandy asharshylyqqa úlastyruymen birge keldi. Ólke qazaqtary «bolishevikterding ashtyq sayasaty» (M.Shoqay) saldarynan 1917–1919 jyldary millionnan astam janynan airyldy. Búl halyqtyng sol shaqtaghy jalpy sanynyng besten birindey edi. 1921–1923 jyldary azamat soghysynan keyingi auyrtpalyqtar men ortalyqtan azyq-týlik jinau jasaqtarynyng qúiyndata kelip tonap ketetin reydteri saldarynan taghy da bir millionday ómirdi әketken asharshylyq qyr ólkesinde oryn aldy. Osynau qasiretterdi bastan keshken Týrkistan Respublikasy da, Qazaq Respublikasy da Resey Sovettik Federativtik Respublikasy qúramyndaghy avtonomiyalar edi. 1924 jyly Orta Aziyada últtyq-memlekettik mejeleu jýrgizilip, ólkedegi qazaqtar mekendeytin aimaqtar Sovettik Qazaq Respublikasy qúramyna endi. Ýlken Qazaqstan 1925 jylghy Aqmeshit qúryltayynda Últtyq Respublika dep jariyalandy. Búl qazaq jer-suy men halqynyng tútastyrylyp, memlekettiligining kenes platformasynda janghyrtylghanyn kórsetken. Biraq Respublika Resey federasiyasynyng qúramyndaghy avtonomiya qalpynda qala berdi. Sol qalypta barlyq búrmalauly reformalardy, qily solaqaylyqtar tughyzghan qarsylyqtardyng otarlyq soghystargha úlasuyn, Alash qayratkerlerine jasalghan sayasy repressiyanyng alghashqy tolqynyn jәne 1931–1933 jyldarghy alapat asharshylyqty bastan keshti. «Bolishevizmning ashtyq sayasaty» qazaq eline ýsh dýrkin soghyp, qazaqty aityp jetkizgisiz últtyq apatqa úryndyrdy. Últtyq apattyng asa auyr bolghan ýshinshi kezeninde adam shyghyny eki millionnan asty, shamasy jetkender kórshi elderge ketip jatty. Osy 1917–1933 jyldary oryn alghan últtyq apatta ashtyqtan tikeley tórt jarym millionday jan opat boldy, yqtimal tabighy ósimnen airylghanymyzdy esepke alghanda, apatta on million adamdy qúrban ettik. Dәstýrli ekonomika túralady: mal sany segiz-toghyz ese kemip ketti.
Óz atymen tórt ghasyrday ómir sýrgen bayyrghy memleket otarshyl imperiyagha jútylyp, aty da búrmalaghan qaraly ghasyrdan keyin, ozbyr samoderjavie qausap kelmeske ketken jana tarihy jaghdayda qayta tirile bastaghanda, halyq sovet tuy astynda túnghysh ret bir shanyraq astyna jiylyp, memlekettigine óz atyn qaytarghanda osynday kelensizdikke jol berildi. Bir kezderde qamqorshy-suzereni bolugha qúlshynghan, is jýzinde memleketin qúrdymgha ketirip, jer-suynan, tilinen, dilinen, dininen aiyrugha tyrysqan Resey imperiyasynyng ornyndaghy jana qamqorshysy, últtyq memlekettiligin kenestik negizde janghyrtugha mýmkindik bergen Resey Sovettik Sosialistik Federasiyasy qúramynda qazaq halqy jasandy asharshylyqtargha tap bolyp, apat saldarynan mýldem joyylyp ketuding az-aq aldynda qaldy.
Bolishevikter partiyasy Resey Federasiyasyn altyn ózegi etip, sonyng ainalasyna kýlli kenestik memlekettik qúrylymdardyng bәrin toptastyra qúrsap alghan. Sóitip, is jýzinde jana úranmen kómkerilgen bayyrghy imperiyanyng Sovet Odaghy dep atalatyn izbasary bolyp shyqqan. Sovet odaghynyng ókimeti, dәlirek aitqanda, biyleushi partiyanyng ortalyq komiyteti, onyng Bas hatshysy Iosif Stalin qazaq halqyna qarsy memlekettik qylmys jasalghanyn úqty. Úqty da, onyng izin jasyrudyng ghalamat әdisin oilap tapty. Tiri qalghanmen әbden qaljyraghan, ensesi týsken halqy túrmysyn endi ghana týzey bastaghan Qazaq Respublikasynda mәdeny revolusiya ekpindete jýrgizilip, kóp úzamay mәueli jemisin berdi. 1936 jyly Mәskeude qazaq óneri men әdebiyetining dekadasy zor tabyspen ótti, al sol jylghy 5 jeltoqsanda qabyldanghan stalindik konstitusiya Resey Federasiyasynyng qúramyndaghy avtonomiyaly Qazaq Respublikasyna odaqtyq tәj kiygizdi. Sol mәrtebede «Ýlken terror» nauqanyn, ekinshi dýniyejýzilis soghys auyrtpalyqtaryn, tyng iygeru nauqanyn bastan keshti. Syrttan milliondap kóship kelgen qonys audarushylardan qúralghan respublika halqynyng jalpy sanyndaghy ýlestik salmaghy jiyrma segiz payyzgha deyin tómendep, óz elinde últtyq azshylyq kýiin keshti. Qazaq mektepteri jappay jabyldy.
Orys tili ekinshi ana tili retinde tanyldy. Kommunizmge orys tilimen baru úrany kóterildi. Orys tilinde aksentpen sóileuge namystanatyn jaghdaygha jetti. «Abaydyng ózi orys tilin dýniyening kilti dep, orys tilin ýirenu kerek, bilu qajet ekenin atap aitqan» degen silteme jalaulatyldy. (Búl rette tap sol úly Abaydyng әlgi sózin orystyng tilin «orystyng ozbyrlyghyna qarsy túra bilu ýshin, onyng zandaryn oqyp-bilip, zansyz basynularynan qorghanu ýshin ýirenu kerek» degen anyqtamamen dәiektegenin eshkim auzyna da almady). Oryssha sóileu mәdeniyettilikting belgisi retinde tanyldy, orys tilinde shygharma jazatyndar ózderin mәdeniyetting avanpostynda túrmyz dep sanady.
Orys mәdeniyeti shynynda da qazaqqa kóp ozyq tәjiriybe әkelgen. Tek oryssha bilu ýshin mýldem orystanudyng shart emestigine, qazaqy mentaliytette tәrbiyelenip, orysshany orystanghandardan bir kem týspeytindey dәrejede iygeruding de mýmkin ekendigine, búl eki baghyttyng aiyrmasyna qogham oy jýgirtpedi. Júrt balasyn orys mektebine berudi mәrtebe sanady. Auyldan kelgen qazaqtardyng orysshagha shorqaqtary qalada ógeylik kórdi. Olar óz astanasyna ornyghyp túra da almaytyn jaghdaygha qúldyratyldy, auyldan Almatyda kelgen qazaqtardy, búltartpas sebebi bolmasa, tirkeuge túrghyzbaytyn tәrtip ornatyldy. Júmys kýshine múqtaj óndiris oryndaryna kirgen qazaq qyz-jigitterining eng joly bolghany jataqhanalargha ornalasty, kóbi pәter jaldap túrugha mәjbýr boldy. Kezekke túryp ýy alu mýmkin emes edi. Áleumettik әdiletsizdik el arasynda: «Almaty – qazaqtyng astanasy, orystyng baspanasy, úighyrdyng ashanasy» dep aitylatyn әzil-shyny aralas anyqtamadan da tanylatyn. Biraq múnyng bәri resmy sóz bolmay, ishtey ghana qynjyltatyn jәitter edi.
Odaqtas respublika retinde Qazaq eli soghystan keyingi jyldary iri ekonomikalyq tabystargha jetken. Jetistikterding óte eleuliligi sonday, shartty týrde eseptegende, respublikada әr on jylda bir industriyaly Qazaqstan salynyp túrdy. Soghan qaramastan qazaqtardyng túrmys jaghdayy, әleumettik-ruhany tynys-tirshiligi oidaghyday emes-tin. Búghan qosa, biyleushi partiya ózi jariya etken jariyalylyq pen qayta qúru sayasaty kezinde ózi kónederjavalyq astam әreket kórsetken. Onysy Almatyda 1986 jylghy Jeltoqsan kóterilisin tughyzdy. Últtyq mýddening shekteluin Qazaq elining bar týkpiri sezinip jýrgendikten, Jeltoqsan oty kóptegen oblys ortalyqtaryn sharpydy. Silkinis tipti kýlli Kenes odaghynda sezilip, aqyry, totalitarlyq jýiening kóbesi sógile bastady. Baltyq jaghalauyndaghy respublikalar ekonomikalyq tәuelsizdik aldy, ózge odaqtas respublikalar da memlekettik egemendikti ansaghan deklarasiyalar qabyldaugha kóshti.
1990 jylghy 25 qazanda Qazaq Sovettik Sosialistik Respublikasynyng Jogharghy Kenesi Memlekettik egemendik turaly deklarasiya qabyldap, últtyq memlekettilikti saqtau, qorghau jәne nyghaytu haqynda sharalar jasalatynyn mәlimdedi. Deklarasiyadaghy baghdarlama negizinde 1991 jylghy 16 jeltoqsanda «Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng Memlekettik Tәuelsizdigi turaly» Konstitusiyalyq Zan shyqty. Respublika jana jaghdayda janghyryp, әlemdegi zamanauy egemen elder qataryna kirdi. Tәuelsiz handyq týrinde derbes tórt jýz jylday ómir sýrip, tәueldilik ahualgha týsken jerinen bayyrghy Qazaq memleketi ertektegi mәngi janaryp túru simvolyna ainalghan feniks qússha qayta týledi...
SÓZ SONY
Mine biz elimiz derbes te tәuelsiz órkendeu jolyna týsken bergi shiyrek ghasyrgha deyingi tórt jýz jyldyq kezende qazaq memleketi bastan keshken jaghdaylargha shaghyn sholuymyzdy tamamdap otyrmyz. Tauarihymyzda bolghan shyrqaular men qúldyraulargha, jetistikter men kemshilikterge kózqarasymyzdy bildiruge tyrystyq. Qazaq Elining Preziydenti Núrsúltan Nazarbaev tarihymyzdyng ózge eldi jaulaudan emes, tek qana óz jer-suymyzdy qorghaudan túratynyn óte dәl, aiqyn, әdil atap aitty. Sol tarihty, qazaqtyng óz atymen әlemdik arenagha shyqqan alghashqy memleketining tarihyn barsha azamattarymyzdyng bilui abzal. Eger sony biluge Qazaq memleketining biz jogharyda qysqasha sholyp ótken belesteri jayyndaghy oilarymyz kishkene de bolsa septesse – enbegimizding esh bolmaghany...
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